Swedish Empire - Knowledge (XXG)

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that 6 November 1632, the day of Gustavus Adolphus's death, should be the limit to which retrospective taxes could be collected, and that there should be no further restitution of alienated crown property. Against this, the over-taxed lower estates protested, and the Diet had to be suspended. The king intervened, not to quell the commons, as the senate insisted, but to compel the nobility to give way. He proposed a special committee to investigate the matter before the meeting of the next Riksdag and that a proportional contribution should be levied on all classes in the meantime. Both groups accepted this arrangement.

929:, confidence in Sweden among the Swedish-controlled German states was damaged, and several of the provinces refused further Swedish military support, leaving Sweden with only a couple of northern German provinces. After France intervened on the same side as Sweden, fortunes shifted again. As the war continued, the civilian and military death toll grew, and when it was over, it had led to severe depopulation in the German states. Although exact population estimates do not exist, historians estimate that the population of the Holy Roman Empire fell by one-third as a result of the war. 77: 1947:), aiming to break the enemy formation. The infantry was meanwhile employed in a defensive manner, relying on their superior firepower to break enemy attacks. Smaller musketeer detachments (~200 men) were used during the Polish war to support the cavalry against the superior Polish-Lithuanian cavalry. Gustavus Adolphus earned the title "father of modern warfare" because of his revolutionary tactics during the Thirty Years' War, which later inspired other nations and became standard tactics. He became the foremost model of many later 1537:), once eastern Denmark, became the centre of intense fighting between Swedes and Danes, with a large scale confrontation between the main armies near Lund in December 1676. After that, Scania was divided into Danish and Swedish enclaves centering around the main cities for the rest of the war. The remaining territories in Scania were mainly a no man's land where a fierce "little war" took place, with Swedish troops on the one side and Danish official and semi-official troops (freeshooters etc.) in conjunction with armed locals. 1251: 2119: 1431:. The aristocratic group prevailed and brought with it a decline of morality which made it notorious to its neighbours. The administration was noted for sloth and carelessness leading to a general neglect of business. Additionally, government corruption led Sweden to be hired by foreign powers. This "subsidy policy" dates from the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1661, through which Sweden, in exchange for a considerable sum of money, supported the French candidate for the Polish throne. Sweden was torn between 1697:. After a brief regency, he was declared to be of age to rule. Three years later, in 1700, Denmark–Norway, Poland and Russia, the countries that had lost the most territory to Sweden, jointly declared war. Denmark–Norway was soon forced to peace after a joint intervention of Swedish, English and Dutch armies, whereafter the King and much of the Swedish army was shipped to the Baltic provinces, where Russian and Polish armies were laying siege to several towns. The Russian army was soundly defeated in the 2059: 2071: 1180:, caused great difficulties for the new empire. Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest before her abdication. The Swedish people feared that the external, artificial greatness of their country might be purchased with the loss of their civil and political liberties. The Swedish people looked to a new king to address the problem of too much power vested in the nobility. 63: 473: 431: 406: 2131: 1621: 2512: 1657:

soldier and horse; while the knekthållare supplied duly equipped foot soldiers. Soldiers were provided with holdings on which they lived in times of peace. Formerly, ordinary conscription had existed alongside this indelning, or distribution system, but it had proved inadequate as well as highly unpopular, and in 1682, Charles XI ended it in favor of an extended distribution system. The

94: 713: 1378:, on the other side of the sea. This empire contained about a quarter of the population of modern Sweden, at only 2,500,000 people, or about 2.3 people per square kilometer. However, Sweden's expansion had been possible partly due to turmoil and weakness in countries in its vicinity, and when they became more stable, they began to look for chances to regain what was lost. 1653:

time or other they must have belonged to the Crown, and the burden of proof of ownership lay with the actual owner of the property, not the Crown. The amount of revenue accruing to the Crown from the whole "Reduktion" is impossible to estimate; but by these means, combined with careful management and rigid economy, Charles XI reduced the national debt by three quarters.

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the preferred ratio of 1 to 1. This, combined with the lack of funds to provide the soldiers with armour, caused the Swedish infantry to be dangerously lightly equipped and unable to deal with cavalry or heavier infantry in open terrain. Charles IX was, however, able to implement the Dutch system for fighting in

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is remarkable for a revolution, in which the government of Sweden was transformed to a semi-absolute monarchy. The king emerged from the war convinced that if Sweden were to retain its position as a great power, it needed to reform its whole economic system radically and circumscribe the power of the

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had tried to reform the army but had effectively failed to do so. Charles IX, like most other rulers, had tried to implement the Dutch system into the army but with limited success. The lack of a strict organisation in the infantry caused the proportion of pikemen to musketeers to be far lower than

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for 90 years. The elevation of Sweden to the rank of an imperial power required that it remain a military monarchy, armed for possible emergency. Sweden's poverty and sparse population meant the country was ill-suited for imperial status. However, in the middle of the 17th century, with France as a

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Thus, in the latter half of the 17th century, the major difference between the Swedish army and those common on the continent was the relative lack of firepower and the use of pikes and sabres. Sweden and Russia were the only countries at the time using pikes. In contemporary Europe, infantry were

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The recovery of the alienated crown lands occupied Charles XI for the rest of his life. He created a commission, which was ultimately converted into a permanent department of state. It acted on the principle that the titles of all private landed estates might be called in question, because at some

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in March 1677. In the beginning of April 1678, the French king dictated the terms of a peace. One of his chief conditions was the complete restitution of Sweden, as he needed a strong Swedish ally. However, Charles XI refused to go along with ceding territories to its enemies, which led the French

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In 1660, after five years of warfare, Sweden had obtained peace and the opportunity to organize and develop the new vast realm. The fifteen-year regency that followed Charles X Gustav was unable to manoeuvre through the situation it faced. The administration was internally divided and hindered by

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Thus, Sweden emerged from the war not only a military power, but also one of the largest states of Europe, possessing more than twice as much territory as modern Sweden. The land area of Sweden was 1,100,000 km. While modern Sweden is bounded by the Baltic, during the 17th century the Baltic

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of 1655, the king proposed that noble holders of crown property should either: 1) pay an annual sum of 200,000 Riksdaler out of the lands they would receive, or 2) surrender a fourth of the property itself, worth approximately 800,000 Riksdaler. The nobility wished to avoid taxation and stipulated

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Charles XI re-established on a broader basis the reorganization of the "indelningsverk" — a system of military tenure in which national forces were bound to the soil. This tied to the "rust hail tenure", under which the tenants, instead of paying rent, were obliged to equip and maintain a cavalry

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of 1 million silverdaler to regain Älvsborg (final payment, 1619). The Polish war was interrupted by a series of truces caused by Sweden's weakness along with the unwillingness of the Polish nobility to fight a war considered only to be in Sigismund III's personal interest. The costly peace with

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and sabres. Note that the pikes were used as an offensive weapon: in close combat, they had the advantage over their foes' weapons thanks to their range. After the bayonet was introduced in the Carolean army (1700–1706), the final volley was delayed until the soldiers were inside bayonet range.

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The infantry shock attack operated as follows. The two rear ranks of musketeers were ordered to shoot when "you could not miss," a range of roughly 50 meters, and then to draw their swords before the battalion resumed their attack. The two foremost ranks then discharged at a range of roughly 20

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Throughout the Thirty Years' War, the infantry's shock ability was continuously improved. The static nature of the infantry that served well against the cavalry-dominated Polish-Lithuanian army was enhanced during the war to produce infantry capable of both providing devastating firepower and

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A major reason why Sweden could be so successful in wars with such a scarce number of soldiers was its advanced military tactics. Sweden was able to reform its military tactics continuously throughout the period. Prior to Gustavus Adolphus's reforms, both his father, Charles IX, and his uncle

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Charles X Gustav was a strong arbiter between the people and the nobility. Primarily a soldier, he directed his ambition towards military glory; but he was also an unusually sharp-sighted politician. While placing great emphasis on military strength, he also understood that domestic unity was

1937:. Horsemen rode knee-by-knee in a tight formation. When in range, they switched to gallop and charged, and at a range of ten yards, shot both their pistols. A standard regiment numbered 250 simultaneous shots that would blast a hole in the enemy ranks. They then continued the charge with 1451:

and regaining Sweden as an ally. By the Treaty of Stockholm on 14 April 1672, Sweden entered an agreement with the French to protect its sphere of interest containing the Dutch Republic from hostile German claims in return for 400,000 Riksdaler per annum in peace and 600,000 in wartime.

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lessened their ties to Sweden. At Charles X Gustav's death, five years later, Sweden had not only damaged its newly claimed territories but also had become hated by the surrounding states for its lack of defence of Protestantism. Charles X Gustav's attempt to gain the favour of

1640:; but it continued to exist as an essential part of the government. Moreover, this transfer of authority was a voluntary act. The people, knowing the king to be their ally, trusted and cooperated with him. The Riksdag of 1682 declared that the king was empowered to bestow 1669:. After seventeen years of financial difficulties, the twofold enterprise was completed. At the death of Charles XI, Sweden could boast of a fleet of forty-three three-deckers, manned by 11,000 men and armed with 2,648 guns, and one of the finest arsenals in the world. 1199:

Charles X Gustav had done his best to recover from the financial extravagance of Christina. However, his own desire for military glory may have caused problems for his country. In three days, he persuaded the Swedish estates of the potential of his attack on the

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equipped with a musket, while in the Swedish army, every third man had a pike. The pikemen were normally deployed four men deep with musketeers of equal depth on the sides. The pike was used to repulse cavalry and to break the enemy lines as they charged.

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was extended to the king's legislative authority, when on 9 December 1682, all four estates not only confirmed that the king held the legislative powers enjoyed by his predecessors, but even gave him the right of interpreting and amending the common law.

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of Stockholm, October 1680, began a new era of Swedish history. On the motion of the Estate of Peasants, the question of the recovery of the alienated crown lands was brought before the Riksdag, and a resolution of the Diet directed that all

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put an end to Sweden's eastbound expansion, and by the time of Charles XII's death in 1718 the Empire had been severely diminished both territorially and militarily. The last traces of occupied continental territory vanished during the

1976:". Approximately 110,000 soldiers from Finland died serving the Swedish Empire between 1617 and 1721. Relative to the contemporary population of Finland, this was equivalent to over a million of them dying in 20th-century Finland. 1565:

was to return all the land it had captured to Sweden on 4 October 1679. While Sweden could never have gained these concessions alone, Charles XI formed a personal dislike of the French king and developed a strong anti-French bias.

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In the Swedish army tactics of that time, retreat was never covered, and they were obliged to attack or fight where they stood. This was a military doctrine that (with the advantage of hindsight) might have proven a bit rash.

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Denmark and Poland–Lithuania's inability to mount a seaborne attack on the Swedish mainland gave time for Gustavus Adolphus to reform his armies. The continuation of the Polish war in 1625–1629 ended with a ceasefire in

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In the meantime, Russia had managed to take possession of several towns by the Baltic Sea. Instead of trying to retake these, Charles chose to march directly on Moscow, but due to extreme weather, difficulties with his

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Swedish tactics once again greatly diverged from the continental tactics during the second half of the 17th century. The continental tactics increasingly emphasized the firepower of the battalion, while the Swedish

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held a tenuous position of leadership. Careful statesmanship might mean permanent dominion on the Baltic shore, but left little room for mistakes. The extravagance of Gustavus Adolphus's two immediate successors,

2011:) tactics almost exclusively relied on the shock factor as the infantry and cavalry charged the enemy. As the bayonet was introduced, the pike was discarded in all armies except the Swedish and Russian by 1700. 1150:

and Westphalia, Sweden was the third-largest area of control in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent during this time under the rule of

1737:. Following the defeat at Poltava, Poland and Denmark re-entered the war, along with other countries wanting parts of the Swedish provinces. In the following years, most of them would fall, and Russia 823:

of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king. Serfdom, however, remained in force in the dominions acquired in the

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and other estates producing an annual rent of more than a certain amount per annum should revert to the Crown. The same Riksdag decided that the king was not bound by any particular

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in 1630, Gustav II Adolph had transformed the Swedish (Gustavian) army into an army in which the cavalry fought with aggressive shock tactics, closer to the Polish tactics than the

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Despite these setbacks, Charles XII twice tried to invade Norway to force Denmark-Norway out of the war again. On 30 November 1718, King Charles XII was mortally wounded during the

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and emerged triumphant, only to die of sheer exhaustion. Immediately after his death, a regency was appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of his only son and successor,

1756:. With his death, Swedish war efforts mostly came to a halt, although Russia continued to harass the civilian population of the Swedish coastal areas until the concluding 1911: 1636:, to be consulted on all important matters. The Riksdag, completely overshadowed by the Crown, did little more than register the royal decrees during the reign of 2254: 1798:—and gained toll-collection rights for those important commercial arteries, benefitting the Swedish economy. Two principal reasons for the small reparations were 1786:

As a result of eighteen years of war, Sweden gained small and scattered possessions, but had secured control of three principal rivers in northern Germany—the

805:(i.e., upholding the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry). In territories acquired during the periods of 2094: 3430: 3239: 2533: 1392: 741: 2058: 1887:. The Swedes also got the right to tax Poland's trade on the Baltic (3.5% on the value of goods), and kept control of many of the cities in Royal and 1617:(council of state) to kungligt råd (royal council); a visible sign that the councilors were no longer the king's colleagues, but rather his servants. 1999:, who took command after the defeat at Nördlingen, the Gustavian brigade system was finally changed into the battalion system recognisable from the 2003:

and the Great Northern War (the depth was lowered from six ranks to three or four when the bayonet was introduced at the end of the 17th century).

3996: 2756: 1482:, with actual casualties numbering fewer than 600 men, but it made Sweden appear vulnerable and enabled neighbouring countries to attack in the 962: 3364: 1136: 2313: 2877: 2445: 2216: 2894: 658: 76: 4016: 2951: 1540:

Through homeland military successes of the young Swedish king and the diplomatic activity of Louis XIV, a peace congress began sessions at

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and subsequent rise to the throne of Sweden caused a dynastic struggle for the throne of Sweden that would not finally end until the

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usually felled many enemy troops and was demoralising to them. Directly after the volley, the Swedes charged the enemy ranks with

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against Denmark–Norway when Charles IX died in 1611. The war against Denmark–Norway was a terrible loss that forced Sweden to pay

1220:, who was four years old. The regency council moved quickly to end the war with Sweden's numerous enemies, which now included the 3930: 3525: 2956: 2118: 1444: 2852: 889: 4011: 4006: 3955: 3558: 3423: 2847: 2728: 1706: 866:, he would go on to lead a campaign in Russia that would end in a staggering defeat for the Swedes. The Russian victory at the 863: 734: 603: 593: 347: 324: 1995:, the infantry was almost entirely reliant on their firepower and saw very limited offensive use; but under the leadership of 3742: 3575: 3513: 2178: 1824: 1554: 1644:

and take them back again, making the king the disposer of his subjects' temporal property. Presently, this new principle of

926: 1447:. For the next four years, Sweden remained true to the Triple Alliance; but, in 1672, Louis XIV succeeded in isolating the 3950: 3859: 3105: 3034: 2000: 1322:, which had been surrendered at Roskilde. Denmark–Norway was also compelled to recognize the independence of the dukes of 677: 1958:

were an essential part of the Swedish military. Roughly 2/5 of the infantry and 3/7 of the cavalry in the army were from

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the lack of unity and talent among its statesmen. The two major rivals were the military-aristocratic party headed by

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by dividing Poland not only reversed his original policy, but also created a new southern rival almost as dangerous as

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of varying success until the 19th century, but the Great Northern War put an end to Sweden's time as a great power.

3965: 3960: 3416: 3177: 2872: 1403: 1396: 1279: 1255: 1177: 1152: 727: 692: 687: 640: 634: 452: 216: 831:, where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained. 3935: 3689: 3650: 3349: 3049: 2936: 2867: 2183: 1903:(Elbing). The Swedes later conducted a series of invasions into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the 1867: 1467: 1412: 1225: 933: 615: 264: 20: 1966:

as their main language. Commands were also given in Finnish. The Finnish cavalry in the Swedish army was called

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After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, the empire was controlled for lengthy periods by part of the high

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Stadin, Kekke. "The masculine image of a great power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690."

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in 1658. Denmark–Norway was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the rest. Although the reign of

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Fighting techniques of the early modern world, AD 1500 – AD 1763 : equipment, combat skills and tactics

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aristocracy. Charles XI felt that he could do it now that he had allies in the lower orders to support him.

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Sweden had now won considerable political influence, which was lessened by the loss of moral prestige. On

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mediation of this treaty also ended the quarrel between Sweden, the Holy Roman emperor and the elector of

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was constructed along the coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers.

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Swedish possessions in 1658. The years in parentheses indicate when the possession was given up or lost.

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During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden managed to conquer approximately half of the member states of the

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Kansallisten instituutioiden muotoutuminen – Suomalainen historiakuva Oma Maa -kirjasarjassa 1900–1960

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Sweden was granted territories in northern Germany. Sweden reached the height of its power during the

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Finanziell völlig von französischen Subsidien abhängig, wollte sich die Großmacht auf tönernen Füßen

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family, acting as regents for minor monarchs. The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the

240: 770:) was the period in Swedish history spanning much of the 17th and early 18th centuries during which 3864: 3794: 3737: 3654: 3480: 3234: 3209: 3158: 3039: 3007: 2961: 2904: 2319: 1803: 1773: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1407: 1387: 1355: 1275: 1241: 1173: 1120: 1010: 979: 967: 957: 843: 839: 2723:

Thomson, Erik. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography."

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from the flanks. They also formed units of their own. They were otherwise equipped like infantry.

1562: 1416: 1295: 847: 3970: 3874: 3658: 3610: 3605: 3508: 3498: 3455: 3447: 3354: 3329: 3189: 3148: 3069: 3064: 2985: 2971: 2921: 2832: 2812: 2782: 2248: 2158: 2153: 2148: 1879:) on 26 September 1629 that was in favour of the Swedes, to whom Poland ceded the larger part of 1852: 1840: 1678: 1658: 1514: 1335: 1311: 1209: 1188: 1156: 1128: 1021: 945: 859: 851: 787: 487: 136: 1613:, but was to be regarded as a sovereign lord. The Privy Council changed its official title from 1518: 1070: 786:, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the 1806:'s impatience. As a result of Sweden's intervention, Sweden helped secure religious liberty in 1513:, Sweden's last possession on the continent, was lost on 5 November. A defensive alliance with 3849: 3824: 3804: 3784: 3774: 3664: 3646: 3615: 3548: 3465: 3439: 3383: 3277: 3269: 3254: 3163: 3088: 2931: 2774: 2629: 2589: 2491: 2466: 2441: 2418: 2408: 2212: 2168: 2163: 1726: 1701:, after which Charles took the army into Poland with the intent of dethroning the Polish king 1629: 1522: 1490: 1347: 1221: 1062: 1031: 1017: 1006: 991: 922: 867: 824: 802: 783: 461: 365: 204: 171: 148: 1139:

and were entrusted with carrying out its provisions, as enacted by the executive congress of

3839: 3754: 3699: 3669: 3620: 3580: 3563: 3553: 3488: 3460: 3292: 3143: 3110: 1963: 1904: 1876: 1757: 1331: 1323: 1287: 899: 794: 763: 228: 124: 114: 43: 875:, and Finland went to Russia in 1809, marking the end of Sweden’s period as a great power. 3879: 3854: 3642: 3625: 3470: 3392: 3359: 3339: 3334: 3314: 3302: 3259: 3199: 2946: 2268:

De Vries, Jan (2009). "The economic crisis of the seventeenth century after fifty years".

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firm ally, the incompatibility between its powers and its pretensions was not so obvious.

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was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the

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on 29 June 1679, Sweden received almost full restitution of its German territory. By the

1529:. The difficulties concerning the Polish king continued. The Scanian provinces (Scania, 925:. The fortunes of war would shift back and forth several times. After its defeat in the 3829: 3819: 3814: 3789: 3779: 3694: 3637: 3530: 3493: 3319: 2817: 2566: 1996: 1915: 1761: 1734: 1718: 1448: 1267: 1229: 1090: 941: 568: 424: 128: 68: 2019:

meters before drawing their swords, and the charge began. At this range, the powerful

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was entirely remodeled; and, the recent war having demonstrated the unsuitability of

1558: 1359: 1101: 816: 779: 717: 574: 377: 168: 158: 155: 145: 2555: 1620: 1470:. In May 1675, a Swedish army advanced into the Mark but was defeated on 18 June at 1374:, the capital, lay in the very centre of the empire, whose second greatest city was 3884: 3714: 3585: 3503: 3307: 3133: 2842: 2822: 2792: 1208:

on 10 July 1654, he gained more personal glory than advantage for his country. The

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among the cavalry, with unfortunate results. His partially reformed army suffered

1315: 1303: 3869: 3747: 3732: 3704: 3540: 3287: 1896: 1714: 1694: 1602: 1483: 1461: 1367: 1363: 1307: 1132: 1078: 895: 798: 775: 3632: 1872: 1863: 1666: 1614: 1510: 1439:. The anti-French faction prevailed; and in April 1668, Sweden acceded to the 1213: 1094: 1051: 937: 915: 815:

was not abolished, and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in

493: 2537:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221. 1314:

two years previously; but Sweden had to relinquish the Norwegian province of

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A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution

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The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

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Macht oder Recht. Frühneuzeitliche Politik im obersächsischen Reichskreis

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in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands. A

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Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492 - 1772

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After Charles XI's death, the throne was inherited by his underage son,

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as a naval station, the construction of a new arsenal was begun at

1501:, and Danes. In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured 1294:

renounced to all claims to the Swedish crown. The treaty compelled

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expanded into a general European war. He achieved passage over the

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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king to negotiate on behalf of Sweden without its consent. By the

1391: 1249: 906:. As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the 1298:

to reopen direct negotiations with Sweden. Eventually, under the

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lay within Swedish territory, which also included two-thirds of

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Jutikkala Eino & Kauko Pirinen. Translated by Paul (1988).

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Power or Right: Early modern politics in the Upper Saxon Circle

782:. The beginning of the period is usually taken as the reign of 2563:

Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719

1725:. In 1709, the Swedish army was defeated and captured in the 1862:

Gustav II Adolph inherited the Polish war together with the

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of the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed Sweden a vote in the

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joint guarantors of the treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor

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Brems, Hans. "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State"

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for Protestants, becoming a leading power of Continental

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attached. They supported the infantry attack by lobbing

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Kirby, David. "Imperial Sweden – Image and Self-Image"

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Gallery of the Swedish monarchs during the imperial era

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province, which Denmark-Norway had surrendered by the

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on 27 May 1660, Sweden kept the three formerly Danish

16:

Historical period in the history of Sweden (1611–1721)

1489:

At this point, the empire began to crumble. In 1675,

914:, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of 2611:

The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic 1600 - 1725

1466:

In 1674, Louis XIV called upon Sweden to invade the

1282:. This treaty confirmed both Sweden's possession of 778:

that exercised territorial control over much of the

3918: 3723: 3539: 3479: 3446: 3268: 3176: 3087: 2984: 2903: 2773: 371: 361: 344: 334: 321: 311: 299: 289: 270: 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 195: 181: 135: 120: 110: 100: 30: 1760:was finally signed in 1721. Sweden would remain a 1443:, which ended the French acquisitions through the 1286:and the elector of Brandenburg's sovereignty over 1191:, or restitution of alienated crown lands. At the 2585:Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe 1991:executing offensive maneuvers. Initially, at the 1705:. This took several years, but in 1706, with the 1632:but enacted the right of the Swedish people, in 1270:on 3 May 1660, put an end to the long feud with 978:At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the 2436:Karonen, Petri and Räihä Antti (edit.) (2014). 2315:A Political and Social History of Modern Europe 1922:and heavy armor were mostly abandoned, and the 1354:formed a bond between various widely dispersed 2643:Moberg, Vilhelm; Austin, Paul Britten (2005). 1525:, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the 3424: 2750: 2681:From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies 2202: 2200: 1971: 1942: 1912:Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War 1338:surrendered the Baltic provinces to Sweden — 735: 35: 8: 1962:. They served in their own units which used 1435:and his adversaries in plans to control the 1187:The most pressing domestic question was the 1119:These German possessions were to be held as 994:(which had been in its possession since the 313:• Gustavus Adolphus ascends the throne 2240:] (in German). Stuttgart. p. 282. 858:would see initial Swedish victories in the 3431: 3417: 3409: 3182: 3093: 2990: 2909: 2757: 2743: 2735: 2253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1427:and the party of peace and economy led by 1224:, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the 742: 728: 446: 92: 27: 2674:The Swedish imperial experience 1560–1718 2064:King Gustav II Adolph "Gustavus Adolphus" 1851:. Charles IX's revolt against his nephew 1184:necessary for a powerful foreign policy. 946:string of Swedish forts and trading posts 2270:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1847:against a Polish-Lithuanian army led by 1721:strategy, he was forced to turn towards 961: 2490:. Helsinki: Siltala. pp. 244–246. 2388: 2367: 2355: 2332: 2299: 2196: 2054: 702: 460: 449: 336:• Queen Ulrika Eleonora abdicated 2465:. New York: Dorset Press. p. 87. 2246: 1673:Charles XII and the Great Northern War 1204:. However, when he left Stockholm for 1135:. France and Sweden, moreover, became 982:in 1648 granted Sweden territories as 966:Sweden's coat of arms (with erroneous 2667:Sweden's Age of Greatness 1632 – 1718 1729:; Charles managed to escape south to 343: 333: 320: 310: 306: 269: 257: 245: 233: 221: 209: 194: 190: 180: 7: 1883:together with its important port of 998:, and a war indemnity of 20,000,000 910:, as well as its involvement in the 325:Beginning of constitutional monarchy 3946:History of the Mediterranean region 2690:(Cambridge University Press, 1998). 2660:Sweden as a Great Power 1611 – 1697 1739:occupied the eastern half of Sweden 1478:. The Fehrbellin affair was a mere 894:Sweden emerged as a great European 1752:Fortress in Fredrikshald, today's 1497:were taken by the Brandenburgers, 1334:on 2 July 1661, through which the 1020:, the Swedish share of the former 970:) on the wall of the Town Hall of 19:For Sweden's colonial empire, see 14: 2688:Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism 2618:Sweden in the Seventeenth Century 940:was founded in the valley of the 3931:Bibliography of European history 3526:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2653:Scandinavian History 1520 - 1970 2510: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 1093:, with the districts of Pod and 936:, principally in the New World. 711: 471: 429: 404: 75: 61: 3956:History of Western civilization 3559:Christianity in the Middle Ages 2718:Scandinavian journal of history 2696:A History of Swedish Literature 2523:Dumrath, Oskar Henrik (1911). " 1127:and enabled it to "direct" the 3997:Early modern history of Sweden 3800:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3743:Christianity in the modern era 3514:Christianity in late antiquity 2588:. Cambridge University Press. 2179:Military of the Swedish Empire 1825:Military of the Swedish Empire 1580:The remainder of the reign of 1292:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1260:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1202:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1100:the secularized bishoprics of 908:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 846:, when its primary adversary, 1: 3951:History of the European Union 2626:An Economic History of Sweden 2312:Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1916). 2211:. Longman. pp. 133–134. 2035:Every infantry battalion had 2001:War of the Spanish Succession 1933:as the primary weapon of the 1328:Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) 678:History of the Jews in Sweden 412:History of Sweden (1523–1611) 2556:free to borrow for two weeks 2401:Jörgensen, Christer (2006). 1993:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) 1557:confirmed by the subsequent 864:Treaty of Altranstädt (1706) 4017:History of Sweden by period 3910:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3521:Crisis of the Third Century 1628:Thus, Sweden had become an 1306:and the formerly Norwegian 927:Battle of Nördlingen (1634) 890:History of Sweden (1611–48) 834:After its victories in the 4033: 4002:Finland under Swedish rule 3966:Military history of Europe 3961:Maritime history of Europe 2803:Rise to become Great Power 2573:Journal of Economic Issues 2549:Andersson, Ingvar (1956). 2486:Keskisarja, Teemu (2019). 1822: 1771: 1676: 1573: 1459: 1385: 1239: 1046:, as well as the towns of 955: 887: 884:Emergence as a great power 693:Economic history of Sweden 688:Military history of Sweden 18: 3936:Genetic history of Europe 3377: 3185: 3096: 2993: 2912: 2704:Historiography and memory 2575:4#2 (1970) pp. 1–16 2407:. Macmillan. p. 27. 2207:Frost, Robert I. (2000). 2184:Swedish overseas colonies 1509:fell on 15 October 1678. 1474:and retreated to Swedish 1468:Electorate of Brandenburg 1445:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1318:and the Danish island of 1226:Electorate of Brandenburg 1069:, including the towns of 1065:on the right side of the 850:, was neutralized by the 383: 357: 307: 285: 191: 91: 57: 52: 21:Swedish overseas colonies 2624:Magnusson, Lars (2000). 2616:Lockhart, Paul Douglas. 2232:Nicklas, Thomas (2002). 1970:after their battle cry " 1026:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 996:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 3941:History of Christianity 2998:Administrative division 2694:Warme, Lars G. (1995). 2582:Evans, Malcolm (1997). 2534:Encyclopædia Britannica 1709:, he reached his goal. 1555:Treaty of Fontainebleau 1005:Through the efforts of 653:Second half of Cold War 162:constitutional monarchy 4012:18th century in Sweden 4007:17th century in Sweden 3765:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2828:December Crisis (1768) 2676:(Cambridge UP, 1984). 1987: 1972: 1943: 1783: 1690: 1625: 1399: 1330:was terminated by the 1263: 1193:Riksdag of the Estates 1163:Domestic consolidation 1155:(1622–1660) after the 1034:, with the islands of 975: 767: 683:LGBT history in Sweden 294:Riksdag of the Estates 36: 3845:Industrial Revolution 2683:(Cambridge UP, 1991). 2628:. London: Routledge. 1982: 1849:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 1781: 1707:Treaty of Altranstädt 1686: 1623: 1549:on 7 February and of 1397:King Charles X Gustav 1395: 1256:King Charles X Gustav 1253: 965: 111:Common languages 3900:European debt crisis 3895:European integration 3835:Age of Enlightenment 3675:Republic of Florence 3365:World Heritage Sites 2727:9.4 (2011): 269–283 2713:40:11 (1990): 34–39. 2553:. New York: Praeger. 2463:A History of Finland 2322:on 17 November 2007. 2174:History of Pomerania 2124:Queen Ulrica Eleanor 1750:siege of Fredriksten 1638:Charles XI of Sweden 1576:Charles XI of Sweden 1547:Treaties of Nijmegen 1521:, 17 June 1676; the 1300:Treaty of Copenhagen 1218:Charles XI of Sweden 1146:After the peaces of 544:Emerging Great Power 37:Konungariket Sverige 3865:Revolutions of 1848 3795:Early modern France 3576:Anglo-Saxon England 3481:Classical antiquity 3106:Automotive industry 2853:Famine of 1867–1869 2848:Sweden–Norway union 2720:30.1 (2005): 61–82. 2551:A History of Sweden 2370:, pp. 204–205. 2335:, pp. 203–204. 1910:By the time of the 1891:(including Piława ( 1853:Sigismund of Poland 1841:a disastrous defeat 1774:Dominions of Sweden 1437:Spanish Netherlands 1433:Louis XIV of France 1429:Johan Gyllenstierna 1425:Magnus de la Gardie 1388:Second Northern War 1242:Second Northern War 1104:, with the town of 1011:Johan Adler Salvius 980:Peace of Westphalia 958:Peace of Westphalia 952:Peace of Westphalia 844:Second Northern War 840:Peace of Westphalia 838:and the subsequent 3971:Crusading movement 3875:Russian Revolution 3710:Hundred Years' War 3606:Maritime republics 3509:Early Christianity 3499:Hellenistic period 3456:Paleolithic Europe 3154:Telecommunications 3139:Rehn–Meidner model 2952:Metropolitan areas 2833:Revolution of 1772 2813:Great Northern War 2679:Roberts, Michael. 2672:Roberts, Michael. 2665:Roberts, Michael. 2658:Roberts, Michael. 2159:History of Finland 2154:History of Estonia 2149:History of Denmark 2088:King Carl X Gustav 1988: 1802:'s envy and Queen 1784: 1691: 1679:Great Northern War 1659:Swedish Royal Navy 1626: 1527:Battle of Køge Bay 1515:John III of Poland 1400: 1312:Treaty of Roskilde 1290:; and the king of 1264: 1210:Polish-Swedish War 1157:Treaty of Roskilde 1129:Lower Saxon Circle 1022:Duchy of Pomerania 986:. Sweden demanded 976: 860:Peace of Travendal 852:Treaty of Roskilde 788:Great Northern War 774:became a European 83:Royal coat of arms 3979: 3978: 3905:COVID-19 pandemic 3850:French Revolution 3825:Habsburg monarchy 3805:Cossack Hetmanate 3785:Portuguese Empire 3775:Absolute monarchy 3770:Thirty Years' War 3665:Holy Roman Empire 3590:Bulgarian Empire 3549:Early Middle Ages 3466:Bronze Age Europe 3440:History of Europe 3406: 3405: 3373: 3372: 3225:Human trafficking 3172: 3171: 3116:Income inequality 3083: 3082: 3075:Political parties 3013:Foreign relations 2980: 2979: 2863:Industrialization 2651:Oakley, Stewart. 2561:Bain, R. Nisbet. 2447:978-952-222-606-8 2218:978-0-582-06429-4 2169:History of Norway 2164:History of Latvia 1984:Gustavus Adolphus 1727:Battle of Poltava 1630:absolute monarchy 1523:Battle of Fehmarn 1491:Swedish Pomerania 1408:religious liberty 1304:Scanian provinces 1222:Tsardom of Russia 1131:alternately with 1063:Farther Pomerania 1032:Western Pomerania 1018:Swedish Pomerania 1007:Johan Oxenstierna 934:overseas colonies 923:Holy Roman Empire 912:Thirty Years' War 904:Gustavus Adolphus 868:Battle of Poltava 836:Thirty Years' War 825:Holy Roman Empire 803:uniformity policy 784:Gustavus Adolphus 752: 751: 718:Sweden portal 610:Industrialization 575:Age of Absolutism 490:(12000 BC–800 AD) 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 417: 416: 275: 272:• 1720–1721 260:• 1718–1720 248:• 1697–1718 236:• 1660–1697 224:• 1654–1660 212:• 1632–1654 205:Gustavus Adolphus 200: 197:• 1611–1632 172:absolute monarchy 149:absolute monarchy 32:Kingdom of Sweden 4024: 3840:Great Divergence 3755:Age of Discovery 3700:Late Middle Ages 3670:High Middle Ages 3581:Byzantine Empire 3564:Christianization 3554:Migration Period 3489:Classical Greece 3461:Neolithic Europe 3433: 3426: 3419: 3410: 3386: 3183: 3124: 3094: 2991: 2910: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2699: 2648: 2639: 2599: 2554: 2538: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2502: 2501: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2318:. Archived from 2309: 2303: 2297: 2278: 2277: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2204: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 1975: 1946: 1916:Western European 1877:Truce of Altmark 1819:Military history 1758:Treaty of Nystad 1717:and the Russian 1561:on 2 September, 1404:Charles X Gustav 1366:and one-half of 1332:Treaty of Cardis 1324:Holstein-Gottorp 1178:Charles X Gustav 1167:For the moment, 1153:Charles X Gustav 1028:, consisting of 932:Sweden founded 900:Axel Oxenstierna 760:Age of Greatness 744: 737: 730: 716: 715: 714: 475: 465: 447: 433: 432: 421: 420: 408: 407: 401: 400: 385: 384: 273: 229:Charles X Gustav 198: 125:Church of Sweden 96: 79: 65: 47: 39: 28: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4021: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3914: 3880:Interwar period 3855:Napoleonic Wars 3719: 3690:Mongol invasion 3643:Crown of Aragon 3535: 3475: 3471:Iron Age Europe 3442: 3437: 3407: 3402: 3389: 3382: 3369: 3350:Public holidays 3264: 3240:Life expectancy 3168: 3122: 3079: 3050:Law enforcement 2976: 2899: 2769: 2763: 2725:History Compass 2706: 2693: 2642: 2636: 2623: 2596: 2581: 2548: 2545: 2543:Further reading 2522: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2415: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2281: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2245: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2125: 2122: 2113: 2110: 2101: 2098: 2089: 2086: 2077: 2076:Queen Christina 2074: 2065: 2062: 2053: 1857:treaty of Oliva 1827: 1821: 1776: 1770: 1699:Battle of Narva 1681: 1675: 1624:King Charles XI 1578: 1572: 1519:Battle of Öland 1495:Duchy of Bremen 1464: 1458: 1441:Triple Alliance 1390: 1384: 1248: 1246:Treaty of Oliva 1240:Main articles: 1238: 1165: 984:war reparations 960: 954: 892: 886: 881: 873:Napoleonic Wars 862:(1700) and the 829:Swedish Estonia 821:Great Reduction 754:The Era of the 748: 712: 710: 698: 697: 673: 665: 664: 635:Interwar period 630: 622: 621: 604:United Kingdoms 589: 581: 580: 564: 556: 555: 539: 531: 530: 508: 500: 499: 483: 463: 456: 430: 405: 350: 337: 327: 317:30 October 1611 314: 276: 265:Ulrika Eleonora 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 177: 174: 164: 151: 87: 86: 85: 80: 72: 71: 66: 48: 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3992:Swedish Empire 3984: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3830:Russian Empire 3827: 3822: 3820:British Empire 3817: 3815:Dutch Republic 3812: 3810:Swedish Empire 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Spanish Empire 3787: 3782: 3780:Ottoman Empire 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Serbian Empire 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3531:Late antiquity 3528: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3494:Roman Republic 3491: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3144:Stock exchange 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3035:State agencies 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2957:National parks 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2927:Extreme points 2924: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2818:Age of Liberty 2815: 2810: 2808:Swedish Empire 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: articles 2764: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2721: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2602:Kirby, David. 2600: 2594: 2579: 2569: 2559: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2529:Chisholm, Hugh 2504: 2503: 2496: 2478: 2471: 2453: 2446: 2428: 2413: 2393: 2391:, p. 205. 2372: 2360: 2358:, p. 204. 2337: 2325: 2304: 2302:, p. 203. 2279: 2260: 2224: 2217: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2136:King Frederick 2135: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2052: 2049: 1973:Hakkaa päälle! 1820: 1817: 1769: 1766: 1762:regional power 1735:Ottoman Empire 1719:scorched earth 1674: 1671: 1571: 1568: 1563:Denmark–Norway 1457: 1454: 1449:Dutch Republic 1417:Denmark–Norway 1383: 1380: 1296:Denmark–Norway 1268:Peace of Oliva 1237: 1236:Peace of Oliva 1234: 1230:Denmark-Norway 1164: 1161: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1059: 956:Main article: 953: 950: 942:Delaware River 888:Main article: 885: 882: 880: 877: 848:Denmark–Norway 797:, such as the 768:stormaktstiden 756:Swedish Empire 750: 749: 747: 746: 739: 732: 724: 721: 720: 707: 706: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 661:(1991–present) 656: 650: 647:Postwar period 644: 638: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 613: 607: 601: 590: 588:Liberalization 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 572: 569:Age of Liberty 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550:Swedish Empire 547: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525:Early Vasa era 522: 516: 509: 506: 505: 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3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3725:Modern period 3722: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 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2999: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2858:Modernization 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838:Gustavian era 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711:History Today 2708: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2635:0-415-18167-4 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2595:0-521-55021-1 2591: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2519:public domain 2508: 2507: 2499: 2497:9789522346384 2493: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2472:9780880292603 2468: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414:0-312-34819-3 2410: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2112:King Carl XII 2108: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1968:Hakkapeliitat 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1949:Swedish kings 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926:replaced the 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Ducal Prussia 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812:Protestantism 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1741:(present-day 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1611:Privy Council 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559:Peace of Lund 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1419:in the west. 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1382:Danish defeat 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:German rivers 1357: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Imperial Diet 1122: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102:Bremen-Verden 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1082:Hohenzollerns 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013:it obtained: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 969: 964: 959: 951: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916:Protestantism 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 891: 883: 878: 876: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:Sweden proper 814: 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780:Baltic region 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 725: 723: 722: 719: 709: 708: 705: 701: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 669: 668: 660: 659:Post-Cold War 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 632: 626: 625: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563:Enlightenment 560: 559: 551: 548: 545: 542: 541: 535: 534: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 507:Consolidation 504: 503: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 474: 470: 469: 466: 459: 454: 448: 428: 426: 423: 422: 419: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 382: 379: 376: 374: 373:ISO 3166 code 370: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 348:Reconstituted 340:24 March 1720 339: 329: 326: 316: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 284: 281: 278: 266: 263: 254: 251: 242: 239: 230: 227: 218: 215: 206: 203: 186: 184: 173: 170: 166: 163: 160: 159:parliamentary 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 142: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 95: 90: 84: 78: 70: 64: 56: 51: 45: 38: 29: 26: 22: 3885:World War II 3809: 3738:Early modern 3715:Kalmar Union 3586:Papal States 3504:Roman Empire 3345:National Day 3298:Coat of arms 3283:Architecture 3250:Prostitution 3220:Homelessness 3205:Demographics 3134:Nordic model 3018:Human rights 3003:Constitution 2873:World War II 2843:Coup of 1809 2823:Coup of 1756 2807: 2793:Kalmar Union 2724: 2717: 2710: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2609:Lisk, Jill. 2603: 2584: 2572: 2562: 2550: 2532: 2488:Murhanenkeli 2487: 2481: 2462: 2456: 2437: 2431: 2403: 2396: 2389:Dumrath 1911 2368:Dumrath 1911 2363: 2356:Dumrath 1911 2333:Dumrath 1911 2328: 2320:the original 2314: 2307: 2300:Dumrath 1911 2273: 2269: 2263: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2208: 2100:King Carl XI 2045: 2034: 2017: 2013: 2005: 1989: 1954:At the time 1953: 1909: 1861: 1828: 1785: 1747: 1715:supply lines 1711: 1692: 1655: 1651: 1627: 1607:constitution 1587: 1579: 1539: 1533:and Blegind/ 1488: 1465: 1421: 1401: 1352: 1265: 1198: 1186: 1182: 1166: 1145: 1118: 1106:Wildeshausen 1089:the town of 1004: 977: 931: 920: 893: 833: 811:noble rule, 806: 792: 759: 755: 753: 641:World War II 594:Constitution 549: 519:Kalmar Union 394:Succeeded by 393: 388: 330:29 July 1634 25: 3870:World War I 3860:Nationalism 3748:Reformation 3733:Renaissance 3705:Black Death 3638:Kievan Rus' 3541:Middle Ages 3230:Immigration 3101:Agriculture 3055:Legislature 3023:LGBT rights 2868:World War I 1997:Johan Banér 1703:Augustus II 1695:Charles XII 1688:Charles XII 1601:, domains, 1551:St. Germain 1484:Scanian War 1462:Scanian War 1456:Scanian War 1413:Brandenburg 1368:Lake Peipus 1364:Lake Ladoga 1280:Brandenburg 1254:Triumph of 1133:Brandenburg 1079:Brandenburg 1061:a strip of 974:in Germany. 856:Charles XII 799:Oxenstierna 776:great power 655:(1967–1991) 649:(1945–1967) 643:(1939–1945) 637:(1918–1939) 618:(1914–1918) 616:World War I 612:(1866–1914) 606:(1814–1905) 600:(1809–1866) 577:(1772–1809) 571:(1718–1772) 552:(1648–1718) 546:(1611–1648) 538:Great Power 527:(1521–1611) 521:(1397–1521) 515:(1050–1397) 513:Middle Ages 482:Prehistoric 462:History of 389:Preceded by 290:Legislature 280:Frederick I 253:Charles XII 167:1680–1719: 154:1634–1680: 144:1611–1634: 3986:Categories 3633:Viking Age 3448:Prehistory 3330:Literature 3325:Irreligion 3215:Healthcare 3195:Censorship 3123:(currency) 3070:Neutrality 3030:Government 2895:Since 1991 2783:Prehistory 2686:Upton, A. 2558:pp 153–237 2191:References 2037:grenadiers 1873:Stary Targ 1864:Kalmar War 1823:See also: 1772:See also: 1677:See also: 1667:Karlskrona 1634:parliament 1595:countships 1582:Charles XI 1574:See also: 1570:Charles XI 1511:Greifswald 1472:Fehrbellin 1460:See also: 1386:See also: 1111:5,000,000 1095:Neukloster 1052:Greifswald 1024:since the 938:New Sweden 496:(800–1050) 494:Viking Age 488:Prehistory 353:2 May 1720 241:Charles XI 183:King/Queen 137:Government 69:State flag 3680:Feudalism 3651:Catalonia 3235:Languages 3210:Education 3159:Transport 3040:Judiciary 3008:Elections 2962:Provinces 2905:Geography 2890:1967–1991 2885:1945–1967 2798:1523–1611 2276:(2): 160. 2249:cite book 1928:wheellock 1859:in 1660. 1804:Christina 1768:Dominions 1663:Stockholm 1646:autocracy 1507:Stralsund 1499:Austrians 1372:Stockholm 1356:dominions 1316:Trøndelag 1258:over the 1189:reduction 1174:Christina 1159:in 1658. 1148:Brömsebro 1143:in 1650. 1141:Nuremberg 1113:Riksdaler 1056:Stralsund 1000:Riksdaler 992:Pomerania 968:tinctures 902:and King 366:Riksdaler 217:Christina 121:Religion 105:Stockholm 53:1611–1721 3919:See also 3890:Cold War 3685:Crusades 3655:Valencia 3393:Category 3355:Religion 3190:Abortion 3149:Taxation 3065:Monarchy 3060:Military 2986:Politics 2972:Wildlife 2922:Counties 2878:timeline 2788:800–1521 2423:70554282 2142:See also 2041:grenades 2029:bayonets 2009:Carolean 1920:Caracole 1868:a ransom 1845:Kircholm 1837:caracole 1832:Erik XIV 1794:and the 1599:baronies 1542:Nijmegen 1535:Blekinge 1493:and the 1480:skirmish 1320:Bornholm 1308:Bohuslän 808:de facto 795:nobility 704:Timeline 453:a series 451:Part of 362:Currency 129:official 3760:Baroque 3659:Majorca 3571:Francia 3384:Outline 3315:Fashion 3303:Cuisine 3270:Culture 3255:Welfare 3178:Society 3164:Tourism 3089:Economy 2937:Islands 2932:Forests 2775:History 2669:(1973). 2662:(1968). 2655:(1984). 2620:(2004). 2613:(1967). 2606:(1990). 2565:(1899) 2531:(ed.). 2521:: 2021:muskets 1964:Finnish 1960:Finland 1935:cavalry 1881:Livonia 1743:Finland 1733:in the 1723:Ukraine 1615:Riksråd 1590:Riksdag 1531:Halland 1503:Stettin 1348:Kexholm 1344:Estonia 1288:Prussia 1284:Livonia 1075:Gollnow 1048:Stettin 988:Silesia 879:History 827:and in 813:serfdom 764:Swedish 758:or the 672:Topical 346:• 323:• 300:History 199:(first) 169:Unitary 156:Unitary 146:Unitary 115:Swedish 101:Capital 44:Swedish 3647:Aragon 3626:Amalfi 3611:Venice 3599:Second 3398:Portal 3293:Cinema 3278:Anthem 3245:People 3121:Krona 3111:Energy 2967:Rivers 2917:Cities 2766:Sweden 2729:online 2632: 2592: 2577:online 2567:online 2527:". 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