43:
165:
1604:
1597:
1802:(MPRS) and a year later, in March 1967, the MPRS voted to strip Sukarno of his powers and appointed Suharto acting president. In 1968 the MPRS removed the word 'acting' and over two years after the events of September 1965 Suharto became the president of Indonesia. The process of transferring the presidency from Sukarno to Suharto had taken over two years. Suharto remained in power as president until he resigned during the
1948:
2849:
1155:
2838:
1205:
33:
2828:
1923:
Gen. M. Jusuf and Gen M. Panggabean, second assistant to the Army minister, pointing their pistols at
Sukarno. M. Jusuf and others have denied this, and disputed that Panggabean was even present. They called into doubt the credibility of key parts of the accusations, and said it was impossible for the two men to be so close to the president at the time.
2005:
The two men showed Hanafi the "Order of 13 March", which stated that the Order of 11 March was technical and administrative in nature, not political, warned
General Suharto that he was not to take any actions outside the scope of the order, and asked Suharto to report to the president at the palace.
1863:
1. Take all measures deemed necessary to guarantee security and calm as well as the stability of the progress of the
Revolution, as well as to guarantee the personal safety and authority of the leadership of the President/Supreme Commander/Great Leader of the Revolution/holder of the Mandate of the
1922:
The wording of the
Supersemar itself could be read as a threat, namely the section reading "to guarantee the personal safety and authority of the leadership" of Sukarno. However, in 1998, accusations appeared of an even more direct threat, namely that two members of the presidential guard had seen
2009:
In the official biography of
Suharto, it is also said that Sukarno questioned Suharto's use of the Supersemar and sent Leimena to ask Suharto to take responsibility for his actions. Hanafi says that Suharto sent a message back via Leimena, who returned to Bogor later that evening, saying he would
1914:
says that he went to Bogor on 12 March and met with
Sukarno. He says that Sukarno told him Suharto had sent three generals with a document they had already prepared for him to sign. He says that Sukarno felt he had to sign it because he was cornered, but that the generals had promised to defend
1755:
During a cabinet meeting (which
Suharto did not attend) on 11 March 1966, while student demonstrations protected by the army took place in Jakarta, troops without insignia surrounded the presidential palace where the meeting was being held. It later transpired that these were from Army
1955:
One of the publications to appear since the fall of
Suharto points out that there were several versions of the Supersemar. Even before the fall of Suharto, an official publication commemorating 30 years of Indonesian independence reproduced two different versions of Supersemar.
1992:
According to Hanafi, in his discussions with
Sukarno at the Bogor Palace on 12 March, Sukarno was angry that the Supersemar had been used to ban the PKI, as it was the prerogative of the president to ban political parties. He said he had asked Third Deputy Prime Minister
2006:
Saleh planned to make copies of the order and distribute them to loyal members of the palace guard and to
Sukarno's young followers. Hanafi says 5,000 copies were made, and that he took a few back to Jakarta with him, but he does not know what happened to the others.
1918:
However, Martoidjojo, the commander of the presidential bodyguard, who went with Sukarno in the helicopter to Bogor, says that the Supersemar was typed in Bogor by Sukarno's adjutant and military secretary, Brig. Gen. Mochammed Sabur. Djamaluddin corroborates this.
1997:
to take a written order to Suharto, and that he would wait to see what Suharto's reaction was – whether he would obey it or not. He asked Hanafi to help Third Deputy Prime Minister Chaerul Saleh and First Deputy Prime Minister
1795:) and came away with the signed Supersemar, which they then presented to Suharto. The next day Suharto used the powers thus conferred on him to ban the PKI and, on 18 March, fifteen Sukarno loyalist ministers were arrested.
1707:
subsequently elevated the Supersemar into a semi-constitutional resolution irrevocable by Sukarno. This resolution explicitly stated that the Supersemar would cease to have legal power following "the formation of a
1849:
2.2 The need for a guarantee of integrity of the Great Leader of the Revolution, and the People to preserve the leadership and obligations of the President/Supreme Commander/Great Leader of the Revolution and his
1692:
puppet shows. The invocation of Semar was presumably intended to help draw on Javanese mythology to lend support to Suharto's legitimacy during the period of the transition of authority from Sukarno to Suharto.
1740:
and his allies defeated the movement and in the rather drawn-out process which extended out for six months or more, Sukarno's formal position as president of the nation was slowly but steadily ebbed away.
2010:
take responsibility for his actions, and that he was unable to come to Bogor as he was due to attend a meeting of all the military commanders at 11 am the following day, to which he invited Sukarno.
1265:
1907:
Indonesians usually end documents with the place and date of signing of the document. Given that the Supersemar was supposedly signed in Bogor, it is odd that the Supersemar is signed "Djakarta".
1939:
to find it, they reported they only had two copies, one issued by the Army's Information Centre and another by the State Secretary, and that there were significant differences between them.
865:
1837:
1717:
1279:
845:
1864:
for the sake of the integrity of the Nation and State of the Republic of Indonesia, and to resolutely implement all the teachings of the Great Leader of the Revolution.
2391:
825:
1183:
2279:
Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup, October 1, 1965: The Collusion with China which Destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia
914:
2298:
Menggugat Kudeta: Jend. Soeharto dari Gestapu ke Supersemar (Accusation of a Coup d'Etat: Gen. Soeharto from the to the Supersemar), Yayasan API, Jakarta
2720:
1573:
1635:
2445:
1749:
1681:
1289:
1931:
One difficulty in historical research regarding the Supersemar is that the original document can no longer be found. When then-Vice President
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2699:
959:
1443:
2879:
1713:
1100:
2384:
1060:
1341:
1176:
1122:
2357:
2343:
2329:
2315:
2287:
2270:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2204:
1080:
1799:
1744:
Over the next few months Suharto and the armed forces seized the initiative. The armed forces accused its long-standing rival, the
1709:
1704:
1700:
2657:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1070:
2415:
2884:
2377:
1284:
1132:
924:
172:
1696:
In effect, the Supersemar came to be seen as the key instrument of the transfer of executive power from Sukarno to Suharto.
2874:
2527:
1803:
1353:
1336:
1169:
1137:
1127:
1110:
1075:
999:
969:
904:
734:
437:
260:
144:
42:
2455:
1936:
1840:
of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic/President/Great Leader of the Revolution dated 8 March 1966
1628:
753:
446:
2813:
2537:
2517:
2507:
2435:
1368:
979:
2798:
2788:
1745:
1568:
934:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2783:
1578:
1260:
1250:
1085:
2831:
1680:
authority to take whatever measures he "deemed necessary" to restore order to the chaotic situation during the
1065:
486:
2841:
2899:
2668:
1621:
1519:
1424:
1321:
232:
133:, to take all actions "deemed necessary" to address the security situation and stability of the government.
2692:
2481:
2418:
1524:
1237:
1866:
2. Coordinate the execution of orders with the commanders of the other forces to the best of his ability.
1834:
1.1 The current state of the Revolution, together with the national and international political situation
1306:
2440:
2400:
1932:
1729:
1661:
1514:
1358:
989:
716:
181:
164:
1970:
In the same two versions, there is an extra definite article marker after the word "responsibilities" (
2837:
1603:
2557:
1670:
1608:
1450:
1390:
1271:
1017:
780:
743:
696:
626:
596:
566:
536:
153:
2713:
1653:
1326:
835:
800:
666:
586:
456:
2706:
2512:
1529:
1434:
1395:
1040:
1025:
686:
656:
576:
496:
329:
123:
1910:
In his account of the events of March 1966, Hanafi, a close friend of Sukarno and ambassador to
1980:
Sukarno's signature in one version lacks the dot-and-horizontal-line after the word "Soekarno".
2545:
2491:
2353:
2339:
2325:
2311:
2283:
2266:
2248:
2234:
2220:
2200:
1474:
1467:
1429:
1373:
1311:
875:
855:
636:
526:
516:
476:
211:
2277:
2894:
2889:
2853:
2602:
1994:
1784:
1760:. Sukarno was advised to leave the meeting and did so, flying to the presidential palace in
1556:
1417:
1402:
1159:
1035:
790:
616:
606:
299:
2522:
1780:
1561:
1509:
1030:
771:
646:
546:
506:
339:
1814:
The Supersemar itself is a simple document of fewer than 200 words. It reads as follows:
1883:
PRESIDENT/SUPREME COMMANDER/GREAT LEADER OF THE REVOLUTION/HOLDER OF THE MANDATE OF THE
1847:
2.1 The need for calm and stability of the Government and the progress of the Revolution
2628:
1596:
1583:
706:
676:
556:
379:
309:
1947:
1688:, the mystic and powerful figure who commonly appears in Javanese mythology including
2868:
2674:
2662:
2575:
1788:
1768:
1539:
359:
1732:
killed six senior army generals, seized temporary control of parts of the center of
2612:
2592:
2569:
2199:(Who is He?: Senior Officers of the Indonesian Army), Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta,
1776:
1499:
349:
279:
242:
80:
1959:
There are a number of differences between the various versions of the Supersemar:
1861:
To: In the name of the President/Supreme Commander/Great Leader of the Revolution
2607:
2486:
466:
389:
191:
1204:
2563:
2551:
1977:
One version runs to two pages, whereas the other versions are all on one page.
1331:
409:
2324:(The Fake Supersemar: Testimony of Three Generals), Media Pressindo, Jakarta
1868:
3. Report all actions related to duties and responsibilities as stated above.
2597:
2476:
1999:
1983:
There are also minor differences in the proximity and shapes of the letters.
1792:
1494:
419:
369:
319:
222:
130:
2364:
30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka (30 Years of Indonesian Independence) 1965–1973
1963:
In two versions, there is a missing plural marker after the word "force" (
32:
2247:(The late General Basoeki Rahmat and the Supersemar), Grasindo, Jakarta,
1757:
1316:
1255:
201:
2648:
2411:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1677:
1673:
1346:
1219:
289:
126:
112:
2638:
2633:
1689:
1412:
1407:
399:
90:
2259:
Jejak Langkah Pak Harto: 1 Oktober 1965 – 27 Maret 1968 (Actions of
2197:
Siapa Dia?: Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat
1736:, and issued a number of decrees over Republic of Indonesia Radio.
2460:
1946:
1761:
1685:
269:
1783:, visited Sukarno (who was accompanied by Deputy Prime Ministers
1911:
2373:
2211:
1684:. The abbreviation "Supersemar" is also a play on the name of
2369:
2304:
Kasaksian Tentang Bung Karno 1945–1967 (Testimony Regarding
1903:
The circumstances surrounding the signing of the Supersemar
1858:
LIEUTENANT GENERAL SOEHARTO, MINISTER/COMMANDER OF THE ARMY
103:
2350:
A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia's Search for Stability
2257:
Dwipayana, G and Sjamsuddin, Nazaruin (eds) (1991),
2245:
General TNI Anumaerta Basoeki Rachmat dan Supersemar
1767:
Later that afternoon three army generals, Maj. Gen.
2776:
2730:
2684:
2647:
2621:
2585:
2536:
2500:
2469:
2428:
1798:Suharto changed the composition of the Provisional
118:
108:
99:
89:
79:
23:
2065:Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1985) p. 91
1915:Sukarno and that the order would not be misused.
1748:(PKI), of being behind the "coup attempt" and an
1728:On 30 September 1965, a group calling itself the
1676:on 11 March 1966, giving army commander Lt. Gen.
2137:Center of Information Analysis (1999) pp. 62–63
2110:Center of Information Analysis (1999) pp. 35–36
1816:
2209:Center of Information Analysis (CIA [
1764:, 60 km south of Jakarta, by helicopter.
2385:
2362:Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1985)
2025:
2023:
1775:, Minister for Basic Industry and Brig. Gen.
1629:
1177:
8:
1771:, Minister for Veterans Affairs, Brig. Gen.
16:1966 document signed by Indonesian President
2265:), PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, Jakarta,
2101:Center of Information Analysis (1999) p. 24
2721:40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy
2392:
2378:
2370:
2219:(The Supersemar Controversy), Yogyakarta,
1951:Signatures of Sukarno on the four versions
1819:THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
1701:Provisional People's Consultative Assembly
1636:
1622:
1195:
1184:
1170:
138:
41:
31:
2322:Supersemar Palsu: Kesaksian Tiga Jenderal
71:State secretary version of the document
2019:
1198:
152:
141:
60:
56:Two versions of the Supersemar document
20:
2338:, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint,
2263:Harto: 1 October 1965 – 27 March 1968
2173:Dwipayana and Sjamsuddin (1991) p. 56
7:
2827:
1712:from a general election." Elections
1574:Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
2446:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
1682:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
2231:The Army and Politics in Indonesia
2128:Sekretariat Negara pp. 77 & 91
1943:The existence of multiple versions
14:
2233:, Equinox Publishing, Singapore,
1927:The disappearance of the original
65:Military version of the document
2847:
2836:
2826:
2658:Early life and career of Suharto
1718:were sworn in on 28 October 1971
1602:
1595:
1203:
1153:
163:
2302:Martowidjojo, H.Mangil (1999),
1669:, was a document signed by the
1660:), commonly referred to by its
2700:The Year of Living Dangerously
1967:) in section III, paragraph 2.
1800:People's Consultative Assembly
1710:People's Consultative Assembly
1285:Indonesian National Revolution
866:French and British interregnum
1:
2336:A History of Modern Indonesia
2243:Djamaluddin, Dasman, (1998),
1974:) in section III paragraph 3.
1804:political crisis in Indonesia
1781:5th Military Regional Command
2546:Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX
2518:Indonesian riots of May 1998
2456:Acting presidency of Suharto
2195:Bachtiar, Harsja W. (1988),
1937:Indonesian National Archives
1658:Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret
1290:Proclamation of Independence
754:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
2880:Transition to the New Order
2508:1997 Asian financial crisis
2436:Transition to the New Order
2038:Ricklefs (1982) pp. 274–275
261:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
2916:
2282:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
1746:Indonesian Communist Party
935:United States of Indonesia
772:Chinese Kongsi federations
2822:
2407:
2155:Hanafi (1999) pp. 276–277
2056:Crouch (2007) pp. 187–192
1579:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
1086:Javanese historical texts
28:
2470:Key aspects & events
2146:Pambudi (2006) pp. 72–74
2083:Martoidjojo (1999) p.425
1212:This article is part of
846:Dutch East India Company
487:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2669:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana
2276:Fic, Victor M. (2005).
2229:Crouch, Harold (2007),
2092:Djamaluddin (1998) p.72
1845:II. Taking into account
1650:Order of Eleventh March
1612:: Picture, Sound, Video
1476:Tahun Vivere Pericoloso
47:Show the second version
24:Order of Eleventh March
2693:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
2482:Asas tunggal Pancasila
2419:President of Indonesia
2029:Ricklefs (1982) p. 269
1952:
1895:
1878:Jakarta, 11 March 1966
1657:
1238:President of Indonesia
897:Emergence of Indonesia
122:To give a mandate for
37:Show the first version
2885:Politics of Indonesia
2842:Suharto on Wikisource
2731:Legislative elections
2441:30 September Movement
2352:, Allen & Unwin,
2348:Shwarz, Adam (1999),
2310:, Grasindo, Jakarta,
2217:Kontoversi Supersemar
1988:The Order of 13 March
1950:
1933:Megawati Sukarnoputri
1730:30 September Movement
1662:syllabic abbreviation
952:Republic of Indonesia
818:European colonization
717:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
2875:Government documents
2854:Indonesia portal
2558:Umar Wirahadikusumah
2320:Pambudi, A. (2006),
2296:Hanafi A.M. (1999),
2182:Hanafi (1999) p. 280
2164:Hanafi (1999) p. 278
2074:Hanafi (1999) p. 275
2047:Schwarz (1999) p. 25
1750:anti-Communist purge
1705:1966 General Session
1671:Indonesian President
1451:Sunda Straits Crisis
1391:Non-aligned movement
1160:Indonesia portal
781:Heshun Confederation
697:Yogyakarta Sultanate
627:Kalinyamat Sultanate
597:Sultanate of Jailolo
567:Sultanate of Ternate
280:Tarumanagara Kingdom
2714:The Look of Silence
1855:III. Decides/Orders
1779:, Commander of the
1469:Indonesia Menggugat
1327:Three Souths Affair
925:National Revolution
915:Japanese occupation
801:Santiaogou Republic
667:Palembang Sultanate
587:Sultanate of Tidore
457:Peureulak Sultanate
390:Dharmasraya Kingdom
2832:Suharto on Commons
2707:The Act of Killing
2513:Trisakti shootings
1953:
1396:Bandung Conference
1004:1998–present
905:National Awakening
735:Christian kingdoms
701:1755–present
691:1745–present
687:Surakarta Sunanate
657:Kingdom of Kaimana
611:1526–present
577:Sultanate of Bacan
497:Pagaruyung Kingdom
438:Islamic sultanates
330:Shailendra Dynasty
129:, as Commander of
124:Lieutenant General
2862:
2861:
2492:Petition of Fifty
2334:Ricklefs (1982),
1714:were held in 1971
1646:
1645:
1374:De-Sukarnoization
1229:
1228:
1194:
1193:
1008:
1007:
960:Liberal democracy
943:
942:
888:
887:
876:Dutch East Indies
809:
808:
762:
761:
744:Larantuka Kingdom
725:
724:
637:Mataram Sultanate
537:Cirebon Sultanate
517:Malacca Sultanate
477:Ternate Sultanate
428:
427:
410:Singhasari Empire
404:1000s–1300s
370:Kahuripan Kingdom
251:
250:
137:
136:
2907:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2603:Prabowo Subianto
2528:Post-Suharto era
2394:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2308:karno 1945–1967)
2293:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:Fic (2005) p. 34
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
1995:Johannes Leimena
1838:Order of the Day
1785:Johannes Leimena
1716:and the members
1638:
1631:
1624:
1606:
1599:
1551:Media and legacy
1403:1962 Asian Games
1337:Guided Democracy
1245:Pre-Independence
1225:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1158:
1157:
1156:
970:Guided Democracy
956:
955:
901:
900:
822:
821:
791:Lanfang Republic
777:
776:
740:
739:
661:1600s–1926
651:1528s–1877
617:Banjar Sultanate
607:Banten Sultanate
591:1500s–1967
507:Brunei Sultanate
443:
442:
420:Majapahit Empire
320:Srivijaya Empire
300:Kalingga Kingdom
266:
265:
233:Toba catastrophe
216:94,000–12,000 BP
187:
186:
167:
157:
139:
57:
48:
45:
38:
35:
21:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2818:
2772:
2726:
2680:
2643:
2617:
2581:
2538:Vice presidents
2532:
2523:Fall of Suharto
2496:
2465:
2424:
2403:
2398:
2290:
2275:
2215:]) (1999),
2192:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
1990:
1972:tanggung-djawab
1945:
1929:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1726:
1642:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1569:Seclusion house
1552:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1302:
1301:Domestic policy
1298:
1297:
1296:
1246:
1242:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1190:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1020:
1010:
1009:
994:1967–1998
984:1966–1967
974:1959–1966
964:1950–1959
953:
945:
944:
939:1949–1950
929:1945–1949
919:1942–1945
909:1908–1942
898:
890:
889:
884:
883:1945–1949
882:
881:1800–1942
870:1806–1816
860:1685–1824
850:1602–1799
840:1521–1677
830:1512–1850
819:
811:
810:
805:1777–1853
795:1777–1884
785:1776–1854
774:
764:
763:
737:
727:
726:
721:1824–1911
711:1814–1946
681:1725–1946
671:1659–1823
647:Johor Sultanate
641:1586–1755
631:1527–1599
621:1526–1863
601:1496–1903
581:1515–1946
571:1486–1914
561:1496–1903
551:1475–1554
547:Demak Sultanate
541:1445–1677
531:1405–1851
521:1400–1511
511:1368–1888
501:1347–1833
491:1267–1521
481:1257–1914
471:1225–1613
447:Spread of Islam
440:
430:
429:
424:1293–1527
414:1222–1292
394:1183–1347
384:1045–1221
374:1019–1045
340:Mataram Kingdom
263:
253:
252:
184:
155:
148:
95:28 October 1971
75:
74:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
46:
39:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2900:1966 documents
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Berkeley Mafia
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
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2580:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
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2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
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2466:
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2463:
2458:
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2408:
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2396:
2389:
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2374:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2346:
2332:
2318:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2273:
2255:
2241:
2227:
2207:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1925:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1832:I. Considering
1811:
1808:
1758:special forces
1725:
1722:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1536:Grandchildren
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1488:
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1440:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1385:Foreign policy
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
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1314:
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1303:
1300:
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1275:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1214:a series about
1210:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1141:
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1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
878:
872:
871:
868:
862:
861:
858:
852:
851:
848:
842:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
775:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
738:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
707:Deli Sultanate
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
677:Siak Sultanate
673:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
557:Aceh Sultanate
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
527:Sulu Sultanate
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
461:840–1292
459:
453:
452:
451:800–1600
449:
441:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
425:
422:
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
400:Pannai Kingdom
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
380:Kediri Kingdom
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
364:932–1579
362:
356:
355:
354:914–1908
352:
346:
345:
344:716–1016
342:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
310:Melayu Kingdom
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
264:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
226:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
195:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
160:
159:
150:
149:
142:
135:
134:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
73:
72:
66:
54:
53:
52:
51:
40:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2912:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2675:Tommy Suharto
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:Organisations
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2576:B. J. Habibie
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:Rise to power
2427:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2366:, 6th reprint
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:1-86508-179-5
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:0-333-24380-3
2341:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:979-22-2137-9
2327:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:979-669-519-7
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2289:9789794615546
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2271:979-8085-02-7
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:979-669-189-2
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:979-3780-50-9
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:979-9222-10-9
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2205:979-428-100-X
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1806:in May 1998.
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:Chaerul Saleh
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Basuki Rahmat
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
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1697:
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1687:
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1659:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
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1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:5 July Decree
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
949:
948:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
894:
893:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
804:
802:
799:
798:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:
779:
778:
773:
768:
767:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
730:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
433:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
411:
408:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
361:
360:Sunda Kingdom
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
271:
270:Kutai Kingdom
268:
267:
262:
257:
256:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
203:
200:
199:
196:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
178:
177:
174:
171:
170:
166:
162:
161:
158:
151:
146:
140:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:11 March 1966
84:
82:
78:
70:
67:
64:
61:
44:
34:
27:
22:
19:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2663:Tien Suharto
2651:& family
2613:Sudono Salim
2593:Amir Machmud
2570:Try Sutrisno
2450:
2363:
2349:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2244:
2230:
2216:
2210:
2196:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1935:ordered the
1930:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1857:
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1810:The document
1797:
1777:Amir Machmud
1766:
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1235:
1234:
1142:
1101:Christianity
350:Bali Kingdom
243:Buni culture
221:
206:1,000,000 BP
190:
68:
62:
18:
2608:Ali Sadikin
2586:Key figures
2572:(1993–1998)
2566:(1988–1993)
2560:(1983–1988)
2554:(1978–1983)
2548:(1973–1978)
2487:Angkatan 66
2421:(1968–1998)
1898:Controversy
1445:Konfrontasi
1066:Archaeology
1061:Agriculture
467:Aru Kingdom
192:Paleolithic
154:History of
109:Signatories
2869:Categories
2671:(daughter)
2564:Sudharmono
2552:Adam Malik
2451:Supersemar
2190:References
1724:Background
1666:Supersemar
1654:Indonesian
1586:Bung Karno
1520:Rachmawati
1425:West Irian
1364:Supersemar
1332:Marhaenism
1123:Mass media
1000:Reform era
980:Transition
826:Portuguese
212:Flores Man
182:Prehistory
2598:Bob Hasan
2477:Dwifungsi
2401:New Order
2000:Subandrio
1850:teachings
1793:Subandrio
1584:KRI
1525:Sukmawati
1506:Children
1495:Fatmawati
1272:Pancasila
1081:Education
990:New Order
758:1670–1950
748:1515–1904
334:600s–900s
324:600s–1025
314:600s–1347
304:500s–600s
294:400s-500s
284:400s–500s
237:75,000 BP
223:Neolithic
156:Indonesia
131:Kopkamtib
2777:Cabinets
1965:Angkatan
1873:IV. Ends
1836:1.2 The
1752:ensued.
1563:Soekarno
1515:Megawati
1491:Spouses
1462:Speeches
1418:building
1317:Permesta
1256:Partindo
1128:Military
1106:Hinduism
1096:Buddhism
1091:Religion
1071:Currency
1054:By topic
274:350–1605
202:Java Man
173:Timeline
145:a series
143:Part of
100:Location
91:Repealed
81:Ratified
2895:Suharto
2890:Sukarno
2814:Seventh
2649:Suharto
2501:Decline
2412:Suharto
1892:SUKARNO
1773:M Jusuf
1738:Suharto
1734:Jakarta
1703:in its
1678:Suharto
1674:Sukarno
1610:Gallery
1510:Rukmini
1430:Trikora
1347:Nasakom
1221:Sukarno
1116:Judaism
1076:Economy
1041:Bandung
1026:Jakarta
1018:Regions
856:British
836:Spanish
290:Kantoli
247:400 BCE
127:Suharto
119:Purpose
113:Sukarno
69:Bottom:
2799:Fourth
2789:Second
2665:(wife)
2639:KORPRI
2634:Golkar
2578:(1998)
2356:
2342:
2328:
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2269:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2203:
1690:wayang
1486:Family
1436:Pepera
1413:GANEFO
1408:CONEFO
1322:DI/TII
147:on the
2809:Sixth
2804:Fifth
2794:Third
2784:First
2685:Films
2677:(son)
2461:Aspri
2014:Notes
1826:ORDER
1762:Bogor
1686:Semar
1557:Grave
1530:Guruh
1354:Monas
1312:Ambon
1266:BPUPK
1138:Women
1133:Sport
1111:Islam
1036:Bogor
2768:1999
2763:1997
2758:1992
2753:1987
2748:1982
2743:1977
2738:1971
2354:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2306:Bung
2284:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2201:ISBN
1912:Cuba
1791:and
1699:The
1648:The
1540:Puan
1500:Dewi
1369:Fall
1359:G30S
1307:APRA
1280:PPKI
1261:PETA
1236:1st
1031:Bali
63:Top:
2416:2nd
2261:Pak
2212:sic
2002:.
1251:PNI
2871::
2414:-
2022:^
1787:,
1720:.
1656::
2393:e
2386:t
2379:v
2292:.
1652:(
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1185:e
1178:t
1171:v
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