38:
873:
lacking both mitochondrial and cytosolic SOD grow very poorly in air, but quite well under anaerobic conditions. Absence of cytosolic SOD causes a dramatic increase in mutagenesis and genomic instability. Mice lacking mitochondrial SOD (MnSOD) die around 21 days after birth due to neurodegeneration,
901:
via the oxidative damage that it inflicts on cells. While the action of superoxide in the pathogenesis of some conditions is strong (for instance, mice and rats overexpressing CuZnSOD or MnSOD are more resistant to strokes and heart attacks), the role of superoxide in aging must be regarded as
968:
signal, and it is possible to detect superoxide directly using this method. For practical purposes, this can be achieved only in vitro under non-physiological conditions, such as high pH (which slows the spontaneous dismutation) with the enzyme
50:
atom are shown in black; one electron pair is shared (middle); the unpaired electron is shown in the upper-left; and the additional electron conferring a negative charge is shown in red.
1344:
Valko, M.; Leibfritz, D.; Moncol, J.; Cronin, MTD.; Mazur, M.; Telser, J. (August 2007). "Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease".
1445:
Vernon Ballou, E.; C. Wood, Peter; A. Spitze, LeRoy; Wydeven, Theodore (1 July 1977). "The
Preparation of Calcium Superoxide from Calcium Peroxide Diperoxyhydrate".
1673:
960:
The assay of superoxide in biological systems is complicated by its short half-life. One approach that has been used in quantitative assays converts superoxide to
784:
for use in oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms of invading pathogens. Mutations in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause an immunodeficiency syndrome called
932:). The most widely accepted view is that oxidative damage (resulting from multiple causes, including superoxide) is but one of several factors limiting lifespan.
758:
and its ease of reduction. Superoxide is implicated in a number of biological processes, some with negative connotations, and some with beneficial effects.
287:
1841:
874:
cardiomyopathy, and lactic acidosis. Mice lacking cytosolic SOD (CuZnSOD) are viable but suffer from multiple pathologies, including reduced lifespan,
446:, leaving a charged ionic species with a single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of β1. Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are
1708:
1030:, leaving a charged ionic species with single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of β1. Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are
964:, which is relatively stable. Hydrogen peroxide is then assayed by a fluorimetric method. As a free radical, superoxide has a strong
867:
in organisms ranging from bacteria to mice and have provided important clues as to the mechanisms of toxicity of superoxide in vivo.
1488:
1429:
540:
are orange-yellow in color and quite stable, if they are kept dry. Upon dissolution of these salts in water, however, the dissolved
262:
1638:
Muller, F. L.; Lustgarten, M. S.; Jang, Y.; Richardson <first4=A.; Van Remmen, H. (2007). "Trends in oxidative aging theories".
2979:
965:
2915:
1834:
826:
Because superoxide is toxic at high concentrations, nearly all aerobic organisms express SOD. SOD efficiently catalyzes the
1504:
926:). But the converse, increasing the levels of CuZnSOD, does not seem to consistently increase lifespan (except perhaps in
785:
239:
1550:
624:
365:
981:
1β15 minutes), which can be more readily detected by EPR. Superoxide spin-trapping was initially carried out with
2954:
1827:
592:
1737:"A fluorimetric assay for hydrogen peroxide, suitable for NAD(P)H-dependent superoxide generating redox systems"
823:, which can catalyze the transfer of electrons directly to molecular oxygen under strongly reducing conditions.
875:
1024:
762:
440:
410:
2690:
2974:
2964:
2887:
2873:
2102:
2901:
2817:
2301:
1667:
889:
Superoxide may contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases (the evidence is particularly strong for
71:
61:
1975:
2264:
2969:
2859:
2803:
2748:
2736:
2650:
2555:
2523:
2511:
2220:
2191:
2167:
1893:
1795:
1524:
919:
808:
797:
658:
588:
486:
471:
886:, thymic involution, haemolytic anemia, and a very rapid age-dependent decline in female fertility.
796:
organisms. In turn, micro-organisms genetically engineered to lack the superoxide-scavenging enzyme
2845:
2828:
2682:
2662:
2637:
2608:
2400:
2325:
2284:
2240:
2179:
2155:
2134:
2027:
2015:
1861:
497:
97:
2959:
2674:
2625:
2563:
2470:
2387:
2375:
2354:
2252:
2003:
1963:
1764:
1476:
827:
718:
706:
553:
508:
131:
2835:
2760:
2724:
2642:
2547:
2535:
2456:
2448:
2436:
2392:
2313:
2276:
2232:
2208:
2143:
2114:
1983:
1917:
1885:
1756:
1714:
1704:
1655:
1613:
1484:
1425:
1402:
1361:
1303:
1027:
1020:
961:
923:
475:
443:
436:
386:
990:
986:
171:
2789:
2707:
2596:
2499:
2487:
2461:
2366:
2296:
2203:
2126:
2094:
2081:
1905:
1850:
1803:
1748:
1696:
1647:
1603:
1532:
1472:
1454:
1392:
1353:
1325:
1293:
1259:
1002:
970:
820:
662:
310:
1250:β used in fishery management, this compound produces large quantities of this free radical.
587:
This reaction (with moisture and carbon dioxide in exhaled air) is the basis of the use of
248:
107:
2949:
2928:
2794:
2777:
2620:
2575:
2482:
2418:
2342:
2064:
2051:
1995:
1958:
1929:
1873:
982:
713:) and is stable as long as protons are not available. Superoxide can also be generated in
183:
43:
1799:
1693:
Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes
Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases
1651:
1528:
151:
2337:
2056:
1941:
915:
903:
879:
724:
Superoxide salts also decompose in the solid state, but this process requires heating:
359:
345:
1503:
Bielski, Benon H. J.; Cabelli, Diane E.; Arudi, Ravindra L.; Ross, Alberta B. (1985).
1262:β This form of the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase produces large amounts of superoxide.
1041:
The derivatives of dioxygen have characteristic OβO distances that correlate with the
2943:
2715:
2587:
2089:
2076:
1035:
1031:
907:
860:
781:
770:
766:
596:
451:
447:
439:, and superoxide results from the addition of an electron which fills one of the two
1768:
1256:β used as a herbicide, this compound produces large quantities of this free radical.
228:
2768:
2702:
1953:
1424:(1st English ed.). San Diego, CA & Berlin: Academic Press, W. de Gruyter.
805:
654:
628:
467:
350:
702:
of around 4.8, superoxide predominantly exists in the anionic form at neutral pH.
17:
1608:
1587:
1357:
2427:
2409:
1700:
1397:
1380:
1298:
1281:
1247:
816:
710:
608:
604:
1808:
1783:
1230:
1082:
1042:
928:
856:
332:
162:
1329:
1016:
978:
974:
911:
894:
890:
883:
864:
855:
Other proteins that can be both oxidized and reduced by superoxide (such as
812:
801:
774:
600:
432:
378:
1752:
1718:
1659:
1617:
1569:
1406:
1365:
1307:
1760:
1695:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 15. Springer. pp. 141β144.
1253:
1204:
1155:
1058:
793:
789:
418:
1458:
413:
superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron
1187:
714:
215:
37:
910:
CuZnSOD shortens lifespan and accelerates certain features of aging: (
1687:
Yee, Gereon M.; Tolman, William B. (2015). "Chapter 5, Section 2.2.2
1536:
1175:
1105:
778:
428:
47:
358:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1819:
1736:
1588:"A Mitochondrial Superoxide Signal Triggers Increased Longevity in
788:, characterized by extreme susceptibility to infection, especially
203:
1221:
898:
870:
754:
Superoxide is common in biology, reflecting the pervasiveness of O
611:
to provide a readily available source of oxygen. In this process,
414:
142:
130:
120:
977:" that can react with superoxide, forming a meta-stable radical (
804:. Superoxide is also deleterious when produced as a byproduct of
973:. Researchers have developed a series of tool compounds termed "
949:
944:
194:
1823:
985:, but phosphorus derivatives with improved half-lives, such as
693:
390:
1483:(5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 461,
952:
proteins involves formation of Fe(III) superoxide complex.
557:
1691:". In Kroneck, Peter M.H.; Sosa Torres, Martha E. (eds.).
1379:
Hayyan, Maan; Hashim, Mohd Ali; Alnashef, Inas M. (2016).
1023:, the addition of a second electron fills one of its two
906:(yeast, the fruit fly Drosophila, and mice), genetically
1346:
International
Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
1381:"Superoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical Implications"
1282:"Superoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical Implications"
859:) have weak SOD-like activity. Genetic inactivation ("
27:
Any chemical compound containing an O2 ion (charge β1)
46:
of superoxide. The six outer-shell electrons of each
777:, superoxide is produced in large quantities by the
1735:Rapoport, R.; Hanukoglu, I.; Sklan, D. (May 1994).
1280:Hayyan, M.; Hashim, M.A.; Al Nashef, I.M. (2016).
1784:"The Crystal Structure of Ξ±-Potassium Superoxide"
819:), as well as several other enzymes, for example
227:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
761:Like hydroperoxyl, superoxide is classified as
106:
1730:
1728:
1835:
454:. Superoxide was historically also known as "
8:
1672:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1420:Holleman, A.F. (2001). Wiberg, Nils (ed.).
1015:. Whereas molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a
1842:
1828:
1820:
692:Given that the hydroperoxyl radical has a
170:
29:
1807:
1607:
1396:
1297:
247:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2819:
2809:
2805:
1181:
1098:
1047:
938:
848:
844:
840:
836:
742:
738:
734:
730:
684:
680:
634:
579:
575:
521:
514:
503:
492:
481:
423:
1339:
1337:
1272:
1001:Superoxides are compounds in which the
292:
267:
1665:
556:(dismutation) extremely rapidly (in a
405:. The systematic name of the anion is
1782:Abrahams, S. C.; Kalnajs, J. (1955).
1586:Yang, Wen; Hekimi, Siegfried (2010).
274:Key: MXDZWXWHPVATGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
150:
7:
1652:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034
705:Potassium superoxide is soluble in
218:
202:
525:with the respective alkali metal.
518:) are prepared by the reaction of
25:
1563:: the forgotten radical Abstract"
427:, which occurs widely in nature.
393:, which has the chemical formula
993:, have become more widely used.
36:
863:") of SOD produces deleterious
603:. Superoxides are also used in
362:(at 25 Β°C , 100 kPa).
1689:Fe(III)-Superoxo Intermediates
1447:Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev
1:
1513:Radicals in Aqueous Solution"
897:injury), and perhaps also to
786:chronic granulomatous disease
389:that contains the superoxide
1609:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000556
1481:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
1358:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
595:, such as those used on the
466:Superoxide forms salts with
1701:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_5
1398:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407
1299:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407
956:Assay in biological systems
653:, and its protonated form,
2996:
593:chemical oxygen generators
1857:
1809:10.1107/S0365110X55001540
765:. It is generated by the
356:
303:
283:
258:
90:
82:
70:
60:
55:
35:
1517:J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
1330:10.1036/1097-8542.669650
627:, initially forming the
2980:Reactive oxygen species
763:reactive oxygen species
591:as an oxygen source in
85:Hyperoxide, Dioxide(1β)
1788:Acta Crystallographica
1753:10.1006/abio.1994.1183
1590:Caenorhabditis elegans
902:unproven, for now. In
641:The superoxide anion,
1640:Free Radic. Biol. Med
997:Bonding and structure
472:alkaline earth metals
72:Systematic IUPAC name
1322:Superoxide Chemistry
920:macular degeneration
798:superoxide dismutase
589:potassium superoxide
560:-dependent manner):
528:The alkali salts of
487:potassium superoxide
271:InChI=1S/O2/c1-2/q-1
1800:1955AcCry...8..503A
1529:1985JPCRD..14.1041B
1477:Wilkinson, Geoffrey
1459:10.1021/i360062a015
1422:Inorganic chemistry
498:rubidium superoxide
411:reactive oxygen ion
340: gΒ·mol
32:
1028:molecular orbitals
1021:unpaired electrons
828:disproportionation
719:cyclic voltammetry
707:dimethyl sulfoxide
554:disproportionation
509:caesium superoxide
444:molecular orbitals
437:unpaired electrons
366:Infobox references
76:Dioxidan-2-idylide
30:
18:Superoxide radical
2937:
2936:
1710:978-3-319-12414-8
1505:"Reactivity of HO
1473:Cotton, F. Albert
1167:
1166:
1051:Dioxygen compound
1045:of the OβO bond.
962:hydrogen peroxide
924:thymic involution
811:(most notably by
769:to kill invading
476:sodium superoxide
407:dioxide(1−)
374:Chemical compound
372:
371:
132:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
2987:
2955:Oxygen compounds
2925:
2911:
2897:
2883:
2869:
2855:
2841:
2831:
2824:
2813:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
1851:Oxygen compounds
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1602:(12): e1000556.
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1568:. Archived from
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:10.1063/1.555739
1523:(4): 1041β1091.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1391:(5): 3029β3085.
1385:Chemical Reviews
1376:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1332:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1292:(5): 3029β3085.
1277:
1260:Xanthine oxidase
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1101:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1048:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1003:oxidation number
971:xanthine oxidase
947:
941:
851:
821:xanthine oxidase
745:
709:(facilitated by
688:
678:
677:
674:
663:aqueous solution
652:
651:
650:
647:
637:
622:
621:
620:
617:
583:
573:
572:
569:
551:
550:
549:
546:
539:
538:
537:
534:
524:
517:
506:
495:
484:
431:(dioxygen) is a
429:Molecular oxygen
426:
404:
403:
402:
399:
339:
326:
325:
324:
321:
311:Chemical formula
251:
231:
220:
206:
184:Gmelin Reference
174:
154:
134:
110:
40:
33:
21:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1848:
1818:
1817:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1664:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1324:, McGraw-Hill,
1319:
1315:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1100:
1096:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1064:OβO bond order
1019:containing two
1011:
1007:
1006:
999:
958:
943:
940:
936:
935:The binding of
904:model organisms
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:of superoxide:
757:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
700:
686:
682:
675:
672:
671:
669:
648:
645:
644:
642:
636:
632:
618:
615:
614:
612:
581:
577:
570:
567:
566:
564:
547:
544:
543:
541:
535:
532:
531:
529:
523:
519:
516:
512:
505:
501:
494:
490:
483:
479:
464:
435:containing two
425:
421:
400:
397:
396:
394:
375:
368:
363:
337:
322:
319:
318:
316:
313:
299:
296:
291:
290:
279:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
254:
234:
221:
209:
186:
177:
157:
137:
124:
113:
100:
86:
78:
77:
66:
51:
44:Lewis structure
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2912:
2898:
2884:
2870:
2856:
2842:
2832:
2825:
2814:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1794:(8): 503β506.
1774:
1724:
1709:
1679:
1646:(4): 477β503.
1623:
1578:
1575:on 2017-08-08.
1557:
1542:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1464:
1453:(2): 180β186.
1437:
1430:
1412:
1371:
1333:
1320:Sawyer, D. T.
1313:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1185:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:OβO distance (
1055:
1052:
1005:of oxygen is β
998:
995:
957:
954:
916:muscle atrophy
893:poisoning and
880:muscle atrophy
853:
852:
771:microorganisms
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
698:
690:
689:
585:
584:
463:
460:
373:
370:
369:
364:
360:standard state
357:
354:
353:
348:
346:Conjugate acid
342:
341:
335:
329:
328:
314:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
298:
297:
294:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
273:
270:
269:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
236:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
191:
190:
187:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
167:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
147:
145:
139:
138:
136:
135:
127:
125:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
103:
101:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Free radicals
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Immune system
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2899:
2896:
2885:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2026:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:(2): 309β13.
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1490:0-471-84997-9
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1431:0-12-352651-5
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1206:
1203:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:paramagnetism
1034:that exhibit
1033:
1032:free radicals
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
946:
933:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
866:
862:
858:
833:
832:
831:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
806:mitochondrial
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:NADPH oxidase
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:immune system
764:
759:
749:
727:
726:
725:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
668:
667:
666:
664:
660:
656:
639:
630:
626:
625:BrΓΈnsted base
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Space Shuttle
594:
590:
563:
562:
561:
559:
555:
526:
510:
499:
488:
477:
473:
469:
468:alkali metals
461:
459:
457:
453:
452:paramagnetism
450:that exhibit
449:
448:free radicals
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
416:
412:
408:
392:
388:
384:
380:
367:
361:
355:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
336:
334:
331:
330:
315:
312:
308:
307:
302:
293:
289:
282:
268:
264:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:
241:
238:
237:
230:
226:
225:
223:
217:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
166:
164:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
146:
144:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
126:
122:
117:
116:
109:
105:
104:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
81:
73:
69:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
19:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1744:
1741:Anal Biochem
1740:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1668:cite journal
1643:
1639:
1599:
1596:PLOS Biology
1595:
1589:
1581:
1570:the original
1545:
1520:
1516:
1498:
1480:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1352:(1): 44β84.
1349:
1345:
1321:
1316:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1040:
1000:
959:
942:by reduced (
934:
927:
908:knocking out
888:
876:liver cancer
869:
854:
825:
760:
753:
723:
717:solvents by
711:crown ethers
704:
695:
691:
655:hydroperoxyl
640:
629:hydroperoxyl
609:oxygen tanks
605:firefighters
586:
527:
474:. The salts
465:
455:
406:
382:
376:
351:Hydroperoxyl
91:Identifiers
83:Other names
2970:Superoxides
1248:Antimycin A
817:Complex III
809:respiration
800:(SOD) lose
659:equilibrium
304:Properties
152:CHEBI:18421
31:Superoxide
2944:Categories
1267:References
1231:Dioxygenyl
1131:superoxide
1083:dioxygenyl
1025:degenerate
975:spin traps
929:Drosophila
865:phenotypes
857:hemoglobin
775:phagocytes
623:acts as a
601:submarines
552:undergoes
456:hyperoxide
441:degenerate
383:superoxide
333:Molar mass
249:0S9K0E25FL
163:ChemSpider
119:3D model (
108:11062-77-4
98:CAS Number
65:Superoxide
62:IUPAC name
2960:Oxyanions
1286:Chem. Rev
1017:diradical
979:half-life
912:cataracts
895:hyperoxic
891:radiation
884:cataracts
813:Complex I
802:virulence
657:, are in
631:radical (
433:diradical
415:reduction
379:chemistry
1769:40487242
1719:25707468
1660:17640558
1618:21151885
1479:(1988),
1407:26875845
1366:16978905
1308:26875845
1254:Paraquat
1205:Peroxide
1170:See also
1156:peroxide
861:knockout
794:positive
790:catalase
419:dioxygen
387:compound
2929:more...
1796:Bibcode
1761:8074285
1525:Bibcode
1188:Ozonide
1010:⁄
991:DIPPMPO
987:DEPPMPO
750:Biology
715:aprotic
599:and on
578:O β 3 O
327:
229:5359597
216:PubChem
172:4514331
2950:Anions
1767:
1759:
1717:
1707:
1658:
1616:
1487:
1428:
1405:
1364:
1306:
1176:Oxygen
1106:oxygen
1085:cation
922:, and
779:enzyme
683:O β HO
661:in an
582:+ 4 OH
507:) and
409:. The
338:31.998
288:SMILES
204:C00704
56:Names
48:oxygen
1765:S2CID
1573:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1222:Oxide
1043:order
899:aging
871:Yeast
773:. In
729:2 NaO
574:+ 2 H
462:Salts
385:is a
263:InChI
143:ChEBI
121:JSmol
1757:PMID
1715:PMID
1705:ISBN
1674:link
1656:PMID
1614:PMID
1485:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1403:PMID
1362:PMID
1304:PMID
1160:1.49
1137:1.5
1134:1.28
1110:1.21
1091:2.5
1088:1.12
1054:name
989:and
983:DMPO
950:heme
835:2 HO
815:and
733:β Na
687:+ OH
470:and
381:, a
240:UNII
195:KEGG
189:487
2920:PtF
2795:NbO
2790:NbO
2761:NaO
2683:MoO
2675:MoO
2643:MnO
2638:MnO
2621:MgO
2548:IrO
2457:HgO
2449:HfO
2393:GeO
2388:GeO
2338:FeO
2297:CuO
2277:CsO
2233:CrO
2204:CoO
2127:ClO
2095:CeO
2090:CdO
2082:CaO
2077:CaO
1996:BrO
1976:BiO
1959:BeO
1954:BaO
1886:AmO
1804:doi
1749:doi
1745:218
1697:doi
1648:doi
1604:doi
1533:doi
1455:doi
1393:doi
1389:116
1354:doi
1326:doi
1294:doi
1290:116
966:EPR
843:+ H
839:β O
741:+ O
679:+ H
638:).
565:4 O
513:CsO
502:RbO
496:),
485:),
480:NaO
458:".
417:of
391:ion
377:In
219:CID
2946::
2836:OF
2829:OF
2804:Nd
2778:Na
2769:Na
2708:NO
2703:NO
2691:Mo
2663:Mn
2651:Mn
2626:Mg
2609:Lu
2597:Li
2588:Li
2576:La
2556:KO
2536:In
2483:IO
2471:Ho
2462:Hg
2376:Ga
2367:Ga
2355:Fe
2343:Fe
2326:Eu
2314:Er
2302:Dy
2285:Cs
2271:12
2265:Cr
2253:Cr
2241:Cr
2221:Co
2209:Co
2192:Cl
2180:Cl
2168:Cl
2156:Cl
2144:Cl
2135:Cl
2115:Ce
2103:Ce
2057:CO
2052:CO
2029:Br
2016:Br
2004:Br
1984:Bi
1964:Bi
1930:Au
1918:As
1906:As
1894:Am
1874:Al
1862:Ag
1802:.
1790:.
1786:.
1763:.
1755:.
1743:.
1739:.
1727:^
1713:.
1703:.
1670:}}
1666:{{
1654:.
1644:43
1642:.
1626:^
1612:.
1598:.
1594:.
1553:HO
1531:.
1521:14
1519:.
1515:.
1509:/O
1475:;
1451:16
1449:.
1401:.
1387:.
1383:.
1360:.
1350:39
1348:.
1336:^
1302:.
1288:.
1284:.
1233:,
1224:,
1212:2β
1207:,
1190:,
1178:,
1163:1
1146:2β
1113:2
1104:di
1038:.
948:)
945:Fe
918:,
914:,
882:,
878:,
721:.
665::
633:HO
607:'
558:pH
491:KO
295:O=
2922:6
2918:2
2916:O
2908:2
2906:F
2904:6
2902:O
2894:2
2892:F
2890:5
2888:O
2880:2
2878:F
2876:4
2874:O
2866:2
2864:F
2862:3
2860:O
2852:2
2850:F
2848:2
2846:O
2838:2
2822:F
2820:2
2818:O
2810:3
2808:O
2806:2
2797:2
2784:2
2782:O
2780:2
2773:O
2771:2
2763:2
2755:5
2753:O
2751:2
2749:N
2743:4
2741:O
2739:2
2737:N
2731:3
2729:O
2727:2
2725:N
2720:O
2718:2
2716:N
2710:2
2697:3
2695:O
2693:2
2685:3
2677:2
2669:7
2667:O
2665:2
2657:3
2655:O
2653:2
2645:2
2632:3
2630:O
2628:2
2615:3
2613:O
2611:2
2603:2
2601:O
2599:2
2592:O
2590:2
2582:3
2580:O
2578:2
2570:2
2568:O
2566:2
2564:K
2558:2
2550:2
2542:3
2540:O
2538:2
2530:9
2528:O
2526:4
2524:I
2518:6
2516:O
2514:2
2512:I
2506:5
2504:O
2502:2
2500:I
2494:4
2492:O
2490:2
2488:I
2477:3
2475:O
2473:2
2466:O
2464:2
2451:2
2443:2
2441:O
2439:2
2437:H
2432:O
2430:2
2428:H
2423:O
2421:2
2419:H
2414:O
2412:2
2410:H
2405:O
2403:2
2401:H
2395:2
2382:3
2380:O
2378:2
2371:O
2369:2
2361:4
2359:O
2357:3
2349:3
2347:O
2345:2
2332:3
2330:O
2328:2
2320:3
2318:O
2316:2
2308:3
2306:O
2304:2
2291:3
2289:O
2287:2
2279:2
2269:O
2267:5
2259:5
2257:O
2255:2
2247:3
2245:O
2243:2
2235:3
2227:4
2225:O
2223:3
2215:3
2213:O
2211:2
2198:7
2196:O
2194:2
2186:6
2184:O
2182:2
2174:4
2172:O
2170:2
2162:3
2160:O
2158:2
2150:2
2148:O
2146:2
2139:O
2137:2
2129:2
2121:3
2119:O
2117:2
2109:4
2107:O
2105:3
2097:2
2084:2
2071:2
2069:O
2067:3
2065:C
2059:2
2043:8
2038:O
2034:3
2022:5
2020:O
2018:2
2010:3
2008:O
2006:2
1998:2
1990:5
1988:O
1986:2
1978:2
1970:3
1968:O
1966:2
1948:3
1946:O
1944:2
1942:B
1936:3
1934:O
1932:2
1924:5
1922:O
1920:2
1912:3
1910:O
1908:2
1900:3
1898:O
1896:2
1888:2
1880:3
1878:O
1876:2
1868:4
1866:O
1864:4
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1812:.
1806::
1798::
1792:8
1771:.
1751::
1721:.
1699::
1676:)
1662:.
1650::
1620:.
1606::
1600:8
1592:"
1558:2
1551:"
1539:.
1535::
1527::
1511:2
1507:2
1461:.
1457::
1434:.
1409:.
1395::
1368:.
1356::
1328::
1310:.
1296::
1241:2
1238:+
1235:O
1226:O
1215:2
1209:O
1198:3
1195:β
1192:O
1182:2
1180:O
1149:2
1143:O
1125:2
1122:β
1119:O
1099:2
1097:O
1076:2
1073:+
1070:O
1061:)
1059:Γ
1012:2
1008:1
939:2
937:O
849:2
847:O
845:2
841:2
837:2
792:-
756:2
743:2
739:2
737:O
735:2
731:2
699:a
696:K
694:p
685:2
681:2
676:2
673:β
670:O
649:2
646:β
643:O
635:2
619:2
616:β
613:O
580:2
576:2
571:2
568:β
548:2
545:β
542:O
536:2
533:β
530:O
522:2
520:O
515:2
511:(
504:2
500:(
493:2
489:(
482:2
478:(
424:2
422:O
401:2
398:β
395:O
323:2
320:β
317:O
123:)
20:)
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