558:
512:) deposited in the tissue matrix. Edema forms more easily in dependent areas in the elderly (sitting in chairs at home or on aeroplanes) and this is not well understood. Estrogens alter body weight in part through changes in tissue water content. There may be a variety of poorly understood situations in which transfer of water from tissue matrix to lymphatics is impaired because of changes in the hydrophilicity of the tissue or failure of the 'wicking' function of terminal lymphatic capillaries.
792:
veins in the lower legs towards the upper body; however, as it is not as efficient as an unimpaired circulatory system, swelling (edema) is visible, particularly in the ankles and lower leg. The chronic increased fluid in the lymphatic system and capillary hyperpermeability causes an inflammatory response which leads to tissue fibrosis of both veins and lymphatic system, opening of arteriovenous shunts, all of which then worsens the condition in a vicious cycle.
570:
590:
654:) or fall in plasma protein level. Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli, and these changes occur, if to a lesser degree, in the vessels of most other tissues of the body. Thus the resulting increase in permeability that leads to protein in the urine can explain the edema if all other vessels are more permeable as well.
1256:
1244:
331:
547:). It is most commonly due to a failure of the pumping action of muscles due to immobility, most strikingly in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, or paraplegia. It has been suggested that the edema that occurs in some people following use of aspirin-like cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen or indomethacin may be due to inhibition of lymph heart action.
64:
411:(“dependent” edema of legs) is extracellular fluid accumulation in the lower extremities caused by the effects of gravity, and occurs when fluid pools in the lower parts of the body, including the feet, legs, or hands. This often occurs in immobile patients, such as paraplegics or quadriplegics, pregnant women, or in otherwise healthy people due to
1022:
Changes in the variables in
Starling's equation can contribute to the formation of edemas either by an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the blood vessel, a decrease in the oncotic pressure within the blood vessel or an increase in vessel wall permeability. The latter has two effects. It allows
1009:
of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines
791:
In venous insufficiency, venous stasis results in abnormally high venous pressure (venous hypertension) and greater permeability of blood capillaries (capillary hyperpermeability), to drain the blood through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system slowly removes excess fluid and proteins from the
515:
Myoedema is localized mounding of muscle tissue due to percussive pressure, such as flicking the relaxed muscle with the forefinger and thumb. It produces a mound, visible, firm and non-tender at the point of tactile stimulus approximately 1-2 seconds after stimulus, subsiding back to normal after
415:
or maintaining a standing or seated posture for an extended period of time. It can occur due to diminished venous return of blood to the heart due to congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. It can also occur in patients with increased hydrostatic venous pressure or decreased oncotic
657:
As well as the previously mentioned conditions, edemas often occur during the late stages of pregnancy in some women. This is more common with those of a history of pulmonary problems or poor circulation also being intensified if arthritis is already present in that particular woman. Women who
433:
occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. This is usually due to failure of the left ventricle of the heart. It can also occur in altitude sickness or on inhalation of toxic chemicals. Pulmonary edema
1018:
wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps
508:. In myxedema (and a variety of other rarer conditions) edema is caused by an increased tendency of the tissue to hold water within its extracellular space. In myxedema, this is due to an increase in hydrophilic carbohydrate-rich molecules (perhaps mostly
788:). The venous pressure in the legs changes dramatically while standing compared to lying down. How much pressure there is depends on the person's height, in the average adult person, it is 8 mm Hg while lying down and 100 mm Hg while standing.
2512:
2497:
422:
is extracellular fluid accumulation in the brain. It can occur in toxic or abnormal metabolic states and conditions such as systemic lupus or reduced oxygen at high altitudes. It causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness, leading to
2601:
658:
already have arthritic problems most often have to seek medical help for pain caused from over-reactive swelling. Edemas that occur during pregnancy are usually found in the lower part of the leg, usually from the calf down.
1283:
Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions.
1005:. Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, the colloidal or
247:, a type of swelling. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin that feels tight, the area feeling heavy, and joint stiffness. Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause.
1188:
pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of
2594:
2587:
464:(puffy eyes) . The periorbital tissues are most noticeably swollen immediately after waking, perhaps as a result of the gravitational redistribution of fluid in the horizontal position.
2241:
780:
and is the most common type of edema (approx. 90%). It is a combination venous/lymphatic disorder that originates in defective "leaky" veins that allows the blood to back flow (
2970:
2342:
2279:
569:
416:
venous pressure, due to obstruction of lymphatic or venous vessels draining the lower extremity. Certain drugs (for example, amlodipine) can cause pedal edema.
997:
changes in the water-retaining properties of the tissues themselves. Raised hydrostatic pressure often reflects retention of water and sodium by the kidneys.
282:. It may also occur in immobile patients (stroke, spinal cord injury, aging), or with temporary immobility such as prolonged sitting or standing, and during
650:
is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema may occur before there is any significant protein in the urine (
623:
Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause
1947:
1467:
2963:
925:
1357:
2224:
2085:
2015:
1931:
1900:
1423:
933:
557:
1023:
water to flow more freely and it reduces the colloidal or oncotic pressure difference by allowing protein to leave the vessel more easily.
824:. It usually clears up after delivery of the baby, and is mostly not a cause for concern, though it should always be reported to a doctor.
3128:
2956:
1285:
1440:
2135:
378:
2358:
1413:
929:
1184:. Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure.
2837:
1074:). This permeability is modulated by numerous biochemical chain reactions and can therefore be unbalenced by many influences.
1977:
356:
589:
689:) the pressure changes can cause very severe water retention. In this condition water retention is mostly visible in the
943:
781:
777:
746:
251:
163:
404:, for instance. Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms. Examples of edema in specific organs:
1089:
2899:
341:
1745:
1721:
2431:"Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Enhances Formation of Edema Tissue Fluid Channels in Lymphedema of Lower Limbs"
360:
345:
1923:
2874:
3118:
2527:
686:
2579:
2031:
Farage MA, Neill S, MacLean AB (2009). "Physiological changes associated with the menstrual cycle: a review".
1207:
Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as
2904:
1015:
33:
2822:
3123:
2626:
1955:
1773:
1591:
Wiggli B, Imhof E, Meier CA, Laifer G (2013). "Water, water, everywhere. Acute parvovirus B19 infection".
352:
1475:
1226:, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia,
1010:
the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary
2703:
2336:
2273:
1227:
1078:
1067:
664:
is a condition in a baby characterized by an accumulation of fluid in at least two body compartments.
2849:
967:
609:
290:. The condition is more concerning if it starts suddenly, or pain or shortness of breath is present.
271:
183:
2932:
2812:
2762:
2618:
2516:
1063:
905:
and so on, are all potential causes of water retention. Even very small exercises such as rotating
305:
may be useful for edema of the legs. Older people are more commonly affected. The word is from the
709:; otherwise, the water retention may cause breathing problems and additional stress on the heart.
2988:
2864:
2772:
2696:
2610:
2056:
1616:
1573:
742:
613:
493:
488:
134:
2879:
827:
Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. Exercise helps the leg
2075:
1019:
increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.
2889:
2869:
2844:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2567:
2538:
2460:
2324:
2261:
2220:
2197:
2131:
2081:
2048:
2011:
2005:
1927:
1917:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1839:
1821:
1703:
1685:
1643:
1608:
1565:
1530:
1512:
1419:
1002:
951:
517:
505:
461:
302:
194:
118:
2937:
2884:
2827:
2731:
2713:
2450:
2442:
2314:
2306:
2253:
2187:
2179:
2040:
1863:
1829:
1813:
1802:"Phlebolymphedema-a common underdiagnosed and undertreated problem in the wound care clinic"
1693:
1677:
1600:
1557:
1520:
1502:
1197:
1185:
1108:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1006:
991:
974:
890:
647:
632:
580:
528:
435:
424:
408:
244:
220:
84:
3034:
2362:
1634:
Palmer BF, Alpern RJ (1997). "Pathogenesis of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome".
1104:, which are directed by intracellular signal chains, in particular in connection with the
661:
624:
480:
430:
263:
259:
228:
175:
171:
2927:
2295:"Molecular mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome: therapeutic implications"
1387:
3029:
2922:
2914:
2894:
2859:
2854:
2455:
2430:
2355:
2319:
2294:
2192:
2167:
1834:
1801:
1698:
1665:
1548:
Renkin EM (1994). "Cellular aspects of transvascular exchange: a 40-year perspective".
1525:
1490:
1193:
734:
718:
640:
576:
450:
419:
267:
179:
37:
2521:
1604:
457:, or after surgery. Affected people may perceive coloured haloes around bright lights.
3112:
2980:
2653:
1189:
937:
874:
785:
768:(scarring) of the liver is a common cause of edema in the legs and abdominal cavity.
617:
306:
294:
255:
200:
167:
2380:
2060:
1858:
1620:
1577:
3090:
3011:
2757:
2665:
2636:
984:
821:
738:
682:
544:
540:
412:
401:
397:
283:
17:
2532:
2183:
2044:
1066:(interstitial fluid) in edemas is to a substantial degree caused by an increased
3080:
3001:
2996:
2832:
2767:
2660:
2646:
2641:
2562:
2405:
1324:
1268:
When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause. Many cases of
1223:
1031:
917:
840:
678:
651:
536:
330:
293:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If the underlying mechanism involves
2410:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 30 December 2016
2102:
1817:
1681:
3095:
3070:
3046:
3041:
2817:
2789:
2614:
2543:
2506:
2310:
2219:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 124.
1561:
1208:
1201:
1042:
is congested, then the fluid will remain in the tissues, causing swellings in
902:
866:
524:
509:
484:
279:
275:
187:
127:
123:
1825:
1689:
1516:
1507:
2948:
2777:
1277:
1255:
1071:
1043:
873:
themselves can become swollen, painful and distorted – a condition known as
862:
858:
855:
848:
809:
801:
765:
750:
706:
690:
468:
454:
287:
2464:
2328:
2265:
2201:
2052:
1843:
1707:
1612:
1534:
1243:
2446:
1647:
1569:
1288:
can be used to pressurize tissue in a limb, forcing fluids—both blood and
3024:
2736:
2708:
2681:
1891:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1216:
1212:
1093:
1081:
947:
921:
898:
749:. This type of water retention is usually visible in the form of swollen
636:
501:
472:
446:
298:
2242:"Vascular Permeability: Regulation Pathways and Role in Kidney Diseases"
2168:"Vascular permeability to plasma, plasma proteins, and cells: an update"
63:
3085:
3065:
2365:. Erin Boyd, reviewed by Diane Holland, Nutrition in Emergencies Unit,
1101:
1097:
1085:
1051:
832:
722:
628:
439:
2489:
2429:
Zaleska M, Olszewski WL, Cakala M, Cwikla J, Budlewski T (June 2015).
2257:
2691:
2686:
2501:
2366:
2004:
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn, Jacquelyn L. Banasik (25 June 2014).
1273:
1105:
1038:
can be overwhelmed, and if there is simply too much fluid, or if the
1011:
894:
878:
813:
532:
527:, abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure of the
476:
1329:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2016.
531:. This may be due to obstruction from, for example, pressure from a
1415:
Stedman's
Medical Terminology: Steps to Success in Medical Language
1001:
Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the
1982:
1806:
The
Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists
1289:
1269:
1047:
906:
882:
844:
836:
805:
754:
730:
726:
702:
698:
694:
396:
An edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations,
57:
Oedema, œdema, fluid retention, water retention, dropsy, hydropsy
2752:
1919:
Lymphedema
Management: The Comprehensive Guide for Practitioners
1030:
acts like an "overflow" and can return much excess fluid to the
886:
870:
851:
828:
817:
776:
Phlebetic lymphedema (or phlebolymphedema) is seen in untreated
612:
occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in
2952:
2583:
1249:
Vein obstruction causes facial edema while lying down to sleep.
910:
324:
96:
309:
1489:
Vignesh G, Balachandran K, Kamalanathan S, Hamide A (2013).
516:
5-10 seconds. It is a sign in hypothyroid myopathy, such as
102:
2080:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1075, 1107.
543:, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection (such as
87:
2077:
1666:"Diuretic Therapy in Heart Failure – Current Approaches"
1118:
685:. But if the heart begins to fail (a condition known as
1491:"Myoedema: A clinical pointer to hypothyroid myopathy"
962:
Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema:
445:
Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with
2153:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach
1774:"The causes of edema in chronic venous insufficiency"
1261:
After being upright all day, the swelling disappears.
2479:
1388:"Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"
920:
are prone to causing water retention. These include
812:. The problem is partly caused by the weight of the
93:
3055:
3010:
2987:
2913:
2788:
2745:
2722:
2674:
2625:
2553:
2483:
1077:Involved in these processes are, among others, the
854:, the pressure can force too much fluid out of the
206:
193:
159:
151:
143:
133:
117:
99:
90:
75:
53:
48:
983:increased blood vessel wall permeability (such as
784:), slowing the return of the blood to the heart (
681:should help to keep a normal pressure within the
2130:(7th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 122.
1468:"Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum"
1230:, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.
980:increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure;
483:), and skin contact with certain plants such as
865:may break, leaving small blood marks under the
741:, for instance in the case of diseases such as
1495:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
725:are no longer able to filter fluid out of the
2964:
2595:
2356:Nutrition in Emergencies > Measuring œdema
1859:"Lower-Extremity Edema During Late Pregnancy"
893:to fulfil its "overflow" function. Long-haul
847:travels too slowly and starts to pool in the
504:, which is caused by increased deposition of
438:may occur when fluid also accumulates in the
32:"Dropsy" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
2341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2240:Cai A, Chatziantoniou C, Calmont A (2021).
2010:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 660–.
717:Another cause of severe water retention is
359:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
139:Skin which feels tight, area may feel heavy
2971:
2957:
2949:
2602:
2588:
2580:
2480:
2101:Scallan J, Huxley VH, Korthuis RJ (2010).
579:of the right finger exhibits edema due to
62:
45:
2454:
2318:
2191:
1833:
1697:
1524:
1506:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
705:. This condition is usually treated with
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:, is the build-up of fluid in the body's
1382:
1380:
1378:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
643:infection may cause generalized edemas.
2293:Doucet A, Favre G, Deschênes G (2007).
1978:"Beta-Blockers for High Blood Pressure"
1301:
635:. Such severe systemic edema is called
553:
2334:
2271:
990:obstruction of fluid clearance in the
27:Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue
2107:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences
1888:Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing
1795:
1793:
1772:Publishing L, Guiboles (2009-11-24).
1767:
1765:
1659:
1657:
1418:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1292:—to flow out of the compressed area.
1222:Edema caused by malnutrition defines
934:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
460:Edema surrounding the eyes is called
7:
2151:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2012). "2e".
1466:Hogan CM (2008). Strömberg N (ed.).
1026:Another set of vessels known as the
357:adding citations to reliable sources
301:may be used. Elevating the legs and
2074:Charlotte Pooler (1 October 2009).
500:Another cutaneous form of edema is
2155:. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
2104:Pathophysiology of Edema Formation
1362:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1358:"Edema - Cardiovascular Disorders"
1286:Intermittent pneumatic compression
881:action is needed not only to keep
595:Severe edema in the legs and feet.
539:, destruction of lymph vessels by
25:
697:, but water also collects in the
491:, the latter of which are termed
1254:
1242:
930:combined oral contraceptive pill
588:
568:
556:
329:
83:
2838:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
2217:Essentials of Rubin's Pathology
1948:"Estrogens (Conjugated/Equine)"
1664:Casu G, Merella P (July 2015).
1070:of the smallest blood vessels (
1054:or any other part of the body.
2435:Lymphatic Research and Biology
1192:, or local conditions such as
924:, thereby including drugs for
434:produces shortness of breath.
297:, decreased salt intake and a
1:
2172:Current Opinion in Hematology
2126:Kumar, Abbas, Fausto (1999).
1746:"Edema - Symptoms and causes"
1722:"Edema - Symptoms and causes"
1605:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61894-7
2184:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283386638
2045:10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181932a37
944:Premenstrual water retention
861:into the tissue spaces. The
778:chronic venous insufficiency
701:, where it causes a chronic
563:Foot two weeks post-surgery.
2128:Pathologic Basis of Disease
1885:Timby BK, Smith NE (2006).
1090:tight junction protein ZO-1
926:hormone replacement therapy
278:, certain medications, and
3145:
3062:Cause of fluid collection
1922:(1st ed.). New York:
1818:10.1016/j.jcws.2010.04.004
1778:Servier - Phlebolymphology
1682:10.15420/ecr.2015.10.01.42
1670:European Cardiology Review
1176:Edema may be described as
889:but also to stimulate the
310:
31:
3129:Lymphatic vessel diseases
2407:Causes and signs of edema
2311:10.1007/s00467-007-0521-3
1924:Thieme Medical Publishers
1562:10.3109/10739689409148270
1326:Causes and signs of edema
1276:disease are treated with
1160:
1148:
1144:Mild: Both feet / ankles
1140:
1132:
1127:
1124:
677:The pumping force of the
70:
61:
2900:Wolf's isotopic response
2166:Dvorak HF (April 2010).
1508:10.4103/2230-8210.109672
1412:Creason C (2010-11-04).
1166:bilateral pitting edema,
687:congestive heart failure
471:edema are observed with
1445:A Greek-English Lexicon
1016:semi-permeable membrane
913:can help to reduce it.
901:, immobility caused by
34:dropsy (disambiguation)
1079:transmembrane proteins
646:Although a low plasma
467:Common appearances of
155:Generalized, localized
2447:10.1089/lrb.2014.0010
1228:ulcerating dermatoses
977:within blood vessels;
973:reduced colloidal or
627:, pleural effusions,
231:), and also known as
2905:Munro's microabscess
2865:Koebner's phenomenon
2369:. Retrieved Nov 2012
1857:Heine RP, Swamy GK.
1200:, insect bites, and
1170:legs, arms and face
1168:including both feet,
1156:hands or lower arms
1152:Moderate: Both feet,
968:hydrostatic pressure
885:flowing through the
610:hydrostatic pressure
353:improve this section
317:meaning 'swelling'.
272:deep vein thrombosis
252:venous insufficiency
184:deep vein thrombosis
164:Venous insufficiency
2923:Aldrich-Mees' lines
2619:subcutaneous tissue
2033:Obstet Gynecol Surv
1164:Severe: Generalised
1121:
1064:extracellular fluid
808:are common in late
639:. In rare cases, a
479:bites, bee stings (
250:Causes may include
2989:Volume contraction
2833:Fitzpatrick's sign
2823:Dennie–Morgan fold
2697:Livedo reticularis
2611:Signs and symptoms
2554:External resources
2361:2017-02-18 at the
1958:on 2 December 2007
1916:Zuther JE (2005).
1119:
743:nephrotic syndrome
737:often starts with
614:nephrotic syndrome
494:contact dermatitis
489:western poison oak
321:Signs and symptoms
264:low protein levels
176:low protein levels
18:Swelling (medical)
3106:
3105:
2946:
2945:
2875:Leser-Trelat sign
2850:Hutchinson's sign
2798:Asboe-Hansen sign
2577:
2576:
2258:10.1159/000514314
2226:978-0-78177-324-9
2087:978-1-60547-781-7
2017:978-0-323-29317-4
1933:978-1-58890-284-9
1902:978-0-78178-032-2
1800:Farrow W (2010).
1636:Kidney Int. Suppl
1478:on July 21, 2009.
1425:978-1-58255-816-5
1182:non-pitting edema
1174:
1173:
1120:Grading of edema
1058:Molecular biology
1003:Starling equation
952:breast tenderness
729:and turn it into
518:Hoffmann syndrome
506:connective tissue
462:periorbital edema
436:Pleural effusions
389:
388:
381:
303:support stockings
214:
213:
195:Diagnostic method
147:Sudden or gradual
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3136:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2933:Muehrcke's lines
2813:Braverman's sign
2732:Peripheral edema
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2269:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2215:Rubin E (2008).
2212:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:. Archived from
1952:The Merck Manual
1944:
1938:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1864:The Merck Manual
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1550:Microcirculation
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1474:. Archived from
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1258:
1246:
1198:thrombophlebitis
1154:plus lower legs,
1122:
1109:protein kinase C
1040:lymphatic system
1036:lymphatic system
1028:lymphatic system
1007:oncotic pressure
992:lymphatic system
975:oncotic pressure
891:lymphatic system
648:oncotic pressure
633:peripheral edema
592:
581:acute paronychia
572:
560:
529:lymphatic system
425:brain herniation
409:Peripheral edema
384:
377:
373:
370:
364:
333:
325:
313:
312:
295:sodium retention
223:), also spelled
221:American English
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
66:
46:
21:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3119:Causes of death
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3051:
3035:pulmonary edema
3006:
2983:
2977:
2947:
2942:
2909:
2880:Nikolsky's sign
2784:
2741:
2718:
2670:
2628:
2627:Disturbances of
2621:
2608:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2549:
2548:
2492:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2381:"Pitting Edema"
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:Wayback Machine
2354:
2350:
2333:
2305:(12): 1983–90.
2299:Pediatr Nephrol
2292:
2291:
2287:
2270:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2007:Pathophysiology
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:. p. 222.
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1303:
1298:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1236:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1117:
1060:
1034:. But even the
1014:, which have a
960:
798:
774:
763:
715:
675:
670:
662:Hydrops fetalis
625:pulmonary edema
606:
601:
600:
599:
596:
593:
584:
573:
564:
561:
481:wheal and flare
431:Pulmonary edema
394:
385:
374:
368:
365:
350:
334:
323:
260:kidney problems
233:fluid retention
229:British English
172:kidney problems
113:
86:
82:
71:"Pitting" edema
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:cerebral edema
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Wickham striae
2892:
2890:Russell's sign
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Koplik's spots
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Janeway lesion
2852:
2847:
2845:Gottron's sign
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Borsari's sign
2805:
2803:Auspitz's sign
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:skin sensation
2623:
2622:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2509:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:Classification
2477:
2476:External links
2474:
2471:
2470:
2441:(2): 146–153.
2421:
2397:
2371:
2348:
2285:
2252:(3): 297–310.
2232:
2225:
2207:
2178:(3): 225–229.
2158:
2143:
2136:
2118:
2093:
2086:
2066:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1969:
1939:
1932:
1908:
1901:
1877:
1849:
1789:
1761:
1737:
1713:
1653:
1626:
1583:
1540:
1481:
1472:GlobalTwitcher
1458:
1431:
1424:
1404:
1374:
1332:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1194:varicose veins
1172:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1062:The excessive
1059:
1056:
999:
998:
995:
988:
981:
978:
971:
959:
956:
875:varicose veins
797:
794:
773:
770:
762:
759:
735:Kidney disease
719:kidney failure
714:
711:
674:
671:
669:
666:
641:parvovirus B19
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
587:
585:
577:distal phalanx
574:
567:
565:
562:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
521:
513:
498:
465:
458:
451:conjunctivitis
443:
428:
420:Cerebral edema
417:
393:
390:
387:
386:
337:
335:
328:
322:
319:
274:, infections,
268:liver problems
212:
211:
210:Based on cause
208:
204:
203:
197:
191:
190:
180:liver problems
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
112:
111:
79:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
38:edema (plants)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3141:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Medical signs
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:Disorders of
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2938:Terry's nails
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Pastia's sign
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Darier's sign
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:Hyperesthesia
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2137:0-7216-0187-1
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:(9868): 776.
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:(3): 157–67.
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1393:
1392:Family doctor
1389:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:heart failure
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:pitting edema
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
963:
957:
955:
954:, is common.
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
938:beta-blockers
935:
932:, as well as
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
909:and wiggling
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:work against
830:
825:
823:
819:
816:on the major
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
789:
787:
786:venous stasis
783:
782:venous reflux
779:
771:
769:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:blood vessels
680:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
618:liver failure
615:
611:
603:
591:
586:
582:
578:
571:
566:
559:
554:
546:
545:elephantiasis
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
432:
429:
426:
421:
418:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
403:
399:
392:Specific area
391:
383:
380:
372:
362:
358:
354:
348:
347:
343:
338:This section
336:
332:
327:
326:
320:
318:
316:
308:
307:Ancient Greek
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:heart failure
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
202:
201:physical exam
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:heart failure
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
116:
107:
81:
80:
78:
76:Pronunciation
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3091:hydrosalpinx
3019:
3012:Hypervolemia
2981:volume state
2928:Beau's lines
2758:Desquamation
2723:
2666:Hyperalgesia
2637:Hypoesthesia
2613:relating to
2561:
2537:
2526:
2511:
2496:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2406:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2351:
2337:cite journal
2302:
2298:
2288:
2274:cite journal
2249:
2245:
2235:
2216:
2210:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2127:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2103:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2039:(1): 58–72.
2036:
2032:
2026:
2006:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1951:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1887:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1862:
1852:
1812:(1): 14–23.
1809:
1805:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1676:(1): 42–47.
1673:
1669:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1476:the original
1471:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1414:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1325:
1282:
1267:
1221:
1206:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1076:
1068:permeability
1061:
1025:
1021:
1000:
985:inflammation
961:
942:
915:
826:
799:
790:
775:
764:
739:inflammation
721:, where the
716:
676:
660:
656:
645:
622:
607:
541:radiotherapy
535:or enlarged
492:
413:hypervolemia
402:pancreatitis
395:
375:
366:
351:Please help
339:
314:
292:
284:menstruation
249:
240:
236:
232:
224:
216:
215:
29:
3081:hydrothorax
3002:Hypovolemia
2997:Dehydration
2860:Kerr's sign
2768:Diaphoresis
2675:Circulation
2661:Hypoalgesia
2647:Formication
2642:Paresthesia
2563:MedlinePlus
1750:Mayo Clinic
1726:Mayo Clinic
1439:Liddell H.
1397:23 December
1224:kwashiorkor
1128:Definition
1072:capillaries
1032:bloodstream
918:medications
863:capillaries
859:capillaries
804:, feet and
693:, feet and
652:proteinuria
604:Generalized
537:lymph nodes
199:Based on a
144:Usual onset
54:Other names
3113:Categories
3096:hyperaemia
3071:transudate
3047:Lymphedema
3042:Angioedema
2818:Crowe sign
2763:Induration
2539:DiseasesDB
1783:2023-09-01
1755:2022-12-23
1731:2022-07-19
1501:(2): 352.
1451:8 December
1367:8 December
1296:References
1209:lymphedema
1202:dermatitis
1186:Peripheral
966:increased
946:, causing
903:disability
897:, lengthy
835:to return
608:A rise in
525:lymphedema
510:hyaluronin
485:poison ivy
427:and death.
398:tendinitis
369:March 2021
280:lymphedema
276:angioedema
188:lymphedema
128:nephrology
124:Cardiology
2778:Neck mass
2714:Blanching
2390:1 January
2379:Booth S.
1826:1876-4983
1690:1758-3756
1642:: S21–7.
1517:2230-8210
1441:"οἴδ-ημα"
1278:diuretics
1234:Treatment
1115:Diagnosis
1094:cadherins
958:Mechanism
922:estrogens
810:pregnancy
766:Cirrhosis
707:diuretics
469:cutaneous
455:keratitis
449:, severe
340:does not
288:pregnancy
207:Treatment
119:Specialty
3077:By site
3025:Anasarca
2737:Anasarca
2709:Petechia
2704:Flushing
2682:Cyanosis
2465:25748341
2359:Archived
2329:17554565
2266:33744890
2202:20375889
2061:22293838
2053:19099613
1989:9 August
1962:9 August
1870:9 August
1844:24527138
1708:30310422
1621:19300719
1613:23472922
1578:28046134
1535:23776921
1217:myxedema
1213:lipedema
1098:catenins
1086:claudins
1082:occludin
1050:, feet,
948:bloating
916:Certain
899:bed-rest
800:Swollen
637:anasarca
502:myxedema
473:mosquito
447:glaucoma
299:diuretic
241:hydropsy
135:Symptoms
3086:ascites
3066:exudate
2533:D004487
2456:4492553
2414:26 July
2320:2064946
2246:Nephron
2193:2878124
2111:11 July
1835:3601853
1699:6159465
1648:9185099
1570:8790586
1526:3683223
1447:. Tufts
1136:Absent
1133:Absent
1102:actinin
1052:abdomen
1012:venules
928:or the
895:flights
839:to the
833:gravity
820:of the
723:kidneys
713:Kidneys
629:ascites
475:bites,
442:cavity.
440:pleural
361:removed
346:sources
2692:Livedo
2687:Pallor
2568:003103
2463:
2453:
2367:UNICEF
2327:
2317:
2264:
2223:
2200:
2190:
2134:
2084:
2059:
2051:
2014:
1930:
1899:
1842:
1832:
1824:
1706:
1696:
1688:
1646:
1619:
1611:
1593:Lancet
1576:
1568:
1533:
1523:
1515:
1422:
1274:kidney
1215:, and
1125:Grade
1106:enzyme
1048:ankles
907:ankles
879:Muscle
869:. The
822:pelvis
814:uterus
806:ankles
796:Others
755:ankles
695:ankles
533:cancer
477:spider
315:oídēma
311:οἴδημα
245:tissue
237:dropsy
225:oedema
160:Causes
110:
3056:Other
3020:Edema
2915:Nails
2746:Other
2724:Edema
2522:782.3
2507:R60.9
2385:WebMD
2057:S2CID
1983:WebMD
1617:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1290:lymph
1270:heart
1180:, or
887:veins
883:blood
871:veins
852:veins
845:blood
843:. If
841:heart
837:blood
829:veins
818:veins
772:Veins
761:Liver
747:lupus
731:urine
727:blood
703:cough
699:lungs
679:heart
673:Heart
668:Cause
217:Edema
152:Types
49:Edema
2790:Skin
2773:Mass
2753:Rash
2617:and
2615:skin
2544:9148
2528:MeSH
2517:9-CM
2461:PMID
2416:2022
2392:2023
2343:link
2325:PMID
2280:link
2262:PMID
2221:ISBN
2198:PMID
2132:ISBN
2113:2022
2082:ISBN
2049:PMID
2012:ISBN
1991:2017
1964:2017
1928:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1872:2017
1840:PMID
1822:ISSN
1704:PMID
1686:ISSN
1644:PMID
1609:PMID
1566:PMID
1531:PMID
1513:ISSN
1453:2019
1420:ISBN
1399:2019
1369:2019
1161:+++
1100:and
1044:legs
950:and
936:and
911:toes
867:skin
802:legs
753:and
751:legs
691:legs
631:and
616:and
575:The
344:any
342:cite
239:and
36:and
2513:ICD
2498:ICD
2451:PMC
2443:doi
2315:PMC
2307:doi
2254:doi
2250:145
2188:PMC
2180:doi
2041:doi
1893:488
1830:PMC
1814:doi
1694:PMC
1678:doi
1601:doi
1597:381
1558:doi
1521:PMC
1503:doi
1272:or
1149:++
856:leg
849:leg
745:or
523:In
487:or
400:or
355:by
286:or
3115::
2566::
2542::
2531::
2520::
2505::
2502:10
2459:.
2449:.
2439:13
2437:.
2433:.
2383:.
2339:}}
2335:{{
2323:.
2313:.
2303:22
2301:.
2297:.
2276:}}
2272:{{
2260:.
2248:.
2244:.
2196:.
2186:.
2176:17
2174:.
2170:.
2055:.
2047:.
2037:64
2035:.
1980:.
1950:.
1895:.
1861:.
1838:.
1828:.
1820:.
1808:.
1804:.
1792:^
1776:.
1764:^
1748:.
1724:.
1702:.
1692:.
1684:.
1674:10
1672:.
1668:.
1656:^
1640:59
1638:.
1615:.
1607:.
1595:.
1572:.
1564:.
1552:.
1529:.
1519:.
1511:.
1499:17
1497:.
1493:.
1470:.
1443:.
1390:.
1377:^
1360:.
1335:^
1304:^
1280:.
1219:.
1211:,
1204:.
1196:,
1141:+
1111:.
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1046:,
987:);
940:.
877:.
757:.
733:.
620:.
453:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
235:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
126:,
97:iː
2972:e
2965:t
2958:v
2603:e
2596:t
2589:v
2515:-
2500:-
2490:D
2467:.
2445::
2418:.
2394:.
2345:)
2331:.
2309::
2282:)
2268:.
2256::
2229:.
2204:.
2182::
2140:.
2115:.
2090:.
2063:.
2043::
2020:.
1993:.
1966:.
1936:.
1905:.
1874:.
1846:.
1816::
1810:2
1786:.
1758:.
1734:.
1710:.
1680::
1650:.
1623:.
1603::
1580:.
1560::
1554:1
1537:.
1505::
1455:.
1428:.
1401:.
1371:.
994:;
970:;
583:.
520:.
497:.
382:)
376:(
371:)
367:(
363:.
349:.
227:(
219:(
106:/
103:ə
100:m
94:d
91:ˈ
88:ɪ
85:/
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
