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415:('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. The mature size is typically between 25 metres (82 ft) and 35 metres (115 ft) in height, and the trunk diameter can be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). However, it grows very slowly and it may take 30 years for the tree to reach 1.3 metres (4.3 ft). The
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419:, which contain the seeds (or nuts), of the Swiss pine are 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) long. Cones take 2 years (24 months) to mature. The 8 millimetres (0.31 in) to 12 millimetres (0.47 in) long
445:) is treated as a variety or subspecies of Swiss pine by some botanists. The Siberian pine differs in having slightly larger cones, being more massive (taller, wider trunk), having a faster growth rate and needles with three
880:
can be found in the uppermost forest belt where it helps to minimize the risk of avalanches and soil erosion. Due to this ability, the tree is valued as a stabilizing factor for afforestation projects at high elevations.
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is cold. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least −50 °C (−58 °F), and also of wind exposure. The seeds are also harvested and sold as
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796:. When cultivated, it will likely start producing cones after the age of 12 years, much faster than in the wild. This depends on the climate, soil type,
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1005:"Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation"
1003:
Rainer, Georg; Kuhnert, Regina; Unterholzer, Mara; Dresch, Philipp; Gruber, Andreas; Peintner, Ursula (2015-04-30).
658:. It typically grows at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) altitude. It often reaches the
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912:. Swiss pine is of great value for research into hybridization to develop rust resistance in these species.
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Folder
Joanneum Research: Stone Pine - Positive health effects of Stone Pine furniture
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Seeds with and without their shell, with a one-euro coin for scale (23.25mm diameter)
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fungi etc. To make the tree bear cones faster, the tree can be inoculated with
427:. The species is long-lasting and can reach an age between 500 and 1000 years.
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at the age of 50 years (even 80 years, if the conditions are more extreme).
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1106:- distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
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896:). This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from
985:: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use
430:
In its natural environment, this tree usually reaches
1066:
Swiss Stone Pine – Portrait of a
Mountain Forest Tree
588:'Columnaris' (cultivar) one year-old cone and foliage
1126:
874:It is also a species that is often used in bonsai.
978:Ulber, M.; Gurgerli, F. & Bozic, G. (2004),
423:have only a vestigial wing and are dispersed by
758:Swiss pine associates with numerous species of
487:Close-up of an immature cone from a cultivated
954:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42349A95684563.en
863:in German) in the coat of arms of the city of
829:Pine cones cut into slices are used to flavor
772:improves the tree's growth and survival rate.
687:with the Odles Group and the Mastlé Mountain,
888:white pines, Swiss pine is very resistant to
8:
502:Close-up of a mature cone from a cultivated
449:canals instead of two as in the Swiss pine.
1108:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
990:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
780:Swiss pine is a popular ornamental tree in
1114:
836:The wood is the most used for carvings in
411:, and like all members of that group, the
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762:from a young age, usually from the genus
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
921:
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462:
855:in 15 BC, and hence it is used as the
113:Swiss pine growing on the Dachstein,
7:
1361:03213161-3278-4d6d-bf25-e50bbd747785
818:etc. These are the most effective.
1528:IUCN Red List least concern species
1078:cone pic (scroll to bottom of page)
940:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
843:The cone of the Swiss pine was the
399:The Swiss pine is a member of the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
722:(dark green, slender) landscape.
553:National Botanic Garden of Latvia
1456:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262848-1
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1092:Link to Joanneum Research Study
1:
867:, the site of the Roman fort
598:The Swiss pine grows in the
1558:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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348:
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153:Scientific classification
151:
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1578:Flora of the Carpathians
1553:Plants described in 1753
908:and the closely related
884:Like other European and
840:since the 17th century.
716:(dark green, wide), and
689:Puez-Geisler Nature Park
680:Rhododendron ferrugineum
594:Distribution and habitat
890:white pine blister rust
64:more precise citations.
826:
460:
1533:Edible nuts and seeds
947:: e.T42349A95684563.
824:
521:seedling planted for
455:
432:reproductive maturity
1543:Least concern plants
869:Augusta Vindelicorum
741:In Tamangur forest.
683:on the trail to the
604:Carpathian Mountains
456:Bark of middle-aged
981:Swiss stone pine -
929:Farjon, A. (2017).
894:Cronartium ribicola
425:spotted nutcrackers
374:Austrian stone pine
123:Conservation status
1022:10.3390/jof1010055
906:Western white pine
827:
811:Suillus americanus
461:
380:, is a species of
1573:Flora of the Alps
1515:
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1382:Open Tree of Life
1120:Taxon identifiers
760:mycorrhizal fungi
566:Cross-section of
437:The very similar
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815:Suillus placidus
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660:alpine tree line
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387:in the subgenus
366:Swiss stone pine
360:, also known as
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27:Species of plant
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1568:Flora of France
1563:Trees of Europe
1538:Flora of Poland
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1060:External links
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910:whitebark pine
807:Suillus luteus
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570:- 181 years -
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349:Distribution
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317:Binomial name
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279:Quinquefoliae
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183:Tracheophytes
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138:Least Concern
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1417:pinus-cembra
1397:Pinus_cembra
1158:Pinus cembra
1128:Pinus cembra
1127:
1103:Pinus cembra
1102:
1085:Pinus cembra
1084:
1076:Pinus cembra
1075:
1069:
1015:(1): 55–75.
1012:
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984:
983:Pinus cembra
980:
958:. Retrieved
944:
938:
933:Pinus cembra
932:
924:
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878:Pinus cembra
877:
876:
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860:
849:Roman legion
842:
835:
828:
805:
779:
763:
757:
717:
714:Pinus cembra
713:
707:
685:Furcela Piza
684:
678:
675:Pinus cembra
674:
597:
586:Pinus cembra
585:
568:Pinus cembra
567:
549:Pinus cembra
548:
525:production,
519:Pinus cembra
518:
504:Pinus cembra
503:
489:Pinus cembra
488:
474:Pinus cembra
473:
458:Pinus cembra
457:
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357:Pinus cembra
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326:Pinus cembra
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286:Subsection:
274:
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196:Gymnospermae
189:
176:
98:Pinus cembra
97:
91:
76:
67:
48:
1430:kew-2563139
1255:iNaturalist
1152:Wikispecies
992:, p. 6
960:19 November
838:Val Gardena
798:mycorrhizal
747:Switzerland
719:Picea abies
620:Switzerland
606:of central
547:of a young
517:5-year-old
395:Description
370:Arolla pine
62:introducing
1522:Categories
1425:Plant List
1110:(EUFORGEN)
1083:Photos of
916:References
861:Zirbelnuss
859:(known as
845:field sign
784:and large
712:(yellow),
401:white pine
378:stone pine
376:, or just
362:Swiss pine
254:Subgenus:
202:Division:
45:references
18:Swiss pine
1031:2309-608X
794:pine nuts
770:symbiosis
724:Carinthia
706:Autumnal
693:Dolomites
472:Cones of
407:subgenus
302:Species:
270:Section:
216:Pinopsida
206:Pinophyta
166:Kingdom:
70:June 2013
1489:VASCAN:
1482:24900022
1477:Tropicos
1394:PalDat:
1286:10210379
1273:262848-1
1166:BioLib:
1137:Wikidata
1049:29376899
865:Augsburg
831:schnapps
644:Slovakia
640:Slovenia
523:pine nut
293:subsect.
236:Pinaceae
232:Family:
143:IUCN 3.1
1320:MoBotPF
1234:5285134
1195:1033596
1143:Q147278
1040:5770009
853:Rhaetia
847:of the
790:climate
786:gardens
768:. This
765:Suillus
754:Ecology
728:Austria
656:Romania
652:Ukraine
636:Germany
632:Austria
527:Baldone
409:Strobus
403:group,
389:Strobus
295:Strobus
263:Strobus
242:Genus:
226:Pinales
222:Order:
212:Class:
170:Plantae
141: (
115:Austria
58:improve
1438:PLANTS
1374:120656
1358:NZOR:
1325:284963
1299:506605
1260:363921
1221:150578
1047:
1037:
1029:
898:Europe
624:France
612:Poland
608:Europe
531:Latvia
413:leaves
261:subg.
47:, but
1548:Pinus
1469:13061
1443:PICE2
1414:PPE:
1404:PFI:
1387:61771
1351:58041
1312:42349
1281:IRMNG
1247:28427
1216:EUNIS
1208:PIUCE
1182:4J24H
900:into
886:Asian
782:parks
743:Scuol
677:with
628:Italy
610:, in
447:resin
421:seeds
417:cones
405:Pinus
277:sect.
247:Pinus
190:Clade
177:Clade
1492:7182
1451:POWO
1346:NCBI
1307:IUCN
1294:ITIS
1268:IPNI
1242:GRIN
1229:GBIF
1203:EPPO
1169:2341
1045:PMID
1027:ISSN
962:2021
945:2017
776:Uses
654:and
602:and
600:Alps
572:MHNT
545:Bark
385:tree
382:pine
1500:WFO
1464:RHS
1407:165
1333:NBN
1190:EoL
1177:CoL
1068:in
1035:PMC
1017:doi
949:doi
650:),
618:),
291:P.
275:P.
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