792:
804:
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168:
Committee, of which he was a member. ... He also describes how general publication of the maps and memoirs was held back until the War Office had finished with them for its own purposes. Finally, Moscrop re-examines the payments made by the Fund to those involved in the survey. Revealingly, he finds that for most of the relevant period there is no mention of any payments for the salaries of the Royal
Engineers. It has to be supposed that the money came from a quite different source-that from which the men's salaries had always come, namely the War Office in London.
768:
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during World War I. Warren also served in South Africa and Egypt; he was police commissioner in London at the time of Jack the Ripper's murderous spree. Wilson, in addition to his work in
Palestine, surveyed the forty-ninth parallel as the border between the United States and Canada and laid the institutional foundations for British intelligence.
162:
John James
Moscrop illustrated the nature of the involvement of the War Office in the survey work, in a detailed monograph. The success of the survey resulted from the War Office providing support to the PEF, and the PEF providing cover to the War Office. Haim Goren's review summarized it as follows:
153:
provided another strategic imperative for the
British Government to ensure the completion of the survey work. Colonel Home of the British War Office wrote in May 1877: "If Russia occupies Turkish Armenia she will have the two valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris at her disposal and she will completely
107:
Besides being a geographic survey the group collected thousands of place names with the objective of identifying
Biblical, Talmudic, early Christian and Crusading locations. The survey resulted in the publication of a map of Palestine consisting of 26 sheets, at a scale of 1:63,360, the most detailed
1557:
Among the Royal
Engineers working for the Fund in the mid-1860s were Charles Wilson, Charles Warren, and Horatio Herbert Kitchener, all of whom contributed so greatly to empire-building that they were later titled. Kitchener was distinguished for his military service in Egypt and South Africa and
167:
Moscrop takes considerable pains to show how the different governmental bodies, particularly the War Office, were involved in all stages of the Survey of
Western Palestine. He shows how Wilson was in practice serving as liaison between the government and the Palestine Exploration Fund's Executive
1529:" Expedition Magazine 7.4 (1965), Penn Museum: "... the party at various times being commanded by Capt. C.W. Wilson (later Col. Sir Charles); Capt. C. Warren (later General Sir Charles); Lt. C.R. Conder (later Col.); and Lt. H.H. Kitchener (later General Lord Kitchener of Khartoum)."
176:. Moscrop writes: "The abandonment of the Eastern Survey does demonstrate the close linkage between the War Office, the Intelligence Department, and the Fund and the fact that this survey like its predecessor, the Western Survey, was not an independent survey run by the fund."
791:
158:
if indeed she does not occupy it. Syria especially the Valley of the Jordan will become of great importance as offering the easiest road for an advance on the Suez Canal—under such circumstances it is of the utmost importance that we should have good maps of the country."
803:
420:
963:
Underground
Jerusalem: An Account of Some of the Principal Difficulties Encountered in Its Exploration and the Results Obtained. With a Narrative of an Expedition Through the Jordan Valley and a Visit to the
115:
was a significant motivator for many members of the PEF, the allocation of
British Army Royal Engineers to carry out the survey was a result of British strategic interests, particularly the proximity of the
290:
An aggregate total of 1,250 sqm had been surveyed by the end of
December 1872, 1,800 by 8 June 1873, 2,300 sqm by 22 January 1874, and 3,000 by 23 April 1874. Tyrwhitt-Drake died from fever (thought to be
942:
Our Work in Palestine: Being an Account of the Different Expeditions Sent Out to the Holy Land by the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Since the Establishment of the Fund in 1865
100:
by the newly-founded PEF, with support from the War Office. Twenty-six sheets were produced for "Western Palestine" and one sheet for "Eastern Palestine". It was the first fully scientific
302:
3,500 sqm had been surveyed by 8 December 1874, and 4,700 by 30 June 1875. The survey was suspended for 15 months following an incident in July 1875 when its members were attacked near
306:
by a group of Algerians. Kitchener returned to the region, completing the remainder of the survey between 27 February 1877 and 27 September, with a total surveyed area of 6,040 sqm.
1326:, p. 256a: "The systematic mapping, surveying and place‐naming projects ... reached their peak with the British Ordnance Survey of Western Palestine between 1871 and 1877."
314:
The survey was carried out between August and October 1881 by a team led by Captain Conder. They surveyed 510 sqm of barely populated land, covering an area which included
1145:
365:(later Colonel Conder, who became a prolific author on Ancient Middle Eastern history, and almost a century after his death was accused of being Jack the Ripper); and
767:
172:
The "Survey of Eastern Palestine" was abandoned partly due to a change of priority for the British Government, who became focused on the events building up to the
108:
and accurate map of Palestine published in the 19th century. The PEF survey represented the peak of the cartographic work in Palestine in the nineteenth century.
779:
444:
432:
1350:, p. 256b: “…the surveys and mapping of the British Royal Engineering Corp in the 1870s led subsequently to the growth of proto‐Jewish Zionism.”
352:
987:
733:
729:
61:
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1291:
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1209:
1188:
1164:
1087:
368:
296:
1664:
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408:
396:
150:
950:
173:
149:
joined the Topographical Department of the Intelligence Department of the War Office in London. In addition, the outbreak of the
1649:
862:
280:
268:
283:
joined the group on 17 December, around which time Captain Stewart fell ill and returned to Britain. 23 year-old Lieutenant
261:
97:
208:, as also notes of every statement as to topography gathered by C.R. Conder from Jewish, Samaritan, Greek, Latin, and
372:
189:
85:
260:, carried out survey and excavation work in Jerusalem between spring 1867 and April 1870, building on the 1864-65
204:, wherein are detailed accounts of every hill range, stream, spring, village, town, ruin, and large buildings in
39:
1068:
237:
101:
896:
1180:
Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archeology, and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land, 1799–1917
1037:
972:
362:
338:
284:
233:
146:
71:
1139:
716:
709:
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695:
683:
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615:
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594:
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566:
559:
552:
538:
531:
515:
508:
492:
485:
279:
The initial survey group arrived in Jaffa in early November 1871 led by Captain Richard Warren Stewart;
112:
1659:
1174:
886:
155:
1047:
906:
858:
751:
134:
1244:
1236:
1062:
1020:
1009:
205:
202:
The Survey of Western Palestine (Memoirs of the Tography, Orography, Hydrgraphy, and Archæology)
1114:"The Impact of 'Biblical Orientalism' in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine"
1099:"British Archaeology and the Holy Land in the 19th Century: sources and a framework for study'"
1601:
1595:
1546:
1540:
1287:
1281:
1266:
1205:
1199:
1184:
1160:
1083:
1050:
946:
875:
Plans, elevations, sections, etc. shewing the results of the excavations at Jerusalem, 1867-70
271:
led a few discrete pieces of survey work that were carried out for and published by the PEF.
1372:
1228:
1125:
961:
1597:
These Chivalrous Brothers: The Mysterious Disappearance of the 1882 Palmer Sinai Expedition
244:, and which includes Arabic nomenclature collected by Conder and Kitchener for the PEF, is
17:
1079:
Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land
1011:
Twenty-one Years' Work in the Holy Land: A Record and Summary, June 22, 1865-June 22, 1886
797:
Writing utensils, a box, Compass and Navigation Device that were used by the PEF surveyors
356:
342:
331:
221:
212:
notices of Palestine, with contributions touching on the topography of Palestine found in
185:
1219:
Goren, Haim (2002). "Sacred, but Not Surveyed: Nineteenth-Century Surveys of Palestine".
925:
902:
882:
868:
848:
842:
836:
830:
892:
348:
257:
1000:
Mount Seir, Sinai, and Western Palestine: Being a Narrative of a Scientific Expedition
133:
It was the most influential and reliable map of Palestine until the British Mandate's
1638:
1360:
1248:
1109:
874:
209:
854:
287:
joined to lead the group on 17 July 1872, prior to which 560 sqm had been surveyed.
267:
During his three periods of residence in the region (1865–72, 1873–74 and 1881–82),
809:
Theodolite and barometer that were used by the Palestine Exploration Fund surveyors
197:
193:
1526:
1260:
1201:
Dislocating the Orient: British Maps and the Making of the Middle East, 1854–1921
1178:
1154:
1077:
998:
976:
940:
912:
1256:
376:
241:
123:
1376:
1232:
1156:
Mapping the Holy Land: The Foundation of a Scientific Cartography of Palestine
1113:
1041:
318:, then an almost uninhabited set of Roman ruins, and the recently repopulated
117:
1283:
The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History
1054:
1130:
1003:. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund / Richard Bentley & Son.
213:
1314:
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement. January, 1878. pp.6,12.
1240:
341:(later Col. Sir Charles Wilson, who in 1885 led the final stage of the
292:
127:
1153:
Schelhaas, Bruno; Faehndrich, Jutta; Goren, Haim (28 February 2017).
855:
2. Special Papers on Topography, Archæology, Manners and Customs, Etc
319:
225:
240:, and the Crusading and Arab chronicles. A fourth work published by
1098:
126:
posited that the popularity of the publications led to a growth in
315:
303:
229:
217:
246:
The Survey of Western Palestine - Arabic and English Name Lists
192:
published three copious volumes of the field work conducted by
295:) on 23 June 1874, and on 19 Nov 1874, 24 year-old Lieutenant
184:
The majority of the work of the survey was carried out by the
978:
Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure
462:
145:
As a result of the French survey work in Galilee in 1870,
351:(later General Sir Charles Warren, who in 1888 was the
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
96:. The survey was carried out after the success of the
1022:
Heth and Moab: Explorations in Syria in 1881 and 1882
371:(later Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, and the British
330:
The survey was led at different times by four senior
857:, contributed by Wilson, Warren, Conder, Kitchener,
67:
57:
49:
32:
1542:Selling Jerusalem: Relics, Replicas, Theme Parks
1453:PEF Survey of Palestine, 3. Jerusalem, p.117-119
44:Composite map of the 26 Western Palestine sheets
893:5. Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography
1507:PEF Survey of Palestine, 1.I. Galilee, p.27-29
1498:PEF Survey of Palestine, 1.I. Galilee, p.26-27
1489:PEF Survey of Palestine, 1.I. Galilee, p.24-26
1480:PEF Survey of Palestine, 1.I. Galilee, p.23-24
1144:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
88:(PEF) between 1872 and 1877 for the completed
1516:PEF Survey of Eastern Palestine, 1889, page v
773:Charles Warren's surveying party in Jerusalem
8:
1545:. University of Chicago Press. p. 202.
1462:PEF Survey of Palestine, 3. Jerusalem, p.293
1471:PEF Survey of Palestine, 1.I. Galilee, p.23
861:; Mr. George Smith; Rev. Greville Chester;
84:was a series of surveys carried out by the
728:Each sheet is a separate clickable image.
38:
1129:
188:. In addition to the extensive maps, the
1539:Wharton, Annabel Jane (15 August 2006).
1600:. John Hunt Publishing. pp. 278–.
1432:
1408:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1307:
1262:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
986:Wilson, Sir Charles William (1881–83).
763:
747:
392:
353:Commissioner of the London Police Force
1527:A Milestone in Palestinian Archaeology
1444:Conder, Major C.R. (n.d.), pp. 219–220
1137:
1076:Moscrop, John James (1 January 2000).
1060:
989:Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt
734:David Rumsey Historical Map Collection
62:The National Archives (United Kingdom)
29:
1620:
1594:Sunderland, David (29 January 2016).
1581:
1569:
1420:
1396:
7:
426:Natural Drainage and Mountain Ranges
137:, which began half a century later.
1103:Britain and the Holy Land 1800–1914
939:Palestine Exploration Fund (1873).
883:4. The Fauna and Flora of Palestine
92:and in 1880 for the soon abandoned
25:
1198:Foliard, Daniel (13 April 2017).
460:The twenty-six sheets of the map
232:, the Samaritan chroniclers, the
1019:Conder, Claude Reignier (1889).
851:, by Conder and Kitchener (1883)
845:, by Conder and Kitchener (1882)
839:, by Conder and Kitchener (1881)
802:
790:
778:
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252:Jerusalem survey and excavations
174:British Conquest of Egypt (1882)
1204:. University of Chicago Press.
915:, by Henry C. Stewardson (1888)
871:, by Warren and Conder (1884)
863:Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau
833:, by Trelawney Saunders (1881)
281:Charles Francis Tyrwhitt-Drake
269:Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau
27:1872–1877 and 1880 map surveys
1:
1363:(1942). "Maps of Palestine".
903:Arabic and English Name Lists
151:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1645:19th-century maps and globes
960:Warren, Sir Charles (1876).
456:26 Maps of Western Palestine
262:Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
98:Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
1008:Besant, Sir Walter (1889).
926:Survey of Eastern Palestine
920:Survey of Eastern Palestine
825:Survey of Western Palestine
94:Survey of Eastern Palestine
90:Survey of Western Palestine
18:Survey of Western Palestine
1681:
1665:Maps of Palestine (region)
1655:Palestine Exploration Fund
1118:New Middle Eastern Studies
373:Secretary of State for War
256:The PEF surveyors, led by
190:Palestine Exploration Fund
86:Palestine Exploration Fund
1377:10.1179/sre.1942.6.46.501
1280:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
1233:10.1080/03085690208592960
1159:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
726:
37:
310:Eastern Palestine survey
275:Western Palestine survey
238:early Christian pilgrims
1131:10.29311/nmes.v4i0.2641
981:. R. Bentley & Son.
973:Conder, Claude Reignier
730:Higher resolution files
299:joined to replace him.
82:PEF Survey of Palestine
33:PEF Survey of Palestine
1134:(inactive 2024-08-22).
785:Triangulation network
359:murder investigation);
285:Claude Reignier Conder
170:
141:War Office involvement
72:Charles William Wilson
1650:Old maps of Jerusalem
1175:Silberman, Neil Asher
997:Hull, Edward (1885).
967:. R. Bentley and son.
165:
113:holiness of Palestine
1525:James, Frances W., "
1365:Empire Survey Review
1067:: CS1 maint: year (
1048:Dodd, Mead & Co.
887:Henry Baker Tristram
375:at the beginning of
369:Lieutenant Kitchener
102:mapping of Palestine
907:Edward Henry Palmer
859:Edward Henry Palmer
732:available from the
135:Survey of Palestine
1361:Arden-Close, C. F.
1038:Conder, Major C.R.
928:, by Conder (1889)
877:, by Warren (1884)
815:General references
230:Rabbinical writers
1607:978-1-78535-243-0
1552:978-0-226-89422-5
1293:978-1-57607-925-6
1272:978-1-78699-272-7
1211:978-0-226-45147-3
1190:978-0-385-41077-9
1166:978-0-85772-785-5
1097:Chapman, Rupert,
1089:978-0-7185-0220-1
1082:. A&C Black.
1031:Secondary sources
744:Eastern Palestine
741:
740:
363:Lieutenant Conder
297:Herbert Kitchener
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1631:External links
1629:
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1623:, p. 202.
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1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:(1): 87–110.
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:. Doubleday.
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:. A. P. Watt.
1013:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:
958:
954:
952:9780790524207
948:
944:
943:
937:
936:
932:
927:
924:
923:
919:
914:
913:General Index
911:
908:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
881:
876:
873:
872:
870:
867:
864:
860:
856:
853:
850:
849:1.III. Judaea
847:
844:
843:1.II. Samaria
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
819:
814:
805:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
759:
753:
748:
743:
737:
735:
731:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
697:
693:
692:
688:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
632:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
604:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
576:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
548:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
527:
525:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
504:
502:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
481:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
455:
450:Old Testament
446:
441:
438:New Testament
434:
429:
422:
417:
414:Composite map
410:
405:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
288:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Norman French
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
169:
164:
160:
157:
154:dominate the
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
114:
111:Although the
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1556:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1433:Moscrop 2000
1428:
1416:
1409:Moscrop 2000
1404:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1348:Masalha 2019
1343:
1336:Masalha 2019
1331:
1324:Masalha 2019
1319:
1310:
1286:. ABC-CLIO.
1282:
1261:
1257:Masalha, Nur
1224:
1220:
1200:
1179:
1155:
1140:cite journal
1121:
1117:
1102:
1078:
1046:. New York:
1042:
1021:
1010:
999:
988:
977:
962:
941:
869:3. Jerusalem
837:1.I. Galilee
831:Introduction
727:
459:
329:
313:
301:
289:
278:
266:
255:
245:
201:
183:
171:
166:
161:
144:
132:
122:
110:
106:
93:
89:
81:
79:
1660:1880s works
1371:(46): 501.
1221:Imago Mundi
945:. Bentley.
897:Edward Hull
377:World War I
355:during the
242:E.H. Palmer
234:Onomasticon
200:, known as
180:The surveys
124:Nur Masalha
1639:Categories
1621:Raugh 2004
1582:Raugh 2004
1570:Raugh 2004
1421:Goren 2002
1397:Goren 2002
964:Samaritans
326:Leadership
118:Suez Canal
74:and others
1302:Citations
1249:140702955
1063:cite book
1055:427481948
1043:Palestine
760:Surveying
206:Palestine
198:Kitchener
68:Author(s)
53:1872–1880
1259:(2019).
1177:(1990).
1112:(2014).
1040:(n.d.).
975:(1878).
722: 9
689: 8
656: 7
628: 6
600: 5
572: 4
544: 3
521: 2
498: 1
214:Josephus
58:Location
1265:. Zed.
1241:1151507
1025:. Watt.
933:Memoirs
384:Gallery
293:malaria
128:Zionism
50:Created
1604:
1549:
1290:
1269:
1247:
1239:
1208:
1187:
1163:
1086:
1053:
949:
909:(1881)
899:(1886)
889:(1885)
865:(1881)
320:Madaba
236:, the
228:, the
226:Strabo
216:, the
194:Conder
1245:S2CID
1237:JSTOR
895:, by
885:, by
316:Amman
304:Safad
222:Pliny
218:Bible
1602:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1146:link
1084:ISBN
1069:link
1051:OCLC
947:ISBN
196:and
80:The
1373:doi
1229:doi
1126:doi
248:.
1641::
1555:.
1385:^
1367:.
1243:.
1235:.
1225:54
1223:.
1142:}}
1138:{{
1124:.
1120:.
1116:.
1101:,
1065:}}
1061:{{
905:,
475:D
379:).
345:);
334::
322:.
264:.
224:,
220:,
120:.
104:.
1610:.
1379:.
1375::
1369:6
1296:.
1275:.
1251:.
1231::
1214:.
1193:.
1169:.
1148:)
1128::
1122:4
1092:.
1071:)
1057:.
955:.
736:.
472:C
469:B
466:A
20:)
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