Sverre of Norway - Knowledge (XXG)

36: 1109:

region, but with his leidang troops close to mutiny, Sverre withdrew to Bergen where he had decided to spend the winter. This was to be a near fatal mistake. The Baglers had meanwhile travelled north to Trøndelag by land where they had entered Nidaros with little opposition. The garrison at Sverresborg held fast for a while until their commander Torstein Kugad changed sides and let the Baglers into the castle. The Baglers had Sverresborg completely dismantled. Sverre's home region was now in enemy hands.

1024:, to Rome to plead his case before the pope. He returned in early 1197, according to the saga, carrying a papal letter which annulled the excommunication of Sverre. In Denmark, Tore is said to have fallen ill and died under suspicious circumstances, but not before pawning the papal letter. The pawnbrokers then travelled to Norway and delivered it to Sverre who used it for everything it was worth. No other sources confirm this story and most historians now agree that the letter was forged. 474:, one had to be at least 30 years old to be eligible for the priesthood. If Sverre was 30 years old when he became a priest, this would place his birth no later than 1145, making his paternal claim impossible, as Sigurd Munn was born in 1133. This particular objection has lost credence as it has become clear that this age limit was routinely ignored in Scandinavia at the time. However, other objections remain, such as the fact that Sverre consistently refused to undergo an 982:, the traditional founder of the Norwegian Church. Eirik on his side preached against the king and his men, and sent letters of complaint to the Pope, but in the short term his offensive weapons were few. In 1190 Sverre attempted to force the archbishop into submission, claiming that Eirik had broken the law by having 90 armed men in his service. According to law, the archbishop's guard was limited to 30 men. Rather than submit to the king's will, Eirik fled to 840: 715: 765:. The battle ended in a tactical victory for the Birkebeiners; the Heklungs fled when Magnus was mistakenly believed to have been killed. With his men in poor shape, Sverre decided to withdraw to Trøndelag. Some attempts at negotiation were now made, but these soon broke down. Magnus would not accept Sverre as co-king with equal status, and Sverre could not accept becoming Magnus' vassal. 470:

paternal claim to be true, while most historians have found that the paternal question cannot be given a definite answer. Although the fact that kings fathered illegitimate sons was taken for granted, other facts indicate that Sverre was in his early thirties when he came to Norway, such as the age of his own sons and nephews. It has been cited against Sverre's claim that according to

631: 939:, hence the name of the group. After establishing themselves in Viken, the Øyskjeggene sailed on to Bergen. Although they occupied the city itself and the surrounding regions, a force of Birkebeiners held on in Sverresborg castle. In spring 1194 Sverre sailed south to confront the Øyskjeggene. The two fleets met 3 April in the 102: 1117:

operation. The following summer was to be called the "Bergen's summer" and was dominated by indecisive skirmishing in the Bergen area. On 11 August the Baglers set fire to Bergen. The destruction was complete, even the churches were burnt down. Facing starvation, Sverre slipped away with most of his men to Trøndelag.

1096:

he had had built. However, the Baglers launched a surprise night attack during which the ballista was destroyed and Sigurd and his men were chased away. Sverre was furious and never gave his son a command again. After some more indecisive fighting, Sverre sailed north to Trondheim, where he spent the

647:

During the early years as leader of the Birkebeiners, Sverre and his men were almost constantly on the move. The Birkebeiners were generally viewed as troublemakers with little chance of success by the general populace, who most of all desired peace. Although peasant gatherings were no match for the

1120:

In Trøndelag, most of the population was still loyal to Sverre, and many of those who had joined the Baglers now changed sides again. Sverre was also able to play on the Baglers' brutality at Bergen. The Trønders promised to provide Sverre with a new fleet, in all 8 large ships were constructed and

1108:

from the northern and western parts of the country, and in May he was able to sail south to Viken with more than 7000 men, a considerable force. The Birkebeiners attacked Oslo 26 July, and after many casualties on both sides, the Baglers were forced inland. Sverre now spent some time war-taxing the

1001:

in 1190 against Sverre's wish. After the destruction of the Øyskjeggs at Florvåg, Sverre arranged a meeting with Nikolas where he claimed to have proof that the bishop had colluded with the Øyskjeggs. The king accused Nikolas of treason and threatened severe punishment. Nikolas submitted, and on 29

963:

The Church of Norway had been organized under the Archbishopric of Nidaros in 1152. Øystein Erlendsson, who had become archbishop in 1161, had been one of Magnus Erlingsson's main supporters. In return, the church had secured its position as an independent institution and also gained several other

772:

During summer 1182, Magnus made an attempt to take Nidaros by siege, but was repulsed with grave losses when the Birkebeiners launched a surprise night attack. Sverre now started an extensive shipbuilding program. Without a fleet, he could have no hopes of expanding his influence further south. In

478:

to prove his claims. At the time, such a trial was routine for new claimants to the throne, and belief in its efficacy seems to have been universal; yet Sverre refused to undergo it. If Sverre's claim was false, however, he would lack royal legitimacy, dooming his plans to failure. Regardless, his

1112:

The year 1198 was to be the nadir of Sverre's fortunes. In May Sverre launched his attempt to recapture Trøndelag. This time Sverre failed to achieve surprise and the Birkebeiner fleet consisted mostly of smaller ships. In the sea battle that followed, the Birkebeiners were soundly beaten. In the

768:

With Magnus controlling western Norway from his seat at Bergen, it became problematic for Sverre to keep his men supplied. Sverre therefore led his men south to Viken, a firm Heklung stronghold. He could therefore let his men plunder here with little damage to his cause. However, Magnus exploited

1148:, which was garrisoned by Reidar Sendemann and his men. The siege dragged on because the other Bagler leaders dared not send a relief force and the garrison did not fall for any of Sverre's tricks. At last, on 25 January, Reidar and his men surrendered, and Sverre decided to sail back to Bergen. 1116:

After his defeat, Sverre limped back to Bergen. He was soon followed by a numerically superior Bagler army under the leadership of Nikolas Arnesson and Hallvard of Såstad. Sverre continued to hold Bergenhus fortress. This castle proved to be impregnable, giving the Birkebeiners a secure base of

830:

held up half of the enemy fleet, the rest attacked the outlying enemy ships. Panic began to spread as the Heklungs fled aboard their larger ships. These ships soon became overloaded and began to sink. Many of the wounded and tired men could not keep themselves afloat and drowned, including King

506:

in 1177. The Swedish dynastic lines were themselves engaged in civil war, and the current rulers of the family after King Erik were at war with the Danish king Valdemar. Erling Skakke had submitted to Valdemar some decades earlier, and it was beneficial for the Swedes at the time to support the

469:

The tale told in Sverre's saga is the official version. Historians have questioned the veracity of it, especially with regard to Sverre's alleged paternity. Some historians have considered his claim to be King Sigurd's son to be false, as did many of his contemporaries. Others have believed the

975:, was elected as his successor. Sverre now probably hoped that his relationship with the church could be normalised. He therefore approached Eirik with hopes of being crowned — the definite proof of recognition. However, in Eirik's eyes, Sverre was little more than a usurper and king-murderer. 872:

Although Norway had seen several conflicts in the previous decades, the victor had reconciled with his opponents. Reconciliation in Sverre's case, however, proved to be difficult. It was a long war with more casualties than previous conflicts. Most of the older noble dynasties had lost men and

638:

Upon Sverre's initial contact, the Birkebeiners had been reduced to a ragtag army of brigands and vagabonds with no more than 70 men, according to the saga. Many regard Sverre's achievement of forging them into a force of skilled and professional soldiers as proof of his leadership qualities.

1128:

Sverre could now take control over Viken and prepared to spend the winter in Oslo, but the countryside remained largely hostile. Early the next year, a spontaneous uprising took place as huge numbers of people started drifting towards Oslo to throw the Birkebeiners out. This peasant army was

908:, but neither side dared to offer battle. The Kuvlungs slipped away to Bergen. Sverre attacked Bergen just before Christmas. Jon Kuvlung was killed, which ended the Kuvlung rising. Some minor uprisings followed, but these never rose above banditry and were suppressed on a local scale. 1132:

With Sverre gone, the Baglers could return in force from Denmark and soon they had re-established their hold on Eastern Norway. The two sides then spent a year raiding each other's territories with no lasting gains for either side, although the Birkebeiners had the upper hand at sea.

1061:, the author attempted to prove that the excommunication of Sverre was unjust and thus not binding. The author also tried to defend the right of Sverre to appoint bishops. To support this view he had to interpret Norwegian law, since the Church had long considered this to be 391:, since the foreword states that part was written under Sverre's direct sponsorship. Correspondence between the pope and the Norwegian bishops can be used as an alternate source when it comes to church affairs. The saga and the letters mostly agree about the hard facts. 831:

Magnus. Most of the Heklung leadership fell there, along with a huge number of men at both sides. Leaderless, the Heklungs were now broken as a political party. Sverre could now finally, after a six-year struggle, claim to be the sole and uncontested king of Norway.

956: 1129:

untrained and without organization and was no match for the battle-hardened Birkebeiners. In a battle on 6 March 1200 the peasants were defeated piecemeal. However, the Birkebeiners' grip on the region was still weak, and Sverre decided to sail back to Bergen.

442:. The priest school of Kirkjubøur must have been of a high standard, for Sverre was later described as very well educated. The legend says that he was hidden in a cave near the village. This cave actually exists and gave the mountain 697:

In the spring of 1179, Magnus and Erling Skakke attacked Nidaros, forcing another apparent retreat. Confident that the Birkebeiners had again fled southwards, Magnus and his men were complacent. Sverre, however, had turned around at

809:

to put down a local uprising and was still there when Magnus came to Bergen in June. After chasing out the few Birkebeiners there, Magnus set sail again, having heard news of Sverre's current position. The two fleets met 15 June at

523:. According to the old customs, all the king's sons, legitimate or illegitimate, had equal right to the throne. It was customary for brothers to rule the kingdom together, but when quarrels arose, war was frequently the result. 667:, however, the Birkebeiners were ambushed by the local peasants. Although the Birkebeiners were victorious, the surprise element on Bergen was eliminated, forcing the group eastwards again. After almost freezing to death on 897:. This group was in many ways the direct successor of the Heklungs, with many of its members coming from former Heklung families. The Kuvlungs soon gained control of eastern and western Norway, the old Heklung strongholds. 722:

After Sverre's victory at Kalvskinnet, the war changed somewhat in character. The Trønders accepted Sverre as their king; the two sides were now much more equal in power. At some point, Magnus' party acquired the nickname

497:

of Sweden is more a sign of pragmatic politics on the part of the Swedes, as their ally party in Norway needed a new leader and had chosen Sverre. Sverre was not the Earl's first choice, however. They had first supported

1035:

and in letters to Eirik accused Sverre of forgery. He also sent letters to admonish neighboring kings to dispossess Sverre. They did the contrary: Sweden continued actively to support the Birkebeiners and

694:, with the skirmish ending in a tactical victory for the Birkebeiners. Encouraged, the Birkebeiners returned to Trøndelag and managed to subdue the region enough to stay in Nidaros during the winter. 773:

spring 1183 Sverre attacked Bergen with parts of his new fleet. Avoiding detection by the enemy scouts, he caught the Heklungs off guard, seizing their entire fleet. Magnus fled to Denmark, leaving

1136:

In Spring 1201 Sverre sailed out from Bergen with a large leidang force in what would be his last campaign season. With this army he could demand war taxes without opposition on both sides of the

847:

Now that the dissatisfied priest and his band of vagrants and outcasts had become king and rulers of Norway, Sverre worked to consolidate his power. He placed his loyal men in high positions (

486:

The fact that Sigurd Munn's daughter Cecilia acknowledged Sverre as the son of Sigurd is inconclusive. Sverre's actions offered her a welcome possibility to divorce from the marriage with

678:

The next spring, after a short stay in Viken, Sverre and the Birkebeiners returned to Trøndelag. The Birkebeiners now shifted to a more confrontational strategy. However, an attack on

788:

would usually have an advantage, since this meant the crew could attack the enemy from above with projectiles and other weapons. Sverre built the largest ship afloat at the time, the

398:

warrior ideals where the king was expected to lead his men from the front of the battle line. Sverre was a talented improviser, both in political and military life. His innovative

2178: 618:

about their legs, instead of wearing shoes. But in January 1177, the Birkebeiners met a crushing defeat at the Battle of Re and Øystein fell. Sverre met with the remnants in

769:

Sverre's absence well. In November he raided Trøndelag and managed to seize and burn the Birkebeiner fleet. Sverre had to return or risk losing his one secure foothold.

967:Øystein had returned to Nidaros from England in 1183, and during his last years a state of truce existed between church and king. When Øystein died on 26 January 1188, 873:

thirsted for vengeance. Further, that many people of non-noble origin were now elevated to noble standing was difficult for many to accept. Peace was not to last long.

1081:, the nobleman Reidar Sendemann from Viken and Sigurd Jarlsson, a bastard son of Erling Skakke. Eirik the Archbishop also gave his support. As their king, they chose 402:

often helped the Birkebeiners against more tradition-bound opponents. During battle he had his men operate in smaller groups, while previously tactics similar to the

1121:

several transport ships were converted. The Baglers sailed into the Trondheimsfjord in early June. On 18 June 1199 the two fleets met at the Battle of Strindafjord (

1251:

The saga gives 2160 as the total number of dead for both side. The various numbers given in the saga are generally plausible, though some over estimation is likely.

1065:. By now Sverre had his hands full with the church-supported Bagler rising, and the direct struggle with the church became a sideshow, at least for him personally. 746:

Several battles now followed. Magnus Erlingsson again attacked Trøndelag in the spring of 1180, this time reinforced by conscripts from western Norway. But in the

761:

Determined to achieve a decisive victory against the Birkebeiners, Magnus returned with his fleet the next year. The two forces met at sea 31 May 1181 in the

1535: 805:

Early spring 1184, Magnus returned to Viken from Denmark with new ships. In April he sailed north towards Bergen. At about the same time, Sverre had gone to

1151:

During the return journey Sverre fell ill, and by the time they reached Bergen, the king was dying. On his death bed, Sverre appointed his sole living son,

602:. Sverre revealed to Birger Brosa his claim to the throne, but Birger was at first unwilling to give any aid. He was already supporting another group, the 1422: 2188: 2163: 2158: 1113:

aftermath of this battle the Baglers further consolidated their hold on Trøndelag and many went over to what they believed to be the winning side.

1088:

Sverre happened to be in Viken, and the two forces soon encountered each other, although no major battles were fought. Sverre gave his eldest son,

479:

motivation is clear: to capture the throne of Norway, whether he could prove royal blood or not. After all, Norway had seen other claimants, since

1742: 1013:

laid out the foundational rights of the Norwegian Church supporting Eirik on every point. Empowered by this letter, Eirik could take the step of

1051:. In this work, the unknown author discussed the relationship between King and Church. By referring to well known theological works such as the 900:

In autumn 1186, the Kuvlungs attacked Nidaros. This offensive took Sverre by surprise; he took refuge in the recently constructed stone castle

534:

had been chosen to be king by his father's followers. The conflict was now a regional conflict, with King Inge having the strongest support in

978:

The situation now escalated into an open breach as Sverre began building up a list of privileges that were contrary to the church law made by

394:

Supposedly, King Sverre was short, so he usually directed his troops from horseback during battles. The contrast is great to the traditional

1155:, as his heir and successor and in a letter advised him to seek reconciliation with the Church. Sverre died 9 March 1202. He was buried in 655:. Since this was the traditional place to choose a king, the event carried important symbolic weight. The Birkebeiners then moved south to 453:

Sverre, however, was not suited for a priestly life. The saga states that he had several dreams which he interpreted as a sign that he was

57: 858: 582:

Thus when Sverre came to Norway he found the prospects for a successful uprising to be small. Distraught, he travelled east and came to

221: 2168: 904:. The Kuvlungs, unable to take the castle, were forced to retreat. In 1188 Sverre sailed south with a large fleet. They first met at 2203: 1371: 1352: 1195: 79: 1555: 194: 706:. Erling Skakke was killed in a battle that ended in a clear victory for Sverre. This victory secured Sverre's hold on Trøndelag. 2183: 1528: 691: 2012: 311: 1323: 570:

on his side, Magnus' kingship seemed secure. Several uprisings followed, but they were all suppressed. Erling Skakke had been

1031:, had brought himself up to date, but then the conflict was further escalated. In October, Innocent III placed Norway under 1311: 822:

proved to be the final struggle between Birkebeiners and Heklungs. Magnus had several large ships, but none as huge as the

2173: 1281: 1269: 2148: 853:) throughout the kingdom and negotiated marriage alliances between the old and new nobility. Sverre himself married the 758:. With Magnus out of the country, Sverre could sail south and occupy Bergen, but his hold on the region remained weak. 1521: 947:). Here the battle experience of the Birkebeiner veterans proved to be decisive. Hallkjell fell with most of his men. 471: 50: 44: 1544: 1495: 2198: 1999: 1664: 1221: 418:. When Sverre was five, the family moved to the Faroes where Sverre was raised in the household of Unås' brother 61: 2193: 2127: 2121: 1979: 1961: 1936: 1921: 1701: 1389: 1041: 1021: 2115: 1966: 1951: 1946: 1931: 1926: 1883: 1628: 703: 101: 1956: 1941: 1916: 1873: 1861: 683: 599: 574:

during his son's minority and continued to be the country's real ruler even after Magnus had come of age.

487: 614:. They had received the name Birkebeiners because their poverty led some of them to wind the bark of the 503: 427: 1878: 1851: 1156: 1027:

With the death of Pope Celestine in January 1198, the conflict entered a short lull until the new pope,

551: 205: 131: 920: 762: 611: 563: 414:

According to the saga, Sverre was born in 1151 to Gunnhild and her husband Unås, a comb maker from the

1428: 747: 622:. After some initial doubts, Sverre let himself be persuaded to become the Birkebeiners' next leader. 2153: 1763: 1736: 1505: 1152: 1145: 940: 562:, Håkon Herdebrei fell and his faction began to fall apart. In 1164 Magnus was crowned by Archbishop 249: 157: 1009:

Meanwhile, archbishop Eirik had at last received a reply from Rome. In a letter dated 15 June 1194,

968: 559: 1711: 1706: 1681: 1432: 972: 555: 531: 520: 276: 236: 1896: 419: 1817: 1753: 1691: 1686: 1488: 1384: 1058: 1010: 894: 866: 819: 648:

battle hardened Birkebeiners, Magnus or Erling Skakke frequently had the Birkebeiner on the run.

457:

for greater things. Further, in 1175, his mother revealed that Sverre was really the son of King

359: 332: 319: 147: 659:, where they were forced northwards again. Sverre then decided to turn west, attempting to take 583: 443: 1002:

June, together with the other bishops, he crowned Sverre. Sverre's domestic priest was elected

362:

in 1184, Sverre ruled as sole king of Norway. Differences with the Church, however, led to his

2042: 1856: 1797: 1769: 1721: 1640: 1610: 1367: 1348: 1191: 1053: 1028: 994: 979: 928: 862: 543: 355: 347: 295: 228: 107: 2037: 1786: 1775: 1634: 1604: 1598: 1459: 1451: 1078: 1003: 936: 916: 774: 527: 399: 1217: 849: 790: 651:

In June 1177, Sverre first led his men to Trøndelag where Sverre was proclaimed as king at

1807: 1731: 1696: 1676: 1671: 1652: 1622: 1616: 1593: 1583: 1037: 1014: 998: 475: 363: 264: 1101:

and soon established a firm control over the Viken region, with Oslo as their main seat.

839: 714: 1658: 1082: 924: 340: 190: 116: 1077:

party was formed at Halør in Denmark in opposition against Sverre. Their leaders were

2142: 1867: 1588: 1089: 672: 607: 547: 535: 499: 431: 415: 244: 1410: 912: 2032: 1831: 1716: 1344: 595: 494: 480: 379: 1125:). Here Sverre won a crushing victory, and the surviving Baglers fled to Denmark. 919:, a child claimed to be the bastard son of Magnus Erlingsson. The real leader was 784:

In the sea battles of medieval Scandinavia, the side with the largest and highest

539: 1040:

sent mercenaries to help Sverre. In 1200 Innocent found it necessary to warn the

17: 1141: 955: 905: 901: 890: 652: 619: 603: 567: 458: 403: 351: 1416: 2085: 2047: 1213: 1098: 815: 668: 439: 384: 315: 1047:

Around this time someone close to Sverre wrote a speech against the bishops,

993:

With the archbishop absent, Sverre tightened his grip on the bishops, and on

986:

where the Danish archbishop had his seat. From there he sent a delegation to

802:. Either because of luck or good strategy such a situation would soon arise. 754:), just outside Nidaros, the Heklungs were again defeated and Magnus fled to 1812: 1792: 1780: 1748: 1726: 1137: 1085:, supposedly the son of Magnus Erlingsson. They then sailed back to Norway. 1032: 997:

in particular. Nikolas was the half-brother of Inge Krokrygg and had become

736: 591: 526:

Sigurd Munn, claimed by Sverre as his father, had been slain by his brother

516: 374: 303: 724: 406:

had been preferred. This made the Birkebeiners more mobile and adaptable.

2095: 2052: 1802: 1093: 811: 785: 656: 461:. In the following year, Sverre travelled to Norway to seek his destiny. 447: 395: 1017:

Sverre and order the Norwegian bishops to join him in exile in Denmark.

630: 1105: 882: 778: 755: 699: 679: 454: 259: 1380: 606:— the Birchlegs. This group had risen in 1174 under the leadership of 2090: 2065: 1547: 1513: 1074: 1062: 932: 854: 660: 587: 571: 435: 423: 367: 209: 137: 542:. Inge Krokrygg fell in 1161. His party then took the five-year-old 1174: 702:

and marched again upon the city. The two armies met 19 June in the

954: 799: 615: 350:. He assumed power as the leader of the rebel party known as the 1646: 987: 983: 806: 740: 664: 388: 307: 299: 1517: 515:

In 1176, Norway was slowly recovering from decades of multiple

490:, into which she claimed to have been forced by Erling Skakke. 798:

was rather poor and it would only be useful within the narrow

366:

in 1194. Another civil war began against the church-supported

29: 843:

Locations of the most important battles during Sverre's reign

739:

for hood and is here probably meant to imply the traditional

373:

The most important historical source on Sverre's life is his

915:(the Isle Beards). This group's pretender to the throne was 1020:

The following spring, Sverre sent the still loyal Tore,

519:. The causes were largely due to the lack of any clear 794:. Because of its great size, the seaworthiness of the 718:

Sverre's journey across the mountains to Voss and back

346:

Many consider him one of the most important rulers in

310:, until his death, yet maintaining communion with the 893:, was a former monk and was claimed to be the son of 923:

who was Magnus' brother-in-law. Conspiring with the

2079: 2064: 2026: 2011: 1993: 1978: 1910: 1895: 1845: 1830: 1576: 1554: 291: 283: 270: 258: 227: 217: 200: 175: 167: 163: 153: 143: 130: 122: 115: 94: 1140:during the summer. In September he set up camp at 690:). After fleeing south, they met Magnus' army in 126:1177 (claimed) /1184 (undisputed) – 9 March 1202 1097:winter. The Baglers had Inge hailed as king on 383:, in part written while Sverre was alive. This 911:The next serious threat came in 1193 with the 370:, which lasted beyond Sverre's death in 1202. 1529: 507:opponents of Erling's regime, namely Sverre. 446:(303 m, "Sverre's cave") on the south tip of 8: 2179:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 931:, Hallkjell gathered most of his men on the 538:, while most of Håkon's followers were from 483:, whose paternity was equally questionable. 354:in 1177, during their struggle against King 1347:(6th ed.). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. 598:, who was married to Sigurd Munn's sister, 2076: 2023: 1990: 1907: 1842: 1573: 1536: 1522: 1514: 1442: 434:. It was here that Sverre studied for the 100: 91: 1175:Sverre Sigurdsson (Store norske leksikon) 1044:not to accept further gifts from Sverre. 302:, the King's dominions and Kingdom under 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 1395:Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy (1956). 1364:Sverre – Norges største middelalderkonge 838: 713: 629: 339:) (c. 1145/1151 – 9 March 1202) was the 43:This article includes a list of general 1397:A royal impostor: King Sverre of Norway 1209: 1207: 1190:(in Faroese). Sprotin. pp. 12–15. 1167: 1104:In spring 1197, Sverre called out the 634:Sverre's journey to Øreting in Nidaros 594:. There he met with the local ruler, 106:Contemporary bust of Sverre from the 7: 1339:Karl Jonsson; et al. (1995) . 1092:, the responsibility of guarding a 1399:. London: Oxford University Press. 610:who claimed to be the son of King 566:. With the Church and most of the 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 1423:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway 1417:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway 2189:Burials at Christ Church, Bergen 34: 27:King of Norway from 1184 to 1202 2164:13th-century Norwegian monarchs 2159:12th-century Norwegian monarchs 1366:. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co. 1186:Debes, Hans Jacob (2000). "1". 1159:, which was destroyed in 1591. 889:) rose in Viken. Their leader, 546:as king. Magnus was the son of 314:(cf. Communion of the cults of 312:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 1343:. translation to Norwegian by 1: 578:Sverre meets the Birkebeiners 990:asking the pope for advice. 358:. After Magnus fell at the 2220: 1437:History of English Affairs 2169:Norwegian Roman Catholics 2107: 1502: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1445: 1439:, Book three, chapter six 1429:Of Sverre, King of Norway 1425:– a translation from 1899 1419:– a translation from 1899 1222:Norsk biografisk leksikon 710:Victory over the Heklungs 99: 2204:Faroese Christian clergy 1793:Magnus VI the Law-mender 1413:– coins issued by Sverre 1390:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 1324:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 1312:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 1282:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 1270:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 1042:Archbishop of Canterbury 877:Kuvlungs and Øyskjeggene 298:, excommunicated from AD 2184:Faroese Roman Catholics 2066:III. Independent Norway 1749:Haakon II Broadshoulder 1188:Hin lærdi skúlin í Havn 1123:slaget på Strindfjorden 1073:During spring 1196 the 814:in the long and narrow 682:ended in defeat at the 336: 64:more precise citations. 1980:II. Independent Norway 960: 844: 719: 688:Slaget på Hatthammeren 684:Battle of Hatthammeren 635: 530:in 1155. Sigurd's son 502:, who had died at the 488:Folkvid the Lawspeaker 1764:Haakon III Sverresson 1737:Eystein II Haraldsson 1712:Sigurd I the Crusader 1561:Foreign and non-royal 1556:I. Independent Norway 1157:Christ Church, Bergen 1049:En tale mot biskopene 958: 951:Sverre and the church 842: 717: 704:Battle of Kalvskinnet 633: 188:(aged 50–51 or 56–57) 2174:Civil wars in Norway 1781:Haakon IV Haakonsson 1682:Magnus II Haraldsson 1569:monarchs in brackets 1457:Cadet branch of the 1057:and the writings of 752:Slaget på Ilevollene 748:Battle of Ilevollene 600:Brigit Haraldsdotter 250:Haakon III of Norway 2149:12th-century births 2000:Christian Frederick 1813:Haakon VI Magnusson 1808:Magnus VII Ericsson 1754:Magnus V Erlingsson 1722:Magnus IV the Blind 1707:Eystein I Magnusson 1697:Magnus III Barefoot 1677:Harald III Hardrada 1599:Harald II Greycloak 1433:William of Newburgh 1411:Oslo's coin cabinet 1362:Claus Krag (2005). 1326:vol. XVII page 1221 973:bishop of Stavanger 865:and sister of King 671:, they wintered in 556:Sigurd the Crusader 554:, daughter of King 343:from 1184 to 1202. 337:Sverrir Sigurðarson 277:Sigurd II of Norway 237:Christina of Norway 212:(destroyed in 1531) 1818:Olaf IV Haakonsson 1803:Haakon V Magnusson 1770:Guttorm Sigurdsson 1692:Haakon Toresfostre 1385:Nordisk familjebok 1144:and laid siege to 1059:Augustine of Hippo 1011:Pope Celestine III 961: 945:slaget ved Florvåg 895:Inge the Hunchback 845: 820:Battle of Fimreite 720: 636: 612:Øystein Haraldsson 564:Øystein Erlendsson 558:. In 1162, at the 493:Support from Earl 360:Battle of Fimreite 279:(claimed; dubious) 222:Margaret of Sweden 2136: 2135: 2103: 2102: 2060: 2059: 2013:Union with Sweden 2007: 2006: 1974: 1973: 1891: 1890: 1826: 1825: 1798:Eric II Magnusson 1759:Sverre Sigurdsson 1743:Magnus Haraldsson 1732:Inge I Haraldsson 1672:Magnus I the Good 1641:Olaf II the Saint 1629:Eiríkr Hákonarson 1617:Olaf I Tryggvason 1611:Haakon Sigurdsson 1594:Haakon I the Good 1584:Harald I Fairhair 1570: 1512: 1511: 1503:Succeeded by 1447:Sverre Sigurdsson 1381:Sverre Sigurdsson 1233:Krag 2005:113–116 1218:Sverre Sigurdsson 1146:Tønsberg Fortress 1054:Decretum Gratiani 941:Battle of Florvåg 929:Harald Maddadsson 921:Hallkjell Jonsson 763:Battle of Nordnes 544:Magnus Erlingsson 426:of the Faroes on 356:Magnus Erlingsson 348:Norwegian history 329:Sverre Sigurdsson 326: 325: 296:Roman Catholicism 195:Kingdom of Norway 108:Nidaros Cathedral 95:Sverre Sigurdsson 90: 89: 82: 18:Sverre Sigurdsson 16:(Redirected from 2211: 2199:Fairhair dynasty 2077: 2038:Charles III John 2024: 1991: 1908: 1843: 1787:Haakon the Young 1776:Inge II Bårdsson 1635:Sweyn Haakonsson 1605:Harald Bluetooth 1574: 1560: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1486:Preceded by 1476: 1469: 1460:Fairhair dynasty 1443: 1400: 1377: 1358: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293:Jonsson 1995:153 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1079:Nikolas Arnesson 1004:bishop of Bergen 995:Nikolas Arnesson 937:Shetland Islands 881:Autumn 1185 the 663:by surprise. At 428:Kirkjubøargarður 185: 183: 110:, dated c. 1200. 104: 92: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2194:House of Sverre 2139: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128:Swedish monarch 2122:English monarch 2099: 2075: 2056: 2022: 2003: 1989: 1970: 1906: 1887: 1841: 1822: 1717:Harald IV Gille 1653:Haakon Ericsson 1623:Sweyn Forkbeard 1589:Eric I Bloodaxe 1568: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1508: 1499: 1491: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1452:House of Sverre 1448: 1407: 1394: 1374: 1361: 1355: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314:vol. VI page 10 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284:vol. II, page 2 1280: 1276: 1272:vol. VI, page 4 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1220:(in Norwegian) 1212: 1205: 1198: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1071: 1038:John of England 1022:bishop of Hamar 1015:excommunicating 959:Coin of Sverre. 953: 879: 837: 712: 645: 643:Difficult years 628: 580: 532:Håkon Herdebrei 521:succession laws 513: 467: 412: 364:excommunication 275: 254: 213: 189: 187: 181: 179: 111: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2116:Danish monarch 2112: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1897:Denmark–Norway 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1727:Sigurd II Munn 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702:Olav Magnusson 1699: 1694: 1689: 1687:Olaf III Kyrre 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1659:Sweyn Knutsson 1643: 1638: 1619: 1614: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1571: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1496:King of Norway 1492: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1481:Regnal titles 1478: 1477: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1405:External links 1403: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1387: 1378: 1372: 1359: 1353: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1302:Bagge 2005:164 1295: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1203: 1196: 1178: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1083:Inge Magnusson 1070: 1069:The Bagler war 1067: 999:bishop of Oslo 969:Eirik Ivarsson 952: 949: 925:earl of Orkney 878: 875: 863:Erik the Saint 861:, daughter of 836: 835:Troubled reign 833: 711: 708: 644: 641: 627: 624: 579: 576: 560:Battle of Veøy 512: 511:Norway in 1176 509: 476:ordeal by fire 466: 463: 411: 408: 341:king of Norway 324: 323: 320:Saint Valdemar 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 272: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 242: 239: 233: 231: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 204: 202: 198: 197: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 136:29 June 1194, 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 117:King of Norway 113: 112: 105: 97: 96: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2216: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962:Christian VII 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1937:Frederick III 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:Christian III 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1373:82-03-23201-9 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1354:82-521-4474-8 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1260:Krag 2005:151 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1242:Krag 2005:117 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197:99918-44-57-0 1193: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090:Sigurd Lavard 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 965: 957: 950: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 876: 874: 870: 868: 867:Knut Eriksson 864: 860: 856: 852: 851: 841: 834: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 792: 787: 782: 780: 776: 770: 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 716: 709: 707: 705: 701: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 642: 640: 632: 626:Rise to power 625: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608:Øystein Møyla 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 577: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Erling Skakke 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:Inge Krokrygg 524: 522: 518: 510: 508: 505: 501: 500:Øystein Møyla 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 473: 464: 462: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 409: 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 266: 263: 261: 257: 251: 248: 246: 245:Sigurd Lavard 243: 241:Illegitimate: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 211: 207: 206:Old Cathedral 203: 199: 196: 192: 186:9 March 1202 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 109: 103: 98: 93: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 1967:Frederick VI 1952:Christian VI 1947:Frederick IV 1932:Christian IV 1927:Frederick II 1884:Christian II 1866: 1832:Kalmar Union 1758: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1564: 1494: 1475:March 9 1202 1472: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1436: 1396: 1363: 1345:Halvdan Koht 1340: 1319: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1277: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1187: 1181: 1170: 1150: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1087: 1072: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1029:Innocent III 1026: 1019: 1008: 992: 977: 966: 964:privileges. 962: 944: 910: 899: 886: 880: 871: 848: 846: 827: 826:. While the 823: 804: 795: 789: 783: 771: 767: 760: 751: 745: 732: 728: 721: 696: 687: 677: 650: 646: 637: 604:Birkebeiners 596:Birger Brosa 590:just before 584:Östergötland 581: 525: 514: 504:Battle of Re 495:Birger Brosa 492: 485: 481:Harald Gille 468: 452: 413: 393: 380:Sverris saga 378: 372: 345: 328: 327: 171:c. 1145/1151 76: 67: 48: 2154:1202 deaths 1957:Frederick V 1942:Christian V 1917:Frederick I 1874:Christian I 1862:Christopher 1545:Monarchs of 913:Øyskjeggene 891:Jon Kuvlung 869:of Sweden. 568:aristocracy 459:Sigurd Munn 404:shield wall 352:Birkebeiner 304:Interdictum 144:Predecessor 62:introducing 2143:Categories 2086:Haakon VII 2080:Since 1905 2048:Charles IV 2033:Charles II 1567:, disputed 1563:rulers in 1506:Haakon III 1500:1184–1202 1341:Sverresoga 1333:References 1214:Knut Helle 1099:Borgarting 887:Kuvlungene 850:sysselmann 816:Sognefjord 669:Sognefjell 517:civil wars 450:its name. 444:Sverrahola 436:priesthood 432:Kirkjubøur 410:Early life 387:is likely 316:Saint Olav 182:1202-03-09 158:Haakon III 132:Coronation 45:references 2027:1814–1905 1994:Only 1814 1911:1524–1814 1868:Charles I 1846:1387–1523 1468:1145/1151 1138:Oslofjord 1033:interdict 857:princess 828:Mariasuda 824:Mariasuda 796:Mariasuda 791:Mariasuda 737:Old Norse 729:Heklunger 692:Ringerike 653:Øretinget 592:Christmas 540:Trøndelag 472:Canon law 465:Paternity 375:biography 333:Old Norse 154:Successor 70:June 2011 2096:Harald V 2053:Oscar II 1857:Eric III 1852:Margaret 1577:872–1387 1489:Magnus V 1142:Tønsberg 1094:ballista 980:St. Olaf 906:Tønsberg 883:Kuvlungs 859:Margaret 812:Fimreite 781:behind. 725:Heklungs 673:Østerdal 657:Hadeland 620:Värmland 455:destined 448:Streymoy 440:ordained 438:and was 306:since AD 292:Religion 287:Gunnhild 148:Magnus V 2043:Oscar I 1665:Ælfgifu 1565:italics 1431:– from 1106:leidang 855:Swedish 779:sceptre 756:Denmark 743:garb. 700:Gauldal 680:Nidaros 552:Kristin 400:tactics 368:Baglers 58:improve 2111:Regent 2091:Olav V 1656:& 1650:& 1632:& 1626:& 1608:& 1548:Norway 1471: 1370: 1351: 1194: 1075:Bagler 1063:simony 933:Orkney 917:Sigurd 818:. The 800:fjords 661:Bergen 588:Sweden 572:regent 424:bishop 416:Faroes 389:biased 377:, the 284:Mother 271:Father 265:Sverre 218:Spouse 210:Bergen 201:Burial 191:Bergen 138:Bergen 47:, but 2126:Also 2120:Also 2114:Also 1473:Died: 1466:Born: 1163:Notes 1153:Håkon 786:ships 775:crown 733:Hekle 616:birch 536:Viken 396:Norse 260:House 229:Issue 123:Reign 1879:John 1647:Cnut 1368:ISBN 1349:ISBN 1192:ISBN 988:Rome 984:Lund 935:and 902:Sion 807:Sogn 777:and 741:monk 665:Voss 550:and 385:saga 318:and 308:1198 300:1194 274:Unås 176:Died 168:Born 1435:'s 735:is 731:). 586:in 430:in 420:Roe 2145:: 1383:– 1216:: 1206:^ 1006:. 971:, 927:, 675:. 422:, 335:: 322:). 208:, 193:, 1789:) 1785:( 1772:) 1768:( 1745:) 1741:( 1668:) 1662:( 1537:e 1530:t 1523:v 1376:. 1357:. 1224:, 1200:. 943:( 885:( 750:( 727:( 686:( 331:( 184:) 180:( 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index