485:. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 4,700,000 acres (1,900,000 ha), or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and 4,600,000 acres (1,860,000 ha) was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated. MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the
421:, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was that if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese of all social classes, and this would interfere with his primary goal of changing Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946, MacArthur stated that executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.
665:, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese from all social classes and this would interfere with his primary goal to change Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946 MacArthur said executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.
536:. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and US teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems.
815:, a group of would-be assassins led by Hideo Tokayama that planned to assassinate MacArthur with hand grenades and pistols on May Day was stopped and some of its members arrested. Despite this plot the May Day demonstrations went on. MacArthur stopped the Communist Party from gaining any popularity in Japan by releasing their members from prison, conducting landmark land reform for the rural Japanese farmers and peasants, and allowing the communists to freely participate in elections. In the 1946 election they won only 6 seats.
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population was in a poor state: most people badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, and sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the United States. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing
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503:, that lasted for over a millennium in different but essentially similar forms, was abolished by the new Japanese constitution that was heavily influenced by MacArthur. This was similar to the European peerage system involving princes, barons and counts that were not part of the royal family. Also, the extended royal family, called
347:. American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to "restore security, dignity and self-respect" to the Japanese people.
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One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and
Welfare, headed by US Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese
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The relationship between
Japanese leadership and SCAP was tense, as SCAP domineered the former on the path to post war reconstruction. MacArthur was focused on the task at hand, shown by his refusal to address the Japanese leadership or public directly, instead electing to go straight to and from his
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consists of around 50,000 service members deployed all over Japan to protect
Japanese and US interests alike. This has led to tension at times between Japanese citizens and American servicemen, with incidents frequently occurring between locals and servicemen. There are currently plans to relocate
652:. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948.
408:. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948.
620:
government worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the
Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of
554:, to bring the country in line with its new democratic government. He gave the task of drafting the constitution to his officers, frustrated by the slowness of legislators. They would finish the task within a week, and presenting the new constitution as a wholesale amendment to the
264:. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its "militaristic nationalism". The position was created at the start of the occupation of Japan on August 14, 1945. It was originally styled the
850:, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The position of SCAP was effectively abolished on 1 July 1957 with the disbandment of the
511:, was abolished and stripped of all rights and privileges, transforming into commoners immediately. The only Japanese that were allowed to call themselves a part of royalty or nobility after the U.S. occupation were the emperor and about 20 of his
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from 1945 to 1948 due to the lack of clear orders or initiative from
Washington, D.C. There was no plan or guideline given to MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the State Department on how to rule Korea, resulting in a tumultuous
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MacArthur and SCAP were adamant that the
Emperor especially be shielded from responsibility for the war. MacArthur allowed the Emperor to issue statements that allowed for post war SCAP policy to be reframed as continued
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evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the U.S. Departments of
Defense and State, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia.
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All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the
558:. It provided protections to the Emperor, placing him at the head of the state. It was ratified November of 1946 and went into effect May 3rd, 1947. It remains the oldest unamended constitution in the world.
732:
Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.
570:, a clause covering the status of the Japanese military. The clause outlaws belligerency and prohibits the establishment of organized armed forces by the government. Despite this, Japan maintains a "
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Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the
Japanese media, under the formation of the
46:
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One of the most significant actions of SCAP during the occupation was the drafting of a new
Japanese constitution. One of MacArthur's top priorities was an overhaul of the existing
515:. This action by MacArthur and the writers of the constitution helped transform Japan drastically by abolishing all of the old extended royal family class and the nobility class.
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Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making".
337:
These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the
854:. However, the United States continued to administer some Japanese islands after that with, for example, Okinawa being continually under US administration until 1972.
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351:
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SCAP is oftentimes synonymous with its appointed post war leader, American General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur ruled Japan with a fairly lenient approach.
1970:"MacArthur Plot Alarms Japanese; They See Possible Repercussions; JAPANESE FEARFUL ON M'ARTHUR PLOT Timed for Demonstration Plotters Still at Large".
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367:, who accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea in September 1945, to govern that area on SCAP's behalf and report to him in Tokyo.
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1867:"An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making"
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Watanabe Kenichi Olivier Mille Christine Watanabe ARTE France Kami Productions (Firm) Artline Films and Arte éditions (Firm) dirs. 2009.
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that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and officials from
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had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy.
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The most polarizing aspect of the Japanese constitution, a part that still sees debate to this day, is the presence of
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MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President
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677:(CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media. These topics included:
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of MacArthur's SCAP staff; however, Ladejinsky himself stated that the true architect of the land reform was
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are both hotly contested subjects of debates in modern Japanese politics, as pacifists see the JSDF and
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Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
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despite reservations from the United States government and invited them to take part in the
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USFJ (May 13, 2022). "United States Forces Japan". US Forces Japan. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
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https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch3.htm
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As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute
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Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath
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The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia
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on 11 April 1951, after which he was succeeded as SCAP by General
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in foreign countries as unconstitutional, while nationalists seek
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310:. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the
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Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up.
1737:. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019.
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General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945
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Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited
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How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)".
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Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms
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As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral
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forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as
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General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
1933:"How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)"
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signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1434:"CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP"
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MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945.
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Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization).
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2118:. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
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In Japan, the position was generally referred to as
2175:. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544.
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Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
1733:"The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution".
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Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
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2142:Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics
1983:"Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search".
1749:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
1517:. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
890:List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers
724:Open discussion of allied diplomatic relations (
596:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1959:Supreme Commander: MacArthur's Triumph in Japan
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359:that led to the creation of the U.S.-friendly
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708:, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted.
687:Criticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war.
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1552:. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
586:'s removal and a wider rearmament of Japan.
425:SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership
153:. There might be a discussion about this on
302:), including a staff of several hundred US
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1597:Ness, Gayl D. (1967), "Review of the book
1330:. Stanford University Press. p. 360.
893:
787:Learn how and when to remove this message
713:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
2116:Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964
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2030:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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363:in 1948. He ordered Lieutenant General
224:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
1805:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 79–80.
318:then ratified after a few amendments.
293:Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan sōshireibu
266:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
203:Head of the Allied occupation of Japan
2192:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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1408:. Little, Brown and Company. p.
479:Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
332:British Commonwealth Occupation Force
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1974:. May 1946. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
726:Soviet Union–United States relations
625:, while the individuals arrested as
1295:. The National Diet Library (Japan)
499:Japan's hereditary peerage, called
214:which served as SCAP headquarters,
1772:Tanaka, Yuki; et al. (2011).
438:office every day, without stops.
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18:Supreme Commander of Allied Powers
1865:Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005).
42:This article has multiple issues.
2224:University of Maryland libraries
1751:. University Press of Kentucky.
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50:or discuss these issues on the
1563:Japan the Emperor and the Army
1459:"CHAPTER II:The House Divided"
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642:bacteriological research units
398:bacteriological research units
245:was the title held by General
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629:suspects and incarcerated in
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1603:American Sociological Review
1400:Manchester, William (1978).
1324:Hellegers, Dale M. (2002).
968:5 years, 240 days
858:Active US military presence
675:Civil Censorship Detachment
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236:Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan
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2186:Schaller, Michael (1985).
2114:James, D. Clayton (1985).
1987:. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
1832:. Boston: Tuttle. p.
1778:. BRILL. pp. 149–50.
1709:Sams, Crawford F. (1998).
1486:. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109.
1238:2 years, 26 days
1130:1 year, 176 days
1076:1 year, 148 days
875:United States Forces Japan
864:United States Forces Japan
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848:San Francisco Peace Treaty
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357:3 year military occupation
1747:Maga, Timothy P. (2001).
1022:1 year, 31 days
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598:was responsible instead.
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2146:Cornell University Press
2140:Lind, Jennifer. (2008).
1291:S.C.A.P. (Jan 4, 1946).
801:Japanese Communist Party
799:MacArthur legalized the
212:Dai-Ichi Seimei Building
2250:Decolonization of Korea
1327:We, the Japanese people
832:Prime Minister of Japan
655:According to historian
640:and all members of the
411:According to historian
396:and all members of the
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546:Constitution of Japan
513:direct family members
483:Japan Socialist Party
448:Constitution of Japan
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312:Japanese Constitution
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1879:on January 11, 2012.
580:military involvement
277:General Headquarters
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2167:Manchester, William
2087:Gold, Hal. (2003).
1650:, pp. 174–183.
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1262:Occupation of Japan
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258:occupation of Japan
151:clarify the article
1972:The New York Times
1939:. 11 November 2015
1829:Unit 731 testimony
1826:Gold, Hal (2004).
1799:Ham, Paul (2014).
1484:Unit 731 testimony
1482:Gold, Hal (2004).
945:MacArthur, Douglas
878:military bases in
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556:Meiji Constitution
552:Meiji Constitution
454:Transforming Japan
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2093:Tuttle Publishing
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2033:. New York:
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1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1899:. New York:
1894:
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1877:the original
1872:The Guardian
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1692:. Retrieved
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1583:. New York:
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1514:The Guardian
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1483:
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1466:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1403:
1395:
1369:W. W. Norton
1367:. New York:
1362:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1286:
1221:
1184:65 days
1178:1 April 1955
1167:
1127:1 April 1955
1115:John E. Hull
1113:
1059:
1005:
951:
925:Term length
922:Left office
919:Took office
867:
837:
798:
783:
774:
755:
731:
719:Black market
690:Any form of
672:
660:
654:
646:germ warfare
635:
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621:prospective
607:
603:Harry Truman
593:
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540:Constitution
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314:, which the
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262:World War II
240:
223:
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187:
169:
160:
149:Please help
140:
110:
101:
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
1689:www.pbs.org
1235:1 July 1957
1232:5 June 1955
1228:(1899–1988)
1181:5 June 1955
1174:(1901–1987)
1120:(1895–1975)
1070:12 May 1952
1066:(1896–1984)
1053:Clark, Mark
1019:12 May 1952
1012:(1895–1993)
958:(1880–1964)
721:activities.
697:Defense of
694:propaganda.
657:Herbert Bix
638:Shiro Ishii
471: [
460:land reform
413:Herbert Bix
394:Shiro Ishii
328:New Zealand
306:as well as
249:during the
2234:Categories
2065:New York:
1735:Nippon.com
1672:James 1985
1648:James 1985
1636:James 1985
1299:2019-02-20
1278:References
1107:Hull, John
902:Commander
468:Hiroo Wada
320:Australian
260:following
145:to readers
47:improve it
2162:214322850
2109:422879915
2051:247018161
2008:USA Today
1919:247018161
1852:422879915
1500:422879915
1248:U.S. Army
1194:U.S. Army
1140:U.S. Army
1086:U.S. Army
1032:U.S. Army
978:U.S. Army
913:Portrait
882:, namely
777:July 2023
600:President
584:Article 9
568:Article 9
562:Article 9
481:from the
230:連合国軍最高司令官
163:July 2023
104:July 2023
53:talk page
2208:11971554
2169:(1978).
2144:Ithaca:
2134:36211311
2091:Boston:
2083:39143090
2058:(1999).
2027:(2000).
1943:18 April
1893:(2000).
1694:18 April
1587:. p. 562
1577:(2000).
1539:. p. 562
1529:(2000).
1468:26 March
1443:26 March
1387:39143090
1361:(1999).
1256:See also
811:and the
692:imperial
614:Hirohito
526:smallpox
509:shinnōke
492:Keiretsu
487:Zaibatsu
458:A major
298:GHQ–SCAP
1623:2092029
1267:GI Baby
1218:General
1164:General
1110:General
1056:General
1002:General
948:General
880:Okinawa
763:Please
627:Class A
534:cholera
477:, then-
141:may be
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255:Allied
1619:JSTOR
916:Name
905:Term
618:Shōwa
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253:-led
2204:OCLC
2194:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2158:OCLC
2150:ISBN
2130:OCLC
2120:ISBN
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2097:ISBN
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2071:ISBN
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2039:ISBN
1945:2021
1915:OCLC
1905:ISBN
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1838:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1780:ISBN
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1496:OCLC
1488:ISBN
1470:2021
1445:2021
1414:ISBN
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1373:ISBN
1332:ISBN
873:The
711:The
576:JSDF
532:and
507:and
241:SCAP
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218:1950
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