288:
at Swain's trial, the Court held that striking a juror solely on the basis of race did not violate the
Fourteenth Amendment because "the question a prosecutor or defense counsel must decide is not whether a juror of a particular race or nationality is in fact partial, but whether one from a different group is less likely to be." Swain also contended that the absence of any black juror to serve at trial since 1950 showed invidious discrimination. Rejecting the argument, the Majority said, "even if a State's systematic striking of Negroes in the selection of petit juries raises a prima facie case under the Fourteenth Amendment, we think it is readily apparent that the record in this case is not sufficient to demonstrate that the rule has been violated by the peremptory system as it operates in Talladega County." On these grounds, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court, upholding Swain's death sentence.
31:
360:
268:, and sentenced to death by an all white jury. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, in part, on the ground that there were no black jurors. Of eligible jurors in the county, 26% were black, but panels since 1953 averaged 10% to 15% black jurors and no black juror had actually served on a petit jury since 1950.
287:
With regard to the historical under-representation of black jurors in
Talladega County jury pools, the Majority held, "The overall percentage disparity has been small and reflects no studied attempt to include or exclude a specified number of Negros." Likewise, respecting the absence of black jurors
283:
In a 6–3 decision, the
Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court, holding that neither the racial disparity in jury pools nor the decade-long absence of any black juror to serve at trial presented evidence sufficient to "make out a prima facie case of invidious discrimination
2817:
2061:
366:
2029:
1885:
947:
1153:
2949:
1207:
299:
This case recognized the peremptory challenge as a valid legal practice so long as it was not used intentionally to exclude blacks from jury duties. The precedent set in this case was overturned in
745:
2841:
2939:
1638:
1051:
1733:
555:
1797:
939:
460:
347:
325:
306:
223:
72:
2959:
2628:
1693:
1019:
2516:
2176:
2045:
899:
1813:
1490:
2954:
2692:
1981:
1901:
1773:
1067:
854:
1298:
2849:
2200:
1957:
1805:
1598:
2652:
2564:
1191:
2944:
1450:
2989:
2676:
2208:
1223:
546:
408:
Sommers, Samuel R.; Norton, Michael I. (2007). "Race-Based
Judgments, Race-Neutral Justifications: Experimental Examination of Peremptory Use and the
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2964:
2489:
1354:
955:
822:
1861:
1035:
846:
1215:
2053:
2037:
1941:
2366:
1949:
1059:
2984:
2765:
2481:
2406:
1670:
245:
35:
2979:
2825:
765:
97:
The overall percentage disparity has been small and reflects no studied attempt to include or exclude a specified number of blacks.
971:
2644:
1514:
140:
1917:
1394:
1239:
753:
1909:
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1082:
866:
605:
539:
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2524:
2184:
1622:
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1426:
1167:
782:
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1678:
979:
830:
2358:
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1893:
1630:
2021:
2833:
2240:
2232:
1845:
1266:
1199:
265:
2969:
2865:
2809:
1973:
1530:
1498:
923:
907:
532:
1129:
2873:
2740:
2438:
2294:
1555:
1482:
875:
790:
1614:
507:
2104:
1853:
144:
2684:
2334:
1821:
995:
2999:
2793:
2636:
2604:
2192:
1741:
987:
689:
581:
464:
351:
310:
227:
64:
2660:
2572:
2430:
2422:
2318:
2216:
2801:
1965:
2785:
2532:
2398:
2382:
2275:
2080:
2013:
1997:
1789:
1522:
1458:
1338:
1175:
1003:
963:
915:
272:
2700:
2310:
2112:
2716:
2668:
2612:
2548:
2540:
2473:
2390:
2350:
2326:
1989:
1933:
1877:
1869:
1506:
1386:
1370:
1247:
1027:
1011:
705:
589:
489:
291:
Justice
Goldberg authored a dissent which was joined by Justice Douglas and Chief Justice Warren.
2777:
2596:
2588:
2414:
2374:
2259:
2128:
2120:
2088:
2005:
1829:
1781:
1757:
1725:
1646:
1590:
1582:
1434:
1330:
1145:
814:
729:
658:
569:
437:
301:
218:
128:
2342:
498:
471:
2912:
2904:
2857:
2580:
2454:
2168:
1925:
1765:
1749:
1700:
1686:
1662:
1418:
1402:
1362:
1290:
1231:
931:
838:
774:
721:
613:
524:
429:
2160:
2136:
1717:
1466:
1442:
1306:
713:
681:
629:
480:
421:
1574:
1314:
1183:
737:
697:
621:
164:
271:
In Swain's case, 8 of the 100 empaneled jurors were black, but all were "struck" through
2724:
2556:
2302:
2267:
2144:
1654:
1410:
1322:
1091:
597:
354:
152:
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2446:
1837:
1709:
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891:
806:
441:
2732:
2096:
1282:
637:
132:
67:
1982:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
1606:
883:
798:
670:
249:
156:
112:
2152:
425:
120:
83:
2818:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
79:
433:
2062:
Students for Fair
Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2030:
Parents
Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
1886:
Village of
Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
516:
380:
948:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
261:
2892:
2763:
1553:
1154:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
656:
567:
528:
30:
1208:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
2842:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
746:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1639:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
367:
public domain material from this U.S government document
1052:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1734:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2950:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
1798:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
940:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
326:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 380
2629:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
1694:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1020:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
2517:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
2500:
2465:
2286:
2251:
2072:
1566:
1258:
1078:
865:
764:
669:
244:, 380 U.S. 202 (1965), was a case heard before the
201:
193:
185:
177:
172:
101:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
2177:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2046:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
900:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
260:Swain, a black man, was indicted and convicted of
1814:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
1491:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
2693:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
1902:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
181:White, joined by Clark, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart
2940:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
1774:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1299:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
2850:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
2201:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
1958:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
1806:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1599:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
540:
8:
1068:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
972:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
855:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2960:United States Sixth Amendment jury case law
2653:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
2565:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
1192:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
2889:
2760:
1918:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
1563:
1550:
1451:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
666:
653:
564:
547:
533:
525:
20:
2677:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
2209:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
1224:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
1910:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
2955:United States equal protection case law
2621:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
2490:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
1355:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
956:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
823:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
336:
1862:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1216:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
18:1965 United States Supreme Court case
7:
1942:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1083:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
2709:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
2525:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
1950:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1060:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1036:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
847:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
205:Goldberg, joined by Warren, Douglas
2482:Arlington County Board v. Richards
2407:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2185:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
1671:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
556:United States Fourteenth Amendment
246:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2945:United States Supreme Court cases
2826:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
2367:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
467:202 (1965) is available from:
284:under the Fourteenth Amendment."
2990:Rape trials in the United States
2645:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2054:Fisher v. University of Texas II
1515:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
358:
29:
2359:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2038:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1395:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
1240:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
754:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
2975:Civil rights movement case law
2965:1965 in United States case law
2225:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1:
1894:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1099:McNeese v. Board of Education
606:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1623:Hirabayashi v. United States
1475:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
1427:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1168:Owen v. City of Independence
783:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
248:regarding the legality of a
2509:United States v. Cruikshank
1679:Brown v. Board of Education
980:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
831:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3016:
1631:Korematsu v. United States
517:Oyez (oral argument audio)
365:This article incorporates
2985:Talladega County, Alabama
2899:
2888:
2834:United States v. Morrison
2772:
2759:
2241:United States v. Skrmetti
2233:United States v. Virginia
1846:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
1562:
1549:
1267:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1200:Gonzaga University v. Doe
665:
652:
576:
563:
426:10.1007/s10979-006-9048-6
266:Talladega County, Alabama
216:
209:
106:
96:
28:
2980:Legal history of Alabama
2866:United States v. Georgia
2810:City of Boerne v. Flores
1974:United States v. Fordice
1531:Williams v. Pennsylvania
1499:Washington v. Glucksberg
264:in the Circuit Court of
2874:Shelby County v. Holder
2439:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
2295:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
1556:Equal Protection Clause
1483:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
876:United States v. Vuitch
791:Griswold v. Connecticut
295:Subsequent developments
54:Robert Swain v. Alabama
43:Argued December 8, 1964
2741:Armour v. Indianapolis
2105:Moritz v. Commissioner
1161:Procunier v. Navarette
1079:Civil rights liability
867:Abortion jurisprudence
414:Law and Human Behavior
412:Challenge Procedure".
145:William J. Brennan Jr.
2794:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
2637:Richardson v. Ramirez
2605:Boddie v. Connecticut
2193:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2022:Johnson v. California
1742:McLaughlin v. Florida
1130:O'Connor v. Donaldson
690:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
582:Slaughter-House Cases
273:peremptory challenges
45:Decided March 8, 1965
2786:Katzenbach v. Morgan
2533:Breedlove v. Suttles
2383:Graham v. Richardson
2276:Obergefell v. Hodges
2081:Breedlove v. Suttles
2014:Grutter v. Bollinger
1854:Jefferson v. Hackney
1523:Obergefell v. Hodges
1459:Edwards v. Aguillard
1339:Epperson v. Arkansas
1176:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1111:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1004:Mazurek v. Armstrong
964:Hodgson v. Minnesota
924:Bellotti v. Baird II
916:Colautti v. Franklin
671:Economic substantive
279:Opinion of the Court
275:by the prosecution.
2717:Gregory v. Ashcroft
2685:Mills v. Habluetzel
2669:Zablocki v. Redhail
2613:Eisenstadt v. Baird
2549:Oyama v. California
2541:Skinner v. Oklahoma
2474:Shapiro v. Thompson
2391:Sugarman v. Dougall
2335:Porterfield v. Webb
2327:Terrace v. Thompson
1990:Missouri v. Jenkins
1934:Hunter v. Underwood
1878:Milliken v. Bradley
1870:Norwood v. Harrison
1822:McDaniel v. Barresi
1507:Troxel v. Granville
1387:Mathews v. Eldridge
1371:Taylor v. Louisiana
1248:Connick v. Thompson
1028:Gonzales v. Carhart
1012:Stenberg v. Carhart
996:Lambert v. Wicklund
908:Bellotti v. Baird I
706:Lochner v. New York
590:Minor v. Happersett
508:Library of Congress
2778:Civil Rights Cases
2766:Enforcement Clause
2597:Oregon v. Mitchell
2589:Williams v. Rhodes
2415:Nyquist v. Mauclet
2375:Hernandez v. Texas
2260:Bowers v. Hardwick
2252:Sexual orientation
2129:Stanton v. Stanton
2121:Geduldig v. Aiello
2089:Goesaert v. Cleary
2006:Gratz v. Bollinger
1830:Palmer v. Thompson
1782:Hunter v. Erickson
1758:Loving v. Virginia
1726:Anderson v. Martin
1647:Shelley v. Kraemer
1591:Plessy v. Ferguson
1583:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1435:Kolender v. Lawson
1331:Loving v. Virginia
1146:Imbler v. Pachtman
1123:Wood v. Strickland
988:Leavitt v. Jane L.
815:Bowers v. Hardwick
730:Buchanan v. Warley
659:Due Process Clause
570:Citizenship Clause
381:"Swain v. Alabama"
302:Batson v. Kentucky
219:Batson v. Kentucky
129:William O. Douglas
117:Associate Justices
78:85 S. Ct. 824; 13
2995:Trials in Alabama
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2913:Trump v. Anderson
2905:Gold Clause Cases
2884:
2883:
2858:Tennessee v. Lane
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2661:Trimble v. Gordon
2581:Levy v. Louisiana
2573:Rinaldi v. Yeager
2455:Bernal v. Fainter
2431:Ambach v. Norwick
2423:Foley v. Connelie
2319:Crane v. New York
2217:Lehr v. Robertson
2169:Caban v. Mohammed
1926:Palmore v. Sidoti
1766:Lee v. Washington
1750:Reitman v. Mulkey
1701:Gebhart v. Belton
1687:Briggs v. Elliott
1663:Sweatt v. Painter
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1419:Parratt v. Taylor
1403:Duren v. Missouri
1363:Arnett v. Kennedy
1291:Powell v. Alabama
1232:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1117:Scheuer v. Rhodes
932:H. L. v. Matheson
839:Lawrence v. Texas
775:Meyer v. Nebraska
722:Coppage v. Kansas
648:
647:
614:Perez v. Brownell
237:
236:
141:John M. Harlan II
3007:
2890:
2802:Dellmuth v. Muth
2761:
2161:Parham v. Hughes
2137:Edwards v. Healy
1966:Freeman v. Pitts
1721:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
1718:Browder v. Gayle
1564:
1551:
1467:Turner v. Safley
1443:Hudson v. Palmer
1307:NAACP v. Alabama
766:Right to privacy
714:Muller v. Oregon
682:Mugler v. Kansas
667:
654:
630:Rogers v. Bellei
565:
549:
542:
535:
526:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
476:
470:
457:Swain v. Alabama
445:
396:
395:
393:
391:
377:
371:
362:
361:
344:Swain v. Alabama
341:
241:Swain v. Alabama
102:Court membership
33:
32:
24:Swain v. Alabama
21:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2970:1965 in Alabama
2930:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2895:
2880:
2768:
2747:
2496:
2461:
2399:In re Griffiths
2343:Webb v. O'Brien
2282:
2247:
2068:
1998:Texas v. Lesage
1790:Hadnott v. Amos
1575:Pace v. Alabama
1558:
1537:
1315:Hoyt v. Florida
1254:
1184:Felder v. Casey
1080:
1074:
861:
760:
738:Adams v. Tanner
698:Holden v. Hardy
672:
661:
644:
622:Afroyim v. Rusk
572:
559:
553:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
477:
474:
468:
452:
407:
404:
402:Further reading
399:
389:
387:
379:
378:
374:
359:
342:
338:
334:
322:
297:
281:
258:
212:
165:Arthur Goldberg
155:
143:
131:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2725:Vacco v. Quill
2721:
2713:
2705:
2701:Clark v. Jeter
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2557:Oyler v. Boles
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2311:Heim v. McCall
2307:
2303:Truax v. Raich
2299:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2268:Romer v. Evans
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2145:Craig v. Boren
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2113:Kahn v. Shevin
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1655:Perez v. Sharp
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1615:Smith v. Texas
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1411:Parham v. J.R.
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1323:Oyler v. Boles
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1142:
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3000:1960s trials
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2733:Bush v. Gore
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2183:
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2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2097:Reed v. Reed
2095:
2087:
2079:
2060:
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2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
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1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1283:Buck v. Bell
1281:
1273:
1265:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
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1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
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1116:
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1090:
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789:
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773:
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736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
638:Saenz v. Roe
636:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
456:
417:
413:
409:
388:. Retrieved
384:
375:
364:
343:
339:
300:
298:
290:
286:
282:
270:
259:
240:
239:
238:
217:
211:Overruled by
160:
148:
136:
133:Tom C. Clark
124:
71:
53:
15:
1658:(Cal. 1948)
1607:Lum v. Rice
884:Roe v. Wade
799:Roe v. Wade
673:due process
250:struck jury
233: (1986)
194:Concurrence
186:Concurrence
157:Byron White
113:Earl Warren
2934:Categories
2153:Orr v. Orr
332:References
256:Background
121:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:759; 1965
2466:Residency
390:April 23,
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2287:Alienage
558:case law
455:Text of
442:13151133
434:17123158
320:See also
178:Majority
1682:(1954)
481:Findlaw
202:Dissent
92:Holding
2916:(2024)
2908:(1935)
2877:(2013)
2869:(2006)
2861:(2004)
2853:(2003)
2845:(2001)
2837:(2000)
2829:(2000)
2821:(1999)
2813:(1997)
2805:(1989)
2797:(1976)
2789:(1966)
2781:(1883)
2744:(2012)
2736:(2000)
2728:(1997)
2720:(1991)
2712:(1988)
2704:(1988)
2696:(1985)
2688:(1982)
2680:(1979)
2672:(1978)
2664:(1977)
2656:(1976)
2648:(1974)
2640:(1974)
2632:(1973)
2624:(1973)
2616:(1972)
2608:(1971)
2600:(1970)
2592:(1968)
2584:(1968)
2576:(1966)
2568:(1966)
2560:(1962)
2552:(1948)
2544:(1942)
2536:(1937)
2528:(1928)
2520:(1886)
2512:(1876)
2493:(1985)
2485:(1977)
2477:(1969)
2458:(1984)
2450:(1982)
2442:(1982)
2434:(1979)
2426:(1978)
2418:(1977)
2410:(1976)
2402:(1973)
2394:(1973)
2386:(1971)
2378:(1954)
2370:(1948)
2362:(1927)
2354:(1923)
2346:(1923)
2338:(1923)
2330:(1923)
2322:(1915)
2314:(1915)
2306:(1915)
2298:(1914)
2279:(2015)
2271:(1996)
2263:(1986)
2244:(2024)
2236:(1996)
2228:(1994)
2220:(1983)
2212:(1982)
2204:(1981)
2196:(1981)
2188:(1980)
2180:(1979)
2172:(1979)
2164:(1979)
2156:(1979)
2148:(1976)
2140:(1975)
2132:(1975)
2124:(1974)
2116:(1974)
2108:(1972)
2100:(1971)
2092:(1948)
2084:(1937)
2065:(2023)
2057:(2016)
2049:(2014)
2041:(2013)
2033:(2007)
2025:(2005)
2017:(2003)
2009:(2003)
2001:(1999)
1993:(1995)
1985:(1993)
1977:(1992)
1969:(1992)
1961:(1991)
1953:(1989)
1945:(1986)
1937:(1985)
1929:(1984)
1921:(1982)
1913:(1982)
1905:(1978)
1897:(1977)
1889:(1977)
1881:(1974)
1873:(1973)
1865:(1973)
1857:(1972)
1849:(1971)
1841:(1971)
1833:(1971)
1825:(1971)
1817:(1971)
1809:(1969)
1801:(1969)
1793:(1969)
1785:(1969)
1777:(1968)
1769:(1968)
1761:(1967)
1753:(1967)
1745:(1964)
1737:(1964)
1729:(1964)
1713:(1955)
1674:(1950)
1666:(1950)
1650:(1948)
1642:(1948)
1634:(1944)
1626:(1943)
1618:(1940)
1610:(1927)
1602:(1899)
1594:(1896)
1586:(1886)
1578:(1883)
1534:(2016)
1526:(2015)
1518:(2009)
1510:(2000)
1502:(1997)
1494:(1990)
1486:(1989)
1478:(1989)
1470:(1987)
1462:(1987)
1454:(1985)
1446:(1984)
1438:(1983)
1430:(1982)
1422:(1981)
1414:(1979)
1406:(1979)
1398:(1977)
1390:(1976)
1382:(1975)
1374:(1975)
1366:(1974)
1358:(1974)
1350:(1971)
1342:(1968)
1334:(1967)
1326:(1962)
1318:(1961)
1310:(1958)
1302:(1950)
1294:(1932)
1286:(1927)
1278:(1922)
1270:(1905)
1251:(2011)
1243:(2010)
1235:(2009)
1227:(2009)
1219:(2005)
1211:(2003)
1203:(2002)
1195:(1989)
1187:(1988)
1179:(1982)
1171:(1980)
1163:(1978)
1157:(1978)
1149:(1976)
1141:(1976)
1133:(1975)
1125:(1975)
1119:(1974)
1113:(1969)
1107:(1967)
1101:(1963)
1095:(1961)
1081:under
1071:(2022)
1063:(2020)
1055:(2019)
1047:(2018)
1039:(2016)
1031:(2007)
1023:(2006)
1015:(2000)
1007:(1997)
999:(1997)
991:(1996)
983:(1992)
975:(1990)
967:(1990)
959:(1989)
951:(1986)
943:(1983)
935:(1981)
927:(1979)
919:(1979)
911:(1976)
903:(1976)
895:(1973)
887:(1973)
879:(1971)
858:(2022)
850:(2016)
842:(2003)
834:(1992)
826:(1989)
818:(1986)
810:(1973)
802:(1973)
794:(1965)
786:(1925)
778:(1923)
757:(1937)
749:(1931)
741:(1917)
733:(1917)
725:(1915)
717:(1908)
709:(1905)
701:(1898)
693:(1897)
685:(1887)
641:(1999)
633:(1971)
625:(1967)
617:(1958)
609:(1898)
601:(1884)
593:(1875)
585:(1873)
520:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:Justia
496:
493:
487:
484:
478:
475:
469:
440:
432:
410:Batson
363:
346:,
189:Harlan
163:
161:·
159:
151:
149:·
147:
139:
137:·
135:
127:
125:·
123:
2894:Other
2501:Other
1259:Other
463:
438:S2CID
350:
309:
226:
197:Black
1567:Race
465:U.S.
430:PMID
392:2017
385:Oyez
352:U.S.
311:U.S.
262:rape
228:U.S.
86:1668
73:more
65:U.S.
63:380
2073:Sex
461:380
422:doi
355:202
348:380
307:476
224:476
68:202
2936::
459:,
436:.
428:.
418:31
416:.
383:.
314:79
305:,
252:.
231:79
222:,
548:e
541:t
534:v
444:.
424::
394:.
369:.
76:)
70:(
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