65:
659:
2875:
645:
1457:
1316:
385:. This village was fortified by deep ditches filled with sharp ironwood stakes surrounding the village. Its strategic value was further amplified by its location: it could only be reached by large war canoes at high tide. This village was decimated by smallpox, with only one surviving family. Many of the Swinomish today are descended from this family.
539:
The primary watergoing vessel for much of
Swinomish history has been the canoe. Although modern motorized watercraft are the mainly utilized vehicle now, canoes still carry a high degree of cultural significance and are used at cultural events. The Swinomish canoes are similar to those of other Coast
611:
Traditional
Swinomish society was organized on the village and family level. Each village was composed of several families and their leaders, who had a certain standing among others of the village due to their material wealth and social prestige. However, none of these important members of a village
514:
gathering. They reserved the right to fish and harvest in their usual and accustomed areas in the Point
Elliott Treaty of 1855. The Swinomish are highly reliant on their marine resources. In pre-colonial times, as much as 70% percent of their food came from marine resources. The traditional fishing
518:
Today, the
Swinomish continue to be involved heavily in the fishing industry. Although some usage of traditional fishing methods continues, the majority of fishing is commercial. Through the Swinomish Tribe, they have been engaged in conflicts with the federal government over fishing rights. Most
321:
Around 1830-1835, a major smallpox epidemic blazed through the villages of Skagit County, including the
Swinomish. The epidemics reduced the Swinomish populations by up to 80%, according to some estimations. Around 1855, the U.S. government recorded the Swinomish population to be around 150-200
377:
Like other Coast Salish peoples, the
Swinomish traditionally built permanent villages along waterways, especially near fresh water outlets like rivers and creeks. Villages were independent from one another, but nominally connected to the other Swinomish villages through kinship ties and shared
333:
was established, and the
Swinomish were required to remove to it. Three Swinomish signed the treaty: Belole, Stodumkan, and Kelkahltsoot. The U.S. Government hoped that the Swinomish would turn to farming once the reservation was established. By 1884, about three-fourths of the Swinomish were
515:
methods of the
Swinomish included using traps that led fish from deep water into the shallows where they could be easily collected. This kind of trap was used by the Swinomish at Dugualla Bay, Turner Bay, along the North Fork of the Skagit River, and all along the Swinomish Channel.
658:
64:
583:
The language of the
Swinomish is Lushootseed. Historically, the language was also known as "Skagit." According to their tradition, their language originated with the Kikiallus, from whence the Swinomish and other Skagit-speaking peoples migrated.
313:
to settle in
Shelter Bay. After their establishment, they prospered and eventually became their own distinct group. Alternatively, another origin story states that the Swinomish are descended from a noble's son who gained a powerful
535:
By 1883, much of the population of the Swinomish Reservation had turned to logging, milling, and farming. Around three-fourths had made the switch, with the remainder still living engaged in traditional subsistence patterns.
337:
Throughout the 1860s, many Swinomish left their homelands, scattering around Puget Sound in search of work. On the reservation, there were clashes between settlers and Swinomish regarding the boundaries of their lands.
2482:
3183:
1004:
2798:
2537:
503:
309:
According to the 20th century Swinomish historian Martin J. Sampson, the Swinomish people descend from a group of Kikiallus people who left their village at what is now
2987:
3188:
2492:
2919:
1845:
1381:
301:
peoples. In the early colonial period, whites believed that the Swinomish were a part of the Lower Skagit, however, they were separate and distinct peoples.
2512:
532:
In pre-colonial times, the Swinomish were semi-migratory. In the summer, Swinomish people travelled to fishing and gathering sites near their villages.
3052:
2517:
2125:
519:
Swinomish are dependent on fishing, farm labor, or lumbering as income. Others make their income as craftspeople, selling Native arts and crafts.
2791:
2618:
1766:
529:
The Swinomish also traditionally gathered berries and roots, and, after the introduction of potatoes, they became part of the Swinomish diet.
2947:
2487:
1191:
947:
834:
812:
738:
625:
1503:
279:
140:
346:
Historically, the Swinomish controlled much of Fidalgo Island. Their territory included the entire eastern half of Fidalgo Island down to
644:
3144:
2784:
1225:
358:, as well as a portion of Padilla Bay and the mainland north of the Skagit River extending about halfway to what is now Mount Vernon.
3088:
3080:
2582:
1651:
1281:
1256:
366:
259:
206:
30:
2317:
3007:
2292:
1374:
565:
2322:
1707:
1066:
2776:
2608:
2572:
1646:
1183:
2603:
2700:
2613:
2841:
2252:
1273:
2272:
2257:
1980:
1970:
2886:
2442:
2347:
2277:
1990:
1945:
1367:
879:
1320:
2962:
2547:
2432:
2372:
2337:
1805:
1759:
1641:
1481:
256:
37:
3121:
3027:
2967:
2864:
2808:
2507:
2100:
1676:
1636:
246:
2859:
2830:
2532:
1471:
1545:
3103:
2972:
2685:
2639:
2562:
2422:
2417:
2362:
2297:
2227:
2015:
1940:
1935:
1666:
526:
to farm clams. In 2022, the Swinomish Tribe built the first clam garden in the United States in 200 years.
326:
540:
Salish peoples. Saltwater canoes are traditionally decorated at the prow and can be up to fifty feet long.
381:
One of the main villages of the Swinomish was located near the headwaters of Sullivan Slough, near today's
2854:
2654:
2557:
2542:
2467:
2452:
2367:
2332:
2307:
2232:
2040:
2025:
1789:
3193:
3098:
3060:
3032:
3017:
3002:
2904:
2849:
2634:
2387:
2302:
2242:
2055:
2020:
1855:
1752:
1712:
1702:
1306:
650:
557:
444:
382:
362:
330:
267:
2720:
2412:
1950:
1885:
591:, a trade language used for communication between settlers and Indigenous peoples in the 19th century.
144:
3128:
3070:
3042:
3037:
2977:
2937:
2932:
2899:
2894:
2748:
2567:
2552:
2497:
2472:
2437:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2352:
2312:
2262:
2155:
1910:
1850:
1815:
1686:
1550:
1442:
1144:
553:
310:
215:
127:
1890:
369:. They continue to exercise their sovereignty as a domestic dependent nation of the United States.
3108:
3093:
3012:
2730:
2402:
2377:
2357:
2342:
2267:
2247:
2190:
1985:
1975:
1840:
1810:
1799:
1423:
414:
2010:
1965:
1794:
355:
315:
3065:
2957:
2952:
2675:
2327:
2287:
2282:
2237:
2000:
1995:
1396:
227:
2462:
2407:
2050:
1930:
290:
2185:
1870:
1865:
564:
was introduced to the Swinomish in 1894 after the establishment of the Swinomish Day School, a
2927:
2909:
2765:
2695:
2690:
2427:
2135:
1606:
1576:
1359:
1277:
1252:
1251:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–502.
1221:
1197:
1187:
884:
734:
728:
278:
The Swinomish are a Southern Coast Salish people. The Southern Coast Salish includes the many
263:
2035:
1915:
1820:
1267:
262:, also known as the Swinomish Tribe, which is headquartered in Swinomish Village, across the
2997:
2760:
2737:
2725:
2644:
2195:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2115:
2105:
2005:
1960:
1835:
1733:
1611:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1555:
1540:
1300:
298:
242:
171:
152:
106:
2942:
2710:
2577:
2502:
2477:
2447:
2175:
2150:
2090:
1955:
1895:
1830:
1681:
1661:
1601:
1586:
621:
572:
2755:
2715:
2662:
2587:
2080:
1925:
1905:
1825:
1728:
1656:
1520:
724:
588:
351:
347:
234:
90:
3177:
3022:
2705:
2457:
2120:
2045:
1920:
1244:
1217:
631:
561:
94:
2527:
2522:
2095:
2085:
1775:
1525:
1000:
549:
294:
148:
123:
1344:
1114:
1130:
2823:
2742:
2110:
1671:
1476:
1406:
1390:
595:
523:
238:
223:
110:
1456:
289:
The Swinomish are closely related to their historical neighbors, including the
2680:
2180:
1900:
1616:
1353:
1209:
1175:
473:
Highly fortified village, many Swinomish today descended from its inhabitants
3159:
3146:
1272:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
2206:
2165:
2160:
2070:
2065:
1596:
1201:
664:
A skate from the Swinomish fishtrap, Tulalip Indian Agency, Washington, 1938
511:
698:
552:. One of the prominent denominations of the Swinomish was historically the
1315:
2075:
1875:
17:
1299:
560:
in 1939, but individuals practiced privately in their homes since 1910.
2170:
2030:
1880:
1535:
594:
The Swinomish people speak a subdialect of the Northern dialect of the
250:
2211:
2201:
2060:
1860:
1491:
507:
2874:
624:, former chairman of the Swinomish Tribe and 21st president of the
1335:
1048:
1046:
925:
923:
921:
283:
1214:
sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography
824:
822:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
249:. Skagit County is located about 70 miles (110 km) north of
765:
2780:
1748:
1744:
1363:
1239:(3rd ed.). Mount Vernon: Skagit County Historical Society.
1067:"Swinomish Tribe builds modern clam garden, reviving practice"
506:, is highly reliant on the usage of marine resources, such as
361:
After the 1855 treaty, the Swinomish were constrained to the
2873:
1328:
976:
974:
189:
2483:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1266:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
318:, and he and his wife became the ancestor of all peoples.
198:
1115:
Lushootseed Language (Whulshootseed, Puget Sound Salish).
195:
183:
908:
906:
904:
902:
961:
959:
957:
846:
844:
1269:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
612:had complete control over the rest of the village.
207:
186:
180:
177:
3079:
3051:
2986:
2918:
2885:
2840:
2653:
2627:
2596:
2220:
1782:
1721:
1695:
1629:
1564:
1513:
1502:
1464:
1432:
1416:
1405:
946:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrownCollins1990 (
833:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrownCollins1990 (
811:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrownCollins1990 (
192:
174:
133:
116:
100:
84:
74:
51:
1025:
434:
53:
1052:
941:
929:
828:
806:
753:
548:After colonization, many Swinomish converted to
427:Three miles from La Conner, on Swinomish Slough
730:Native American Placenames of the United States
571:Today, most members of the Swinomish Tribe are
2792:
1760:
1375:
733:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 468.
634:, Tulalip citizen, educator, and photographer
8:
3184:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
2878:Map of Washington highlighting Skagit County
233:The Tribe lives in the southeastern part of
46:
1037:
777:
502:The lifestyle of the Swinomish, like other
2799:
2785:
2777:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1510:
1455:
1413:
1382:
1368:
1360:
880:"Swinomish are told to restrict shellfish"
387:
63:
45:
504:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast
325:In 1855, the Swinomish were party to the
1341:, a film about the Swinomish Reservation
29:For the federally-recognized tribe, see
2619:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2609:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
1145:"Matika Wilbur (Swinomish and Tulalip)"
1102:
1090:
980:
965:
912:
862:
850:
685:
678:
640:
226:-speaking people Indigenous to western
3189:Geography of Skagit County, Washington
873:
871:
2604:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1212:; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001).
995:
993:
991:
989:
626:National Congress of American Indians
255:Swinomish people are enrolled in the
7:
2614:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1356:, a brief history at u-s-history.com
1310:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
568:operated by the federal government.
85:Regions with significant populations
69:Dr. Joe, a Swinomish doctor, c. 1907
2493:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
705:. Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
587:In historic times, many also spoke
556:. A Shaker church was built on the
365:, alongside the other bands of the
2807:Municipalities and communities of
878:Mapes, Linda V. (April 19, 2007).
766:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community.
25:
2583:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1652:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1298:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1118:Native Languages of the Americas.
1005:"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"
703:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
522:The Swinomish traditionally used
389:List of known Swinomish villages
367:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
260:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
31:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1314:
1065:Ryan, John (September 3, 2022).
1026:Hilbert, Miller & Zahir 2001
657:
643:
170:
1708:Port Madison Indian Reservation
334:logging, farming, and milling.
2597:Organizations and institutions
2573:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1647:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1184:University of Washington Press
1053:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010
942:Ruby, Brown & Collins 1990
930:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010
829:Ruby, Brown & Collins 1990
807:Ruby, Brown & Collins 1990
754:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994
1:
2488:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1131:"NCAI Leadership | NCAI"
2318:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2253:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1703:Swinomish Indian Reservation
1657:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1350:, from Independent Lens site
1274:University of Oklahoma Press
280:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
141:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
2518:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2443:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2348:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1630:Federally recognized tribes
1235:Sampson, Martin J. (1972).
1216:. Original Manuscript from
1015:(2): 208 – via JSTOR.
354:above the northern half of
3210:
2548:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2433:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2338:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2293:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1642:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
122:Indigenous folk religion,
38:Swinomish (disambiguation)
35:
28:
3117:
2871:
2821:
2810:Skagit County, Washington
2513:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2508:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1677:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1637:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
1453:
1301:"Swinomish Indians"
1174:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
1120:(retrieved July 28, 2009)
768:(retrieved July 28, 2009)
247:Skagit County, Washington
138:
121:
105:
89:
79:
62:
52:
2533:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1672:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1472:Salishan oral narratives
1354:"Swinomish Indian Tribe"
1247:; Lane, Barbara (1990).
1237:Indians of Skagit County
461:Oldest and main village
329:. Under the treaty, the
2670:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2563:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2423:Tsawwassen First Nation
2418:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2363:Kwikwetlem First Nation
2298:Skawahlook First Nation
1667:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1038:Suttles & Lane 1990
1009:American Anthropologist
778:Suttles & Lane 1990
447:, near Lone Tree Point
435:
342:Territory and land base
327:Treaty of Point Elliott
219:
54:
2879:
2558:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2543:Quinault Indian Nation
2538:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2468:Esquimalt First Nation
2453:Union Bar First Nation
2373:Chemainus First Nation
2368:Semiahmoo First Nation
2333:Tzeachten First Nation
2308:Soowahlie First Nation
2273:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2258:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2233:Chawathil First Nation
1682:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1180:Lushootseed Dictionary
378:customs and language.
3061:Swinomish Reservation
2877:
2388:Klahoose First Nation
2323:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
2303:Skowkale First Nation
2243:Kwantlen First Nation
1722:Non-recognized groups
1713:Nisqually Reservation
1395:-speaking peoples of
1307:Catholic Encyclopedia
1249:Southern Coast Salish
1220:. Lushootseed Press.
651:La Conner, Washington
558:Swinomish Reservation
363:Swinomish Reservation
331:Swinomish Reservation
134:Related ethnic groups
3160:48.4014°N 122.5270°W
3130:United States portal
2568:Squaxin Island Tribe
2553:Samish Indian Nation
2498:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2473:Tsawout First Nation
2438:Tseycum First Nation
2398:Nanoose First Nation
2393:Malahat First Nation
2383:Homalco First Nation
2353:Musqueam Indian Band
2313:Squiala First Nation
2263:Matsqui First Nation
1687:Squaxin Island Tribe
1408:Lushootseed language
1323:at Wikimedia Commons
607:Pre-colonial society
554:Indian Shaker Church
257:federally recognized
36:For other uses, see
3156: /
2628:Culture and society
2403:Peters First Nation
2378:Halalt First Nation
2358:Katzie First Nation
2278:Seabird Island Band
2248:Katzie First Nation
1482:Transformer/Changer
1424:Lushootseed grammar
1149:Photoville Festival
390:
48:
3165:48.4014; -122.5270
3066:Upper Skagit Tribe
3053:Indian reservation
2880:
2328:Sumas First Nation
2288:Skway First Nation
2283:Skwah First Nation
2238:Cheam First Nation
944:, p. 332-333.
486:Low class village
388:
3139:
3138:
3123:Washington portal
2774:
2773:
2428:Yale First Nation
1742:
1741:
1625:
1624:
1451:
1450:
1319:Media related to
1193:978-0-295-97323-4
885:The Seattle Times
740:978-0-8061-3598-4
616:Notable Swinomish
490:
489:
397:Anglicization(s)
264:Swinomish Channel
159:
158:
16:(Redirected from
3201:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3131:
3124:
2876:
2833:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2343:Sts'ailes Nation
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1734:Steilacoom Tribe
1565:Southern peoples
1514:Northern peoples
1511:
1506:
1459:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1332:
1331:
1329:Official website
1321:Swinomish people
1318:
1311:
1303:
1287:
1262:
1240:
1231:
1205:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:, p. 16-18.
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1001:Smith, Marian W.
997:
984:
983:, p. 27-28.
978:
969:
963:
952:
951:
939:
933:
927:
916:
910:
897:
896:
894:
892:
875:
866:
860:
854:
848:
839:
838:
826:
817:
816:
804:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
744:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
695:
689:
683:
661:
647:
470:Sullivan Slough
438:
391:
243:San Juan Islands
210:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
75:Total population
67:
57:
49:
21:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3075:
3047:
2989:
2982:
2914:
2881:
2869:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2775:
2770:
2649:
2623:
2592:
2578:Suquamish Tribe
2503:Suquamish Tribe
2478:Cowichan Tribes
2463:T'Sou-ke Nation
2448:Squamish Nation
2413:shíshálh Nation
2408:Tla'amin Nation
2228:Aitchelitz Band
2216:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1738:
1717:
1691:
1662:Suquamish Tribe
1621:
1560:
1504:
1498:
1460:
1447:
1428:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1327:
1326:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1208:
1194:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1032:
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1020:
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979:
972:
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945:
940:
936:
928:
919:
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888:
877:
876:
869:
861:
857:
849:
842:
832:
827:
820:
810:
805:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
741:
725:Bright, William
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
697:
696:
692:
684:
680:
675:
670:
669:
668:
665:
662:
653:
648:
622:Brian Cladoosby
618:
609:
604:
581:
566:boarding school
546:
500:
495:
375:
344:
307:
282:as well as the
276:
208:
173:
169:
128:syncretic forms
109:, historically
70:
58:
44:
41:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3207:
3205:
3197:
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3186:
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3175:
3137:
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3134:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
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3106:
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3063:
3057:
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3049:
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3025:
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3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Lake Cavanaugh
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
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2897:
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2818:
2806:
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2796:
2789:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:Island Comox †
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2588:Tulalip Tribes
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
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2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
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2405:
2400:
2395:
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2365:
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2355:
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2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Seabird Island
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Tsleil-Waututh
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1786:
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1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:Duwamish Tribe
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
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1614:
1609:
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1599:
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1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Skagit peoples
1517:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1488:Spirit Powers
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1312:
1293:
1292:External links
1290:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1263:
1257:
1245:Suttles, Wayne
1241:
1232:
1227:979-8750945764
1226:
1206:
1192:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1136:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1057:
1055:, p. 335.
1042:
1040:, p. 486.
1030:
1028:, p. 348.
1018:
985:
970:
953:
934:
932:, p. 333.
917:
898:
867:
855:
840:
831:, p. 331.
818:
809:, p. 332.
782:
780:, p. 487.
770:
758:
756:, p. 246.
746:
739:
716:
690:
677:
676:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
656:
654:
649:
642:
639:
638:
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636:
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629:
617:
614:
608:
605:
603:
600:
589:Chinook Jargon
580:
577:
545:
542:
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496:
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491:
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423:
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419:
417:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
374:
371:
352:Whidbey Island
348:Deception Pass
343:
340:
306:
303:
275:
274:Classification
272:
235:Fidalgo Island
157:
156:
136:
135:
131:
130:
119:
118:
114:
113:
103:
102:
98:
97:
91:Fidalgo Island
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
42:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3206:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
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3179:
3172:
3169:
3132:
3127:
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3120:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
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3078:
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3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Samish Island
3026:
3024:
3023:Guemes Island
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Lake McMurray
2966:
2964:
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2954:
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2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2866:
2865:Sedro-Woolley
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:United States
2812:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:Northern and
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:North Straits
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
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2658:
2656:
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2646:
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2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
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2589:
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2584:
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2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Nuxalk Nation
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
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2364:
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2359:
2356:
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2351:
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2331:
2329:
2326:
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2321:
2319:
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2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
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2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Stillaquamish
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Sauk-Suiattle
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Yakweakwioose
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Shxw'ow'hamel
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Kway-quit-lam
1899:
1897:
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1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1879:
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1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Clemclemaluts
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
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1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Stillaguamish
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:9780806124797
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1258:0-16-020390-2
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:T.T. Waterman
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
924:
922:
918:
915:, p. 28.
914:
909:
907:
905:
903:
899:
887:
886:
881:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
856:
853:, p. 27.
852:
847:
845:
841:
836:
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
750:
747:
742:
736:
732:
731:
726:
720:
717:
704:
700:
694:
691:
688:, p. 11.
687:
682:
679:
672:
660:
655:
652:
646:
641:
633:
632:Matika Wilbur
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
606:
601:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
578:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
562:Protestantism
559:
555:
551:
543:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
525:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
497:
492:
485:
483:Dugualla Bay
482:
479:
477:
476:
472:
469:
467:
465:
464:
460:
457:
455:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
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437:
433:
432:
429:
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421:
418:
416:
412:
409:
407:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
386:
384:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
341:
339:
335:
332:
328:
323:
319:
317:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
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281:
273:
271:
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265:
261:
258:
253:
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248:
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240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
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203:
167:
164:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
132:
129:
125:
120:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
96:
95:Skagit County
92:
88:
83:
80:approx. 1,439
78:
73:
66:
61:
56:
50:
39:
32:
27:
19:
3194:Coast Salish
3141:
2860:Mount Vernon
2832:Mount Vernon
2829:
2523:Lummi Nation
2101:Upper Skagit
2096:Lower Skagit
1776:Coast Salish
1696:Reservations
1530:
1345:
1336:
1305:
1268:
1248:
1236:
1213:
1179:
1168:Bibliography
1153:. Retrieved
1151:. Photoville
1148:
1139:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1103:Sampson 1972
1098:
1093:, p. 2.
1091:Sampson 1972
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1060:
1033:
1021:
1012:
1008:
981:Sampson 1972
968:, p. 4.
966:Sampson 1972
937:
913:Sampson 1972
889:. Retrieved
883:
865:, p. 1.
863:Sampson 1972
858:
851:Sampson 1972
773:
761:
749:
729:
719:
707:. Retrieved
702:
693:
686:Sampson 1972
681:
610:
593:
586:
582:
570:
550:Christianity
547:
538:
534:
531:
528:
524:clam gardens
521:
517:
510:fishing and
501:
458:Shelter Bay
380:
376:
360:
356:Dugualla Bay
345:
336:
324:
320:
316:spirit power
308:
295:Lower Skagit
288:
277:
254:
237:in northern
232:
165:
162:
160:
149:Lower Skagit
124:Christianity
43:Ethnic group
26:
3163: /
3151:122°31′37″W
3104:Skagit City
3081:Ghost towns
2990:communities
2973:Marblemount
2825:County seat
2743:Lushootseed
2528:Makah Tribe
2268:Popkum Band
2221:Governments
2198:(Tillamook)
2111:Muckleshoot
1398:Puget Sound
1392:Lushootseed
1346:March Point
1337:March Point
1210:Hilbert, Vi
1182:. Seattle:
1176:Hilbert, Vi
699:"Community"
596:Lushootseed
241:, near the
239:Puget Sound
224:Lushootseed
216:Lushootseed
143:, esp. the
111:Lushootseed
3178:Categories
3148:48°24′05″N
2948:Clear Lake
2855:Burlington
2681:Halkomelem
2181:Sahewamish
2136:Snoqualmie
2016:Skawahlook
1941:Tsawwassen
1936:Snuneymuxw
1856:Humptulips
1806:Stz'uminus
1617:Sahewamish
1607:Steilacoom
1577:Snoqualmie
673:References
598:language.
441:Snee Oosh
291:Squinamish
228:Washington
145:Squinamish
3099:Sauk City
3033:Snee Oosh
3018:Gibraltar
3003:Birdsview
2905:La Conner
2850:Anacortes
2721:Semiahmoo
2676:Pentlatch
2655:Languages
2640:Mythology
2207:Quamichan
2186:Wynoochee
2166:Swinomish
2161:Suquamish
2146:Nisqually
2141:Skykomish
2131:Snohomish
2116:Sammamish
2106:Skokomish
2071:Penelakut
2066:Quamichan
2041:Tzeachten
2026:Soowahlie
2006:Shilshole
1981:Leq'á:mel
1976:Sts'ailes
1971:Sq'éwlets
1961:Semiahmoo
1871:Kilpahlas
1866:Khenipsen
1836:Esquimalt
1800:Sts'ailes
1790:Chawathil
1612:Nisqually
1597:Suquamish
1592:Sammamish
1582:Shilshole
1572:Skykomish
1556:Snohomish
1541:Kikiallus
1531:Swinomish
512:shellfish
498:Lifestyle
480:Dugualla
445:Snee Oosh
400:Location
383:La Conner
350:, all of
299:Kikiallus
268:La Conner
163:Swinomish
153:Kikiallus
101:Languages
47:Swinomish
18:Swinomish
3043:Van Horn
3038:Sterling
2978:Rockport
2938:Big Lake
2933:Bay View
2900:Hamilton
2895:Concrete
2766:Quinault
2749:Southern
2731:T'sou-ke
2726:Songhees
2696:Nooksack
2691:Squamish
2686:shíshálh
2176:Quinault
2151:Puyallup
2091:Nooksack
2076:Lamalcha
2056:Tsartlip
2051:T'souk-e
2021:Skowkale
1956:Squamish
1951:shíshálh
1931:Sliammon
1911:Musqueam
1896:Kwantlen
1886:Koksilah
1876:Klahoose
1831:Duwamish
1816:Comiaken
1602:Puyallup
1587:Duwamish
1477:dukʷibəɬ
1443:Southern
1439:Northern
1433:Dialects
1202:29877333
1178:(1994).
1155:July 22,
1003:(1941).
727:(2004).
709:July 23,
579:Language
573:Catholic
544:Religion
410:Qalequt
373:Villages
322:people.
311:Utsalady
230:state.
222:) are a
155:peoples
126:, incl.
117:Religion
3109:Whitney
3094:Ehrlich
3013:Fidalgo
2761:Cowlitz
2738:Klallam
2711:Saanich
2196:Nehalem
2171:Tulalip
2081:Saanich
2031:Squiala
1926:Malahat
1916:Nanoose
1906:Matsqui
1881:Klallam
1851:Homalco
1826:Cowlitz
1821:Copalis
1783:Peoples
1536:Nuwhaha
1505:Peoples
1465:Culture
1417:Grammar
1076:May 16,
1071:AP News
891:May 15,
602:Society
493:Culture
415:Whitney
305:History
251:Seattle
220:swədəbš
211:-ə-mish
107:English
55:swədəbš
3089:Alpine
3071:Samish
2958:Edison
2953:Conway
2842:Cities
2716:Samish
2212:Somena
2202:Siletz
2191:Satsop
2121:Samish
2061:Somena
2036:Stó꞉lō
1986:Popkum
1921:Nuxalk
1861:Katzie
1841:Halalt
1526:Skagit
1492:Ayahos
1339:(2008)
1280:
1255:
1224:
1200:
1190:
737:
508:salmon
436:sdiʔus
403:Notes
297:, and
166:people
151:, and
139:other
3008:Dewey
2988:Other
2928:Alger
2910:Lyman
2887:Towns
2756:Twana
2706:Lummi
2663:Comox
2635:Music
2086:Lummi
2001:Skway
1996:Skwah
1966:Sumas
1795:Cheam
413:near
394:Name
284:Twana
266:from
245:, in
2998:Avon
2920:CDPs
1802:(WA)
1546:Sauk
1348:page
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1157:2024
1078:2024
948:help
893:2024
835:help
813:help
735:ISBN
711:2024
209:SWIN
161:The
2943:Bow
2645:Art
1846:Hoh
3180::
2828::
2813:,
1304:.
1276:.
1196:.
1186:.
1147:.
1069:.
1045:^
1013:43
1011:.
1007:.
988:^
973:^
956:^
920:^
901:^
882:.
870:^
843:^
821:^
785:^
701:.
575:.
293:,
286:.
270:.
218::
214:;
147:,
93:,
2800:e
2793:t
2786:v
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
1286:.
1261:.
1230:.
1204:.
1159:.
1133:.
1080:.
950:)
895:.
837:)
815:)
743:.
713:.
628:.
202:/
199:ʃ
196:ɪ
193:m
190:ə
187:n
184:ɪ
181:w
178:s
175:ˈ
172:/
168:(
40:.
33:.
20:)
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