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51:
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304:. If large amounts of air leak into the tissues around the head, the face can swell considerably. In cases of subcutaneous emphysema around the neck, there may be a feeling of fullness in the neck, and the sound of the voice may change. If SCE is particularly extreme around the neck and chest, the swelling can interfere with breathing. The air can travel to many parts of the body, including the abdomen and limbs, because there are no separations in the
734:. Most of the time, SCE itself does not need treatment (though the conditions from which it results may); however, if the amount of air is large, it can interfere with breathing and be uncomfortable. It occasionally progresses to a state "Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema" which is quite uncomfortable and requires surgical drainage. When the amount of air pushed out of the airways or lung becomes massive, usually due to
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300:, which will feel like tissue paper or Rice Krispies. Touching the bubbles causes them to move and sometimes make a crackling noise. The air bubbles, which are painless and feel like small nodules to the touch, may burst when the skin above them is palpated. The tissues surrounding SCE are usually
255:
is used when the cause is not clear. Subcutaneous emphysema is not typically dangerous in and of itself, however it can be a symptom of very dangerous underlying conditions, such as pneumothorax. Although the underlying conditions require treatment, subcutaneous emphysema usually does not; small
773:
Air in subcutaneous tissue does not usually pose a lethal threat; small amounts of air are reabsorbed by the body. Once the pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum that causes the subcutaneous emphysema is resolved, with or without medical intervention, the subcutaneous emphysema will usually clear.
749:
can be placed in the subcutaneous tissue to release the air. Small cuts, or "blow holes", may be made in the skin to release the gas. When subcutaneous emphysema occurs due to pneumothorax, a chest tube is frequently used to control the latter; this eliminates the source of the air entering the
507:
One of the main causes of subcutaneous emphysema, along with pneumothorax, is an improperly functioning chest tube. Thus subcutaneous emphysema is often a sign that something is wrong with a chest tube; it may be clogged, clamped, or out of place. The tube may need to be replaced, or, if large
399:
and exerts pressure on the organs within the chest, makes it more likely that air will enter the subcutaneous tissues through pleura torn by a broken rib. When subcutaneous emphysema results from pneumothorax, air may enter tissues including those of the face, neck, chest, armpits, or abdomen.
256:
amounts of air are reabsorbed by the body. However, subcutaneous emphysema can be uncomfortable and may interfere with breathing, and is often treated by removing air from the tissues, for example by using large bore needles, skin incisions or subcutaneous catheterization.
791:
who had had a tooth extracted: playing the instrument had forced air through the hole where the tooth had been and into the tissues of his face. Since then, another case of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema was reported in a submariner for the US Navy who had had a
738:, the eyelids may swell so much that the patient cannot see. The pressure of the air may impede the blood flow to the areolae of the breast and skin of the scrotum or labia which can lead to necrosis. The latter are urgent situations requiring rapid, adequate
515:
can worsen a pneumothorax, it can force air into the tissues; when subcutaneous emphysema occurs in a ventilated patient, it is an indication that the ventilation may have caused a pneumothorax. It is not unusual for subcutaneous emphysema to result from
800:
of a young man who had been coughing violently causing a rupture in the esophagus resulting in SE. The cause of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema was clarified between 1939 and 1944 by
Macklin, contributing to the current understanding of the
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2183:
492:, in which an entire lung is removed, the remaining bronchial stump may leak air, a rare but very serious condition that leads to progressive subcutaneous emphysema. Air can leak out of the pleural space through an incision made for a
2434:
782:
The first report of subcutaneous emphysema resulting from air in the mediastinum was made in 1850 in a patient who had been coughing violently. In 1900, the first recorded case of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema was reported in a
923:"Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: an interpretation of the clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiment"
624:. On the other hand, since subcutaneous emphysema may become apparent in chest X-rays before a pneumothorax does, its presence may be used to infer that of the latter injury. Subcutaneous emphysema can also be seen in
351:
membranes are punctured, as occurs in penetrating trauma of the chest, air may travel from the lung to the muscles and subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall. When the alveoli of the lung are ruptured, as occurs in
407:, in which someone inhales an object, can cause pneumomediastinum (and lead to subcutaneous emphysema) by puncturing the airways or by increasing the pressure in the affected lung(s) enough to cause them to burst.
583:
Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema is thought to result from increased pressures in the lung that cause alveoli to rupture. In spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema, air travels from the ruptured alveoli into the
761:
Since treatment usually involves dealing with the underlying condition, cases of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema may require nothing more than bed rest, medication to control pain, and perhaps
774:
However, spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema can, in rare cases, progress to a life-threatening condition, and subcutaneous emphysema due to mechanical ventilation may induce ventilatory failure.
628:, with the air pockets appearing as dark areas. CT scanning is so sensitive that it commonly makes it possible to find the exact spot from which air is entering the soft tissues. In 1944,
600:
Significant cases of subcutaneous emphysema are easy to diagnose because of the characteristic signs of the condition. In some cases, the signs are subtle, making diagnosis more difficult.
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subcutaneous space. If the volume of subcutaneous air is increasing, it may be that the chest tube is not removing air rapidly enough, so it may be replaced with a larger one.
635:
The presence of subcutaneous emphysema in a person who appears quite ill and febrile after bouts of vomiting followed by left chest pain is very suggestive of the diagnosis of
421:, may also cause subcutaneous emphysema. Air may travel upward to the neck from a pneumomediastinum that results from a bronchial rupture, or downward from a torn trachea or
1666:
van der Molen AB, Birndorf M, Dzwierzynski WW, Sanger JR (May 1999). "Subcutaneous tissue emphysema of the hand secondary to noninfectious etiology: a report of two cases".
231:) can cause gas to be trapped in the subcutaneous tissues. Subcutaneous emphysema can be caused by medical procedures and medical conditions that cause the pressure in the
414:, damage caused by excessive pressure, has occurred; it suggests that the lung was subjected to significant barotrauma. Thus the phenomenon may occur in diving injuries.
247:
or fibrinous material. It can also occur spontaneously due to rupture of the alveoli, with dramatic presentation. When the condition is caused by surgery it is called
2071:
Ito, Takeo; Koichi Goto; Kiyotaka Yoh; Seiji Niho; Hironobu
Ohmatsu; Kaoru Kubota; Kanji Nagai; Eishi Miyazaki; Toshihide Kumamoto; Yutaka Nishiwaki (July 2010).
660:
following the initial rise that occurs with insufflation (first 15-30 min) should raise suspicion of subcutaneous emphysema. Of note, there are no changes in the
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surgery, usually due to use of high-speed tools that are air driven. These cases result in immediate onset (usually) painless swelling of the face and neck;
632:
and C.C. Macklin published further insights into the pathophysiology of spontaneous
Macklin's Syndrome occurring as a result of a severe asthmatic attack.
2028:
Romero, Kleber J; Máximo H Trujillo (2010-04-21). "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in asthma exacerbation: The
Macklin effect".
560:. When emphysema occurs due to infection, signs that the infection is systemic (i.e. that it has spread beyond the initial location) are also present.
2281:
1813:
1614:
1736:
Pan PH (1989). "Perioperative subcutaneous emphysema: Review of differential diagnosis, complications, management, and anesthetic implications".
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Signs and symptoms of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema vary based on the cause, but it is often associated with swelling of the neck and
149:. Subcutaneous emphysema has a characteristic crackling-feel to the touch, a sensation that has been described as similar to touching warm
1985:
Maunder, R J; D J Pierson; L D Hudson (July 1984). "Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management".
3442:
2771:
2459:
2564:
969:
Maunder RJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD (July 1984). "Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management".
472:. It may also occur from surgery around the esophagus, and is particularly likely in prolonged surgery. Other potential causes are
379:
Subcutaneous emphysema is frequently found in pneumothorax (air outside of the lung in the chest cavity) and may also result from
3447:
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punctures a lung; in fact, 27% of patients who have rib fractures also have subcutaneous emphysema. Rib fractures may tear the
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347:, a major cause of subcutaneous emphysema, can cause air to enter the skin of the chest wall from the neck or lung. When the
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of the chest, potentially obscuring serious conditions such as pneumothorax. It can also reduce the effectiveness of chest
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is also known to cause subcutaneous emphysema, even in extremities (the arms and legs). It can also occur as a result of
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in the past; the increased pressure in the submarine forced air through it and into his face. A case was reported at the
3139:
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504:(crunching sound) typical of subcutaneous emphysema is often present and the subcutaneous air will be visible on X-ray.
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for any reason and by any technique, in which its occurrence is frequently unexpected. It may also occur as a result of
2429:
557:
576:) because these areas are connected by fascial planes. From the punctured lungs or airways, the air travels up the
2895:
1033:
Parker GS, Mosborg DA, Foley RW, Stiernberg CM (September 1990). "Spontaneous cervical and mediastinal emphysema".
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or airway pressure in subcutaneous emphysema, unlike in endobronchial intubation, capnothorax, pneumothorax, or
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2464:
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Findlay CA, Morrissey S, Paton JY (July 2003). "Subcutaneous emphysema secondary to foreign-body aspiration".
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may also be applied to the tube to remove air faster. The progression of the condition can be monitored by
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Subcutaneous emphysema is a common result of certain types of surgery; for example it is not unusual in
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376:, the membrane lining the inside of chest wall, allowing air to escape into the subcutaneous tissues.
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Bubbles of air in the subcutaneous tissue (arrow) feel like mobile nodules that move around easily
296:, the middle of the chest cavity. A significant case of subcutaneous emphysema can be detected by
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68:
1339:
Wicky S, Wintermark M, Schnyder P, Capasso P, Denys A (2000). "Imaging of blunt chest trauma".
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of the lung to be higher than that in the tissues outside of them. Its most common causes are
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Monsour PA, Savage NW (October 1989). "Cervicofacial emphysema following dental procedures".
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978:
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891:. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. pp. 238–240.
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552:, of which it is the hallmark sign. Subcutaneous emphysema is also considered a hallmark of
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2509:
2073:"Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy as a paraneoplastic manifestation of lung cancer"
802:
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357:
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is used to diagnose the condition or confirm a diagnosis made using clinical signs. On a
556:. Symptoms of subcutaneous emphysema can result when infectious organisms produce gas by
528:; in cases of tracheal injury, large amounts of air can enter the subcutaneous space. An
496:
to cause subcutaneous emphysema. On infrequent occasions, the condition can result from
169:
1233:. US Dept. of Commerce – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 3.15.
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Hwang JC, Hanowell LH, Grande CM (1996). "Peri-operative concerns in thoracic trauma".
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of the lung, into the mediastinum and from there into the tissues of the neck or head.
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Subcutaneous emphysema of the chest wall is commonly among the first indications that
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Trauma to parts of the respiratory system other than the lungs, such as rupture of a
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sheaths and into the mediastinum, from which it can enter the subcutaneous tissues.
196:, in 1944, who cumulatively went on to describe the pathophysiology in more detail.
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639:, which is a life-threatening emergency caused by rupture of the distal esophagus.
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Air is able to travel to the soft tissues of the neck from the mediastinum and the
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Nursing Care Plans and
Documentation: Nursing Diagnoses and Collaborative Problems
765:. Breathing oxygen may help the body to absorb the subcutaneous air more quickly.
17:
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Pneumomediastinum can result from a number of events. For example, foreign body
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1998:
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520:. Another possible cause is a ruptured trachea. The trachea may be injured by
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368:, to the neck and then to the chest wall. The condition may also occur when a
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240:
216:
181:
96:
2435:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
2098:
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2006:
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207:. Particularly in the chest and neck, air may become trapped as a result of
188:. However, in some medical circles, it can instead be more commonly known as
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1829:
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Subcutaneous air (arrows) can be seen as black areas on this pelvic CT scan.
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172:, who reported it as a consequence of trauma in 1819. Later, in 1939, at
158:
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2484:
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285:
113:
refers to trapped air pockets. Since the air generally comes from the
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can puncture the trachea or bronchi and cause subcutaneous emphysema.
58:
An abdominal CT scan of a patient with subcutaneous emphysema (arrows)
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3041:
3012:
2187:
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438:
422:
348:
281:
134:
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Numerous etiologies of subcutaneous emphysema have been described.
2137:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 889.
1909:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 171.
1449:. In Bonnett R, Moore RG, Bishoff JT, Loenig S, Docimo SG (eds.).
1447:"Anesthetic implications of minimally invasive urological surgery"
1197:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division. pp. 388, 552.
742:. Severe cases can compress the trachea and do require treatment.
321:
Conditions that cause subcutaneous emphysema may result from both
301:
122:
118:
616:
muscle group. Air in the subcutaneous tissues may interfere with
3340:
2326:
1812:
Conetta R, Barman AA, Iakovou C, Masakayan RJ (September 1993).
199:
Subcutaneous emphysema can result from puncture of parts of the
130:
126:
2985:
2277:
1814:"Acute ventilatory failure from massive subcutaneous emphysema"
141:, where it is able to travel with little resistance along the
138:
92:
88:
184:
woman; indeed, subcutaneous emphysema is sometimes known as
1938:"Progressive subcutaneous emphysema and respiratory arrest"
1079:(6th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2003.
425:
into the soft tissues of the chest. It may also occur with
2981:
117:, subcutaneous emphysema usually occurs around the upper
1412:
1703:"Pleural effusions in gastrointestinal tract diseases"
1415:. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Thomson Learning. p. 121.
508:
amounts of air are leaking, a new tube may be added.
2165:
1707:
Pleural
Disease (Lung Biology in Health and Disease)
1566:"Diagnosis of pneumothorax in critically ill adults"
839:
Pleural
Disease (Lung Biology in Health and Disease)
3435:
3410:
3374:
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3193:
3173:
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2644:
2618:
2602:
2518:
2493:
2422:
2345:
2319:
2312:
2247:
2169:
1615:"Pulmonary barotrauma and related events in divers"
1453:. London: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 105.
153:. This sensation of air under the skin is known as
62:
40:
35:
841:. Florida: Bendy Jean Baptiste. pp. 771–777.
642:Subcutaneous emphysema can be a complication of CO
1409:Myers JW, Neighbors M, Tannehill-Jones R (2002).
1564:Rankine JJ, Thomas AN, Fluechter D (July 2000).
3547:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
44:Surgical emphysema, tissue emphysema, sub Q air
2126:
2124:
2030:Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care
1109:. Philadelphia: Current Medicine. p. 36.
460:; when it does, it is usually as a late sign.
27:Abnormal presence of air or gas under the skin
3113:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
2997:
2289:
1709:. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. p. 798.
1258:
1256:
8:
1862:Levenson RB, Singh AK, Novelline RA (2008).
1807:
1805:
1769:
1767:
1478:
1476:
1440:
1438:
1107:Current Review of Minimally Invasive Surgery
835:"Pleural disease in the intensive care unit"
612:striations in the pattern expected from the
337:. Subcutaneous emphysema is often found in
308:in the skin to prevent the air from moving.
168:was first recognized as a medical entity by
1526:
1524:
1522:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
964:
962:
960:
958:
745:In severe cases of subcutaneous emphysema,
341:victims because of the force of the crash.
99:, where normally no gas should be present.
3197:
3129:
3064:
3004:
2990:
2982:
2940:
2316:
2296:
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1903:Gravenstein N, Lobato E, Kirby RM (2007).
1661:
1659:
1534:Critical Care Study Guide: text and review
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1299:Peart O (2006). "Subcutaneous emphysema".
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1016:
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1012:
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1002:
1000:
49:
32:
2088:
1961:
1936:Abu-Omar Y, Catarino PA (February 2002).
1879:
1589:
1222:
1220:
1191:DeGowin RL, LeBlond RF, Brown DR (2004).
1186:
1184:
1182:
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1178:
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864:
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824:
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820:
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1942:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1145:Long BC, Cassmeyer V, Phipps WJ (1995).
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
758:of the emphysema on the patient's skin.
608:, subcutaneous emphysema may be seen as
192:after L. Macklin, in 1939, and C.C. and
1701:Kosmas EN, Polychronopoulos VS (2004).
1148:Adult Nursing: Nursing Process Approach
814:
360:(the membrane lining the lung), to the
1266:Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest
2455:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
1451:Minimally Invasive Urological Surgery
540:Air can be trapped under the skin in
441:attacks, as an adverse effect of the
7:
2928:
1864:"Fournier gangrene: Role of imaging"
1384:Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology
1269:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 10–11.
3443:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
2772:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
2460:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
1788:10.1111/j.1834-7819.1989.tb00695.x
730:Subcutaneous emphysema is usually
253:spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema
25:
1537:. Berlin: Springer. p. 169.
1263:Schnyder P, Wintermark M (2000).
1151:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 328.
1077:Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary
3448:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2558:Inner ear decompression sickness
1194:DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination
1047:10.1288/00005537-199009000-00005
940:10.1097/00005792-194412000-00001
711:
691:
679:
395:, in which air builds up in the
95:accumulates and seeps under the
2952:
1906:Complications in Anesthesiology
1531:Criner GJ, D'Alonzo GE (2002).
1445:Grathwohl KW, Miller S (2004).
698:A chest X-ray of a right sided
329:; SCE is often the result of a
3499:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1738:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
833:Papiris SA, Roussos C (2004).
548:, occurring as a late sign in
243:that has become occluded by a
1:
3552:Early complications of trauma
2792:environmental skin conditions
2585:High-altitude pulmonary edema
1987:Archives of Internal Medicine
1396:10.1016/S0950-3501(96)80009-2
736:positive pressure ventilation
518:positive pressure ventilation
474:positive pressure ventilation
356:, air may travel beneath the
3140:Advanced trauma life support
3108:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
2782:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
2591:High-altitude cerebral edema
2090:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181dc1f3c
2077:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
2042:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.10.001
1750:10.1016/0952-8180(89)90011-1
1570:Postgraduate Medical Journal
798:University Hospital of Wales
383:(air in the mediastinum) or
2804:frictional/traumatic/sports
2430:Chronic radiation keratosis
2131:Carpenito-Moyet LJ (2004).
1999:10.1001/archinte.144.7.1447
983:10.1001/archinte.144.7.1447
298:touching the overlying skin
3568:
2896:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
1954:10.1177/014107680209500210
706:and subcutaneous emphysema
3181:Resuscitative thoracotomy
3069:Clinical prediction rules
2911:
2667:Space adaptation syndrome
2575:Chronic mountain sickness
2480:Radiation recall reaction
2470:Radiation-induced morphea
2373:Warm water immersion foot
1776:Australian Dental Journal
653:. A sudden rise in
155:subcutaneous crepitation,
57:
48:
3077:Abbreviated Injury Scale
2849:Weathering nodule of ear
2465:Radiation-induced keloid
2450:Radiation-induced cancer
2380:Non-freezing cold injury
2358:Immersion foot syndromes
1631:10.1378/chest.107.6.1648
1613:Raymond LW (June 1995).
458:rupture of the esophagus
205:gastrointestinal systems
3308:Penetrating head injury
3303:Intracranial hemorrhage
2777:Sclerosing lymphangitis
2368:Tropical immersion foot
1830:10.1378/chest.104.3.978
1668:Journal of Hand Surgery
921:; C. C Macklin (1944).
885:Lefor, Alan T. (2002).
268:, and may also involve
143:loose connective tissue
3504:Subcutaneous emphysema
3463:Volkmann's contracture
3313:Traumatic brain injury
3150:Early appropriate care
3145:Damage control surgery
2864:Painful fat herniation
2844:Vibration white finger
2553:Decompression sickness
2410:Erythrocyanosis crurum
1680:10.1053/jhsu.1999.0638
1582:10.1136/pmj.76.897.399
756:marking the boundaries
572:(the space behind the
513:mechanical ventilation
391:around the heart). A
174:Johns Hopkins Hospital
77:Subcutaneous emphysema
36:Subcutaneous emphysema
3278:Thoracic aorta injury
3238:Diaphragmatic rupture
3082:Injury Severity Score
3052:Trauma triad of death
2819:Fissure of the nipple
2787:UV-sensitive syndrome
2712:Adverse drug reaction
2541:Middle ear barotrauma
2531:Arterial gas embolism
1705:. In Bouros D (ed.).
1485:Pediatric Pulmonology
1353:10.1007/s003300000435
1301:Radiologic Technology
888:Critical Care on Call
837:. In Bouros D (ed.).
278:difficulty swallowing
3537:Respiratory diseases
3453:Compartment syndrome
3092:Revised Trauma Score
2814:Equestrian perniosis
1881:10.1148/rg.282075048
651:laparoscopic surgery
637:Boerhaave's syndrome
393:tension pneumothorax
354:pulmonary laceration
292:may show air in the
286:difficulty breathing
3288:Blunt kidney trauma
3258:Pulmonary contusion
2901:Narcotic dermopathy
2809:Black heel and palm
2762:Dermatosis neglecta
2636:Psychological abuse
2475:Radiation poisoning
763:supplemental oxygen
700:pulmonary contusion
544:infections such as
526:tracheal intubation
105:subcutaneous tissue
3402:Spinal cord injury
3361:Penetrating trauma
3228:Soft tissue injury
2871:Uranium dermatosis
2824:Pulling boat hands
2733:Lightning injuries
2248:External resources
1497:10.1002/ppul.10295
1341:European Radiology
1230:NOAA Diving Manual
1105:Brooks DR (1998).
805:of the condition.
389:pericardial cavity
327:penetrating trauma
260:Symptoms and signs
249:surgical emphysema
209:penetrating trauma
190:Macklin's Syndrome
147:superficial fascia
69:Emergency medicine
18:Surgical emphysema
3517:
3516:
3431:
3430:
3273:Internal bleeding
3268:Cardiac tamponade
3223:Joint dislocation
3189:
3188:
3121:
3120:
2979:
2978:
2728:Electrical injury
2570:Altitude sickness
2418:
2417:
2271:
2270:
2144:978-0-7817-3906-1
1916:978-0-7817-8263-0
1716:978-0-8247-4027-6
1544:978-0-387-95164-5
1460:978-1-84184-170-0
1422:978-0-7668-2548-2
1347:(10): 1524–1538.
1276:978-3-540-66217-4
1240:978-0-16-035939-2
1204:978-0-07-140923-0
1158:978-0-7234-2004-0
1116:978-0-387-98338-7
1086:978-0-19-860753-3
971:Arch. Intern. Med
898:978-0-07-137345-6
848:978-0-8247-4027-6
554:Fournier gangrene
530:endotracheal tube
464:Medical treatment
443:Heimlich maneuver
385:pneumopericardium
381:pneumomediastinum
362:hilum of the lung
186:Hamman's syndrome
166:Pneumomediastinum
121:, such as on the
74:
73:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3559:
3423:Pediatric trauma
3418:Geriatric trauma
3382:Abdominal trauma
3198:
3130:
3065:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2755:physical factors
2751:skin conditions
2683:Hypersensitivity
2400:Cold intolerance
2317:
2304:Consequences of
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1993:(7): 1447–1453.
1982:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1840:. Archived from
1809:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1576:(897): 399–404.
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1336:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1142:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1030:
995:
994:
966:
953:
952:
942:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
882:
859:
858:
856:
855:
830:
715:
702:associated with
695:
683:
614:pectoralis major
606:chest radiograph
574:abdominal cavity
180:described it in
53:
33:
21:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3427:
3406:
3370:
3319:
3194:Pathophysiology
3185:
3169:
3117:
3096:
3056:
3015:
3010:
2980:
2975:
2907:
2797:Electrical burn
2754:
2753:resulting from
2752:
2750:
2744:
2716:
2703:Arthus reaction
2671:
2652:Motion sickness
2640:
2614:
2598:
2514:
2510:Oxygen toxicity
2489:
2414:
2341:
2308:
2306:external causes
2302:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2243:
2242:
2178:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1338:
1337:
1320:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1124:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1032:
1031:
998:
968:
967:
956:
917:
916:
912:
903:
901:
899:
884:
883:
862:
853:
851:
849:
832:
831:
816:
811:
803:pathophysiology
780:
771:
728:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
716:
708:
707:
696:
688:
687:
684:
669:
658:
645:
602:Medical imaging
598:
570:retroperitoneum
566:
564:Pathophysiology
538:
466:
454:pneumatic tools
374:parietal pleura
358:visceral pleura
319:
314:
262:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3475:Rhabdomyolysis
3470:Crush syndrome
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:Splenic injury
3290:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3160:Trauma surgery
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3101:Investigations
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Wrestler's ear
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Surfer's knots
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2676:Adverse effect
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Physical abuse
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Radiation burn
2442:
2440:Radiation acne
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2218:
2199:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:Classification
2163:
2162:External links
2160:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2120:
2083:(7): 976–980.
2063:
2020:
1977:
1928:
1915:
1895:
1874:(2): 519–528.
1854:
1824:(3): 978–980.
1801:
1782:(5): 403–406.
1763:
1744:(6): 457–459.
1728:
1715:
1693:
1655:
1625:(6): 1648–52.
1605:
1556:
1543:
1518:
1472:
1459:
1434:
1421:
1401:
1390:(1): 123–153.
1374:
1318:
1288:
1275:
1252:
1239:
1216:
1203:
1170:
1157:
1122:
1115:
1092:
1085:
1068:
1041:(9): 938–940.
996:
977:(7): 1447–53.
954:
933:(4): 281–358.
910:
897:
860:
847:
813:
812:
810:
807:
779:
776:
770:
767:
727:
724:
717:
710:
709:
697:
690:
689:
685:
678:
677:
676:
675:
674:
667:
662:pulse oximetry
656:
643:
597:
594:
588:and along the
565:
562:
537:
534:
486:cricothyrotomy
465:
462:
445:, and during
419:bronchial tube
397:pleural cavity
318:
315:
313:
310:
261:
258:
213:gunshot wounds
103:refers to the
87:) occurs when
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Medical signs
3530:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3510:
3509:Wound healing
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:Complications
3434:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Facial trauma
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Gunshot wound
3354:
3352:
3351:Electrocution
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Bone fracture
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Trauma center
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Resuscitation
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Skin pop scar
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Runner's rump
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:High altitude
2563:
2559:
2556:
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2536:Aerosinusitis
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1868:Radiographics
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1855:
1844:on 2020-03-22
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1677:
1674:(3): 638–41.
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1656:
1645:on 2020-03-22
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1227:NOAA (1991).
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919:Macklin, M. T
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740:decompression
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590:blood vessels
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547:
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531:
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490:pneumonectomy
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470:chest surgery
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371:
370:fractured rib
367:
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346:
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336:
335:gunshot wound
332:
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151:Rice Krispies
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61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3542:Chest trauma
3519:
3503:
3387:Chest injury
3346:Crush injury
3336:Blunt trauma
3331:Blast injury
3253:Pneumothorax
3037:Traumatology
3032:Major trauma
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2875:
2803:
2791:
2631:Sexual abuse
2619:Maltreatment
2546:Pneumothorax
2405:Acrocyanosis
2395:Aerosol burn
2337:Heat syncope
2332:Hyperthermia
2255:
2231:
2220:
2201:
2182:
2148:. Retrieved
2133:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2036:(5): 444–7.
2033:
2029:
2023:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1948:(2): 90–91.
1945:
1941:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1905:
1898:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1821:
1817:
1779:
1775:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1622:
1618:
1608:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1533:
1491:(1): 81–82.
1488:
1484:
1464:. Retrieved
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1411:
1404:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1344:
1340:
1304:
1300:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1244:. Retrieved
1229:
1208:. Retrieved
1193:
1162:. Retrieved
1147:
1106:
1076:
1071:
1038:
1035:Laryngoscope
1034:
974:
970:
930:
926:
913:
902:. Retrieved
887:
852:. Retrieved
838:
781:
772:
760:
744:
729:
655:end-tidal CO
647:insufflation
641:
634:
630:M.T. Macklin
599:
586:interstitium
582:
578:perivascular
567:
558:fermentation
550:gas gangrene
539:
522:tracheostomy
510:
506:
478:oral surgery
467:
452:Injury with
451:
431:facial bones
416:
409:
402:
387:(air in the
378:
364:, up to the
345:Chest trauma
343:
339:car accident
320:
306:fatty tissue
290:Chest X-rays
263:
252:
248:
237:pneumothorax
229:gas gangrene
221:blunt trauma
198:
194:M.T. Macklin
178:Louis Hamman
163:
154:
115:chest cavity
108:
101:Subcutaneous
100:
84:
80:
76:
75:
3458:Contracture
3411:Demographic
3397:Head injury
3243:Flail chest
3165:Trauma team
2688:Anaphylaxis
2662:Airsickness
2657:Seasickness
2363:Trench foot
2353:Hypothermia
2313:Temperature
2257:MedlinePlus
704:flail chest
618:radiography
610:radiolucent
542:necrotizing
494:thoracotomy
482:laparoscopy
294:mediastinum
270:sore throat
251:. The term
217:stab wounds
201:respiratory
145:within the
41:Other names
3526:Categories
3366:Stab wound
3248:Hemothorax
3174:Procedures
3133:Principles
3126:Management
3087:NACA score
3061:Assessment
3027:Polytrauma
3020:Principles
2886:Skin track
2839:Tennis toe
2767:Pinch mark
2749:Ungrouped
2693:Angioedema
2610:Starvation
2580:Death zone
2526:Barotrauma
2385:Chilblains
2233:DiseasesDB
2150:2008-05-12
1922:2008-05-12
1848:2008-05-09
1722:2008-05-16
1649:2009-07-05
1550:2008-05-12
1466:2008-05-11
1428:2008-06-16
1307:(4): 296.
1282:2008-05-06
1246:2008-05-09
1210:2008-05-12
1164:2008-05-12
904:2008-05-09
854:2008-05-16
809:References
794:root canal
622:ultrasound
447:childbirth
412:barotrauma
405:aspiration
266:chest pain
245:blood clot
241:chest tube
182:postpartum
157:a form of
3324:Mechanism
3218:Degloving
2891:Slap mark
2859:Coral cut
2423:Radiation
2390:Frostbite
2099:1556-1380
2050:1527-3288
2007:0003-9926
769:Prognosis
747:catheters
726:Treatment
596:Diagnosis
536:Infection
437:, during
435:neoplasms
427:fractures
274:neck pain
225:Infection
110:emphysema
64:Specialty
3482:Embolism
2946:Glossary
2922:Category
2740:Drowning
2519:Pressure
2505:Asphyxia
2320:Elevated
2107:20453688
2058:20561891
1972:11823553
1890:18349455
1688:10357548
1600:10878196
1513:33808524
1505:12772230
1369:22311233
1361:11044920
1313:16543482
1063:21114664
949:56803581
927:Medicine
787:for the
670:embolism
626:CT scans
546:gangrene
502:crepitus
488:. In a
331:stabbing
282:wheezing
159:crepitus
3264:Cardio
2958:Outline
2934:Commons
2698:Allergy
2501:Hypoxia
2485:Sunburn
2346:Reduced
2227:D013352
2115:2989121
2015:6375617
1963:1279319
1838:8365332
1796:2684113
1758:2696508
1639:7781361
1591:1741653
1055:2395401
991:6375617
778:History
752:Suction
429:of the
366:trachea
349:pleural
302:swollen
233:alveoli
227:(e.g.,
211:(e.g.,
170:Laennec
135:axillae
3375:Region
3299:Neuro
3202:Injury
3042:Triage
3013:Trauma
2970:Portal
2876:iv use
2645:Travel
2593:(HACE)
2587:(HAPE)
2494:Oxygen
2262:003286
2216:998.81
2141:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2056:
2048:
2013:
2005:
1970:
1960:
1913:
1888:
1836:
1794:
1756:
1713:
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1511:
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1419:
1367:
1359:
1311:
1273:
1237:
1201:
1155:
1113:
1083:
1061:
1053:
989:
947:
895:
845:
785:bugler
732:benign
511:Since
498:dental
484:, and
439:asthma
423:larynx
317:Trauma
312:Causes
176:, Dr.
107:, and
3234:Resp
2721:Other
2238:29756
2212:958.7
2197:T81.8
2193:T79.7
2111:S2CID
1818:Chest
1619:Chest
1509:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1059:S2CID
945:S2CID
649:with
323:blunt
239:or a
219:) or
123:chest
119:torso
3341:Burn
3209:MSK
2603:Food
2327:Burn
2222:MeSH
2207:9-CM
2139:ISBN
2103:PMID
2095:ISSN
2054:PMID
2046:ISSN
2011:PMID
2003:ISSN
1968:PMID
1911:ISBN
1886:PMID
1834:PMID
1792:PMID
1754:PMID
1711:ISBN
1684:PMID
1635:PMID
1596:PMID
1539:ISBN
1501:PMID
1455:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1357:PMID
1309:PMID
1271:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1051:PMID
987:PMID
893:ISBN
843:ISBN
325:and
284:and
139:arms
137:and
131:face
127:neck
97:skin
3492:fat
3487:air
3284:GI
2203:ICD
2184:ICD
2085:doi
2038:doi
1995:doi
1991:144
1958:PMC
1950:doi
1876:doi
1826:doi
1822:104
1784:doi
1746:doi
1676:doi
1627:doi
1623:107
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1493:doi
1392:doi
1349:doi
1043:doi
1039:100
979:doi
975:144
935:doi
524:or
333:or
215:or
203:or
93:air
91:or
89:gas
81:SCE
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2075:.
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2001:.
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1966:.
1956:.
1946:95
1944:.
1940:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
