Command-line interface - Knowledge (XXG)

33: 505: 1125: 52: 218: 6255: 2712: 2021: 1346: 805: 698: 6277: 165: 1407: 340: 2380: 2700: 3307:. Editors and databases present a command line, in which alternate command processors might run. On the other hand, one might have options on the command line, which opens a dialog box. The latest version of 'Take Command' has this feature. DBase used a dialog box to construct command lines, which could be further edited before use. 4397:'=StdOut>; extension: <.RPT> /Style (+) Export <0>-6=BIN-raw/ROM/RAM/PSF0/1/SH/CHED; 7-12/13-18/19-24=ASM-hex/dec/bin/ip/il/p/l/mp/ml CPI /H:C Overview on codepage file parameter usage: CPI /H:S Overview on /Style parameters: ?, & Online edit mode (prompts for additional parameter input) 176:

Compared with a graphical user interface, a command-line interface requires fewer system resources to implement. Since options to commands are given in a few characters in each command line, an experienced user often finds the options easier to access. Automation of repetitive tasks is simplified by

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Another command-line interface allows a shell program to launch helper programs, either to launch documents or start a program. The command is processed internally by the shell, and then passed on to another program to launch the document. The graphical interface of Windows and OS/2 rely heavily on

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Although most users think of the shell as an interactive command interpreter, it is really a programming language in which each statement runs a command. Because it must satisfy both the interactive and programming aspects of command execution, it is a strange language, shaped as much by history as

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to represent the full command, or several commands can be grouped to perform a more complex sequence – for instance, compile the program, install it, and run it — creating a single entity, called a command procedure or script which itself can be treated as a command. These advantages mean

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was introduced in 1977 as a replacement for the V6 shell. Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter, it was also intended as a scripting language and contains most of the features that are commonly considered to produce structured programs. The Bourne shell led to the development of

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The format of options varies widely between operating systems. In most cases the syntax is by convention rather than an operating system requirement; the entire command line is simply a string passed to a program, which can process it in any way the programmer wants, so long as the interpreter can

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files. The directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given. By re-ordering the path, one can run e.g. \OS2\MDOS\E.EXE instead of \OS2\E.EXE, when the default is the opposite. Renaming of the executables also works: people often rename their favourite editor to EDIT, for

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End-users can often modify prompts. Depending on the environment, they may include colors, special characters, and other elements (like variables and functions for the current time, user, shell number or working directory) in order, for instance, to make the prompt more informative or visually

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pleasing, to distinguish sessions on various machines, or to indicate the current level of nesting of commands. On some systems, special tokens in the definition of the prompt can be used to cause external programs to be called by the command-line interpreter while displaying the prompt.

4088:, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) 786:

CLIs are often used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users. CLIs are also popular among people with visual disabilities since the commands and responses can be displayed using

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Although the term 'shell' is often used to describe a command-line interpreter, strictly speaking, a 'shell' can be any program that constitutes the user-interface, including fully graphically oriented ones. For example, the default Windows GUI is a shell program named

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param1 …paramN — parameters provided by the user. The format and meaning of the parameters depends upon the command. In the case of external commands, the values of the parameters are delivered to the program as it is launched by the OS. Parameters may be either

3295:, such a command interpreter provides a more flexible command-line interface than the one supplied. In other cases, such a command interpreter can present a highly customised user interface employing the user interface and input/output facilities of the language. 1104:, with a different set of commands supported in each mode. The set of commands are grouped by association with security, system, interface, etc. In these systems the user might traverse through a series of sub-modes. For example, if the CLI had two modes called 973:, then execute the specified command and provide textual display of results or error messages. Advanced CLIs will validate, interpret and parameter-expand the command line before executing the specified command, and optionally capture or redirect its output. 2174:

to separate options at the end of the command from the other arguments. For example, in the following command the options indicate that the target file should be replaced if it exists, and the date and time of the source file should be retained on the copy:

3405:, which has been called "the command line of the internet" will perform a domain-specific search when it detects search parameters in a known format. This functionality is present whether the search is triggered from a browser field or on Google's website. 961:

Two different CLIs may agree on either syntax or semantics, but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both CLIs without needing to learn anything, as well as to enable re-use of scripts.

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One of the criticisms of a CLI is the lack of cues to the user as to the available actions. In contrast, GUIs usually inform the user of available actions with menus, icons, or other visual cues. To overcome this limitation, many CLI programs display a

1956:(which is also a valid directory separator in DOS, FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, OS/2 and Windows) thereby serving as a visual clue to indicate the change. Also, the current setting is reflected also in the built-in help screens. Some versions of DR-DOS 4393:

CPI /H CPI ] /?, /Help Display this help screen or specific help for a topic (+) /!, /About Display the 'About' info screen /Cpifile (+) .CPI/.CP file name <EGA.CPI>; extension: <.CPI>; CPI.EXE=StdIn /Report Report file name

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mechanism and OS/2 EXTPROC command facilitate the passing of batch files to external processors. One can use these mechanisms to write specific command processors for dedicated uses, and process external data files which reside in batch files.

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only, rather than retrieving the switch setting before parsing command-line arguments. A very small number, mainly ports from Unix-like systems, are programmed to accept "-" even if the switch character is not set to it (for example

3557:-like operating systems: Windows Server 2003 R2 documentation uses italic letters for "information that the user must supply", but Windows Server 2008 documentation uses angle brackets. Italics can not be displayed by the internal 3427:

feature a command line interface often referred to as a console. It is typically used by the game developers during development and by mod developers for debugging purposes as well as for cheating or skipping parts of the game.

1536:) modifies the operation of a command; the effect is determined by the command's program. Options follow the command name on the command line, separated by spaces. A space before the first option is not always required, such as 4443:, I suggest to run DEBUG 1.51 and enter the extended help system with ?? from the debug prompt. This will give you eight screens full of syntax and feature help. Some of these features were also supported by older issues. 2737:

systems that ran one program at a time, often with the programmer acting as operator. This also had the advantage of low overhead, since lights and switches could be tested and set with one machine instruction. Later a single

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Operating system (OS) command-line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system. A program that implements such a text interface is often called a command-line interpreter, command processor or

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API in order to determine the current setting. So, if a program is not hardwired to support them all, a user may need to know the current setting even to be able to reliably request help. If the SwitChar has been changed to

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However, entering a program name without parameters in the hope that it will display usage help can be hazardous, as programs and scripts for which command line arguments are optional will execute without further notice.

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to reenable the SwitChar feature is loaded). In some of these systems (MS-DOS/PC DOS 2.xx, DOS Plus 2.1, DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, PTS-DOS, Embedded DOS, FreeDOS and RxDOS), the setting can also be pre-configured by a

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In a similar fashion to the help parameter, but much less common, some programs provide additional information about themselves (like mode, status, version, author, license or contact information) when invoked with an

3318:, and QBASIC all provide command-line interfaces, some of which use the system shell. Basic is modeled on the default interface for 8-bit Intel computers. Calculators can be run as command-line or dialog interfaces. 1424:

is an item of information provided to a program when it is started. A program can have many command-line arguments that identify sources or destinations of information, or that alter the operation of the program.

2104:) may indicate that the remaining arguments should not be treated as options, which is useful for example if a file name itself begins with a hyphen, or if further arguments are meant for an inner command (e.g., 2097:); if one hyphen is followed by two or more letters it may mean two options are being specified, or it may mean the second and subsequent letters are a parameter (such as filename or date) for the first option. 3363:

interface, which allows the output of one command to be passed to the input of another. Text files can serve either purpose as well. This provides the interfaces of piping, filters and redirection. Under Unix,

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Depending on the program, additional or more specific help on accepted parameters is sometimes available by either providing the parameter in question as an argument to the help parameter or vice versa (as in

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A CLI is used whenever a large vocabulary of commands or queries, coupled with a wide (or arbitrary) range of options, can be entered more rapidly as text than with a pure GUI. This is typically the case with

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Command-line interpreters allow users to issue various commands in a very efficient (and often terse) way. This requires the user to know the names of the commands and their parameters, and the syntax of the

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characters typically also serve other purposes at the command line, they may not be available in all scenarios, therefore, they should not be the only options to access the corresponding help information.

1741:. It is also common for Multics commands to be abbreviated, typically corresponding to the initial letters of the words that are strung together with underscores to form command names, such as the use of 1308:

on the right-hand side of the display. It is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change. It is used to display information on the same line as the prompt, but right-justified.

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and early versions of Microsoft Windows use command-lines to call helper programs to open documents and programs. The commands are stored in the graphical shell or in files like the registry or the

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as paths rather than help parameters. However, if given as first or only parameter, most DOS programs will, by convention, accept it as request for help regardless of the current SwitChar setting.

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define what sort of operations are possible, on what sort of data these operations can be performed, and how the grammar represents these operations and data—the symbolic meaning in the syntax.

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Notice that these characters have different meanings than when used directly in the shell. Angle brackets may be omitted when confusing the parameter name with a literal string is not likely.

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provides a command-line interface in the form of its minibuffer. Commands and arguments can be entered using Emacs standard text editing support, and output is displayed in another buffer.

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On DOS, OS/2 and Windows, different programs called from their COMMAND.COM or CMD.EXE (or internal their commands) may use different syntax within the same operating system. For example:

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In some cases, different levels of help can be selected for a program. Some programs supporting this allow to give a verbosity level as an optional argument to the help parameter (as in

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to the macro assembler command to append user symbols, but two local switches, one to specify LIB should be skipped on pass 2 and the other to direct listing to the printer, $ LPT.

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Some applications support a CLI, presenting their own prompt to the user and accepting command lines. Other programs support both a CLI and a GUI. In some cases, a GUI is simply a

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libraries that allow to write command line applications in browser as standalone Web apps or as part of bigger application. An example of such a website is the CLI interface to

3344: 1053:, telling the command-line interpreter to send the output of the command not to its own standard output (the screen) but to the named file. This will overwrite the file. Using 976:

Unlike a button or menu item in a GUI, a command line is typically self-documenting, stating exactly what the user wants done. In addition, command lines usually include many

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Unix command names, arguments and options are case-sensitive (except in a few examples, mainly where popular commands from other operating systems have been ported to Unix).

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does this. Often, shareware programs will limit the range of commands, including printing a command 'your administrator has disabled running batch files' from the prompt.

5169: 4026: 396:. In other cases, a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI. CLIs and GUIs often support different functionality. For example, all features of 1911:, but can be changed to a hyphen-minus on the above-mentioned systems, except for under Datalight ROM-DOS and MS-DOS/PC DOS 5.0 and higher, which always return 7250: 1116:

to enter the interface mode. At this point, commands from the system mode may not be accessible until the user exits the interface mode and enters the system mode.

2093:) to identify the option's use while the old convention (and still available as an option for frequently-used options) is to use one hyphen then one letter (e.g., 438:

permitted additional functions, such as cursor movement over the entire screen, or local editing of data on the terminal for transmission to the computer. As the

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commands run executables found in separate executable files. The command line interpreter searches for executable files with names matching the external command.

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command-lines passed through to other programs – console or graphical, which then usually process the command line without presenting a user-console.

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Although desirable at least for the help parameter, programs may not support all option lead-in characters exemplified above. Under DOS, where the default

2519:. Ambiguity can be prevented either by prohibiting embedded spaces in file and directory names in the first place (for example, by substituting them with 6315: 1752:

In some other systems abbreviations are automatic, such as permitting enough of the first characters of a command name to uniquely identify it (such as

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and other development tools, 4NT and 4DOS. The latest release includes several shells, namely MS-DOS 6.22, PC DOS 7, DR DOS 3.xx, and others.

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option provides a concise review of the options of a command. The command-line environment may not provide graphical enhancements such as different

111:. Programs that have CLIs are generally easy to automate via scripting, since command-lines, being mere lines of text, are easy to specify in code. 3604:

the notion of having a replaceable "command shell" rather than a "monitor" tightly integrated with the OS kernel tends to be attributed to Multics.

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When a command processor is active a program is typically invoked by typing its name followed by command-line arguments (if any). For example, in

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at the prompt (which is also accepted by newer versions of DR-DOS COMMAND.COM); internal commands can be individually disabled or reenabled via

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While most non-expert computer users now use a GUI almost exclusively, more advanced users have access to powerful command-line environments:

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has been ported to Windows CE machines; the most recent release is almost identical to MS-DOS 6.22 and can also run Windows 1, 2, and 3.0,

763:. CLIs are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphical user interface. Some computer language systems (such as 2745:

From the 1960s onwards, user interaction with computers was primarily by means of command-line interfaces, initially on machines like the

3241:, albeit in many cases the language is unique to the particular command-line interpreter.) They will interpret scripts (variously termed 4113: 3721: 3257:, in addition to their own, allowing the executing of scripts, in those languages, directly within the command-line interpreter itself. 1916: 130: 4766: 3846: 7449: 6948: 4845: 4624: 4591: 4381: 2443: 196:

found in a GUI. It may be difficult for a new user to become familiar with all the commands and options available, compared with the

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A few representative samples of command-line options, all relating to listing files in a directory, to illustrate some conventions:

1479: 1393: 1147:) is a sequence of (one or more) characters used in a command-line interface to indicate readiness to accept commands. It literally 844: 745: 5088: 2515:

can cause problems as it has two distinct and incompatible functions: as part of a command or parameter, or as a parameter or name

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Sometimes options and their arguments are run together, sometimes separated by whitespace, and sometimes by a character, typically

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The command line provides an interface between programs as well as the user. In this sense, a command line is an alternative to a

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If more detailed help is necessary than provided by a program's built-in internal help, many systems support a dedicated external

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to describe the technique of using commands like a programming language, and wrote a paper about how to implement the idea in the

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and Acceler8 DCL Lite. Unix command shells have been ported to VMS and DOS/Windows 95 and Windows NT types of operating systems.

954:, defines their own proprietary set of rules. These rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands. The 6268: 6263: 5139: 5109: 3979: 1921: 1504:, a single hyphen used in place of a file name is a special value specifying that a program should handle data coming from the 181:

that can take parameters and variable options. A command-line history can be kept, allowing review or repetition of commands.

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Note the Directory command name is not case sensitive, and can be abbreviated to as few letters as required to remain unique.

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programs, and could not easily be replaced. The first implementation of the shell as a replaceable component was part of the

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that a user must figure out a complex command or series of commands only once, because they can be saved, to be used again.

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CLIs. Under most operating systems, it is possible to replace the default shell program with alternatives; examples include

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is the number of the page). Additionally, help for specific commands can be displayed by specifying the command name after

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commands are recognized and processed by the command line interpreter. Internal commands are also called built-in commands.

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that they interpret. Some command-line interpreters also incorporate the interpreter engines of other languages, such as

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the output of one command in as input to another. Unix also had the capability to save and re-run strings of commands as

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character is accepted as alternative path delimiter also at the DOS command line, programs may misinterpret options like

7074: 5205: 5190: 5149: 4911: 3918: 3437: 768: 331:, as defined in the SHELL=EXPLORER.EXE line in the WIN.INI configuration file. These programs are shells, but not CLIs. 664:, which is found in the Utilities sub-folder of the Applications folder, or by remotely logging into the machine using 7434: 7385: 6989: 6571: 5636: 5371: 5318: 3280: 3093: 1965: 1471: 1467: 1089:

The command line allows one to restrict available commands, such as access to advanced internal commands. The Windows

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An application program may support none, any, or all of these three major types of command-line interface mechanisms:

1356: 708: 4132: 5386: 5225: 5102: 3387:, can process command-lines normally meant for the shell, the output being placed directly in the document window. 3169: 3097: 2407:" command (or similar), which accepts a command name as calling parameter and will invoke an external help system. 1501: 977: 4694: 4061:"NWDOS-TIPs – Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds" 3627: 2031: 1375: 1360: 815: 727: 712: 7429: 7114: 7109: 7049: 6301: 6240: 6210: 5421: 5240: 5200: 5195: 5154: 4715: 4477: 3029: 2947: 1999: 1726: 653: 634: 288: 169: 138: 3742: 7454: 6225: 5464: 5351: 5215: 3472: 2898: 1459: 575: 439: 360:: Most command-line interfaces support a means to pass additional information to a program when it is launched. 244: 94: 1649:

display in long format files and directories beginning with "D" (but not "d"), sorted by size (largest first).

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prompt instead of a command itself will display a dynamically generated list of available internal commands;

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operating system. Pouzin returned to his native France in 1965, and the first Multics shell was developed by

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operating system adapted the concept of a powerful command-line environment, and introduced the ability to

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compatibility system attached to Linux kernel of the subsystem alongside default Shell with exec commands.

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All of these devices were purely text based, with no ability to display graphic or pictures. For business

2007:, will accept the /? option to list available options, and yet the list will specify the "-" convention). 1050: 760: 476: 5050: 5025: 4120:

The shell has four different command prompts, called PS1, P52, P53, and PS4. PS stands for Prompt String.

7408: 6913: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 5381: 5347: 5249: 5185: 3452: 3213: 1101: 455: 4413: 3817: 1725:, command-line options and subsystem keywords may be abbreviated. This idea appears to derive from the 1470:, allow a program to interpret the command-line arguments by handling them as string parameters in the 1124: 404:

computer program, are available via the CLI, whereas the MATLAB GUI exposes only a subset of features.

86:, as an interactive and more user-friendly alternative to the non-interactive interface available with 4869: 4317: 7403: 7398: 7296: 7064: 6814: 6804: 6707: 6156: 6104: 5578: 5552: 4286: 4105: 3942: 3457: 3365: 3250: 2765: 2681: 2664: 2656: 1975: 1945: 1231: 904: 618: 583: 579: 320: 184:

A command-line system may require paper or online manuals for the user's reference, although often a

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to allow portable batchjobs to be written. Several external DR-DOS commands additionally support an

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variable (Prompt String 1), although other variables also may affect the prompt (depending on the

384:). Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods. 6900: 6890: 6641: 5829: 5819: 5484: 5391: 4855: 4373: 3126: 2754: 2616: 2591:-based operating systems minimize the use of embedded spaces to minimize the need for quotes. In 598: 548: 401: 193: 178: 4505: 4218: 4194: 4060: 487:

tool for executing command scripts while allowing argument substitution. Pouzin coined the term

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line editing and history mechanisms for storing frequently used sequences; this may extend to a

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that can be changed to customize the results. Useful command lines can be saved by assigning a

7165: 6566: 6483: 6472: 6324: 5593: 5542: 5474: 5431: 5272: 4665: 4109: 3773: 2839:, the command-line began to borrow some of the syntax and features of the Unix shells such as 2746: 2730: 2704: 2592: 2185: 2004: 1671: 1668: 1653:

Note spaces are required around all arguments and options, but some can be run together, e.g.

1176: 657: 571: 489: 447: 435: 427:. Early computer systems often used teleprinter as the means of interaction with an operator. 366:: After launch, a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands. 350:

Application programs (as opposed to operating systems) may also have command-line interfaces.

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include Korn and the Bourne shells along with a Perl interpreter (Services for UNIX contains

605:), which combined features of traditional Unix shells with their proprietary object-oriented 7370: 6908: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6611: 6357: 6056: 5961: 5956: 5573: 5125: 4762: 4612: 4579: 4417: 4010: 3975: 3842: 3654: 3649: 3541: 3360: 3288: 3061: 3045: 2902: 2769: 2750: 2734: 2652: 2636: 2527: 2189: 981: 947: 939: 927: 661: 587: 498: 472: 462: 389: 377: 197: 141: 126: 101: 98: 75: 4483: 4440: 3537: 1544:

in DOS, which have the same effect of listing the DIR command's available options, whereas

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The earliest computers did not support interactive input/output devices, often relying on

2512: 1928:. General Software's Embedded DOS provides a SWITCH command for the same purpose, whereas 1509: 1078: 1066: 985: 567: 563: 393: 217: 4028:(NB. A retyped version of the manual by Emmanuel Roche with Q, SR, and Z commands added.) 3420:

applications, that allow to give access to server command line interface from a browser.

3335: 656:. On these computers, users can access a Unix-like command-line interface by running the 419:

The command-line interface evolved from a form of communication conducted by people over

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can be used to override the automatic default and explicitly switch to the older style.

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will redirect the output and append it to the file. Another redirection operator is the

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an object or objects (typically one or more files) on which the command should act. The

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and other software packages. Available shells for these interoperability tools include

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Some programs allow single-character options to be combined; others do not. The switch

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that was used in older Android versions, supplemented with commands from the separate

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The command-line was also the main interface for the early home computers such as the

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display ownership of files whose names begin with "D", sorted by size, smallest first.

578:. The command line remained available as an alternative user interface, often used by 7423: 7335: 7024: 6860: 6829: 6651: 6646: 6540: 6477: 6435: 6379: 6331: 6215: 6076: 6011: 5783: 5758: 5659: 5469: 5308: 5262: 4661: 4313: 4282: 4004: 3893: 3676: 3417: 3368:

too, so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin, stdout and stderr is a

3353: 2812: 2805: 2644: 2230: 1136:"Command prompt" redirects here. For the Windows component named Command Prompt, see 951: 431: 189: 87: 60: 17: 4889: 3966: 3867: 2526:), or by enclosing a name with embedded spaces between quote characters or using an 1077:

One can modify the set of available commands by modifying which paths appear in the

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on PCs saw the command line interface as the primary user interface replaced by the

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replaced the traditional – minicomputer + terminals –

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from 1975, the user uses a CLI to enter one or two words to explore a cave system.

328: 260: 149: 4535:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Chapter 12.1 Utility Argument Syntax" 4421: 783:) provide an interactive command-line mode to allow for rapid evaluation of code. 423:(TTY) machines. Sometimes these involved sending an order or a confirmation using 4099: 3599: 3390:

A web browser's URL input field can be used as a command line. It can be used to

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require the option to be preceded by at least one space (and is case-sensitive).

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each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow. In the case of

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were used, but for more general interaction the command line was the interface.

2711: 2648: 2520: 2419: 2147: 2143: 2020: 1957: 1900: 1345: 804: 697: 451: 420: 296: 3793: 2438:. In addition to this, some newer versions of DR-DOS COMMAND.COM also accept a 1227: 554:

Early microcomputers themselves were based on a command-line interface such as

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interpreter. When more powerful business oriented microcomputers arrived with

1964:

to display the current setting. COMMAND.COM since DR-DOS 7.02 also provides a

1925: 1324:. One can also access the same commands from other command lines (such as the 1266: 1148: 1082: 873:

Command — provided by the user. Commands are usually one of two classes:

519: 381: 343: 256: 56: 4936:"Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 15M&T" 3287:), can be used to implement command-line interpreters and filters. For a few 3086:

has two interactive shells, Tclsh and Wish, the latter being the GUI version.

2901:

language, has been ported to Windows systems at least three times, including

2192:, etc. operating systems, as well as the version of CLI that came with their 7380: 7089: 6626: 6467: 6230: 6184: 6164: 6061: 6041: 5996: 5844: 5768: 5753: 5738: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5459: 5366: 5292: 5257: 4620: 4587: 4259: 3571: 3202: 3187: 3173: 3155: 3115: 3053: 2820: 2531: 2516: 2074: 1847:, or it may be incorrect, or it may even be a valid but different parameter. 1633: 1448: 1433: 1420: 1325: 1207: 1191: 1129: 970: 919: 677: 649: 641: 626: 594: 540: 531: 450: — PC software that interpreted terminal signals sent through the PC's 264: 164: 145: 45: 992:

The commands given to a CLI shell are often in one of the following forms:

4258:; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). 2112:

where more descriptive option names are used. This is a common feature of

1406: 1151:

the user to take action. A prompt usually ends with one of the characters

339: 7276: 7235: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7185: 7170: 7135: 7130: 7044: 7039: 7014: 7009: 6938: 6933: 6789: 6758: 6722: 6717: 6687: 6631: 6601: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6494: 6146: 5926: 5588: 4955:

The Cisco IOS command-line interface (CLI) is the primary user interface…

4649: 4569:(NB. Conventions for describing commands on Unix-like operating systems.) 4566: 3311: 2840: 2816: 2620: 2455: 2293: 1760:) while others may have some specific abbreviations pre-programmed (e.g. 1180: 622: 122:, which are programs that read command-lines and carry out the commands. 4556: 2643:

a sequence of lines of text which may be entered by a user, read from a

7375: 7309: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7180: 7160: 7099: 7084: 7079: 7054: 7034: 7019: 6880: 6499: 6441: 6347: 5951: 5875: 5583: 5512: 5282: 4686: 4309:

DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT — Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03

3619: 3394: 3163: 3141: 3107: 3049: 3013: 2973: 2958: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2784: 2379: 2171: 2124: 2045: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1993: 1904: 1880: 1872: 1860: 1722: 1579: 1410:

An MS-DOS command line, illustrating parsing into command and arguments

1313: 1218: 1137: 1090: 1069:

where the output of one command becomes the input to the next command.

908: 829: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 669: 494: 466: 304: 276: 268: 248: 3104:, and other interpreters also have command shells for interactive use. 3020:

provides a command-line interface, but its applets are not written in

2511:

In many areas of computing, but particularly in the command line, the

1556:

tell where the command name ends and its arguments and options begin.

1175:

and often includes other information, such as the path of the current

7365: 7314: 7286: 7155: 7069: 6923: 6839: 6809: 6779: 6616: 6561: 6457: 6410: 5936: 5678: 4912:"调测 - Shell介绍 - 《华为鸿蒙操作系统(OpenHarmony) v1.0 开发者文档》 - 书栈网 · BookStack" 4874: 4850: 3402: 3284: 3083: 3033: 3006: 2969: 2920: 2912: 2874: 2836: 2139: 2118: 1868: 1030: 943: 614: 484: 397: 308: 252: 5094: 2699: 1770:

in COMMAND.COM) or user-defined via batch scripts and aliases (e.g.

621:

packages for Windows that offer a Unix-like CLI. Microsoft provides

307:

programs, the latter groups being based heavily on DEC's RSX-11 and

2458:

commonly employ a small syntax to describe the valid command form:

2281: 2204:

on some arguments to control the way they are interpreted, such as

1970: 1463: 1012:

doSomething how | doSomething how | doSomething how > outputFile

7345: 7220: 7190: 7029: 6865: 6743: 6692: 6636: 6606: 6504: 6488: 6451: 6446: 6415: 6169: 6066: 6046: 5976: 5895: 5798: 5773: 5748: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5532: 4939: 4562: 3321: 3315: 3206: 3137: 3065: 2824: 2710: 2698: 2392: 2388: 2378: 1884: 1766: 1698:, that modifies the meaning of that argument, while /S and /E are 1405: 1123: 1081:

environment variable. Under Unix, commands also need be marked as

780: 645: 610: 424: 4460:

FreeKEYB - Advanced international DOS keyboard and console driver

911:

delimiter. This is a widely used (but not universal) convention.

903:

In this format, the delimiters between command-line elements are

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was added to allow the operator to communicate with the system.

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Parker, Steve (2011). "Chapter 11: Choosing and using shells".

3237:, to various extents. (They are, after all, interpreters of an 1254:

style, unless used on floppy drives A: or B:; on those systems

1225:

command or by directly changing the value of the corresponding

6021: 5921: 5865: 5763: 5568: 5046: 5021: 3717: 3554: 3473:

Graphical user interface § Comparison to other interfaces

3356:

book of the same name, is a teletype-style command-line game.

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and many others are commonly configured from the command line.

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is the grammar that all commands must follow. In the case of

204:

of a graphical user interface, without reference to manuals.

3533:

etc.). Some of these features were already supported by the

3498:

An example is the comprehensive internal help system of the

2581:

Long\ path/Long\ program\ name Parameter\ one Parameter\ two

1690:

list every attribute for files created before 26 April 1980.

1320:

symbol, and thus (OS) CLI commands are often referred to as

5743: 3894:"How to set your $ PATH variable in Linux | Opensource.com" 2707:

ASR teleprinter keyboard with punched tape reader and punch

2128:

command are usually used for parsing command-line options.

2108:). Double hyphen-minuses are also sometimes used to prefix 870:— generated by the program to provide context for the user. 2651:. The context of interpretation is usually one of a given 1907:/AX=3700h). The default character returned by this API is 2200:

as the switch character, is case-insensitive, and allows

4101:

Shell Scripting: Expert Recipes for Linux, Bash and more

3943:"Learning the bash Shell, Second Edition [Book]" 3553:

Notable difference for describing the command syntax of

1436:

environments, an example of a command-line argument is:

461:

Early operating system CLIs were implemented as part of

3561:

command, while there is no problem with angle brackets.

2961:

for versions 1 and 2 and a shell compiled by Microsoft)

2850:

The command-line was first seriously challenged by the

2558:

Long_path/Long_program_name Parameter_one Parameter_two

2553:

part of the program name, or two parameters?); however

2543:

Long path/Long program name Parameter one Parameter two

2340:

would be another parameter supported by the program)).

2100:

Two hyphen-minus characters without following letters (

82:. Command-line interfaces emerged in the mid-1960s, on 4506:"DRDOSTIP.TXT – Tips und Tricks für DR DOS 3.41 - 5.0" 4054: 3650:"Say Bonjour to the Internet's Long-Lost French Uncle" 566:. During the 1980s and 1990s, the introduction of the 5091:: Microsoft TechNet Database "Command-Line Reference" 4453: 4451: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3529:

will invoke help for the various dump commands (like

2233:, typically when invoked with no arguments or one of 1936:. Under DR-DOS, if the setting has been changed from 534:

and was modeled after Schroeder's Multics shell. The

104:

lack GUIs, and are intended to be used through CLIs.

97:("GUIs") instead of CLIs. However, many programs and 4278:

DELTREE.BAT R1.01 Extended file and directory delete

3016:

interface to alternate programs, from command-line.

857:

The general pattern of a command line interface is:

582:

and other advanced users for system administration,

7323: 7295: 7259: 7123: 6982: 6899: 6848: 6767: 6731: 6665: 6554: 6513: 6403: 6366: 6203: 6155: 6139: 6118: 6075: 5914: 5858: 5807: 5666: 5561: 5498: 5444: 5405: 5340: 5331: 5301: 5248: 5239: 5178: 5132: 3513:overview). Specific help pages can be selected via 2211: 1899:) to be used is defined by a value returned from a 1598:

command to also display the ownership of the files.

1452: 1447:is a command-line argument which tells the program 1444: 1250:, although on some systems this produces the newer 914:A CLI can generally be considered as consisting of 434:, a keyboard and screen emulating the teleprinter. 168:

A graphical user interface with icons and windows (

4653: 4407: 4405: 3509:at the debug prompt (rather than only the default 2564:LongPath/LongProgramName ParameterOne ParameterTwo 2177:COPY source file a target file b (REPLACE OLDDATE) 446:architecture, hardware terminals were replaced by 4788:"master - platform/external/mksh - Git at Google" 4458:Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (2006-01-16). 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 2994:Yet another cmd.exe is a stripped-down shell for 2787:, building on earlier, simpler facilities in the 1694:Note the /B at the end of the date argument is a 4942:. 2013-10-30. Using the Command-Line Interface. 4716:"Remembering Windows 95's launch 15 years later" 4474:CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation 4367: 4365: 4363: 3079:have a shell for interactive use called php-cli. 2442:command to display a list of available built-in 1269:used). In the Bash shell, a prompt of the form: 125:Alternatives to CLIs include GUIs (most notably 5081:March 1983. Archived at Patersontech.com since 4104:. Programmer to programmer. Indianapolis, USA: 2608: 1328:command line), by preceding the command with a 1007:doSomething how < inputFile > outputFile 240:Examples of command-line interpreters include 6309: 5637: 5110: 4080:(NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on 3194:and Oniro uses the commands from third party 3162:implementation of the Unix shell, as part of 2897:The default VAX/VMS command shell, using the 1915:from this call (unless one of many available 1033:(for example, should the command be executed 965:A simple CLI will display a prompt, accept a 430:The mechanical teleprinter was replaced by a 8: 3614: 3612: 3359:The most notable of these interfaces is the 3327:There are a number of text mode games, like 2680:Many graphical interfaces, such as the OS/2 1986:However, many programs are hardwired to use 1626:Note spaces around argument d* are required. 3176:shell, which replaces a shell derived from 1374:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 726:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6316: 6302: 6294: 6276: 5644: 5630: 5622: 5337: 5245: 5117: 5103: 5095: 3843:"Microsoft Windows Command Shell Overview" 1790:Options may be indicated by either of the 1234:. The default of most modern systems, the 1002:doSomething how sourceFile destinationFile 372:: Most operating systems support means of 4171:"Windows Terminal command line arguments" 3220:shell, which is similar in design to the 3114:as its default interactive shell for the 2889:Modern usage as an operating system shell 2865:. A few computer users used GUIs such as 2061:Learn how and when to remove this message 1394:Learn how and when to remove this message 1221:users can modify the prompt by issuing a 845:Learn how and when to remove this message 746:Learn how and when to remove this message 4462:(User Manual) (v7 preliminary ed.). 4067:. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). 3683:. Stanford Computer Science Department. 3479:In the Beginning... Was the Command Line 1782:Option conventions in DOS, Windows, OS/2 1561: 1217:In DOS' COMMAND.COM and in Windows NT's 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 896: 503: 338: 216: 213:Operating system command-line interfaces 163: 50: 31: 4482:(NB. The symbolic instruction debugger 3587: 3491: 3233:Most command-line interpreters support 2823: – almost always in the form of a 2011:Option conventions in Unix-like systems 160:Comparison to graphical user interfaces 4617:Windows Server 2008 R2 TechNet Library 3769:Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach 1802:, or either may be allowed. See below. 1238:style is obtained, for instance, with 863:command param1 param2 param3 … paramN 672:is the default shell for macOS; Bash, 7440:History of human–computer interaction 5079:Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer 4339:"Argument Syntax (The GNU C Library)" 3703: 3701: 1932:allows the setting to be changed via 1202:if the user is a normal user, but in 907:and the end-of-line delimiter is the 107:Knowledge of CLIs is also useful for 7: 3345:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 3129:have the Bash implementation of the 2779:introduced the concept and the name 2043:adding citations to reliable sources 1458:Some programming languages, such as 1372:adding citations to reliable sources 1277:could be set by issuing the command 1242:. The default of older DOS systems, 969:typed by the user terminated by the 827:adding citations to reliable sources 724:adding citations to reliable sources 6963: 4763:"Windows POSIX shell compatibility" 2911:is the command-line interpreter of 2729:and lights to communicate with the 2430:support the same feature by typing 2135:Option conventions in other systems 1478:, expose operating system specific 867: 860: 335:Application command-line interfaces 93:Today, most computer users rely on 74:) is a means of interacting with a 3743:"Graphical User Interface History" 3505:command, which can be invoked via 3028:are also available as part of the 3001:An MS-DOS type interpreter called 2964:IBM OS/2 (and derivatives such as 2808:which acted like custom commands. 1702:, i.e. apply to the whole command. 346:'s GUI with command-line interface 78:by inputting lines of text called 25: 4968:"Command-Line Interface Overview" 4817:"Android adb shell - ash or ksh?" 4504:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-24) . 3794:"1. Command line and environment" 3677:"MULTICS - The First Seven Years" 3443:List of command-line interpreters 3140:and some Linux distributions use 2605:List of command-line interpreters 1112:, the user might use the command 364:Interactive command-line sessions 27:Computer interface that uses text 6275: 6254: 6253: 5221:Object-oriented operating system 4656:The UNIX Programming Environment 4584:Windows Server 2003 Product Help 4486:provides a short help screen on 4412:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-01-09). 4372:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-05-13). 4275:Paul, Matthias R. (1998-01-09). 4219:"Command Line Arguments in Java" 4059:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). 3239:interpreted programming language 2488:cp <source1> <dest> 2019: 1983:to override the system setting. 1940:, the first directory separator 1344: 803: 696: 5053:from the original on 2021-05-07 5028:from the original on 2021-04-20 5003:from the original on 2014-03-04 4978:from the original on 2003-09-08 4946:from the original on 2016-11-18 4827:from the original on 2017-07-02 4798:from the original on 2016-01-21 4769:from the original on 2017-07-03 4722:from the original on 2015-02-18 4697:from the original on 2017-12-21 4627:from the original on 2013-05-04 4594:from the original on 2012-07-12 4545:from the original on 2013-04-30 4516:from the original on 2016-11-07 4384:from the original on 2018-09-10 4349:from the original on 2021-06-18 4151:from the original on 2017-01-09 4071:from the original on 2017-09-10 4017:from the original on 2019-10-20 4006:SID-86 User's Guide for CP/M-86 3985:from the original on 2019-10-20 3849:from the original on 2015-09-05 3824:from the original on 2010-12-03 3772:. Addison-Wesley Professional. 3724:from the original on 2017-07-08 3687:from the original on 2014-11-23 3630:from the original on 2017-12-21 3401:, as well as perform a search. 3262:scripting programming languages 2030:needs additional citations for 1952:will change to a forward slash 814:needs additional citations for 761:operating system command shells 5231:Supercomputer operating system 4891:openharmony/third_party_toybox 3868:"Shell Built-in Commands List" 3710:"Evolution of shells in Linux" 3264:, in particular those with an 2789:Compatible Time-Sharing System 2122:function and program, and the 1304:variable controls an optional 1261:Many Unix systems feature the 1210:("root" in Unix terminology). 1194:, the prompt commonly ends in 892: 1: 4195:"Command Line Arguments in C" 4013:. August 1982 . SID86UG.WS4. 3675:Mazières, David (Fall 2004). 3299:Other command-line interfaces 2980:commands, with extensions to 2410:In the DR-DOS family, typing 2282:command-line option character 2168:Conversational Monitor System 2081:begins options; the new (and 1737:parameter can be abbreviated 1132:after switch-on or hard reset 5206:Just enough operating system 5191:Distributed operating system 4480:(CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP. 3438:Comparison of command shells 3399:access browser configuration 3012:Windows users might use the 2991:stream of operating systems. 2877:users did not replace their 2530:before the space, usually a 2444:pseudo-environment variables 1960:also support a PROMPT token 1096:Some CLIs, such as those in 789:refreshable Braille displays 5319:User space and kernel space 4565:Conventions and Miscellany 4512:(in German) (47 ed.). 4144:. 1992-03-01. p. 125. 3122:as default scripting shell. 2976:processor. This copies the 1966:pseudo-environment variable 1548:(in many versions of Unix) 1502:Unix-like operating systems 1474:. Other languages, such as 1073:CLI and resource protection 374:inter-process communication 370:Inter-process communication 7471: 5226:Real-time operating system 5022:"jQuery Terminal Emulator" 4490:and comprehensive help on 4439:is still based on the old 4316:1998-12-24. Archived from 4169:nguyen-dows (2024-05-29). 3917:JasonGerend (2023-02-03). 3766:Singh, Amit (2006-06-19). 3681:Advanced Operating Systems 3216:operating system uses the 2857:approach used in the 1983 2602: 2450:Command description syntax 2221: 2089:hyphens then a word (e.g. 1714: 1143:A command prompt (or just 1135: 1049:in the third example is a 680:are also provided. Before 633:for Windows through their 114:CLIs are made possible by 7450:User interface techniques 7394: 6338: 6249: 5422:Multilevel feedback queue 5417:Fixed-priority preemptive 5201:Hobbyist operating system 5196:Embedded operating system 4997:"Google strange goodness" 4894:, OpenHarmony, 2021-10-14 4687:"The Origin of the Shell" 4613:"Command-Line Syntax Key" 4478:Concurrent Controls, Inc. 3648:Metz, Cade (2013-01-03). 3620:"The Origin of the Shell" 3144:. Previously, macOS used 3024:. Implementations of the 2948:Windows Services for UNIX 2794:From the early 1970s the 2292:, programs may query the 2207:MAC/U LIB/S A B C $ LPT/L 1727:PL/I programming language 1451:to remove the file named 139:text-based user interface 116:command-line interpreters 95:graphical user interfaces 5465:General protection fault 5216:Network operating system 5170:User features comparison 4870:"Android toolbox source" 4792:android.googlesource.com 4580:"Command shell overview" 4374:"[fd-dev] mkeyb" 3708:Jones, M. (2011-12-06). 3158:) devices often use the 2733:. This was adequate for 2629:command-line interpreter 2599:Command-line interpreter 2454:Built-in usage help and 1482:(functionality) through 1438: 1316:the command prompt is a 1279: 1271: 684:, Bash was the default. 652:operating system called 597:released version 1.0 of 576:Graphical User Interface 440:microcomputer revolution 245:DIGITAL Command Language 5211:Mobile operating system 4142:Acorn Computers Limited 3379:Programs like the OS/2 2987:cmd.exe is part of the 2881:shell with a GUI until 2749:ASR, but then on early 2085:) convention is to use 1891:(sometimes abbreviated 1805:They may or may not be 1756:as an abbreviation for 1291:' \u@\H: \W $ ' 997:doSomething how toFiles 942:, each vendor, such as 779:, and many dialects of 547:(ash), and the popular 409:Colossal Cave Adventure 120:command-line processors 36:Screenshot of a sample 6367:File system navigation 6269:Unix SUS2008 utilities 6264:Standard Unix programs 5656:command-line interface 5314:Loadable kernel module 5089:Command-Line Reference 4741:"A history of Windows" 3570:With the exception of 2957:in later versions and 2885:was released in 1995. 2835:computers such as the 2722: 2708: 2625: 2478:mkdir <dirname> 2395: 2210:has the global option 1944:in the display of the 1871:since 5.0, as well as 1495:command-line arguments 1411: 1133: 1100:, have a hierarchy of 795:Anatomy of a shell CLI 515: 477:MIT Computation Center 392:around a separate CLI 347: 229: 173: 68:command-line interface 63: 48: 7445:Software architecture 7409:Windows Support Tools 7404:Environment variables 5382:Process control block 5348:Computer multitasking 5186:Disk operating system 4745:windows.microsoft.com 4261:4DOS 8.00 online help 4106:John Wiley & Sons 3453:Interpreter directive 3310:Programs like BASIC, 2919:, and clones such as 2714: 2702: 2667:that is interpreted. 2468:ping <hostname> 2382: 1863:, the forward slash ( 1843:may mean the same as 1711:Abbreviating commands 1416:command-line argument 1409: 1273:user@host:work_dir$ 1127: 905:whitespace characters 580:system administrators 507: 456:Bulletin Board System 342: 220: 167: 54: 35: 18:Switch (command line) 7399:List of DOS commands 7297:Software development 7124:Maintenance and care 6157:Software development 5553:Virtual tape library 5145:Forensic engineering 4660:. Englewood Cliffs: 4134:RISC OS 3 User Guide 3818:"GNU BASH Reference" 3798:Python documentation 3458:Read-eval-print loop 3154:(and other embedded 2873:but the majority of 2766:application programs 2682:Presentation Manager 2657:programming language 2472:square brackets for 2387:command output from 2284:can be changed from 2170:(CMS) uses a single 2039:improve this article 1976:environment variable 1508:or send data to the 1489:, and in particular 1368:improve this section 1246:is obtained by just 1232:environment variable 1051:redirection operator 823:improve this article 720:improve this section 648:has been based on a 601:(formerly codenamed 584:computer programming 5562:Supporting concepts 5548:Virtual file system 4846:"Android sh source" 4646:Kernighan, Brian W. 4175:learn.microsoft.com 3923:learn.microsoft.com 3448:Console application 3383:and some other IBM 3350:interactive fiction 3127:Linux distributions 3075:Implementations of 2647:or another kind of 2587:are not ambiguous. 2507:The space character 2462:angle brackets for 2218:Built-in usage help 2184:'s CLI under their 2077:systems, the ASCII 1685:List /S/E 4-26-80/B 1678:list/e/s 04-26-80/b 1522:command-line option 1516:Command-line option 1065:), which creates a 526:, was developed by 224:'s CommandShell in 7435:Computing commands 6353:Windows PowerShell 5485:Segmentation fault 5333:Process management 4250:Brothers, Hardin; 3978:. 1978. 595-2549. 3624:www.multicians.org 3068:and less commonly 2755:computer terminals 2723: 2709: 2617:Brian W. Kernighan 2492:vertical bars for 2396: 2301:and therefore the 1412: 1192:derivative systems 1134: 599:Windows PowerShell 593:In November 2006, 549:Bourne-again shell 516: 448:terminal emulators 402:numerical analysis 348: 321:4NT / Take Command 230: 179:scripting language 174: 154:keyboard shortcuts 84:computer terminals 64: 57:Windows PowerShell 49: 7417: 7416: 6291: 6290: 5619: 5618: 5475:Memory protection 5446:Memory management 5440: 5439: 5432:Shortest job next 5327: 5326: 5126:Operating systems 4821:stackoverflow.com 3779:978-0-13-270226-3 3416:. There are also 3366:devices are files 3289:operating systems 3249:) written in the 2747:Teletype Model 33 2731:computer operator 2705:Teletype Model 33 2637:computer programs 2593:Microsoft Windows 2549:is ambiguous (is 2071: 2070: 2063: 2005:Microsoft Windows 1792:switch characters 1708: 1707: 1704: 1669:Data General RDOS 1663: 1628: 1604: 1571:Valid alternative 1528:(also known as a 1404: 1403: 1396: 1206:if the user is a 1177:working directory 1021:is, in effect, a 928:operating systems 855: 854: 847: 756: 755: 748: 658:terminal emulator 644:operating system 635:Services for UNIX 572:Microsoft Windows 436:"Smart" terminals 299:, as well as the 135:Microsoft Windows 127:desktop metaphors 16:(Redirected from 7462: 7430:Windows commands 6768:User environment 6358:Recovery Console 6318: 6311: 6304: 6295: 6279: 6278: 6257: 6256: 5859:User environment 5646: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5574:Computer network 5338: 5246: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5075:The Roots of DOS 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5047:"DuckDuckGo TTY" 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4916:www.bookstack.cn 4908: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4854:. Archived from 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4747:. Archived from 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4659: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4429: 4428: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4247: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4199:www.w3schools.in 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4139: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4095: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4056: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4011:Digital Research 4001: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3976:Digital Research 3973: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3598:. Archived from 3592: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3496: 3361:standard streams 3336:King's Quest 1-3 3046:Hamilton C shell 3030:POSIX sub-system 2690: 2674: 2653:operating system 2635:) is applied to 2623: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2544: 2537: 2528:escape character 2525: 2499: 2489: 2479: 2469: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2386: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2178: 2172:left parenthesis 2163: 2153: 2103: 2096: 2092: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2023: 2015: 2003:, supplied with 2002: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1973: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1914: 1910: 1889:switch character 1866: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1834:Prog -f=Filename 1831: 1830:Prog -f:Filename 1827: 1826:Prog -f Filename 1823: 1819: 1815: 1801: 1797: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1600: 1591: 1586: 1565:Operating system 1562: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1492: 1485: 1454: 1446: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1348: 1340: 1331: 1319: 1303: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1064: 1056: 1048: 982:character string 948:Juniper Networks 940:embedded systems 850: 843: 839: 836: 830: 807: 799: 751: 744: 740: 737: 731: 700: 692: 640:Since 2001, the 588:batch processing 499:Glenda Schroeder 473:operating system 463:resident monitor 378:standard streams 303:and the Windows 99:operating system 76:computer program 59:1.0, running on 21: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7455:User interfaces 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7390: 7319: 7291: 7260:Boot management 7255: 7119: 6978: 6895: 6844: 6763: 6727: 6661: 6555:Disk management 6550: 6509: 6404:File management 6399: 6362: 6334: 6322: 6292: 6287: 6245: 6199: 6151: 6135: 6114: 6071: 5915:Text processing 5910: 5854: 5803: 5662: 5650: 5620: 5615: 5557: 5518:Defragmentation 5503: 5494: 5480:Protection ring 5449: 5436: 5408: 5401: 5323: 5297: 5235: 5174: 5128: 5123: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4972:www.juniper.net 4966: 4965: 4961: 4949: 4947: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4685:Pouzin, Louis. 4684: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4487: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4426: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4387: 4385: 4371: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4249: 4248: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4115:978-111816632-1 4108:. p. 262. 4097: 4096: 4092: 4074: 4072: 4058: 4057: 4032: 4020: 4018: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3968:SID Users Guide 3965: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3947:www.oreilly.com 3941: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3602:on 2007-11-08. 3594: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3434: 3301: 3291:, most notably 3271:(such as REXX, 3231: 2891: 2863:Apple Macintosh 2697: 2688: 2672: 2624: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2542: 2538:). For example 2535: 2523: 2513:space character 2509: 2498:netstat {-t|-u} 2497: 2487: 2477: 2467: 2452: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2391:displayed on a 2384: 2383:The end of the 2372: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:parameter like 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2176: 2161: 2160:typically used 2151: 2137: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2067: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2036: 2024: 2013: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1912: 1908: 1864: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:Prog -fFilename 1821: 1817: 1813: 1799: 1795: 1784: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747:delete_iacl_dir 1733:subsystem, the 1719: 1713: 1700:global switches 1691: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1657:is the same as 1650: 1644: 1639: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1599: 1589: 1585:directory/owner 1584: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1518: 1510:standard output 1490: 1483: 1442: 1441: 1400: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1365: 1349: 1338: 1329: 1317: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1141: 1122: 1098:network routers 1075: 1062: 1054: 1046: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 864: 851: 840: 834: 831: 820: 808: 797: 752: 741: 735: 732: 717: 701: 690: 660:program called 629:implementation 568:Apple Macintosh 564:AppleSoft BASIC 511:interaction on 417: 394:executable file 337: 215: 210: 202:drop-down menus 170:GEM 1.1 Desktop 162: 109:writing scripts 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7422: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Command Prompt 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332:shell builtins 6323: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6241:true and false 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6077:Shell builtins 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5660:shell builtins 5651: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5604:User interface 5601: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:File attribute 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5490:Virtual memory 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Context switch 5359: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5077:David Hunter, 5070: 5069:External links 5067: 5064: 5063: 5038: 5013: 4988: 4959: 4927: 4903: 4881: 4861: 4858:on 2012-12-17. 4837: 4808: 4779: 4754: 4751:on 2015-03-01. 4732: 4718:. 2010-08-24. 4707: 4691:Multicians.org 4677: 4670: 4637: 4623:. 2010-01-25. 4604: 4590:. 2005-01-21. 4571: 4539:The Open Group 4526: 4496: 4465: 4447: 4401: 4359: 4330: 4299: 4285:Archived from 4267: 4235: 4210: 4186: 4161: 4124: 4114: 4090: 4030: 4009:(2 ed.). 3996: 3958: 3934: 3909: 3898:opensource.com 3884: 3872:Linux Handbook 3859: 3834: 3809: 3785: 3778: 3758: 3734: 3714:developerWorks 3697: 3667: 3640: 3608: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3563: 3546: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3354:Douglas Adam's 3341:text adventure 3300: 3297: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3210: 3199: 3185: 3167: 3152:Embedded Linux 3149: 3134: 3123: 3105: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3010: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2962: 2940: 2906: 2890: 2887: 2740:system console 2727:sense switches 2696: 2693: 2613: 2600: 2597: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2547: 2546: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2480: 2470: 2451: 2448: 2224:help (command) 2219: 2216: 2202:local switches 2194:Business Basic 2136: 2133: 2116:software. The 2069: 2068: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2009: 1849: 1848: 1837: 1810: 1807:case-sensitive 1803: 1783: 1780: 1772:alias md mkdir 1717:Tab completion 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1618:dir /q d* /o:s 1615: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1517: 1514: 1506:standard input 1439: 1402: 1401: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1280: 1272: 1121: 1120:Command prompt 1118: 1074: 1071: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 901: 900: 888: 887: 886: 880: 871: 859: 853: 852: 811: 809: 802: 796: 793: 754: 753: 704: 702: 695: 689: 686: 682:macOS Catalina 631:MKS Korn shell 607:.NET Framework 545:Almquist shell 513:Version 7 Unix 483:developed the 416: 413: 386: 385: 376:(for example, 367: 361: 336: 333: 319:for OS/2, and 255:, the various 222:Apple Computer 214: 211: 209: 206: 161: 158: 55:Screenshot of 42:GNOME Terminal 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7467: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324:Miscellaneous 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7151:eventtriggers 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849:File contents 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330:programs and 6329: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204:Miscellaneous 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140:Documentation 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658:programs and 5657: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Memory paging 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Device driver 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5250:Architectures 5247: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4671:0-13-937699-2 4667: 4663: 4662:Prentice-Hall 4658: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4561: – 4558: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4320:on 2019-04-08 4319: 4315: 4314:Caldera, Inc. 4311: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4289:on 2019-04-08 4288: 4284: 4283:Caldera, Inc. 4280: 4279: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4224: 4223:GeeksforGeeks 4220: 4214: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:"Unix Shells" 3591: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3418:Web-based SSH 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3372:device file. 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3348:, a piece of 3347: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:shell scripts 3240: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201:Routers with 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2861:and the 1984 2860: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Commodore PET 2809: 2807: 2806:shell scripts 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2768:, text-based 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2695:Early history 2694: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2482:ellipses for 2481: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2365: 2347: 2341: 2325: 2314: 2295: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2232: 2231:usage message 2225: 2217: 2215: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2065: 2062: 2054: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2028:This section 2026: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1924:directive in 1923: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1838: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:-long_subject 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594:instruct the 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:main function 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1387: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1353:This section 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1322:star commands 1315: 1310: 1307: 1299: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1256:PROMPT $ N$ G 1240:PROMPT $ P$ G 1233: 1229: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 993: 990: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 963: 959: 957: 953: 952:Cisco Systems 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 898: 894: 889: 884: 881: 878: 875: 874: 872: 869: 866: 865: 862: 858: 849: 846: 838: 828: 824: 818: 817: 812:This section 810: 806: 801: 800: 794: 792: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 750: 747: 739: 729: 725: 721: 715: 714: 710: 705:This section 703: 699: 694: 693: 687: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 514: 510: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 479:staff member 478: 474: 471: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 414: 412: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 355: 354: 351: 345: 341: 334: 332: 330: 324: 323:for Windows. 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 243: 238: 236: 227: 223: 219: 212: 207: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 171: 166: 159: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 131:mouse pointer 128: 123: 121: 117: 112: 110: 105: 103: 100: 96: 91: 89: 88:punched cards 85: 81: 80:command-lines 77: 73: 69: 62: 61:Windows Vista 58: 53: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6328:command-line 6327: 6280: 6258: 5655: 5598: 5505:file systems 5397:Time-sharing 5078: 5055:. Retrieved 5041: 5030:. Retrieved 5016: 5005:. Retrieved 4991: 4980:. Retrieved 4971: 4962: 4954: 4948:. Retrieved 4930: 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4906: 4896:, retrieved 4890: 4884: 4873: 4864: 4856:the original 4849: 4840: 4829:. Retrieved 4820: 4811: 4800:. Retrieved 4791: 4782: 4771:. Retrieved 4757: 4749:the original 4744: 4735: 4724:. Retrieved 4710: 4699:. Retrieved 4690: 4680: 4655: 4640: 4629:. Retrieved 4616: 4607: 4596:. Retrieved 4583: 4574: 4557:man-pages(7) 4547:. Retrieved 4529: 4518:. Retrieved 4509: 4499: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4431: 4425:. Retrieved 4395: 4392: 4386:. Retrieved 4377: 4351:. Retrieved 4342: 4333: 4322:. Retrieved 4318:the original 4308: 4302: 4291:. Retrieved 4287:the original 4277: 4270: 4260: 4256:Conn, Rex C. 4227:. Retrieved 4225:. 2016-08-16 4222: 4213: 4202:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4178:. Retrieved 4174: 4164: 4153:. Retrieved 4133: 4127: 4119: 4100: 4093: 4086:OpenDOS 7.01 4082:Novell DOS 7 4073:. Retrieved 4064: 4019:. Retrieved 4005: 3999: 3994:(4+69 pages) 3987:. Retrieved 3967: 3961: 3950:. Retrieved 3946: 3937: 3926:. Retrieved 3922: 3912: 3901:. Retrieved 3897: 3887: 3876:. Retrieved 3874:. 2023-07-05 3871: 3862: 3851:. Retrieved 3837: 3826:. Retrieved 3812: 3801:. Retrieved 3797: 3788: 3768: 3761: 3750:. Retrieved 3746: 3737: 3726:. Retrieved 3713: 3689:. Retrieved 3680: 3670: 3659:. Retrieved 3653: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3623: 3603: 3600:the original 3590: 3566: 3558: 3549: 3494: 3477: 3463:Shell script 3422: 3407: 3391: 3389: 3378: 3374: 3358: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3309: 3302: 3260:Conversely, 3259: 3232: 3195: 3181: 3022:Shell script 2944:Resource Kit 2892: 2849: 2810: 2799: 2793: 2780: 2777:Louis Pouzin 2775:Around 1964 2774: 2763: 2757:such as the 2744: 2724: 2679: 2669: 2661: 2639:designed to 2632: 2628: 2626: 2609: 2586: 2575: 2551:program name 2550: 2548: 2510: 2502: 2493: 2483: 2476:parameters: 2473: 2466:parameters: 2463: 2453: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2366: 2345: 2342: 2326: 2315: 2279: 2275: 2227: 2201: 2196:, uses only 2182:Data General 2180: 2166: 2156: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2110:long options 2109: 2099: 2086: 2079:hyphen-minus 2072: 2057: 2048: 2037:Please help 2032:verification 2029: 1985: 1905:INT 21h 1896: 1892: 1888: 1877:Embedded DOS 1850: 1791: 1785: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1699: 1696:local switch 1695: 1693: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1625: 1613:DIR/Q/O:S d* 1601: 1595: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1499: 1494: 1457: 1443: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1390: 1384:October 2023 1381: 1366:Please help 1354: 1321: 1311: 1305: 1295: 1276: 1260: 1216: 1212: 1185: 1144: 1142: 1128:Prompt of a 1113: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1088: 1076: 1059:vertical bar 1042: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1018: 1016: 991: 975: 967:command line 966: 964: 960: 955: 923: 913: 902: 882: 876: 856: 841: 832: 821:Please help 816:verification 813: 785: 757: 742: 733: 718:Please help 706: 639: 630: 602: 592: 553: 536:Bourne shell 528:Ken Thompson 517: 509:Bourne shell 488: 481:Louis Pouzin 470:time-sharing 460: 452:serial ports 444:time sharing 429: 418: 406: 387: 369: 363: 357: 352: 349: 329:EXPLORER.EXE 325: 239: 231: 194:edit windows 192:or extended 185: 183: 175: 150:IBM AIX SMIT 124: 119: 115: 113: 106: 92: 71: 67: 65: 29: 7176:pnpunattend 7146:eventcreate 7141:driverquery 7100:ssh-keyscan 6343:COMMAND.COM 5667:File system 5523:Device file 5513:Boot loader 5427:Round-robin 5352:Cooperative 5288:Rump kernel 5278:Multikernel 5268:Microkernel 5165:Usage share 4434:DR-DOS 7.03 4422:comp.os.cpm 4378:freedos-dev 4252:Rawson, Tom 3535:DR DOS 3.41 3500:DR-DOS 7.03 3468:Run command 3425:video games 3247:batch files 3192:OpenHarmony 3038:MKS Toolkit 2978:COMMAND.COM 2966:eComStation 2952:ActiveState 2909:COMMAND.COM 2879:COMMAND.COM 2871:Windows 3.1 2847:of output. 2689:OS2USER.INI 2649:data stream 2521:underscores 2420:COMMAND.COM 1958:COMMAND.COM 1934:SETDOS /W:n 1901:system call 1645:ls -S -l D* 1019:doSomething 619:open-source 551:(or Bash). 530:in 1971 at 475:. In 1964, 432:"glass tty" 421:teleprinter 382:named pipes 297:COMMAND.COM 257:Unix shells 40:session in 7424:Categories 7206:systeminfo 7095:ssh-keygen 6983:Networking 6627:manage-bde 6597:diskshadow 6259:Categories 5453:protection 5409:algorithms 5407:Scheduling 5356:Preemptive 5302:Components 5273:Monolithic 5140:Comparison 5057:2021-04-20 5032:2021-04-20 5007:2014-02-27 4982:2018-03-14 4950:2016-11-28 4921:2024-07-07 4898:2024-07-07 4831:2018-03-14 4802:2018-03-18 4773:2017-08-26 4726:2015-02-18 4701:2013-09-22 4631:2013-04-07 4598:2013-04-07 4549:2013-04-07 4520:2016-11-07 4432:Since the 4427:2018-04-08 4388:2018-09-10 4353:2021-07-09 4324:2019-04-08 4293:2019-04-08 4229:2024-08-05 4204:2024-08-05 4180:2024-08-05 4155:2017-04-12 4075:2014-09-06 4021:2020-02-06 3989:2020-02-06 3952:2024-08-05 3928:2024-08-05 3903:2024-08-05 3892:B, Jason. 3878:2024-08-05 3853:2015-07-12 3828:2015-12-20 3803:2024-08-05 3752:2024-03-24 3728:2017-08-01 3691:2017-08-01 3661:2017-07-31 3634:2017-04-12 3582:References 3414:DuckDuckGo 3410:JavaScript 3408:There are 3305:dialog box 3131:Unix shell 3026:Unix shell 3018:PowerShell 2996:Windows CE 2989:Windows NT 2972:) has the 2955:ActivePerl 2925:SISNE plus 2917:IBM PC DOS 2883:Windows 95 2859:Apple Lisa 2831:and later 2611:by design. 2603:See also: 2496:of items: 2367:Since the 2336:(assuming 2222:See also: 1980:%SWITCHAR% 1948:parameter 1926:CONFIG.SYS 1897:switchchar 1715:See also: 1590:Dir /Owner 1546:dir --help 1524:or simply 1083:executable 736:April 2015 676:, and the 520:Unix shell 518:The first 458:software. 358:Parameters 344:GNU Octave 133:, such as 7381:tpmvscmgr 7090:ssh-agent 6995:bitsadmin 6901:Scripting 6666:Processes 6514:Archiving 6468:openfiles 6119:Searching 5808:Processes 5543:Partition 5460:Bus error 5387:Real-time 5367:Interrupt 5293:Unikernel 5258:Exokernel 4650:Pike, Rob 4621:Microsoft 4588:Microsoft 4441:SID86.EXE 4418:Newsgroup 3572:ASCII art 3352:based on 3330:Adventure 3235:scripting 3229:Scripting 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