506:. Nasopharyngeal airways are produced in various lengths and diameters to accommodate for gender and anatomical variations. Functionally, the device is gently inserted through a patient's nose after careful lubrication with a viscous lidocaine gel. Successful placement will facilitate spontaneous ventilation, masked ventilation, or machine assisted ventilation with a modified nasopharyngeal airway designed with special attachments at the proximal end. Patients generally tolerate NPAs very well. NPAs are preferred over OPAs when the patient's jaw is clenched or if the patient is semiconscious and cannot tolerate an OPA. NPAs, however, are generally not recommended if there is suspicion of a
623:
796:
216:
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laryngoscopy difficult, and therefore in those with suspected thermal burns, intubation is recommended in attempts to quickly secure an airway prior to progression of the swelling. Furthermore, blood and vomitus in the airway may prove visualization of the vocal cords difficult rendering direct and video laryngoscopy, as well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy challenging. Establishment of a surgical airway is challenging in the setting of restricted neck extension (such as in a
281:
finger sweep. If the person is conscious, they should be able to remove the foreign object themselves, and if they are unconscious, a finger sweep can cause more harm. A finger sweep can push the foreign body further down the airway, making it harder to remove, or cause aspiration by inducing the person to vomit. Additionally, there is the potential for harm to the rescuer if they are unable to clearly see the oral cavity (for example, cutting a finger on jagged teeth).
555:(LMA). An LMA is a cuffed perilaryngeal sealer that is inserted into the mouth and set over the glottis. Once it is in its seated position, the cuff is inflated. Other variations include devices with oesophageal access ports, so that a separate tube can be inserted from the mouth to the stomach to decompress accumulated gases and drain liquid contents. Other variations of the device can have an endotracheal tube passed through the LMA and into the trachea.
495:(NPA). In general, features of an ideal supraglottic airway include the ability to bypass the upper airway, produce low airway resistance, allow both positive pressure as well as spontaneous ventilation, protect the respiratory tract from gastric and nasal secretions, be easily inserted by even a nonspecialist, produce high first-time insertion rate, remain in place once in seated position, minimize risk of aspiration, and produce minimal side effects.
224:
290:
513:. In these circumstances, insertion of the NPA can cause neurological damage by entering the cranium during placement. There is no consensus, however, regarding the risk of neurological damage secondary to a basilar skull fracture compared to hypoxia due to insufficient airway management. Other complications of Nasopharyngeal airways use includes laryngospasm, epistaxis, vomiting, and tissue necrosis with prolonged use.
517:
3487:
302:
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40:
540:, it should only be used in a deeply sedated or unresponsive patient to avoid vomiting and aspiration. Careful attention must be made while inserting an OPA. The user must avoid pushing the tongue further down the patient's throat. This is usually done by inserting the OPA with its curve facing cephalad and rotating it 180 degrees as you enter the posterior pharynx.
257:, recommend several stages, designed to apply increasingly more pressure. Most protocols recommend first encouraging the victims to cough, and allowing them an opportunity to spontaneously clear the foreign body if they are coughing forcefully. If the person's airway continues to be blocked, more forceful maneuvers such as hard back slaps and
357:. The practitioner places their index and middle fingers behind the angle of the mandible to physically push the posterior aspects of the mandible upwards while their thumbs push down on the chin to open the mouth. When the mandible is displaced forward, it pulls the tongue forward and prevents it from occluding the entrance to the trachea.
768:
688:, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is much easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine and is associated with fewer immediate complications. Some complications of cricothyrotomy include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding skin and soft tissue structures.
551:
devices arise in morbidly obese patients, lengthy surgical procedures, surgery involving the airways, laparoscopic procedures and others due to its bulkier design and inferior ability to prevent aspiration. In these circumstances, endotracheal intubation is generally preferred. The most commonly used extraglottic device is the
273:
down position can be used for self-treatment of suffocation and appears to be an option only if other maneuvers do not work. In contrast, in children under 1 it is recommended that the child be placed in a head down position as this appears to help increase the effectiveness of back slaps and abdominal thrusts.
791:
is suspected. Endotracheal intubation carries with it many risks, particularly when paralytics are used, as maintenance of the airway becomes a challenge if intubation fails. It should therefore be attempted by experienced personnel, only when less invasive methods fail or when it is deemed necessary
571:
In contrast to supraglottic devices, infraglottic devices create a conduit between the mouth, passing through the glottis, and into the trachea. There are many infraglottic methods available and the chosen technique is reliant on the accessibility of medical equipment, competence of the clinician and
376:
are used to help hold the head in-line. Most of these airway maneuvers are associated with some movement of the cervical spine. Even though cervical collars can cause problems maintaining an airway and maintaining a blood pressure, it is not recommended to remove the collar without adequate personnel
333:
is not a concern. This maneuver involves flexion of the neck and extension of the head at
Atlanto-occipital joint (also called the sniffing position), which opens up the airway by lifting the tongue away from the back of the throat. Placing a folded towel behind the head accomplishes the same result.
276:
When the victim can not receive pressures on the abdomen (it can happen in case of pregnancy or excessive obesity, for example), chest thrusts are advised instead of abdominal thrusts. The chest thrusts are the same type of compressions but applied on the lower half of the chest bone (not in the very
272:
Abdominal thrusts can also be performed on oneself with the help of the objects near, for example: by leaning over a chair. Anyway, when the choking victim is oneself, one of the more reliable options is the usage of any specific anti-choking device. In adults, there is limited evidence that the head
731:
For the management of in-hospital cardiac arrest however, studies currently support the establishment of an advanced airway. It is well documented that quality chest compressions with minimal interruption result in improved survival. This is suggested to be due, in part, to decreased no-flow-time in
445:
The ingestion and aspiration of foreign objects pose a common and dangerous problem in young children. It remains one of the leading cause of death in children under the age of 5. Common food items (baby carrots, peanuts, etc.) and household objects (coins, metals, etc.) may lodge in various levels
268:
Performing abdominal thrusts on someone else involves standing behind them, and providing inward and upward forceful compressions in the upper abdomen, concretely in the area located between the chest and the belly button. The rescuer usually gives the compressions using a fist that is grasped with
482:
Supraglottic techniques use devices that are designed to have the distal tip resting above the level of the glottis when in its final seated position. Supraglottic devices ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract without entry into the trachea by bridging the oral and pharyngeal spaces. There
831:
as these are all components of the respiratory tract and failure anywhere along this path may impede ventilation. Excessive facial hair, severe burns, and maxillofacial trauma may prevent acquisition of a good mask seal, rendering bag-valve mask ventilation difficult. Edema of the airway can make
691:
A tracheotomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon makes incision in the neck and a breathing tube is inserted directly into the trachea. A common reason for performing a tracheotomy includes requiring to be put on a mechanical ventilator for a longer period. The advantages of a tracheotomy
550:
Extraglottic devices are used in the majority of operative procedures performed under general anaesthesia. Compared to a cuffed tracheal tube, extraglottic devices provide less protection against aspiration but are more easily inserted and causes less laryngeal trauma. Limitations of extraglottic
280:
The
American Medical Association and Australian Resuscitation Council advocate sweeping the fingers across the back of the throat to attempt to dislodge airway obstructions, once the choking victim becomes unconscious. However, many modern protocols and literature recommend against the use of the
782:
Management of the airway in trauma can be particularly complicated, and is dependent on the mechanism, location, and severity of injury to the airway and its surrounding tissues. Injuries to the cervical spine, traumatic disruption of the airway itself, edema in the setting of caustic or thermal
727:
airways) resulted in greater short-term and long-term survival, as well as improved neurological outcomes in comparison to advanced airway interventions (endotracheal intubation, laryngeal mask airway, all types of supraglottic airways (SGA), and trans-tracheal or trans-cricothyroid membrane
527:
are curved, rigid plastic devices, inserted into the patient's mouth. Oropharyngeal airways are produced in various lengths and diameters to accommodate for gender and anatomical variations. It is especially useful in patients with excessive tongue and other soft tissues. OPAs prevent airway
786:
The pre-hospital setting provides unique challenges to management of the airway including tight spaces, neck immobilization, poor lighting, and often the added complexity of attempting procedures during transport. When possible, basic airway management should be prioritized including
787:
head-tilt-chin-lift maneuvers, and bag-valve masking. If ineffective, a supraglottic airway can be utilized to aid in oxygenation and maintenance of a patent airway. An oropharyngeal airway is acceptable, however nasopharyngeal airways should be avoided in trauma, particularly if a
2247:
Sayre, Michael R.; Berg, Robert A.; Cave, Diana M.; Page, Richard L.; Potts, Jerald; White, Roger D. (2008-04-22). "Hands-Only (Compression-Only) Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation: A Call to Action for Bystander Response to Adults Who Experience Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest".
364:
is an important prevention technique for an unconscious person that is breathing casually. This position entails having the person lie in a stable position on their side with the head in a dependent position so fluids do not drain down the airway, reducing the risk of aspiration.
265:) can be performed. Some guidelines recommend alternating between abdominal thrusts and back slaps while others recommend the same starting with the back slaps first. Having the person lean forward reduces the chances of the foreign body going back down the airway when coming up.
836:), laryngotracheal disruption, or distortion of the anatomy by a penetrating force or hematoma. Tracheotomy in the operating room by trained professionals is recommended over cricothyroidotomy in the case of complete laryngotracheal disruption or children under the age of 12.
715:
The optimal method of airway management during CPR is not well established at this time given that the majority of studies on the topic are observational in nature. These studies, however, guide recommendations until prospective, randomized controlled trials are conducted.
728:
airways). Given that these are observational studies, caution must be given to the possibility of confounding by indication. That is, patients requiring an advanced airway may have had a poorer prognosis in relation to those requiring basic interventions to begin with.
212:, quick, and relatively simple to perform. The simplest way to determine if the airway is obstructed is by assessing whether the patient is able to speak. Basic airway management can be divided into treatment and prevention of an obstruction in the airway.
973:
Nolan, JP; Soar, J; Zideman, DA; Biarent, D; Bossaert, LL; Deakin, C; Koster, RW; Wyllie, J; Böttiger, B; ERC Guidelines
Writing Group (2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary".
2211:
Yeung, Joyce; Chilwan, Mehboob; Field, Richard; Davies, Robin; Gao, Fang; Perkins, Gavin D. (2014). "The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An observational study in patients during cardiac arrest".
457:
In the hospital setting, healthcare practitioners will make the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration from the medical history and physical exam findings. In some cases, providers will order chest radiographs, which may show signs of
244:
Treatment includes different maneuvers that aim to remove the foreign body that is obstructing the airway. This type of obstruction most often occurs when someone is eating or drinking. Most modern protocols, including those of the
99:. This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere. This is accomplished by either clearing a previously obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as
325:
is useful for the latter. If head-tilt/chin-lift and jaw-thrust maneuvers are performed with any objects in the airways it may dislodge them further down the airways and thereby cause more blockage and harder removal.
483:
are many methods of subcategorizing this family of devices including route of insertion, absence or presence of a cuff, and anatomic location of the device's distal end. The most commonly used devices are
2077:
Fouche, Pieter F.; Simpson, Paul M.; Bendall, Jason; Thomas, Richard E.; Cone, David C.; Doi, Suhail A. R. (2014-04-03). "Airways in Out-of-hospital
Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
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In contrast to basic airway management maneuvers such as head-tilt or jaw-thrust, advanced airway management relies on the use of medical equipment. Advanced airway management can be performed
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into the trachea. In a nasotracheal procedure, an endotracheal tube is passed through the nose and vocal apparatus into the trachea. Alternatives to standard endotracheal tubes include
107:
patient, or medical sedation. Airway obstruction can be caused by the tongue, foreign objects, the tissues of the airway itself, and bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents (
803:
Management of the airway in the emergency department is optimal given the presence of trained personnel from multiple specialties, as well as access to "difficult airway equipment" (
3472:
1022:
125:
Basic techniques are generally non-invasive and do not require specialized medical equipment or advanced training. These include head and neck maneuvers to optimize ventilation,
719:
Current evidence suggests that for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, basic airway interventions (head-tilt–chin-lift maneuvers, bag-valve-masking or mouth-to-mouth ventilations,
353:
The jaw-thrust maneuver is an effective airway technique, particularly in the patient in whom cervical spine injury is a concern. It is easiest when the patient is positioned
783:
trauma, and the combative patient are examples of scenarios a provider may need to take into account in assessing the urgency of securing an airway and the means of doing so.
403:. Advanced airway management is frequently performed in the critically injured, those with extensive pulmonary disease, or anesthetized patients to facilitate oxygenation and
3457:
2446:"Experience in Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Significantly Influences Mortality of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
692:
include less risk of infection and damage to the trachea during the immediate post-surgical period. Although rare, some long term complications of tracheotomies include
1023:"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators - Article in Motion"
755:, which advocates chest compressions without rescue breaths for teens or adults. This is to minimize the reluctance to start CPR due to concern for having to provide
462:
in the affected lung. In advanced airway management, the inhaled foreign objects, however, are either removed by using a simple plastic suction device (such as a
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1295:"Cervical spine motion during airway management: a cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers"
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132:
Advanced techniques require specialized medical training and equipment, and are further categorized anatomically into supraglottic devices (such as
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Many methods are used in
Advanced airway management. Examples in increasing order of invasiveness include the use of supraglottic devices such as
3391:
3370:
747:
Bystanders without medical training who see an individual suddenly collapse should call for help and begin chest compressions immediately. The
345:
share basic principles. The head is in a dependent position so that fluid can drain from the patient's airway; the chin is well up to keep the
3432:
2715:
1514:
Manning PB, Wesley JR, Polley TZ, et al. Esophageal and tracheobronchial foreign bodies in infants and children. Pediatr Surg Int 1987;2:346.
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915:
2746:
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Donaldson WF, Heil BV, Donaldson VP, Silvaggio VJ (1997). "The effect of airway maneuvers on the unstable C1-C2 segment. A cadaver study".
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Struck, Manuel F.; Beilicke, André; Hoffmeister, Albrecht; Gockel, Ines; Gries, André; Wrigge, Hermann; Bernhard, Michael (2016-04-11).
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Surgical methods for airway management rely on making a surgical incision below the glottis in order to achieve direct access to the
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for safe transport of the patient, to reduce risk of failure and the associated increase in morbidity and mortality due to hypoxia.
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Bossers, Sebastiaan M.; Schwarte, Lothar A.; Loer, Stephan A.; Twisk, Jos W. R.; Boer, Christa; Schober, Patrick (2015-01-01).
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or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs. The most widely used route is orotracheal, in which an
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2066:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 80. CHEST WALL, PLEURA, MEDIASTINUM, AND NONNEOPLASTIC LUNG DISEASE.
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to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body,
3294:
2959:
2579:"Airway Management of the Patient with Maxillofacial Trauma: Review of the Literature and Suggested Clinical Approach"
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Mobbs RJ, Stoodley MA, Fuller J (2002). "Effect of cervical hard collar on intracranial pressure after head injury".
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of the airway tract and cause significant obstruction of the airway. Complete obstruction of the airway represents a
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Wik, Lars (2003). "Rediscovering the importance of chest compressions to improve the outcome from cardiac arrest".
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Andriolo, Brenda N. G.; Andriolo, Régis B.; Saconato, Humberto; Atallah, Álvaro N.; Valente, Orsine (2015-01-12).
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2301:"Acute emergency care and airway management of caustic ingestion in adults: single center observational study"
657:. Surgical airway management is often performed as a last resort in cases where orotracheal and nasotracheal
1732:"Evolution of the Extraglottic Airway: A Review of Its History, Applications, and Practical Tips for Success"
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which vital organs, including the heart are not adequately perfused. Establishment of an advanced airway (
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are another family of supraglottic devices that are inserted through the mouth to sit on top of the larynx
510:
404:
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Prevention techniques focus on preventing airway obstruction by the tongue and reducing the likelihood of
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Dupanovic, Mirsad; Fox, Heather; Kovac, Anthony (2010-04-01). "Management of the airway in multitrauma".
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Vunda, Aaron; Vandertuin, Lynda (2012). "Nasopharyngeal
Foreign Body following a Blind Finger Sweep".
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Thierbach, Andreas R.; Werner, Christian (2005-12-01). "Infraglottic airway devices and techniques".
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740:) allows for asynchronous ventilation, reducing the no-flow ratio, as compared to the basic airway (
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Kolb JC, Summers RL, Galli RL (1999). "Cervical collar-induced changes in intracranial pressure".
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Back slaps and abdominal thrusts are performed to relieve airway obstruction by foreign objects
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A cricothyrotomy is an emergency surgical procedure in which an incision is made through the
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Maconochie, Ian (2015). "European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015".
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Foreign objects can be removed with a Magill forceps under inspection of the airway with a
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3089:
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2924:
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Mohan, R; Iyer, R; Thaller, S (2009). "Airway management in patients with facial trauma".
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662:
373:
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223:
407:. Additionally, implementation of a cuffing system is used to prevent the possibility of
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is a soft rubber or plastic tube that is passed through the nose and into the posterior
208:(in contrast to advanced airway management). It is mainly used in first aid since it is
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by creating a conduit. Because an oropharyngeal airway can mechanically stimulate the
516:
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Daniel Limmer; Keith J. Karren; Brent Q. Hafen; John Mackay; Michelle Mackay (2006).
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816:
593:
507:
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Langeron, O.; Birenbaum, A.; Amour, J. (2009-05-01). "Airway management in trauma".
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includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve
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1953:
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The jaw thrust maneuver can also open up the airway with minimal spine manipulation
301:
49:
17:
815:, surgical methods, etc.). Of primary concern is the condition and patency of the
622:
450:. During such crisis, caretakers may attempt back blows, abdominal thrust, or the
2470:
2406:
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1937:
1748:
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72:
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104:
100:
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1985:
1968:
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2326:
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1528:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 2016 (Pediatric Chest).
885:
744:) for which compressions must be paused to adequately ventilate the patient.
3665:
3542:
2577:
Barak, Michal; Bahouth, Hany; Leiser, Yoav; El-Naaj, Imad Abu (2015-06-16).
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The head-tilt/chin-lift is the primary maneuver used in any patient in whom
180:
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Brimacombe J, Keller C, Künzel KH, Gaber O, Boehler M, Pühringer F (2000).
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474:. If removal is not possible, other surgical methods should be considered.
204:
Basic airway management involves maneuvers that do not require specialized
39:
2595:
1849:
1824:"Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel"
1271:
864:
Bingham, Robert M.; Proctor, Lester T. (2008-08-01). "Airway management".
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3079:
2778:
2554:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th Edition
1429:
Finucane, Brendan T.; Tsui, Ban Chi-Ho; Santora, Albert H. (2011-01-01).
947:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition
833:
828:
581:
408:
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opened. Arms and legs are locked to stabilize the position of the patient
187:
53:
1642:"The nasopharyngeal airway: Dispelling myths and establishing the facts"
1593:"Intracranial placement of nasopharyngeal airways: Is it all that rare?"
1544:"The nasopharyngeal airway: dispelling myths and establishing the facts"
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to dislodge the inhaled object and reestablish airflow into the lungs.
396:
239:
57:
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extreme, which is a point named xiphoid process and could be broken).
82:
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1133:
American Medical Association Handbook of First Aid and Emergency Care
820:
597:
589:
529:
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Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
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for a longer period. Surgical methods for airway management include
665:. Surgical airway management is also used when a person will need a
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562:
515:
433:
336:
300:
288:
222:
214:
60:
of a morbidly obese elderly person with challenging airway anatomy
626:
In cricothyrotomy, the incision or puncture is made through the
3515:
2728:
368:
Most airway maneuvers are associated with some movement of the
3428:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
799:
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Example of a supraglottic device.
159:
Airway management is a primary consideration in the fields of
2517:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
1786:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
3511:
2642:
International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science
2064:
Greenfield's Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, 5e
2007:"Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients"
1526:
Greenfield's Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, 5e
1524:
TONY CAPIZZANI; RONALD B. HIRSCHL; ROBERT E. CILLEY (2011).
908:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
114:
Airway management is commonly divided into two categories:
3392:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
3239:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
3443:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
2131:"Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation"
3473:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
1883:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
567:
A cuffed endotracheal tube used in tracheal intubation
2702:
Emergency Medical Responder (Second Canadian Version)
1822:
Davies PR, Tighe SQ, Greenslade GL, Evans GH (1990).
1501:
3700:
3674:
3638:
3592:
3549:
3458:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
3415:
3379:
3328:
3282:
3216:
3148:
3067:
3031:
2978:
2917:
2766:
580:, is the placement of a flexible plastic or rubber
372:. When there is a possibility of cervical injury,
65:
32:
2699:
466:) or under direct inspection of the airway with a
297:is the most reliable method of opening the airway.
27:Medical procedure ensuring an unobstructed airway
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
227:Inward and upward force during abdominal thrusts
2129:Bernhard, Michael; Benger, Jonathan R. (2015).
1640:Roberts, K.; Whalley, H.; Bleetman, A. (2005).
1537:
1535:
1781:"Supraglottic airway devices: recent advances"
1229:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.
3527:
2740:
2636:Patel, Sapna A; Meyer, Tanya K (2014-01-01).
2511:Cranshaw, Julius; Nolan, Jerry (2006-06-01).
8:
3120:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1027:resuscitation-guidelines.articleinmotion.com
930:. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-12-06
2011:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
528:obstruction by ensuring that the patient's
3534:
3520:
3512:
3423:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
2747:
2733:
2725:
240:Choking § Basic treatment (First-Aid)
38:
3468:International Anesthesia Research Society
3075:ASA physical status classification system
2671:
2653:
2612:
2594:
2528:
2487:
2469:
2334:
2316:
2038:
1984:
1798:
1747:
1665:
1616:
1567:
1542:Roberts K, Whalley H, Bleetman A (2005).
1310:
1068:
995:
968:
966:
520:Oropharyngeal airways in a range of sizes
2820:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
1502:"National Safety Council Accident Facts"
794:
766:
700:Airway management in specific situations
640:
3692:Wilderness emergency medical technician
3453:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
856:
2513:"Airway management after major trauma"
1973:Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology
29:
3433:American Society of Anesthesiologists
2000:
1998:
1996:
1876:
1874:
1460:
1458:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1053:"Head-down self-treatment of choking"
7:
3438:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1433:(4th ed.). New York: Springer.
1017:
1015:
940:
938:
936:
377:to manually hold the head in place.
321:are useful for the former while the
140:), infraglottic techniques (such as
3463:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3371:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
3274:Postoperative residual curarization
2226:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.018
1106:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.028
1070:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.02.015
988:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.021
78:
3351:Operating department practitioners
866:Pediatric Clinics of North America
422:, infraglottic techniques such as
313:of stomach contents or blood. The
25:
3361:Certified anesthesia technologist
3269:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
2784:Procedural sedation and analgesia
2395:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
2262:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189380
1967:Katos, MG; Goldenberg, D (2007).
809:eschmann tracheal tube introducer
775:Airway represents the "A" in the
645:Photograph of a tracheostomy tube
572:the patient's injury or disease.
3600:Automated external defibrillator
3495:
3486:
3485:
2902:Transverse abdominis plane block
2135:Current Opinion in Critical Care
1391:10.1046/j.1445-2197.2002.02462.x
1312:10.1213/00000539-200011000-00041
1264:10.1097/00007632-199706010-00008
949:. Mc-Graw Hill. pp. Ch 28.
696:and tracheoinnominate fistulas.
596:is passed through the mouth and
487:and supraglottic tubes, such as
3496:
3402:History of neuraxial anesthesia
3356:Certified anesthesia technician
3178:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
3039:Blood–gas partition coefficient
2872:Intravenous regional anesthesia
1926:Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
1431:Principles of airway management
3448:Royal College of Anaesthetists
3407:History of tracheal intubation
3054:Minimum alveolar concentration
2991:Anesthesia provision in the US
2023:10.1002/14651858.CD007271.pub3
576:, often simply referred to as
426:and finally surgical methods.
255:European Resuscitation Council
1:
3579:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3397:History of general anesthesia
2909:Total intravenous anaesthesia
2857:Inferior alveolar nerve block
2803:Continuous wound infiltration
2583:BioMed Research International
2556:. McGraw-Hill. p. 1403.
2190:10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00267-3
1696:. 14 May 2010. Archived from
1356:10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90044-X
926:Wright, Pearce (2003-08-13).
711:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
705:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
395:or with visualization of the
161:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3687:Emergency medical technician
2960:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
2471:10.1371/journal.pone.0141034
2407:10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283360b4f
2147:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000201
2092:10.3109/10903127.2013.831509
2062:REDDY, RISHINDRA M. (2011).
1938:10.1097/SCS.0b013e318190327a
1842:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92429-L
1749:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31823b6748
1128:American Medical Association
910:. McGraw Hill. pp. 178–198.
846:Choking, First-Aid treatment
757:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
3295:Critical emergency medicine
2552:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
1779:Cook, T; Howes, B. (2010).
1227:Emergency Airway Management
1225:Burtenshaw, Andrew (2015).
1204:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.08.061
1051:Luczak, Artur (June 2016).
945:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
906:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
771:Bag-valve mask ventilation.
48:using the Glidescope video
3760:
3584:Emergency bleeding control
3341:Anesthesiologist assistant
3203:Relative analgesia machine
2080:Prehospital Emergency Care
1986:10.1016/j.otot.2007.05.002
1969:"Emergency cricothyrotomy"
1646:Emergency Medicine Journal
1597:Emergency Medicine Journal
779:for trauma resuscitation.
749:American Heart Association
708:
618:surgical airway management
615:
430:Removal of foreign objects
387:Advanced airway management
384:
381:Advanced airway management
247:American Heart Association
237:
197:
3682:Certified first responder
3481:
3249:Local anesthetic toxicity
2318:10.1186/s13049-016-0240-5
1895:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.06.001
1439:10.1007/978-0-387-09558-5
1192:The Journal of Pediatrics
997:10067/1302980151162165141
878:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.04.004
79:
37:
3264:Postanesthetic shivering
3130:Neuromuscular monitoring
3021:Rapid sequence induction
2950:Inhalational anesthetics
2655:10.4103/2229-5151.128016
2530:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl015
1800:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkq058
1736:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1730:; Ovassapian, A (2011).
511:to the base of the skull
3315:Oral sedation dentistry
3305:Intensive care medicine
3259:Perioperative mortality
3115:Guedel's classification
2862:Intercostal nerve block
2360:Minerva Anestesiologica
1658:10.1136/emj.2004.021402
1609:10.1136/emj.2006.036541
1560:10.1136/emj.2004.021402
928:"Obituary: Peter Safar"
813:fiberoptic bronchoscopy
655:upper respiratory tract
651:lower respiratory tract
559:Infraglottic techniques
478:Supraglottic techniques
411:or airway obstruction.
200:Basic airway management
194:Basic airway management
173:intensive care medicine
3366:Anaesthetic technician
3254:Malignant hyperthermia
800:
789:basilar skull fracture
772:
646:
638:
568:
532:does not obstruct the
521:
493:nasopharyngeal airways
442:
420:nasopharyngeal airways
405:mechanical ventilation
350:
306:
298:
228:
220:
138:nasopharyngeal airways
3625:Nasopharyngeal airway
3188:Laryngeal mask airway
3032:Scientific principles
3001:Dogliotti's principle
2877:Occipital nerve block
2842:Brachial plexus block
1591:Ellis, D. Y. (2006).
798:
770:
738:laryngeal mask airway
682:cricothyroid membrane
667:mechanical ventilator
644:
628:cricothyroid membrane
625:
566:
553:laryngeal mask airway
525:Oropharyngeal airways
519:
500:nasopharyngeal airway
437:
340:
331:cervical spine injury
304:
292:
226:
218:
3630:Oropharyngeal airway
3234:Drug-induced amnesia
3229:Anesthesia awareness
3163:Anesthetic vaporizer
3140:Thyromental distance
3044:Concentration effect
2918:Pharmacologic agents
2887:Pudendal nerve block
872:(4): 873–886, ix–x.
588:to maintain an open
544:Extraglottic devices
464:Yankauer suction tip
319:jaw-thrust maneuvers
3723:Wilderness medicine
3158:Anaesthetic machine
3016:Tracheal intubation
3006:Intravenous therapy
2945:General anesthetics
2897:Sciatic nerve block
2852:Femoral nerve block
2847:Fascia iliaca block
2825:Epidural anesthesia
2791:Twilight anesthesia
2596:10.1155/2015/724032
2462:2015PLoSO..1041034B
751:currently supports
574:Tracheal intubation
424:tracheal intubation
315:head-tilt/chin-lift
295:head-tilt/chin-lift
142:tracheal intubation
18:Supraglottic airway
3718:Good Samaritan law
3244:Emergence delirium
3224:Allergic reactions
3100:Entropy monitoring
2882:Paracervical block
2867:Interpleural block
2830:Spinal anaesthesia
2815:Neuraxial blockade
2706:. Brady. pp.
1700:on 24 January 2013
801:
773:
661:are impossible or
647:
639:
569:
522:
443:
351:
307:
299:
251:American Red Cross
229:
221:
169:emergency medicine
129:, and back blows.
97:airway obstruction
3744:Airway management
3731:
3730:
3562:Airway management
3557:Abdominal thrusts
3509:
3508:
3346:Nurse anesthetist
3173:Bronchial blocker
3168:Arterial catheter
3059:Second gas effect
2986:Airway management
2955:Local anesthetics
2892:Retrobulbar block
2717:978-0-13-127824-0
2638:"Surgical Airway"
2256:(16): 2162–2167.
1836:(8721): 977–979.
1147:978-1-4000-0712-7
916:978-0-07-180913-9
805:videolaryngoscopy
734:endotracheal tube
694:tracheal stenosis
636:cricoid cartilage
632:thyroid cartilage
594:endotracheal tube
452:Heimlich maneuver
448:medical emergency
362:recovery position
343:recovery position
341:All forms of the
323:recovery position
263:Heimlich maneuver
259:abdominal thrusts
206:medical equipment
183:. The "A" in the
127:abdominal thrusts
93:Airway management
90:
89:
44:Photograph of an
33:Airway management
16:(Redirected from
3751:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3513:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3336:Anesthesiologist
3125:Mallampati score
3085:Bispectral index
2925:Anticholinergics
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2705:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2657:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2598:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2473:
2456:(10): e0141034.
2441:
2435:
2434:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2017:(12): CD007271.
2002:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1751:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:. February 2000.
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:www.uptodate.com
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:www.uptodate.com
1462:
1453:
1452:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1168:. Archived from
1158:
1152:
1151:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1029:. Archived from
1019:
1010:
1009:
999:
970:
961:
960:
942:
931:
924:
918:
904:
898:
897:
861:
753:"Hands-only" CPR
653:, bypassing the
612:Surgical methods
269:the other hand.
146:surgical methods
83:edit on Wikidata
75:
46:anesthesiologist
42:
30:
21:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3696:
3670:
3634:
3588:
3545:
3540:
3510:
3505:
3477:
3411:
3375:
3324:
3278:
3212:
3144:
3090:Body mass index
3063:
3027:
2974:
2940:Benzodiazepines
2913:
2762:
2753:
2718:
2697:
2694:
2692:Further reading
2689:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1728:Klock, Andranik
1726:Hernandez, MR;
1725:
1724:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:"Guedel airway"
1688:
1687:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1013:
982:(10): 1219–76.
972:
971:
964:
957:
944:
943:
934:
925:
921:
905:
901:
863:
862:
858:
854:
842:
765:
713:
707:
702:
663:contraindicated
630:in between the
620:
614:
598:vocal apparatus
561:
485:laryngeal masks
480:
432:
389:
383:
287:
242:
236:
202:
196:
190:is for airway.
86:
71:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3675:Certifications
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Bag valve mask
3602:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Cardiothoracic
3286:
3284:
3283:Subspecialties
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Magill forceps
3195:
3193:Laryngeal tube
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Fick principle
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Butyrophenones
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:anesthesiology
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2628:
2569:
2563:978-0071794763
2562:
2544:
2523:(3): 124–127.
2503:
2436:
2401:(2): 276–282.
2385:
2366:(5): 307–311.
2350:
2291:
2239:
2220:(7): 898–904.
2203:
2184:(3): 267–269.
2168:
2141:(3): 183–187.
2121:
2086:(2): 244–256.
2069:
2054:
1992:
1959:
1916:
1889:(4): 595–609.
1870:
1814:
1771:
1711:
1681:
1652:(6): 394–396.
1632:
1583:
1531:
1516:
1507:
1493:
1475:
1454:
1447:
1412:
1369:
1344:Am J Emerg Med
1334:
1285:
1258:(11): 1215–8.
1242:
1236:978-1107661257
1235:
1217:
1182:
1162:"Finger Sweep"
1153:
1146:
1130:(2009-05-05).
1119:
1084:
1043:
1011:
962:
956:978-0071794763
955:
932:
919:
899:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
764:
761:
742:bag-valve mask
721:nasopharyngeal
709:Main article:
706:
703:
701:
698:
671:cricothyrotomy
616:Main article:
613:
610:
602:laryngeal tube
560:
557:
479:
476:
431:
428:
385:Main article:
382:
379:
370:cervical spine
286:
283:
238:Main article:
235:
232:
198:Main article:
195:
192:
150:cricothyrotomy
88:
87:
80:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:First aid kit
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:Organizations
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3320:Pain medicine
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:Complications
3215:
3209:
3208:Tracheal tube
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Goldman index
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:Resuscitation
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Resuscitation
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1742:(2): 349–68.
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1694:AnaesthesiaUK
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:9780387095585
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:(6): 389–91.
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1305:(5): 1274–8.
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1172:on 2018-02-04
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Resuscitation
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Resuscitation
1054:
1047:
1044:
1033:on 2016-05-29
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Resuscitation
969:
967:
963:
958:
952:
948:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
923:
920:
917:
913:
909:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
851:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:maxillofacial
814:
810:
806:
797:
793:
790:
784:
780:
778:
769:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
725:oropharyngeal
722:
717:
712:
704:
699:
697:
695:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
643:
637:
633:
629:
624:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
558:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
518:
514:
512:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
489:oropharyngeal
486:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:oropharyngeal
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
378:
375:
371:
366:
363:
358:
356:
348:
344:
339:
335:
332:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
303:
296:
291:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
241:
233:
231:
225:
217:
213:
211:
207:
201:
193:
191:
189:
186:
185:ABC treatment
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:oropharyngeal
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3561:
3183:Gas cylinder
3068:Measurements
3011:Laryngoscopy
2996:Bronchoscopy
2985:
2701:
2648:(1): 71–76.
2645:
2641:
2631:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2014:
2010:
1979:(2): 110–4.
1976:
1972:
1962:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1886:
1882:
1861:. Retrieved
1833:
1827:
1817:
1793:(2): 56–61.
1790:
1784:
1774:
1739:
1735:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1693:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1554:(6): 394–6.
1551:
1547:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1430:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1350:(2): 135–7.
1347:
1343:
1337:
1302:
1299:Anesth Analg
1298:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1166:resus.org.au
1165:
1156:
1138:Random House
1132:
1122:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1026:
979:
975:
946:
922:
907:
902:
869:
865:
859:
819:structures,
802:
785:
781:
777:ABC mnemonic
774:
746:
730:
718:
714:
690:
679:
675:tracheostomy
648:
570:
547:
543:
542:
524:
523:
499:
497:
481:
472:bronchoscope
468:laryngoscope
460:air-trapping
456:
444:
440:laryngoscope
413:
409:asphyxiation
401:laryngoscope
390:
367:
359:
352:
328:
308:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
243:
230:
210:non-invasive
203:
158:
131:
124:
113:
92:
91:
50:laryngoscope
3713:Golden hour
3387:ACE mixture
3329:Professions
3150:Instruments
3095:Capnography
3049:Fink effect
2930:Antiemetics
2837:Nerve block
2250:Circulation
1932:(1): 21–3.
1548:Emerg Med J
1100:: 223–248.
399:by using a
177:neonatology
165:anaesthesia
154:tracheotomy
101:anaphylaxis
3550:Techniques
3135:Pain scale
2979:Techniques
2756:Anesthesia
2589:: 724032.
1829:The Lancet
1603:(8): 661.
1484:"UpToDate"
1466:"UpToDate"
1379:ANZ J Surg
1198:(2): 353.
1176:2018-02-04
1037:2016-12-06
852:References
686:angioedema
659:intubation
578:intubation
538:gag reflex
534:epiglottis
491:(OPA) and
347:epiglottis
311:aspiration
285:Prevention
109:aspiration
3639:Mnemonics
3593:Equipment
3543:First aid
3310:Obstetric
3300:Geriatric
2970:Sedatives
2664:2229-5151
2605:2314-6133
2539:1743-1816
2480:1932-6203
2415:1473-6500
2372:1827-1596
2327:1757-7241
2270:0009-7322
2116:207521831
2100:1090-3127
2031:1469-493X
1903:1521-6896
886:0031-3955
606:combitube
584:into the
393:"blindly"
234:Treatment
181:first aid
148:(such as
3738:Category
3708:Bleeding
3615:Dressing
3572:Advanced
3491:Category
3080:Baricity
2779:Sedation
2682:24741501
2623:26161411
2498:26496440
2450:PLOS ONE
2431:12995535
2423:20042974
2380:19412149
2345:27068119
2278:18378619
2234:24594093
2198:12969601
2163:21363140
2155:25922892
2108:24111481
2049:25581416
1946:19164982
1911:16408536
1858:30763681
1809:49413173
1766:14421707
1758:22178627
1676:15911941
1627:16858116
1578:15911941
1407:33930416
1399:12121154
1364:10102310
1329:32473385
1321:11049921
1280:28174117
1212:22014606
1114:26477414
1079:26923159
1006:20956052
894:18675024
840:See also
834:c-collar
634:and the
508:fracture
253:and the
188:mnemonic
120:advanced
105:obtunded
54:intubate
3610:Bandage
3501:Outline
3380:History
2965:Opioids
2808:Topical
2774:General
2673:3982374
2614:4486512
2489:4619807
2458:Bibcode
2336:4827211
2286:8249049
2040:6517297
1954:5459569
1863:25 July
1850:1978159
1667:1726817
1618:2564185
1569:1726817
1272:9201858
1063:: e13.
829:bronchi
825:trachea
723:and/or
586:trachea
504:pharynx
397:glottis
374:collars
144:), and
73:D058109
58:trachea
3701:Topics
3661:SAMPLE
3651:OPQRST
2714:
2680:
2670:
2662:
2621:
2611:
2603:
2560:
2537:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2378:
2370:
2343:
2333:
2325:
2311:: 45.
2284:
2276:
2268:
2232:
2196:
2161:
2153:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2047:
2037:
2029:
1952:
1944:
1909:
1901:
1856:
1848:
1807:
1764:
1756:
1704:23 May
1674:
1664:
1625:
1615:
1576:
1566:
1445:
1405:
1397:
1362:
1327:
1319:
1278:
1270:
1233:
1210:
1144:
1112:
1077:
1004:
953:
914:
892:
884:
827:, and
821:larynx
763:Trauma
590:airway
530:tongue
355:supine
179:, and
103:, the
3567:Basic
2798:Local
2767:Types
2708:92–97
2427:S2CID
2282:S2CID
2159:S2CID
2112:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1805:S2CID
1762:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1325:S2CID
1276:S2CID
1252:Spine
116:basic
81:[
3666:SOAP
3656:RICE
2758:and
2712:ISBN
2678:PMID
2660:ISSN
2619:PMID
2601:ISSN
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