Sweatshop - Knowledge (XXG)

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name-calling and shaming is the most effective strategy. Globalization is a big factor in sweatshops within the firm. These lead firms depend on structural and cultural position. In which many are targeting the leading globalizer and lawmakers. A solution, that is offered is to combine structural and cultural values, to be embedded into policy. The anti-sweatshop activism states how firms lack structural power and cultural vulnerability. For example, in May 2017 Mama Cash and The Clean Clothes Campaign, both organizations that are working towards abolishing sweatshops as well as creating a world of sustainable and ethical apparel practices, worked together to create The Women Power Fashion Pop-up. The event took place in Amsterdam and allowed consumers to sit in a room designed to look and feel like a sweatshop and were forced to create 100 ties in an hour which is synonymous to that of the expectations of women working in sweatshops today. This pop-up allowed consumers to actually experience the life of a sweatshop worker for a limited time and thus made them more sympathetic to the cause. Outside of the pop-up was a petition that consumers could sign to convince brands to be more transparent with their clothing manufacturing processes. The campaign went viral and created a significant buzz for the anti-sweatshop movement as well as the work of Mama Cash and The Clean Clothes Campaign. In recent years, the notion of the ethical consumer has risen. Consumers not only are important to modern markets but also influence the decisions made by companies. These consumers make buying decisions based on how the product was made, by whom and under what conditions, as well as the environmental consequences of production and consumption. This set of criteria means that consumption decisions are not only based on one's satisfaction with a purchase but also other aspects such as the environment and the well-being of workers in clothing factories.

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Industrial Revolution. Although the working conditions and wages in these factories were very poor, as new jobs in factories began to appear, people left the hard life of farming to work in these factories, and the agricultural nature of the economy shifted into a manufacturing one because of this industrialization. However, during this new industrialized economy, the labor movement drove the rise in the average level of income as factory workers began to demand better wages and working conditions. Through much struggle, sufficient wealth was created and a large middle class began to emerge. Workers and advocates were able to achieve basic rights for workers, which included the right to form unions, and negotiate terms such as wages, overtime pay, health insurance, and retirement pensions; and eventually they were also able to attain legal protections such as minimum wage standards, and discrimination and sexual abuse protections. Furthermore, Congress set forth to ensure a minimum set of safety standards were followed in workplaces by passing the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in 1970. These developments were able to improve working environments for Americans but it was through sweatshops that the economy grew and people were able to accumulate wealth and move out of poverty.

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raised by approximately 7% in 10 provinces by the end of 2018. As well as these governments also enforced stricter labor laws in 2013 after the collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, a large 5 storied sweatshop that killed 1135 people due to the building not being up to code, Bangladeshi police shut down many other factories after safety checks were completed and not met. However, no action has been as beneficial to the anti-sweatshop movement as that of the rise of social media. Social media has allowed for the world to see exactly what companies are doing and how they are doing it instantaneously, for free and is distributed to a wide audience. The platforms have allowed for viral videos, hundreds of thousands of retweets of quotes or statistics, millions of liked and shared pictures etc. to be spread to consumers in regards to companies' production methods without any censorship and thus force brands to be more transparent and ethical with their production practices. This is because a brand's reputation can be destroyed by a bystander with a smartphone who records a brand's product being made in a sweatshop where its workers are treated inhumanely.

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sweatshop ones overall – "several studies of workers producing for US firms in Mexico are instructive: workers at the Aluminum Company of America's Ciudad Acuna plant earn between $ 21.44 and $ 24.60 per week, but a weekly basket of basic food items costs $ 26.87. Mexican GM workers earn enough to buy a pound of apples in 30 minutes of work, while GM workers in the US earn as much in 5 minutes." People critical of sweatshops believe that "free trade agreements" do not truly promote free trade at all but instead seek to protect multinational corporations from competition by local industries (which are sometimes unionized). They believe free trade should only involve reducing tariffs and barriers to entry and that multinational businesses should operate within the laws in the countries they want to do business in rather than seeking immunity from obeying local environmental and labor laws. They believe these conditions are what give rise to sweatshops rather than natural industrialization or economic progression.

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workers can shift to jobs that they do better. These are jobs that some economists say usually entail a level of education and training that is exceptionally difficult to obtain in the developing world. Thus, economists like Sachs say, developing countries get factories and jobs that they would not otherwise. Some would say with this situation occurs when developing countries try to increase wages because sweatshops tend to just get moved on to a new state that is more welcoming. This leads to a situation where states often don't try to increase wages for sweatshop workers for fear of losing investment and boosted GDP. However, this only means average wages around the world will increase at a steady rate. A nation only gets left behind if it demands wages higher than the current market price for that labor.

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reasonable law restrictions, outside investors can set up fashion manufacturing plants at a lower cost. According to Zamen (2012), governments in developing countries often fail to enforce safety standards in local factories because of corruption and weak law enforcement. These circumstances allow factories to provide dangerous working conditions for workers. According to the Corruption Perception Index 2016 (2017), those countries with a high risk of corruption such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, Pakistan and China are reported to have larger numbers of unsafe garment factories operating inside the countries. When Zamen (2012) said "corruption kills", sweatshops in developing countries would be the prime cases.

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in the world, of $ 68 per month, the Rana Plaza a known sweatshop that hosted garment factories for retailers such as Primark, JC Penney, Joe Fresh and Benetton, collapsed as it was visibly not structurally sound. After the incident many of the workers were displaced as not only did the Rana Plaza close down but the government also called for safety checks of many factories that were then shut down as a result of not being up to code. Although this may seem like a positive consequence many of those workers were then unable to get jobs and support their families. The garment industry in Bangladesh is worth $ 28 billion.

637:" is believed to contribute towards the rise of sweatshops. Fast fashion refers to "rapid reorders and new orders that retailers now exert as they discern sales trends in real time" (Ross, 2015) To keep up with the fast-changing trends and demands within the fashion industry, these fast-fashion brands have to react and arrange production accordingly. To lower production and storage costs, these brands outsource labour to other countries with low production costs which can produce orders in a short time. This may result in workers suffering from long working hours without reasonable payment. A documentary, " 686:, more than 250 million children are employed in sweatshops, of which 170 million are engaged in the textile industry in developing countries. In hopes of earning a living, many girls in these countries, such as Bangladesh and India, are willing to work at low wages for long working hours, said Sofie Ovaa, an officer of Stop Child Labour. Most fashion manufacturing chains employ low-skilled labour and as child laborers are easier to manage and even more suitable than adult labour for certain jobs such as cotton picking, it becomes a particular problem in sweatshops as they are vulnerable with no backups. 424:(USAS) and held in Boston, Washington D.C., Bangalore, and San Pedro Sula. They claimed that workers in Nike's contract factory in Vietnam were suffering from wage theft, verbal abuse and harsh working conditions with "temperatures over the legal limit of 90 degrees". Since the 1990s, Nike has been reported to employ sweat factories and child labour. Regardless of its effort to turn things around, Nike's image has been affected by the issue during the past two decades. Nike established an independent department which aimed to improve workers’ livelihoods in 1996. It was renamed the 4549: 823:, introduced the first piece of legislation prohibiting the government from purchasing, renting, or taking on consignment any goods made under sweatshop conditions and including in the definition those goods made by political prisoners and incarcerated criminals. Similar legislation was subsequently passed in other American cities such as Detroit, New York, and San Francisco. Later Mayor Boyle introduced the legislation to the Mayors and Managers Association where it was immediately endorsed, and he was invited by President 557: 408:(Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour) protested the "harsh and dangerous" working conditions in Uniqlo's value-added factories in China. According to a recent report published by SACOM, Uniqlo’s suppliers were blamed for "systematically underpaying their labour, forcing them to work excessive hours and subjecting them to unsafe working conditions, which included sewage-covered floors, poor ventilation, and sweltering temperatures". According to the 2016 1173:

the same type of cruel bosses, and the same terrible workplace safety standards as the Triangle Fire. The difference is that most of us can't even find Bangladesh on a map, not to mention know enough about it to express the type of outrage our ancestors did after Triangle. This separation of production from consumption is an intentional move by corporations precisely to avoid being held responsible by consumers for their actions. And it is very effective.

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Workers then go into a state of forced labor, and if even one day of work is not accounted for they could be immediately fired. These working conditions have been the source of suicidal unrest within factories in the past. Chinese sweatshops known to have increased numbers of suicidal employees have suicide nets covering the whole site, in place to stop overworked and stressed employees from leaping to their deaths, such as in the case of the

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creation of similar legal protections for workers in these countries, as numerous studies by the International Labour Organization show. Nonetheless, a boycott approach to protesting these conditions is likely to hurt workers willing to accept employment even under poor working conditions, as a loss of employment would result in a comparatively worse level of poverty. According to a November 2001

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countries that have low education levels. Harrison and Scorse mention that most of them do not know about their rights, such as matters about wages and supposed working conditions, thus they have no skill set to fight for their labour rights through collective bargaining (such as strikes or work to rule). Their lack of knowledge makes it hard for them to improve working conditions on their own.

3941: 737:, and many abolitionists saw similarities between slavery and sweatshop work. As slavery was successively outlawed in industrial countries between 1794 (in France) and 1865 (in the United States), some abolitionists sought to broaden the anti-slavery consensus to include other forms of harsh labor, including sweatshops. As it happened, the first significant law to address sweatshops (the 5403: 458: 1108:

sweatshops have reduced living standards and wages. They believe that better-paying jobs, increased capital investment and domestic ownership of resources will improve the economies of sub-Saharan Africa rather than sweatshops. They point to good labor standards developing strong manufacturing export sectors in wealthier sub-Saharan countries such as Mauritius.

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filed a lawsuit on behalf of workers in China, Nicaragua, Swaziland, Indonesia, and Bangladesh against Wal-Mart charging the company with knowingly developing purchasing policies particularly relating to price and delivery time that are impossible to meet while following the Wal-Mart code of conduct.

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created to mean coercion-free, fair compensation for garment workers who make their products. American Apparel claims its employees earn on average double the federal minimum wage. They receive some employee benefits, from health insurance to subsidized transportation and meals, and have access to an

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in 1999, as a non-profit organisation which includes representatives from companies, human rights organizations, and labour unions to work on the monitoring and management of labour rights. To improve its brand image of being immoral, Nike has been publishing annual sustainable business reports since

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by Hugh D. Hindman, states, "In 1870, when New England dominated textiles, 13,767, or 14.5 percent of its workforce was children under sixteen". By the most conservative estimate, from the Census of Manufacturers, there were 27,538 under sixteen in southern mills. According to the household census in

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or mental duress, all of which are more likely if the workforce is drawn from children or the uneducated rural poor. Because they often exist in places without effective workplace safety or environmental laws, sweatshops sometimes injure their workers or the environment at greater rates than would be

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A 1996 study of corporate codes of conduct in the apparel industry by the U.S. Department of Labor has concluded that corporate codes of conduct that monitor labor norms in the apparel industry, rather than boycott or eliminate contracts upon the discovery of violations of internationally recognized

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When asked about the working condition in sweatshops, proponents say that although wages and working conditions may appear inferior by the standards of developed nations, they are actually improvements over what the people in developing countries had before. It is said that if jobs in such factories

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will, in the long run, make all parties better off. The theory holds that developing countries improve their condition by doing something that they do "better" than industrialized nations (in this case, they charge less but do the same work). Developed countries will also be better off because their

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So in 2013, when over 1100 workers die at Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, it is the same industry as the Triangle Fire, with the same subcontracted system of production that allows apparel companies to avoid responsibility for work as the Triangle Fire, and with the same workforce of young and poor women,

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However, social media isn’t just helping to expose brands who are using sweatshops and unethical production practices but also is allowing companies that are trying to increase awareness of the anti-sweatshop movement to spread their message quickly and efficiently. In some cases, it isn't sure that

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as any "employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law governing minimum wage and overtime, child labor, industrial homework, occupational safety and health, workers' compensation, or industry registration". This recent definition eliminates any historical distinction about the role

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A major issue for the anti-sweatshop movement is the fate of workers displaced by the closing of sweatshops. Even after escaping the sweatshop industry the workers need a job to sustain themselves and their families. For example, in Bangladesh, a country in which has one of the lowest minimum wages

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Furthermore, anti-globalization proponents argue that those in the West who defend sweatshops show double standards by complaining about sweatshop labor conditions in countries considered enemies or hostile by Western governments, while still gladly consuming their exports but complaining about the

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Anti-globalization proponents cite high savings, increased capital investment in developing nations, diversification of their exports and their status as trade ports as the reason for their economic success rather than sweatshops and cite the numerous cases in the East Asian "Tiger Economies" where

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in the colonial world. For those groups that remained focused on slavery, sweatshops became one of the primary objects of controversy. Workplaces across multiple sectors of the economy were categorized as sweatshops. However, there were fundamental philosophical disagreements about what constituted

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In these countries, legislative and regulatory frameworks to protect and promote labor rights and the rights of workers against unsafe and exploitative working conditions exist, and studies have shown no systematic relationship between labor rights, such as collective bargaining and the freedom of

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sweatshop scandal, the average apparel worker earns $ 13.10 per day, yet 44 percent of the country's population lives on less than $ 2 per day... In Cambodia, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Honduras, the average wage paid by a firm accused of being a sweatshop is more than double the average income in that

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states in a 1997 article for Slate, "as manufacturing grows in poor countries, it creates a ripple effect that benefits ordinary people: 'The pressure on the land becomes less intense, so rural wages rise; the pool of unemployed urban dwellers always anxious for work shrinks, so factories start to

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Anti-globalization organizations argue that the minor gains made by employees of some of these institutions are outweighed by the negative costs such as lowered wages to increase profit margins and that the institutions pay less than the daily expenses of their workers. They also point to the fact

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was introduced in 1833 to help improve the condition of workers by limiting work hours and the use of child labor; but this applied only to textile factories. Later Acts extended protection to factories in other industries, but not until 1867 was there any similar protection for employees in small

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The phrase sweatshop was coined in 1850, meaning a factory or workshop where workers are treated unfairly, for example, by having low wages, working long hours, and living in poor conditions. Since 1850, immigrants have been flocking to work at sweatshops in cities like London, New York, and Paris

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In contrast, similar efforts in developing nations have not produced the same results, because of corruption and lack of democracy in communist nations such as China and Vietnam, worker intimidation and murder in Latin America—and corruption throughout the developing world. These barriers prevent

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say that we shouldn't buy from countries like Vietnam because of its labor standards, they've got it all wrong. They're saying: "Look, you are too poor to trade with us. And that means that we won't trade with you. We won't buy your goods until you're as rich as we are." That's totally backwards.

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with very poor or illegal working conditions, including little to no breaks, inadequate work space, insufficient lighting and ventilation, or uncomfortably or dangerously high or low temperatures. The work may be difficult, tiresome, dangerous, climatically challenging, or underpaid. Employees in

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Sweatshops can mentally and physically affect the workers who work there due to unacceptable conditions which include working long hours. Despite the hardships, sweatshops were a source of income for their workers. The absence of the work opportunities provided by sweatshops can quickly lead to

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claims that quality of life in developing countries was actually higher between 1945 and 1980 before the international debt crisis of 1982 harmed economies in developing countries causing them to turn to IMF and World Bank-organized "structural adjustments" and that unionized jobs pay more than

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Recently, there have been strides to eradicate sweatshops through government action, for example by increasing the minimum wage. In China, a developing country that is known to be a hub for sweatshops due to relaxed labor laws, high population and low minimum wage, the minimum wage is set to be

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It is suggested that these workers should fight back and protect their labour rights, yet a lot of them in developing countries are ignorant about their rights because of their low education levels. According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2016), most of these sweatshops are located in

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factories. Overwhelmed workers were caught falling asleep during their 12-hour shifts and an undercover reporter had to work 18 days in a row. Sweatshops in question carry characteristics such as compulsory pregnancy tests for female laborers and terrorization from supervisors into submission.

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Many workplaces through history have been crowded, low-paying, and without job security; but the concept of a sweatshop originated between 1830 and 1850 as a specific type of workshop in which a certain type of middleman, the sweater, directed others in garment making (the process of producing

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is their source of bathing, irrigation and transportation. Many workers in the tanneries suffer from serious skin illnesses since they are exposed to toxic chemicals for a long time. Air is being highly polluted in such areas because the factories do not install proper ventilation facilities.

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Government corruption and inadequate labour protection legislation in developing countries have also contributed to the suffering of their employees. Weak law enforcement has attracted outside investment in these developing countries, which is a serious problem generating sweatshops. Without

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Arguably, the United States underwent a similar process during its own industrialization where child labor and the suppression of worker organizations were prevalent. According to an article in Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, sweatshops became prevalent in the United States during the

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Not only workers are impacted by sweatshops, but the neighboring environment as well, through lax environmental laws set up in developing countries to help reduce the production cost of the fashion industry. Clothing manufacturing is still one of the most polluting industries in the world.

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sweatshirt, $ 0.15 for each long-sleeved T-shirt, and only five cents for each short-sleeved shirt – less than one-half of one percent of the retail price. Even comparing international costs of living, the $ 0.15 that a Honduran worker earned for the long-sleeved T-shirt was equal in

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The Fair Labor Association's "2006 Annual Public Report" inspected factories for FLA compliance in 18 countries including Bangladesh, El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Malaysia, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, China, India, Vietnam, Honduras, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, and the US. The

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Social critics complain that sweatshop workers often do not earn enough money to buy the products that they make, even though such items are often commonplace goods such as T-shirts, shoes, and toys. In 2003, Honduran garment factory workers were paid US$ 0.24 for each $ 50

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in poor countries. In Bangladesh, the closure of several sweatshops run by a German company put Bangladeshi children out of work, and some ended up working as prostitutes, turning to crime, or starving to death. In Pakistan, several sweatshops closed, including ones run by

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Clean Clothes Campaign (2016). Three years after signing Bangladesh accord, H&M factories still not safe. Retrieved September 22, 2017 from Clean Clothes Campaign, Web site: https:// cleanclothes.org/news/2016/05/02/three-years-after-signing-bangladesh-accord-hm-

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Heavy-handed responses to reports of child labor and worker rights abuses such as widespread boycotts can be counterproductive if the net effect is simply to eliminate contracts with suppliers rather than to reform their employment practices. A 2005 article in the

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labor norms, are a more effective way to eliminate child labor and the exploitation of children, provided they provide for effective monitoring that includes the participation of workers and their knowledge of the standards to which their employers are subject.

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came under light since auditors uncovered a large chain of factories in Leicester producing clothes for Boohoo that were only paying their workers between £3-4. The conditions of the factories were described as terrible and workers received "illegally low pay".

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2001 and annual corporate social responsibility reports continuously since 2005, mentioning its commitments, standards and audits. Similar stories have been common in the fashion industry over the past few decades. Brands such as Shein, Nike, H&M, Zara,

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brought sweatshops into the mainstream media in the 1990s when it exposed the use of sweatshop and child labor to sew clothing for Kathie Lee Gifford's Wal-Mart label. United Students Against Sweatshops is active on college campuses. The

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in Bangladesh is now black and pronounced biologically dead because neighbouring leather tanneries are discharging more than 150 cubics of liquid waste daily. (Stanko, 2013) The daily life of local people is significantly affected as the

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In some places the government or media do not show the full picture. An example of this may be seen in Dubai where some labour camps do not have proper conditions for workers. If they protest, they can be deported if they are foreigners.

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article, in the previous two months, 100,000 sweatshop workers in Bangladesh had been put off work. The workers petitioned their government to lobby the U.S. government to repeal its trade barriers on their behalf to retain their jobs.

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that sometimes local jobs offered higher wages before trade liberalization provided tax incentives to allow sweatshops to replace former local unionized jobs. They further contend that sweatshop jobs are not necessarily inevitable.

233: 1282:, and other corporations—which caused some of those Pakistani children to turn to prostitution. In Nepal, a carpet manufacturing company closed several sweatshops, resulting in thousands of Nepalese girls turning to prostitution. 419:

was criticized for its Indonesian sweatshops in 2000, and accused of underpayment, overtime working, physical abuse and child labour. Another sportswear giant, Nike, faced a heavy wave of anti-sweatshop protests, organised by the

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to $ 0.50 in the United States. In countries where labor costs are low, bras that cost US$ 5–7 apiece retail for US$ 50 or more in American stores. As of 2006, female garment workers in India earned about US$ 2.20 per day.

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In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire galvanized negative public perceptions of sweatshops in New York City. The pivotal role of this time and place is chronicled at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, part of the

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labor rights advocates. Sweatshops overseas have been receiving enormous amounts of pressure. The working conditions from college students, and other opponents of sweatshops have led to some of the powerful companies like

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laws may also be violated. Women make up 85 to 90% of sweatshop workers and may be forced by employers to take birth control and routine pregnancy tests to avoid supporting maternity leave or providing health benefits.

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have all been criticized for their use of sweatshops. In 2015, anti-sweatshop protesters marched against the Japanese fast-fashion brand Uniqlo in Hong Kong. Along with the Japanese anti-sweatshops organisation

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was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Asia, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution".

960:- a non-profit located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the United States whose mission is to promote and defend women's and workers' rights across the globe; formally known as the National Labor Committee 4409: 795:

in 1919 under the League of Nations and then the United Nations sought to address the plight of workers the world over. Concern over working conditions as described by muckraker journalists during the

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quality. They contend that multinational jobs should be expected to operate according to international labor and environmental laws and minimum wage standards like businesses in the West do.

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in 2013 Bangladesh. He argues that the former galvanized the population to political activism that eventually pushed through reforms not only pertaining to workplace safety, but also the

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Sweatshop conditions resemble prison labor in many cases, especially from a commonly found Western perspective. In 2014 Apple was caught "failing to protect its workers" in one of its

948:- an independent, nonprofit organization that sets standards, certifies, and labels products that promote sustainable livelihoods for farmers and workers and protect the environment. 791:

workshops, and not until 1891 was it possible to effectively enforce the legislation where the workplace was a dwelling (as was often the case for sweatshops). The formation of the

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of a middleman or the items produced and focuses on the legal standards of developed country workplaces. An area of controversy between supporters of outsourcing production to the

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compete with each other for workers, and urban wages also begin to rise.' In time average wages creep up to a level comparable to minimum-wage jobs in the United States."

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Between 1832 and 1850, sweatshops attracted individuals with lower incomes to growing cities, and attracted immigrants to locations such as London and New York City's

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investigated 77 garment factories in Los Angeles that produced clothing for the aforementioned brands, and found labor violations at 85% of the factories it visited.

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According to labor organizations in Hong Kong, up to $ 365 million is withheld by managers who restrict pay in exchange for some service, or don't pay at all.

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onsite medical clinic. It has been heavily featured in the company's advertisements for nearly a decade and has become a common term in the garment industry.

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and might contain only a few workers or as many as 300 or more. All those workers were illegally underpaid in terms of regular time and even overtime.

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country's economy." On three documented occasions during the 1990s, anti-sweatshop activists in rich countries have apparently caused increases in

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for over a century. Many of them worked in tiny, stuffy rooms that were prone to fire hazards and rat infestations. The term sweatshop was used in

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Defenders of sweatshops cite Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan as recent examples of countries that benefited from having sweatshops.

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Ultimately, the abolitionist movement split apart. Some advocates focused on working conditions and found common causes with trade unions

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The Fashion Law (2015). Surprise: Uniqlo makes their clothes in sweatshops. Retrieved September 22, 2017 from The Fashion Law, Web site:

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The Fashion Law (2015). Surprise: Uniqlo makes their clothes in sweatshops. Retrieved September 22, 2017 from The Fashion Law, Website:

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and the United Nations ultimately backed away from efforts to define slavery and focused instead on a common precursor of slavery –

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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Bartley, Tim; Child, Curtis (2014). "Shaming the Corporation: The Social Production of Targets and the Anti-Sweatshop Movement".

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have been replicated in developing countries where Western corporations utilize sweatshop labor. In particular, he compares the

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study found these alternative jobs "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". As Nobel prize-winning economist

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Williams, Matthew (2002). "Global Solidarity, Global Worker Empowerment, and Global Strategy in the Anti-sweatshop Movement".

883:– an international human rights organization founded in 1988 dedicated to promoting social, economic and environmental justice 300:

and the anti-sweatshop movement is whether such standards can or should be applied to the workplaces of the developing world.

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move their operations overseas to lower costs and increase profits. The anti-sweatshop movement has much in common with the

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Sweatshops are also an environmental issue as it is not only the human right of labour but also their living environment.

245: 158: 1061:" as multinationals leap from one low-wage country to another searching for lower production costs, in the same way that 641:" (2015), claims that sweatshops relieve pressure on retailers by passing it to factory owners and, ultimately, workers. 570: 5204: 3926: 2840: 1186:

said, "My concern is not that there are too many sweatshops, but that there are too few." Sachs and other proponents of

3872: 2746: 877:– a Canadian organization that helps raise awareness and put a stop to Child Labour – Also helps other children in need 4317: 3193: 2866: 1042: 1034: 1022: 1016: 282: 143: 3999: 3431: 3394: 565: 3883: 3286: 5433: 5254: 5219: 4570: 1683:. Vol. 9. Melbourne University Press – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 1220: 909: 471: 17: 3194:"A Consensus Statement on Sweatshop Abuse and MIT's Prospective Actions in Pursuit of International Labor Justice" 5483: 4914: 4575: 4557: 4484: 4201: 4084: 3954: 3566: 3318: 3061: 1260: 1030: 4548: 1997: 1977: 5463: 5453: 5286: 4955: 4513: 4232: 4181: 4039: 3351: 2870: 2819: 2415: 2370: 2318:. Geneva: International Labor Office, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). 2013. 1365: 1330: 1077: 942:– a labor rights organization focused on protecting the rights of workers who make apparel in the United States 939: 800: 430: 212: 192: 2215: 2051: 1153: 191:

came to refer to a broader set of workplaces whose conditions were considered inferior. In the United States,

2974:"Investment in East Asia since the Asian financial crisis. by Elisha Houston, Julia Minty and Nathan Dal Bon" 924:– a carpet labeling program and rehabilitation centers for former child laborers in India, Pakistan and Nepal 320:

facilities (employing prisoners) may be grouped under the sweatshop label due to underpaid work conditions.

5314: 5261: 4631: 4590: 4585: 4378: 4186: 4074: 3139: 915: 835: 714: 352: 1746:"Working at the Boundaries of Markets: Prison Labor and the Economic Dimension of Employment Relationships" 5428: 5365: 5276: 4600: 4399: 4307: 4242: 4227: 4104: 3346: 3034: 2926: 1385: 1380: 936:– a labor union based in the United States and Canada dedicated to achieving higher standards for laborers 868: 556: 425: 409: 3636: 1824: 5473: 5468: 4793: 4711: 4701: 4458: 4342: 4160: 4069: 3160:

Kwong, Peter and Joann Lum. "How the Other Half Lives Now." The Nation. June 18, 1988, Vol. 246: 858–60.

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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

241: 227: 170: 1961:"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage | U.S. Department of Labor" 695:

Nevertheless, the environment of developing countries remained deeply polluted by untreated waste. The

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In some countries, such as China, it is not uncommon for these institutions to withhold workers' pay.

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Labor historian Erik Loomis claims that the conditions faced by workers in the United States in the

364:

1900, the number was 60,000. In response to the issue of child labor, The United States enacted the

5324: 5291: 5167: 5147: 5089: 4822: 4696: 4671: 4432: 4368: 4327: 4312: 4032: 3239:"Historical Development of the Sweatshop – Todd Pugatch; INTS 92: The Nike Seminar. April 30, 1998" 1899: 1405: 1208: 1195: 1038: 3621: 3039: 291:

found that there were still thousands of sweatshops in the United States, using a definition of a

5355: 5339: 5266: 4909: 4901: 4788: 4783: 4766: 4733: 4718: 4686: 4681: 3918: 2534: 2526: 1640: 1454: 1449: 1270: 1204: 1058: 848: 127:, written in 1850, which described conditions in London, England. The workplaces created for the 47:

sweatshops may work long hours with unfair wages, regardless of laws mandating overtime pay or a

3913: 3374:“No one is making them stop”: Why corporations outsource catastrophe — and workers pay the price 3087: 2080: 1694: 799:

in the United States saw the passage of new workers' rights laws and ultimately resulted in the

3617:

The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem?

2117: 895:– founded to combat sweatshop labor and US government policy in El Salvador and Central America 682:

Child labour is one of the most serious impacts that sweatshops have brought. According to the

64:'s "2015 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor" found that "18 countries did not meet the 5382: 5142: 5137: 4970: 4857: 4641: 4636: 4503: 4282: 4089: 3863: 3539: 3475: 3218: 2629: 2319: 1940: 1415: 1265: 1113: 979:– empowers workers, acts as a policy watch-dog, and promotes independent trade union movements 874: 766: 762: 304: 169:

via trade boards. A group with the same name campaigned from 1906 in the UK, resulting in the

3471: 3458: 2025: 269:, they did not eliminate them, and the term is increasingly associated with factories in the 183:

Criticism of garment sweatshops became a major force behind workplace safety regulations and

5360: 5319: 5301: 5234: 5209: 5079: 4987: 4852: 4778: 4756: 4623: 4451: 4297: 4292: 4252: 3419: 2600: 2592: 2518: 1932: 1632: 1375: 1245: 1100: 998: 773: 394: 329: 308: 270: 208: 120: 78: 2724: 1678: 240:

noted poor working conditions when he photographed workers at the Western Dress Factory in

5281: 5271: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5214: 5067: 5025: 4960: 4919: 4656: 4646: 4533: 4373: 3905:

An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

3658: 3534: 2826: 2605: 2300:

UNESCO Institute of Statistics, (2016) Population by minimum completed level of education.

2286: 2001: 1981: 1491: 1439: 1429: 1355: 1165: 1068: 1054: 880: 796: 701: 696: 266: 151: 3688: 3529: 1623:

Blackburn, S. (1991). "Ideology and Social Policy: The Origins of the Trade Boards Act".

761:

slavery. Unable to agree on the status of sweatshops, the abolitionists working with the

3796:"These Retailers Involved In Bangladesh Factory Disaster Have Yet To Compensate Victims" 2458:"Anti-Sweatshop Movement Is Achieving Gains Overseas | International Labor Rights Forum" 1960: 1720:"Garment Industry : Efforts to Address the Prevalence and Conditions of Sweatshops" 5407: 5387: 5229: 5224: 5162: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5012: 4924: 4884: 4805: 4771: 4666: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4358: 4302: 4257: 3734:"Labor Standards and Human Rights: Implications for International Trade and Investment" 3525: 1474: 1390: 1335: 1149: 994: 989: 945: 477: 217: 3561: 3313: 3171: 1037:. Both consider sweatshops harmful, and both have accused many companies (such as the 834:

overseas have progressively improved working conditions because of the high demand of

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politicians campaigned for new laws. Notable exposés of sweatshop conditions include

3857:

Out of Sight: The Long and Disturbing Story of Corporations Outsourcing Catastrophe.

2347: 355:

became the major battlefield on which the political, social, and economic war over

5375: 5329: 5309: 5172: 4947: 4867: 4812: 4706: 4651: 4613: 4608: 4337: 3265:"Protection and International Trade by Mike Curtis. Arden, Delaware, July 13, 1999" 3062:"Nike to the rescue? Africa needs better jobs, not sweatshops. – Dollars and Sense" 1496: 1360: 1233: 1145: 844: 824: 787: 730: 677: 634: 628: 356: 312: 258: 166: 48: 3242: 1087: 3903:

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820 – present

2999: 2920:"MAS Holdings: Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry" 265:

codes, and labour laws have made sweatshops (in the original sense) rarer in the

5072: 5002: 4938: 4830: 4798: 4761: 4691: 2772: 1410: 738: 317: 297: 262: 52: 3290: 2951: 2243:

The Sweatshop Regime: Labouring Bodies, Exploitation and Garments Made in India

5370: 5182: 5177: 5045: 5040: 5020: 4997: 4332: 4079: 4055: 3940: 3931: 1636: 1275: 1212: 1187: 1133: 1046: 933: 871:– an international alliance of labor unions and non-governmental organizations 840: 381: 351:

is one of the most important and widely produced crops in the world. However,

336: 237: 222: 204: 184: 2844: 2522: 1767: 5157: 4862: 4845: 4840: 4277: 4119: 3914:“Work Faster or Get Out.” Labor Rights Abuses in Cambodia’s Garment Industry 3732:

Brown, Drusilla K.; Deardorff, Alan V.; Stern, Robert M. (August 19, 2011).

2798:"Fair Workplace Council Sweatshop Free Electronics – The Race to the Bottom" 1434: 1095: 783: 753: 196: 162: 116: 43: 26: 3769:"Rana Plaza collapse: 38 charged with murder over garment factory disaster" 3197: 2874: 2312:

Making progress against child labour: Global estimates and trends 2000-2012

1850:"'Just get out of here': how Leicester's factories went to war with Boohoo" 3850:

Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective

3264: 1936: 1719: 1532:"Myanmar's women face pregnancy tests and sexual harassment in sweatshops" 5334: 5132: 5060: 5050: 4889: 2699: 804: 324: 147: 2530: 1076:

Various groups support or embody the anti-sweatshop movement today. The

4474: 4191: 2081:"At Nike, workers quote the company's maxims like the ten commandments" 1464: 1211:

and other back-breaking tasks, or even prostitution, trash picking, or

921: 831: 745: 734: 368:(FLSA) to prohibit the employment of minors under the age of sixteen. 2098: 729:

Some of the earliest sweatshop critics were found in the 19th-century

5030: 4975: 3739:. International Policy Center, University of Michigan. Archived from 1994: 1974: 1279: 1225: 416: 389: 385: 348: 132: 2652:"American Apparel – Fashionable Basics. Sweatshop Free. Made in USA" 2559:"Pop-up Sweatshop urges the Fashion Industry to be more Transparent" 377: 187:. As some journalists strove to change working conditions, the term 4443: 3685:"The Quaker Economist No. 87 – The Product Cycle and Globalization" 2394:

Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem

3172:"NPR Debate Moderators All Wet on Sweatshop Labor by Peter Dreier" 2282:"Migrants building UAE cultural hub 'risk abuse if they complain'" 1677:

Brownfoot, Janice N. (1983) . "Goldstein, Vida Jane (1869–1949)".

1469: 1253:

These countries won't get rich without being able to export goods.

645:

Government corruption and inadequate labour protection legislation

232: 180:

was founded in attempt to improve the condition of these workers.

92: 25: 1072:

Members of United Students Against Sweatshops marching in protest

4965: 4879: 4155: 1065:

would have steered production to the lowest cost sub-contractor.

820: 733:

movement that had originally coalesced in opposition to chattel

4447: 4028: 3909:

TV documentary of Europeans living as sweatshop workers in Laos

2830:, International Labor Rights Fund. Retrieved December 30, 2006. 1190:

and the global movement of capital cite the economic theory of

782:

would inspire the Marxist movement named for his collaborator,

5107: 2700:"SweatFree Communities: Shop with a Conscience Consumer Guide" 1295: 550: 492: 451: 4024: 2191:"Corruption and the fate of the people who make your clothes" 2681: 1264:

states, "For example, in Honduras, the site of the infamous

2430:"Village Life News: Ban on Sweatshop Products Becomes Rule" 1876:"Inside the Leicester sweatshops accused of modern slavery" 1049:) of using sweatshops. Some in these movements charge that 951: 827:

to address a panel studying the subject in Washington, DC.

510:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

23:

Workplace that has socially unacceptable working conditions

2952:"Economic Growth in East Asia High Savings and Investment" 2408:"Fair Labor Standards Act – FLSA – 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8" 1756:(3): 859–956 – via Vanderbilt University Law School. 307:

when workers have been tricked into starting work without

2485:"10 Chinese Provinces Raise Minimum Wages Levels in 2018" 68:'s recommendation for an adequate number of inspectors." 3848:

Bender, Daniel E. Bender and Richard A. Greenwald, eds.

930:– a student organization in the United States and Canada 3717:. Stanford University. February 7, 2000. Archived from 1006:

Debate over the effects of globalization and sweatshops

516: 3927:‘When We Made Mistakes in Our Sewing, They Slapped Us’ 2074: 2072: 2052:"Nike is facing a new wave of anti-sweatshop protests" 4223:

Fair Trade Association of Australia & New Zealand

1794:"Leading Article: The Gruesome Reality of Sweatshops" 779:

The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844

437:

to name a few examples, are still using sweatshops.

3822:"Reason and responsibility: the Rana Plaza collapse" 3028:

Roberts, Dexter; Engardio, Pete (November 6, 2006).

2583:

Aspers, Patrik (2008). "Labelling fashion markets".

1874:

de Ferrer, Marthe; Katanich, Doloresz (2020-07-09).

1768:"Apple 'failing to protect Chinese factory workers'" 889:– membership organization based in the United States 97:

A sweatshop in a New York tenement building, c. 1889

5348: 5300: 5197: 5088: 5011: 4946: 4937: 4900: 4821: 4747: 4622: 4599: 4556: 4491: 4392: 4351: 4266: 4218:

Asociación del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo

4210: 4174: 4128: 4062: 3560:Powell, Benjamin; Skarbek, David (August 2, 2005). 3289:. China-labour.org.hk. July 9, 2007. Archived from 2552: 2550: 2548: 3763: 3761: 3687:. Tqe.quaker.org. November 1, 2003. Archived from 3457: 1792: 756:. Others focused on the continued slave trade and 3875:Out of Poverty: Sweatshops in the Global Economy. 1984:surprise-uniqlo-makes-their-clothes-insweatshops. 1589:"2015 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor" 3287:"Child workers' wages withheld for up to a year" 2976:. Treasury.gov.au. April 9, 2007. Archived from 2004:surprise-uniqlo-makes-their-clothes-insweatshops 4166:International Resources for Fairer Trade (IRFT) 4136:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International 3342:"Overseas Sweatshops Are a U.S. Responsibility" 3023: 3021: 1250: 1170: 1122: 255:Lower East Side Tenement National Historic Site 847:, restrict the use of dangerous and poisonous 287:In a report issued in 1994, the United States 107:clothing) under arduous conditions. The terms 4459: 4040: 2118:"20 Fashion Brands That Still Use Sweatshops" 786:. In the United Kingdom, the first effective 772:Those focused on working conditions included 8: 4581:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 3891:. Manchester: Co-operative Printing Society. 3395:"In Principle, A Case for More 'Sweatshops'" 2620: 2618: 2616: 2396:. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California. 2136:"Are There Sweatshops in the United States?" 958:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights 906:– a specialized agency of the United Nations 893:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights 303:Sweatshops are also sometimes implicated in 178:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union 3504:"In Praise of Cheap Labor – Slate Magazine" 3388: 3386: 3314:"China's peasants opt for urban grindstone" 3084:"Green America's Ending Sweatshops Program" 2843:. Aflcio.org. June 25, 2007. Archived from 2261:Business & Human Rights Resource Centre 1618: 1616: 1306:association, and national economic growth. 843:and the Gap who have agreed to cut back on 486:Learn how and when to remove these messages 311:, or when workers are kept at work through 199:, wrote exposés of business practices, and 4943: 4818: 4466: 4452: 4444: 4197:International Fairtrade Certification Mark 4047: 4033: 4025: 3591:. Foxnews.com. May 6, 2004. Archived from 1922: 1920: 1825:"What happened after the Foxconn suicides" 4192:FLO-CERT (inspection & certification) 3562:"Don't get into a lather over sweatshops" 2626:"Sweatshop-free. That's American Apparel" 2604: 2585:International Journal of Consumer Studies 2348:"Child labor in the fashion supply chain" 610:Learn how and when to remove this message 592:Learn how and when to remove this message 539:Learn how and when to remove this message 157:In the 1890s, a group calling itself the 3659:"Bangladesh wants textiles curbs lifted" 3200:on May 21, 2009 – via web.mit.edu. 2184: 2182: 2026:"Adidas attacked for Asian 'sweatshops'" 1219:malnourishment or starvation. After the 1067: 977:Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee 30:A sweatshop in the United States c. 1890 4258:Fair Trade USA (formerly TransFair USA) 3589:"Third World Workers Need Western Jobs" 3064:. Goliath.ecnext.com. September 1, 2006 2725:"Living Green: Sweatshop-Free Clothing" 2245:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1900:"Boohoo bargains – but at a human cost" 1733:from the original on February 25, 2021. 1508: 1321:2011 Chengdu Foxconn explosion incident 815:On February 4, 1997, Mayor Ed Boyle of 3886:How contagion and infection are spread 3464:The State of the World's Children 1997 2747:"Are your clothes made in sweatshops?" 1025:has arisen in opposition to corporate 5439:Ethically disputed working conditions 2452: 2450: 1516:Tuerk, Richard (2020). "Sweatshops". 7: 4724:Social media in the fashion industry 3372:Scott Eric Kaufmann (July 6, 2015). 3312:Marquand, Robert (23 January 2004). 3136:"Trying to Live on 25 Cents an Hour" 3112:. Globalexchange.org. Archived from 1057:, arguing that there tends to be a " 973:– reports on labor concerns in China 404:, the Hong Kong labour organisation 376:World-famous fashion brands such as 316:acceptable in developed countries. 2800:. Fairworkplace.org. April 25, 2007 912:– a Canadian anti-sweatshop network 748:and socialist political groups, or 248:'s National Research Project (1937) 131:(a system of subcontracting in the 3978:Schloss, David Frederick (1911). " 3170:Dreier, Peter (December 7, 2007). 2820:Jane Doe et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores 2773:"Sweatshop-Free : TreeHugger" 2216:"Corruption perception index 2016" 1995:http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/ 1975:http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/ 1680:Australian Dictionary of Biography 928:United Students Against Sweatshops 422:United Students Against Sweatshops 359:was fought. According to the book 165:and campaigned successfully for a 119:were used in early critiques like 115:for the process of subcontracting 14: 4248:Max Havelaar-Stiftung Switzerland 3637:"Corporations and Workers Rights" 3393:Meyerson, Allen (June 22, 1997). 3086:. Coopamerica.org. Archived from 2350:– via labs.theguardian.com. 2280:Batty, David (10 February 2015). 904:International Labour Organization 793:International Labour Organization 467:This section has multiple issues. 442:United States Department of Labor 226:, a fictionalized account of the 66:International Labour Organization 5401: 4566:History of clothing and textiles 4547: 4428: 4427: 4095:Alternative trading organization 3970:The New Student's Reference Work 3939: 3502:Manjoo, Farhad (21 March 1997). 3267:. Henrygeorge.org. July 13, 1999 2597:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2008.00724.x 2335:from the original on 2013-10-04. 1929:Child Labor: An American History 1724:Government Accountability Office 1326:2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse 1138:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 1053:globalization is similar to the 555: 497: 456: 372:Industries using sweatshop labor 366:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 361:Child Labor: An American History 289:Government Accountability Office 4499:Environmental impact of fashion 4238:Association Max Havelaar France 4151:European Fair Trade Association 3794:O'Connor, C. (April 26, 2014). 3340:Viederman, Daniel (June 2007). 3030:"Secrets, Lies, And Sweatshops" 2682:"Sweatshop Free Shopping Guide" 2162:"The high toll of fast fashion" 1927:Hindman, Hugh D. (2016-09-16). 1805:from the original on 2022-05-26 1562:. fairlabor.org. Archived from 1396:Impact of fast fashion in China 1331:Amazon.com treatment of workers 1203:did not improve their workers' 1083:International Labor Rights Fund 899:International Labor Rights Fund 475:or discuss these issues on the 4146:Network of European Worldshops 4015:New International Encyclopedia 3468:United Nations Children's Fund 2873:. October 2003. Archived from 2606:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-4768-F 2557:Hendriksz, V. (May 17, 2017). 1520:– via Research Starters. 1: 4364:List of Fairtrade settlements 4141:World Fair Trade Organization 3820:William Gomes (May 9, 2013). 3196:. August 2001. Archived from 2899:. International Monetary Fund 2241:Mezzadri, Alessandra (2017). 1425:National Anti-Sweating League 1230:State of the World's Children 725:19th and early 20th centuries 344:Child Labor: American History 159:National Anti-Sweating League 102:19th and early 20th centuries 3459:"An Agreement in Bangladesh" 3138:. Nlcnet.org. Archived from 3000:"East Asian economy growing" 2511:American Sociological Review 1744:Zatz, Noah D. (April 2008). 997:is a term the fashion brand 863:Anti-sweatshop organizations 811:Late 20th century to present 415:The German sportswear giant 277:Late 20th century to present 4318:Gepa The Fair Trade Company 3877:Cambridge University Press. 1931:(1st ed.). Routledge. 1557:"2006 Annual Public Report" 1035:anti-globalization movement 1023:anti-globalization movement 1017:Anti-globalization movement 803:of 1938, passed during the 684:International Labour Office 283:Slavery in the 21st century 5502: 4571:History of Western fashion 3955:Collier's New Encyclopedia 3635:Shah, Anup (28 May 2006). 3614:U.S. Department of Labor, 2825:December 14, 2006, at the 2483:CBNEditor (May 26, 2018). 2220:Transparency International 2195:Transparency International 1904:Anti-Slavery International 1221:Child Labor Deterrence Act 1086:Labor unions, such as the 1031:multinational corporations 1014: 987: 910:Maquila Solidarity Network 712: 675: 626: 280: 18:Sweatshop (disambiguation) 15: 5396: 4576:History of fashion design 4545: 4485:Index of fashion articles 4482: 4423: 4202:Fair Trade Certified Mark 4085:Fair trade impact studies 3882:Shorrocks, Peter (1877). 3711:"The Case for Sweatshops" 3567:Christian Science Monitor 3319:Christian Science Monitor 3241:. Unc.edu. Archived from 2867:"Sean John Setisa Report" 2014:factories-still-not-safe. 1637:10.1017/S0018246X00013923 1594:. dol.gov. Archived from 1261:Christian Science Monitor 193:investigative journalists 4956:British country clothing 4514:Fashion design copyright 4233:The Fairtrade Foundation 4182:Fair trade certification 4000:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 3873:Powell, Benjamin. 2014. 3424:"Inviting All Democrats" 3211:Toussaint, Eric (2005). 2925:. INSEAD. Archived from 2871:National Labor Committee 2841:"| Stop Sweatshops" 2523:10.1177/0003122414540653 2116:Saha, Nabaneeta (2023). 1518:Salem Press Encyclopedia 1366:Digital Product Passport 1140:in 1911 New York to the 1078:National Labor Committee 940:Worker Rights Consortium 801:Fair Labor Standards Act 213:How the Other Half Lives 62:U.S. Department of Labor 5449:Anti-corporate activism 5315:Anti-sweatshop movement 4187:Fairtrade International 4080:Fair trade and politics 4075:Fairtrade certification 3985:Encyclopædia Britannica 3380:Retrieved July 6, 2015. 3214:Your Money Or Your Life 2392:Miers, Suzanne (2003). 2160:Ross, R. J. S. (2015). 1248:, points out an irony: 1029:, the process by which 836:anti-sweatshop movement 819:, in the U.S. state of 715:Anti-sweatshop movement 709:Anti-sweatshop movement 690:Environmental pollution 564:Some of this section's 125:Cheap Clothes and Nasty 83:Cheap Clothes and Nasty 5444:Clothing controversies 5366:Chinoiserie in fashion 4308:Equal Exchange Trading 4243:Stichting Max Havelaar 4228:Fairtrade Mark Ireland 4105:Trade Justice Movement 3347:Bloomberg Businessweek 3035:Bloomberg Businessweek 2122:Your Sustainable Guide 1625:The Historical Journal 1386:Export processing zone 1381:Exploitation of labour 1255: 1175: 1142:collapse of Rana Plaza 1126: 1073: 869:Clean Clothes Campaign 830:Clothing and footwear 519:by rewriting it in an 426:Fair Labor Association 410:Clean Clothes Campaign 257:. While trade unions, 249: 111:for the middleman and 98: 31: 4702:Fashion merchandising 4343:Ten Thousand Villages 4161:Fair Trade Federation 4070:History of fair trade 3944:Texts on Wikisource: 2980:on September 27, 2011 1937:10.4324/9781315290850 1750:Vanderbilt Law Review 1660:Labor Studies Journal 1351:Comparative advantage 1192:comparative advantage 1154:workers' compensation 1071: 971:China Labour Bulletin 758:involuntary servitude 667:Impacts of sweatshops 281:Further information: 242:Millville, New Jersey 236: 228:meat packing industry 171:Trade Boards Act 1909 96: 29: 5479:Contemporary slavery 5459:Economic development 5277:South Korean fashion 4739:Trickle-down fashion 4677:Fashion illustration 4662:Fashion entrepreneur 4539:Semiotics of fashion 4384:World Fair Trade Day 4323:Handcrafting Justice 4211:Labeling initiatives 3721:on January 25, 2010. 3422:(January 14, 2004). 3142:on September 4, 2012 1420:Sweatshops on Wheels 1371:Economic development 1194:, which states that 750:progressive movement 448:Contributing factors 16:For other uses, see 5325:Sustainable fashion 5292:Vietnamese clothing 4823:Western dress codes 4697:Fashion photography 4672:Fashion forecasting 4433:Category:Fair trade 4369:Fairtrade fortnight 4328:SERRV International 4313:Rainforest Alliance 4268:Alternative trading 3665:. November 12, 2001 3624:on February 2, 2014 3217:. Haymarket Books. 3042:on December 6, 2006 2847:on October 16, 2011 2662:on February 3, 2014 2656:Americanapparel.net 2462:www.laborrights.org 2434:www.villagelife.org 2373:on November 7, 2017 2361:Stanko, N. (2013). 2140:The Dunken Law Firm 2099:"Brand : Nike" 2024:Osborn, A. (2000). 1801:. October 1, 2010. 1699:About.com Education 1406:Labour inspectorate 1209:subsistence farming 1196:international trade 1182:In 1997, economist 1039:Walt Disney Company 1021:More recently, the 739:Factory Act of 1833 658:Low education level 146:, located near the 135:trade) were called 5408:Fashion portal 5356:Ballet and fashion 5340:Zero-waste fashion 5056:Sportswear fashion 4734:Trickle-up fashion 4719:Red carpet fashion 4687:Fashion journalism 4682:Fashion influencer 3936:December 21, 2015. 3919:Human Rights Watch 3715:Hoover Institution 3595:on August 16, 2013 3428:The New York Times 3399:The New York Times 3174:. Commondreams.org 3116:on August 30, 2011 2932:on January 8, 2016 2727:. Greenamerica.org 2489:China Banking News 2189:Zamen, I. (2012). 2079:Nisen, M. (2013). 2000:2017-10-28 at the 1980:2017-10-28 at the 1455:Sheltered workshop 1450:Race to the bottom 1271:child prostitution 1205:standard of living 1074: 1059:race to the bottom 521:encyclopedic style 508:is written like a 250: 99: 32: 5434:Clothing industry 5416: 5415: 5383:Music and fashion 5193: 5192: 5143:Thrift store chic 4971:Cruise collection 4933: 4932: 4858:Black lounge suit 4642:Designer clothing 4637:Clothing industry 4504:Fashion accessory 4441: 4440: 4283:Artisans du Monde 4090:Fair trade debate 3691:on April 14, 2015 3540:Reason Foundation 3530:"Poor Man's Hero" 3528:(December 2003). 3420:Kristof, Nicholas 3245:on March 28, 2018 3090:on April 15, 2009 2686:sweatfreeshop.com 2325:978-92-2-127182-6 2050:Bain, M. (2017). 1946:978-1-315-29085-0 1799:Independent.co.uk 1601:on March 23, 2019 1569:on April 12, 2022 1416:Michael H. Belzer 1266:Kathy Lee Gifford 1244:, a proponent of 1215:by unemployment. 875:Free the Children 767:human trafficking 763:League of Nations 620: 619: 612: 602: 601: 594: 549: 548: 541: 490: 435:Victoria's Secret 305:human trafficking 209:photo documentary 5491: 5484:Fashion industry 5406: 5405: 5404: 5361:Capsule wardrobe 5320:Circular fashion 5302:Fashion activism 5267:Nigerian fashion 5262:Japanese fashion 5220:Filipino fashion 5210:Canadian fashion 5205:American fashion 4944: 4819: 4551: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4405: 4298:Divine Chocolate 4293:Ctm altromercato 4253:Fairtrade Canada 4049: 4042: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3988:(11th ed.). 3974: 3959: 3943: 3892: 3890: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3620:, archived from 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3430:. Archived from 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3381: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3354:on June 12, 2007 3350:. Archived from 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3293:on July 22, 2012 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110:"Sweatshops FAQ" 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3038:. Archived from 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2954:. Galbithink.org 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918:Watson, Noshua. 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658:. Archived from 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2632:on June 10, 2012 2628:. Archived from 2622: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2418:on May 16, 2008. 2414:. Archived from 2404: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2369:. Archived from 2367:Greeniacs Nation 2358: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085:Business Insider 2076: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1991: 1985: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1376:Emerging markets 1246:market economics 1101:purchasing power 999:American Apparel 774:Friedrich Engels 633:A trend called " 615: 608: 597: 590: 586: 583: 577: 559: 551: 544: 537: 533: 530: 524: 501: 500: 493: 482: 460: 459: 452: 403: 395:Human Rights Now 330:Foxconn suicides 309:informed consent 271:developing world 144:garment district 121:Charles Kingsley 79:Charles Kingsley 5501: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5464:Mass production 5454:Economic growth 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5344: 5296: 5282:Swedish fashion 5272:Russian fashion 5250:Italian fashion 5245:Israeli fashion 5240:Iranian fashion 5215:Chinese fashion 5189: 5084: 5080:Vintage fashion 5068:Ghetto fabulous 5007: 4961:Business casual 4929: 4896: 4817: 4749: 4743: 4657:Fashion capital 4647:Digital fashion 4618: 4595: 4552: 4543: 4534:Fashion tourism 4487: 4478: 4472: 4442: 4437: 4419: 4413: 4411:Brewing Justice 4403: 4388: 4374:Make Trade Fair 4347: 4271: 4269: 4262: 4206: 4170: 4124: 4058: 4053: 4010:Sweating System 4007: 3995:Sweating System 3992: 3980:Sweating System 3977: 3962: 3950:Sweating System 3947: 3923:March 12, 2015. 3899: 3881: 3845: 3843:Further reading 3840: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3775:. July 18, 2016 3767: 3766: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3746:on May 28, 2013 3743: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3639:. Global Issues 3634: 3633: 3629: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3535:Reason magazine 3526:Gillespie, Nick 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3434:on May 26, 2012 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2877:on May 22, 2007 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2827:Wayback Machine 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2753:. 8 August 2011 2751:Oxfam Australia 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2287:TheGuardian.com 2279: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2002:Wayback Machine 1992: 1988: 1982:Wayback Machine 1972: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1831:. 7 August 2013 1829:www.cbsnews.com 1823: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1492:Union organizer 1440:Precarious work 1430:Nike sweatshops 1356:Contingent work 1316: 1180: 1166:Clean Water Act 1158:Social Security 1055:sweating system 1019: 1013: 1008: 992: 986: 967: 881:Global Exchange 865: 813: 797:Progressive Era 727: 722: 717: 711: 702:Buriganga River 697:Buriganga River 692: 680: 674: 669: 660: 647: 631: 625: 616: 605: 604: 603: 598: 587: 581: 578: 575: 560: 545: 534: 528: 525: 517:help improve it 514: 502: 498: 461: 457: 450: 397: 374: 353:cotton textiles 346: 285: 279: 267:developed world 152:Lower East Side 129:sweating system 104: 91: 74: 72:Use of the term 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5388:Fashion victim 5385: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Indian fashion 5232: 5230:German fashion 5227: 5225:French fashion 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5013:Street fashion 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4925:Modest fashion 4922: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4885:Cocktail dress 4882: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4667:Fashion editor 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4524:Fashion museum 4521: 4519:Fashion matrix 4516: 4511: 4509:Fashion design 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 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June 2, 2000 2991: 2965: 2943: 2910: 2888: 2858: 2832: 2811: 2789: 2777:Treehugger.com 2764: 2738: 2716: 2691: 2673: 2643: 2612: 2591:(6): 633–638. 2575: 2563:Fashion United 2544: 2517:(4): 653–679. 2501: 2475: 2464:. 18 July 2009 2446: 2421: 2399: 2384: 2353: 2338: 2324: 2302: 2293: 2272: 2248: 2233: 2207: 2178: 2152: 2127: 2108: 2090: 2068: 2042: 2016: 2006: 1986: 1966: 1952: 1945: 1916: 1891: 1866: 1841: 1816: 1784: 1759: 1736: 1711: 1686: 1669: 1666:(4): 395–1415. 1650: 1612: 1580: 1548: 1523: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1475:Sweatshop-free 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:Game sweatshop 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336:Anti-sweatshop 1333: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1179: 1176: 1150:eight-hour day 1114:Éric Toussaint 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 995:Sweatshop-free 990:Sweatshop-free 988:Main article: 985: 984:Sweatshop-free 982: 981: 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