1115:, signed on 13 January, King Frederick VI had to cede the Kingdom of Norway to the king of Sweden, by which the two nations would enter a union. However, this treaty was not accepted by the Norwegian people, who refused to be simply a bargaining chip. Elements of the Danish government also covertly supported Norway's determination for independence. Ultimately, Denmark would pay a catastrophic price for the treaty, as Karl Johan viewed this support, no matter how covert, as betrayal and a violation of the treaty, and this would later be reflected in the final peace settlement at the
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
216:
145:
188:
817:
902:
919:
885:
851:
370:
358:
346:
334:
320:
165:
936:
868:
834:
59:
779:
786:
793:
1310:; the latter was accused of treason. For the Norwegian government it had probably been more of a matter of getting the best possible bargaining position, as without the support of major powers Norway's independence was impossible to secure, whereas by agreeing to talks following the victory at Langnes Norway was in a situation where it could avoid an
1302:
Although the
Norwegian Army had won at Langnes, it was nevertheless clear to both the Norwegian and Swedish military authorities that a defeat was inevitable. Even as they had managed to deliver several minor offensive blows to the Swedes, it was considered impossible to try to stop the Swedes in the
1090:
In early
December, Karl Johan led an invasion of Denmark with his Allied Army of the North that included Swedes, Russians and North Germans. The Danes were outnumbered and were unable to mount a coherent defense against Karl Johan's battle-hardened army. Within a few days, the Danes were forced out
1303:
long run. The
Swedish offer of negotiations was therefore accepted as the war had put a heavy strain on the Norwegian finances. Every day of delay in securing Norway by the Swedes brought uncertainty to them regarding the outcome, so both parties were interested in a quick end to the war.
1099:
on the basis of ceding Norway to the
Swedish king in return for Swedish Pomerania, additional territory in North Germany, specifics to be decided at the general peace conference following the cessation of hostilities between the Sixth Coalition and Imperial France, as well as 1,000,000
1275:
and was persuaded to change his strategy and use the 6,000 men stationed at
Rakkestad in a counterattack against the Swedes. The order to counterattack was given on 5 August, but the order was recalled a few hours later. The Norwegian forces therefore withdrew over the Glomma river at
1299:, the Norwegian capital. In addition, the British blockade of Norway cut off trade and military supplies, which combined with the proximity of Swedish armies eventually made the Norwegians' military situation unsustainable.
1139:(and later King Christian VIII of Denmark). He gathered a constitutional assembly which adopted the liberal constitution of 17 May, with that constitution also electing Christian Frederick as king of an independent Norway.
437:
1347:
was upheld with only such amendments as were required to allow it to enter into the union, and the two united kingdoms retained separate institutions, except for the king and the foreign service and policy.
1326:
presented a proposal for a cease-fire. The proposal included a major concession – Charles XIV John, on behalf of the
Swedish government as regent for his ill adopted father, accepted the
754:
430:
529:
1232:. The Norwegian army was evacuated and the vessels managed to escape, but they did not take part in the rest of the war. The main Swedish offensive came across the border at
1119:, which voided Kiel's promise to compensate Denmark for its loss of Norway with Swedish Pomerania, various additional Northern German territory, and 1,000,000 Riksdalers.
423:
1014:. The war marked the last time Sweden participated in an armed conflict with another nation, and its conclusion signalled the beginning of the country's long period of
1699:
1087:, which ceded Norway to Sweden for its participation in the war, becoming effective after France and its allies (including Denmark–Norway) were defeated.
1080:
192:
187:
1306:
To the ordinary
Norwegian soldier the war had seemed ill-prepared and ill-fought. The defeat was blamed on Christian Frederick and the Norwegian general
31:
1654:
1142:
As the head of the new state, Cristian
Frederick desperately tried to gain support from the United Kingdom, or any of the other major powers within the
704:
522:
1400:
1055:
to cede its northern part to Sweden. The
Swedish attack against Norway was postponed however, due to the fluid state of the conflict between
1694:
1339:, was signed on 14 August. Christian Frederick was forced to abdicate as king of Norway, but Norway remained nominally independent within a
1003:
734:
515:
744:
1216:
1146:, in order to maintain Norway's independence. However, the foreign diplomats refused to promise any outside support to the Norwegians.
724:
709:
1635:
1307:
246:
643:
626:
614:
602:
582:
565:
560:
1604:
1578:
1556:
1526:
672:
667:
447:
35:
1679:
1340:
108:
729:
1689:
1684:
1210:
234:
1248:. This town surrendered the next day. This was the start of a pincer movement around the main part of the Norwegian army at
1546:
1674:
1158:
mustered 30,000 men, and it had taken up positions away from the border with Sweden, in the fear of being outflanked. The
739:
719:
1292:
816:
496:
282:
1714:
576:
1669:
1194:
1136:
1036:
768:
661:
632:
592:
554:
338:
1181:
had a number of large vessels and a capacity for moving and landing troops as well as assistance from the
British
1709:
1268:
1128:
1032:
654:
221:
120:
1704:
1362:
1328:
991:
294:
150:
86:
1445:
Scott, Franklin D. (1935) Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. pp. 119–148. Harvard University Press, Boston.
1664:
1659:
1311:
1174:
1105:
749:
694:
1344:
1204:
1007:
587:
325:
115:
1079:
and deployed against Napoleon's forces as a result of treaties between Karl Johan (on behalf of Sweden),
1260:
1259:, the forces were more evenly matched, and the Norwegian army eventually stopped the Swedish advance at
1044:
901:
785:
471:
362:
1493:(1996). Aschehoughs Norgeshistorie – Mellom brødre – 1780–1830. 7. Oslo: H. Aschehough & Co. p. 159
778:
1228:
The hostilities opened on 26 July with a swift Swedish naval attack against the Norwegian gunboats at
1159:
918:
884:
714:
476:
466:
270:
1095:
and into Jutland proper. By 14 December, Bernadotte agreed to an armistice and peace talks began in
1277:
1068:
850:
486:
1052:
1392:
1336:
1229:
1116:
1015:
971:
935:
570:
461:
102:
1454:
Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket. (1925) Bernadotte Prince and King. pp. 111–116. John Murray, London.
374:
1481:
Scott, Franklin D. (1935) Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. pp. 119–130. John Murray, London
1631:
1600:
1574:
1552:
1522:
1396:
1285:
1264:
1198:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1040:
867:
833:
689:
638:
491:
481:
306:
17:
1335:
on 10 August, and after a few days of hard negotiations, a cease fire agreement, called the
1323:
1132:
959:
350:
1436:
Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket. (1925) Bernadotte Prince and King. p. 68. John Murray, London.
1143:
1060:
539:
50:
1588:
1291:
Sweden then attempted to outflank the Norwegian line, and successfully did so during the
58:
1592:
1511:
1241:
1155:
1112:
1072:
1048:
995:
684:
620:
258:
1648:
1542:
1518:
1566:
1332:
1178:
1170:
1064:
999:
678:
1067:
and, incidentally, Karl Johan's skills as a general, were urgently needed against
1357:
1256:
1245:
1237:
648:
609:
597:
1284:. The last major battle of the war was fought on 9 August at the bridgehead at
1296:
1272:
1240:, and then continuing north, while a second force of 6,000 soldiers landed at
1182:
942:
1418:(1914). Syv-aars-krigen for 17. mai 1807–1814. Kristiania: Aschehoug. p. 219
1249:
1056:
1011:
415:
1599:. Aschehougs Norgeshistorie. Vol. 7. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.
1084:
1233:
1163:
987:
301:
289:
277:
265:
253:
241:
229:
215:
170:
144:
1173:
consisted of 45,000 well-equipped soldiers who were veterans of the
1389:
Experiences of War and Nationality in Denmark and Norway, 1807–1815
1162:
had few vessels, and most of them were stationed at the islands of
1104:. The Danish position was hopeless and by early January 1814, King
1043:
Jean Baptiste Bernadotte – had entered into an agreement with Tsar
1281:
507:
1096:
511:
419:
1108:–Norway reconciled himself to the necessity of losing Norway.
1201:
Jean Baptiste Bernadotte and in 1813 Crown Prince of Sweden
1051:
would support a Swedish attack on Norway in order to force
1288:, where the Swedish forces once more were driven back.
755:
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)
1387:
Glenthøj, Rasmus; Ottosen, Morten Nordhagen (2014).
1219:– Norwegian minister of finance and Oberhofmarschall
1002:. The war resulted in Norway being forced into the
1295:on 14 August. The Swedes then had a clear path to
998:, Norway would enter a union with Sweden under
43:
1075:. On 18 May 1813, Swedish troops re-occupied
523:
431:
8:
1236:, bypassing and surrounding the fortress of
63:The constituent assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814
123:abandoned all claims to the Norwegian Crown
530:
516:
508:
438:
424:
416:
40:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1135:to the thrones of Denmark and Norway and
1127:An insurrection broke out, led by Prince
1263:on 2 August, and won another victory at
994:in the summer of 1814. According to the
1379:
705:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean
1513:Syv-aars-krigen for 17de mai 1807–1814
30:For other Swedish–Norwegian wars, see
1613:Ulf Sundberg: Svenska krig 1521–1814
1548:Syv-aars-krigen for 17. mai 1807–1814
7:
1700:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1630:. Boston: Harvard University Press.
1004:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
735:British invasions of the River Plate
27:War fought between Sweden and Norway
1628:Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon
1217:Frederik Gottschalck von Haxthausen
1031:As early as in 1812, prior to the
25:
32:Swedish–Norwegian War (1099–1101)
934:
917:
900:
883:
866:
849:
832:
815:
791:
784:
777:
368:
356:
344:
332:
318:
300:
288:
276:
264:
252:
240:
228:
214:
186:
163:
143:
57:
1267:on 5 August. On 3 August, King
1343:, under the Swedish king. Its
1211:Johannes Klingenberg Sejersted
1123:Norwegian Constituent Assembly
1:
1129:Cristian Frederick of Denmark
1033:Napoleonic invasion of Russia
984:Norwegian War of Independence
720:Second Archipelago Expedition
715:British conquest of Cape Town
18:Swedish–Norwegian War of 1814
1655:Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)
773:Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)
36:Swedish–Norwegian War (1063)
1491:Dyrvik, Ståle; Feldbæk, Ole
1331:. Negotiations started in
1035:, the Swedish Crown Prince
986:, was a war fought between
1731:
1619:Bernadotte Prince and King
1573:. J. W. Cappelens Forlag.
1490:
1415:
1341:personal union with Sweden
1137:Governor-general of Norway
769:War of the Sixth Coalition
369:
357:
345:
333:
319:
164:
75:26 July — 14 August, 1814
29:
1551:. Kristiania: Aschehoug.
1293:Battle of Kjølberg Bridge
1213:– Norwegian major general
655:French invasion of Russia
549:
457:
383:
339:Crown Prince Charles John
204:
133:
67:
56:
48:
1626:Scott, Franklin (1935).
1363:Kingdom of Norway (1814)
1039:(Karl Johan) – formerly
114:Swedish approval of the
1695:Norway–Sweden relations
1617:Barton, Dunbar (1925).
1597:Mellom brødre 1780–1830
1312:unconditional surrender
1175:German Campaign of 1813
1106:Frederick VI of Denmark
976:Krigen med Sverige 1814
956:Campaign against Norway
695:Minor campaigns of 1815
1680:History of Scandinavia
1621:. London: John Murray.
1197:(Karl Johan) – former
1000:Charles XIII of Sweden
975:
963:
588:First Serbian Uprising
247:Fredrik von Haxthausen
205:Commanders and leaders
116:Norwegian Constitution
1690:Wars involving Norway
1685:Wars involving Sweden
1329:Eidsvoll constitution
1271:reached the front at
1255:On the front towards
952:Swedish–Norwegian War
673:Swedish-Norwegian War
449:Swedish–Norwegian War
363:Eberhard von Vegesack
44:Swedish–Norwegian War
1675:Wars of independence
1160:Royal Norwegian Navy
968:War with Sweden 1814
954:, also known as the
710:West Indies campaign
77:(2 weeks and 5 days)
1269:Christian Frederick
1205:Magnus Björnstjerna
1166:, close to Sweden.
1016:military neutrality
1006:, but with its own
978:), also called the
964:Fälttåget mot Norge
404:4 ships of the line
222:Christian Frederick
1715:August 1814 events
1393:Palgrave Macmillan
1337:Convention of Moss
1117:Congress of Vienna
571:Franco-Swedish War
235:Johannes Sejersted
121:Christian Frederik
103:Convention of Moss
1670:Conflicts in 1814
1402:978-0-230-30281-5
1207:– Swedish general
1199:Marshal of France
1077:Swedish Pomerania
1041:Marshal of France
763:
762:
725:Adriatic campaign
690:Waterloo campaign
679:Seventh Coalition
644:Anglo-Swedish War
639:Austro-Polish War
627:Anglo-Russian War
615:Anglo-Turkish War
583:Russo-Turkish War
566:Russo-Persian War
561:Anglo-Spanish War
505:
504:
414:
413:
402:4 field batteries
307:Diderik Hegermann
197:
129:
128:
98:Swedish victory
16:(Redirected from
1722:
1710:July 1814 events
1641:
1622:
1610:
1584:
1562:
1529:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1384:
1324:Charles XIV John
1189:Major commanders
1133:heir presumptive
944:
938:
931:
926:
921:
914:
909:
904:
897:
892:
887:
880:
875:
870:
863:
858:
853:
846:
841:
836:
829:
824:
819:
812:
807:
802:
795:
794:
788:
781:
668:Dano-Swedish War
603:Dano-Swedish War
577:Fourth Coalition
544:
542:
532:
525:
518:
509:
452:
450:
440:
433:
426:
417:
408:24 smaller ships
373:
372:
371:
361:
360:
359:
351:Carl Pontus Gahn
349:
348:
347:
337:
336:
335:
323:
322:
321:
305:
304:
295:Frederik Stabell
293:
292:
281:
280:
269:
268:
257:
256:
245:
244:
233:
232:
219:
218:
196:(naval blockade)
195:
191:
190:
168:
167:
166:
148:
147:
109:a personal union
69:
68:
61:
41:
21:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1705:Napoleonic Wars
1645:
1644:
1638:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1565:
1559:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1510:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:. p. 241.
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1354:
1320:
1226:
1191:
1152:
1144:Sixth Coalition
1125:
1061:Sixth Coalition
1029:
1024:
948:
947:
946:
945:
941:
939:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
813:
810:
808:
806:Kjølberg Bridge
805:
803:
800:
798:
796:
792:
789:
782:
774:
772:
764:
759:
701:
662:Sixth Coalition
633:Fifth Coalition
555:Third Coalition
545:
541:Napoleonic Wars
540:
538:
536:
506:
501:
497:Kjølberg Bridge
453:
448:
446:
444:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
396:
394:
392:
390:
379:
375:Bror Cederström
367:
355:
343:
331:
317:
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
227:
213:
200:
185:
177:
176:
162:
156:
142:
107:Norway entered
89:
76:
62:
51:Napoleonic Wars
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:1814 in Norway
1662:
1660:1814 in Sweden
1657:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:978-0674431447
1636:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1563:
1557:
1543:Angell, Henrik
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1427:Angell, p. 220
1420:
1416:Angell, Henrik
1408:
1401:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1322:On 10 August,
1319:
1316:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1190:
1187:
1156:Norwegian Army
1151:
1148:
1124:
1121:
1113:Treaty of Kiel
1073:Central Europe
1053:Denmark–Norway
1028:
1027:Treaty of Kiel
1025:
1023:
1020:
996:Treaty of Kiel
940:
933:
928:
923:
916:
911:
906:
899:
894:
889:
882:
877:
872:
865:
860:
855:
848:
843:
838:
831:
826:
821:
814:
809:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
775:
767:
766:
765:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
700:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
685:Neapolitan War
675:
670:
665:
658:
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
624:
621:Peninsular War
617:
612:
607:
606:
605:
600:
590:
585:
580:
573:
568:
563:
558:
550:
547:
546:
537:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
503:
502:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
445:
443:
442:
435:
428:
420:
412:
411:
398:
386:
385:
381:
380:
378:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
314:
312:
310:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
259:Thomas Fasting
249:
237:
225:
210:
207:
206:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:United Kingdom
182:
175:
174:
159:
157:
155:
154:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
118:
112:
105:
95:
91:
90:
85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1727:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1606:82-03-22020-7
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Dyrvik, Ståle
1586:
1582:
1580:82-02-11935-9
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Steen, Sverre
1564:
1560:
1558:82-90520-23-9
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:82-90520-23-9
1524:
1520:
1519:Henrik Angell
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
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1184:
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1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
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1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:Great Britain
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
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1019:
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1005:
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997:
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989:
985:
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977:
973:
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965:
961:
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953:
943:
937:
920:
903:
886:
869:
852:
835:
818:
787:
780:
770:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Spice Islands
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
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713:
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708:
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569:
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543:
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429:
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376:
366:
364:
354:
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342:
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330:
328:
327:
316:
315:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:
291:
286:
284:
279:
274:
272:
271:Andreas Krebs
267:
262:
260:
255:
250:
248:
243:
238:
236:
231:
226:
224:
223:
217:
212:
211:
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194:
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173:
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161:
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132:
122:
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81:
80:
74:
71:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1627:
1618:
1596:
1593:Feldbæk, Ole
1570:
1547:
1512:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1411:
1388:
1382:
1345:constitution
1333:Moss, Norway
1321:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1254:
1227:
1195:Charles John
1179:Swedish Navy
1171:Swedish Army
1168:
1153:
1141:
1126:
1110:
1089:
1065:Swedish Army
1037:Charles John
1030:
1008:constitution
983:
979:
967:
955:
951:
949:
745:Indian Ocean
677:
660:
653:
631:
619:
593:English Wars
575:
553:
397:150 gunboats
326:Charles XIII
324:
220:
179:Supported by
178:
169:
149:
134:Belligerents
97:
49:Part of the
1358:Gunboat War
1257:Kongsvinger
1246:Fredrikstad
1244:outside of
1238:Fredriksten
1045:Alexander I
980:War of Cats
874:Fredrikstad
649:War of 1812
610:Finnish War
598:Gunboat War
477:Fredrikstad
410:60 gunboats
111:with Sweden
1649:Categories
1536:Literature
1472:Ibid. 138.
1369:References
1308:Haxthausen
1297:Kristiania
1183:Royal Navy
1102:Riksdalers
1022:Background
1012:parliament
908:Tistedalen
467:Tistedalen
406:5 frigates
400:45,523 men
389:30,000 men
1463:Ibid. 135
1374:Footnotes
1318:Aftermath
1250:Rakkestad
972:Norwegian
840:Rakkestad
487:Rakkestad
393:batteries
283:Nils Hals
1595:(1996).
1569:(1989).
1545:(1914).
1521:(1995),
1352:See also
1242:Kråkerøy
1093:Holstein
1059:and the
1057:Napoleon
750:2nd Java
730:1st Java
384:Strength
82:Location
1286:Langnes
1278:Langnes
1273:Østfold
1265:Matrand
1111:By the
1085:Prussia
982:or the
960:Swedish
857:Matrand
823:Langnes
801:62miles
492:Langnes
482:Matrand
395:7 brigs
391:8 field
1634:
1603:
1577:
1555:
1525:
1515:(1914)
1399:
1234:Halden
1230:Hvaler
1177:. The
1164:Hvaler
1150:Armies
1069:France
1063:. The
1049:Russia
992:Norway
988:Sweden
925:Hvaler
462:Hvaler
171:Sweden
151:Norway
94:Result
87:Norway
1282:Askim
1047:that
799:100km
1632:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1571:1814
1553:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1261:Lier
1169:The
1154:The
1097:Kiel
1083:and
1010:and
990:and
950:The
891:Lier
472:Lier
72:Date
34:and
1517:by
1280:in
1224:War
1091:of
1071:in
966:),
1651::
1591:;
1498:^
1391:.
1314:.
1252:.
1185:.
1131:,
1018:.
974::
962::
1640:.
1609:.
1583:.
1561:.
1405:.
970:(
958:(
930:1
913:2
896:3
879:4
862:5
845:6
828:7
811:8
771::
531:e
524:t
517:v
439:e
432:t
425:v
181::
38:.
20:)
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