873:
111:
269:
861:
897:
86:
55:
885:
777:
820:. In the case of the latter, prayers exist referring to the "sycamore of Nut", and asking for water and breath. These goddesses were sometimes depicted as trees, sometimes standing in front of them with vessels of water, or sometimes as a tree with human body parts, such as an arm or breast. It was the most significant depicted life giving tree in ancient Egypt.
484:
are made from the wood of this tree. In tropical areas where the wasp is common, complex mini-ecosystems involving the wasp, nematodes, other parasitic wasps, and various larger predators revolve around the life cycle of the fig. The trees' random production of fruit in such environments assures its
426:
Two major varieties are known in Egypt. Roumi (also called Falaki or Turki), which has more horizontally spread branches, stouter shoots and petioles, more densely spaced leaves that are wider than they are long, and larger, flatter, broad pink fruits; and Kelabi (also called Arabi or Beledi), which
837:
In modern
Egyptian folklore, the sycamore retains an association with mysticism and magic. In the story "It Serves Me Right!", it is used to represent the Tree of Lifespans. The fruit from this tree dries up at the end of a life, but is fresh when one still has more life to live. Therefore, the
757:
of the order
Nezikin, two stages of sycamore are discussed regarding their inclusion or exclusion in the sale of an agricultural property; the virgin Sycamore (i.e. the untrimmed sycamore) and the stump or trunk of the sycamore after it has been trimmed. The trimming allowed for regrowth of new
788:, there is a sycamore known as the Tree of the Virgin, which serves as a pilgrimage site. It is not the same tree; instead, when the previous tree that stands in this spot dies, a new one is planted from cuttings of the old tree. It is said that the Holy Family took refuge in this tree. The
401:
are heart-shaped with a round apex, 14 cm long by 10 cm wide, and arranged spirally around the twig. They are dark green above and lighter with prominent yellow veins below, and both surfaces are rough to the touch. The petiole is 0.5–3 cm long and pubescent. The
849:(or Murungu), the supreme creator, were performed under the tree. Whenever the mugumo tree fell, it symbolised a bad omen and rituals had to be performed by elders in the society. Some of those ceremonies carried out under the Mugumo tree are still observed.
406:
is a large edible fig, 2–3 cm in diameter, ripening from buff-green to yellow or red. They are borne in thick clusters on long branchlets or the leaf axil. Flowering and fruiting occurs year-round, peaking from July to
December. The
1113:
Susoy, Vladislav; Herrmann, Matthias; Kanzaki, Natsumi; Kruger, Meike; Nguyen, Chau N.; Rödelsperger, Christian; Röseler, Waltraud; Weiler, Christian; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Ragsdale, Erik J.; Sommer, Ralf J. (2016).
480:
to reproduce sexually, and this insect is extinct in Egypt, Zohay and Hopf have no doubt that Egypt was "the principal area of sycamore fig development." Some of the caskets of mummies in
1624:
418:
The fruit is produced year round, starting in April or a bit later depending on variety, and continuing into winter. It is sometimes separated into five successive "crops".
1838:
1890:
430:
In modern history, many
Egyptians would once a year (on the day of a particular saint) make a ring of bruises and cuts around the base of their sycamore trees.
2019:
1340:
1586:
1786:
1483:
2049:
1864:
1799:
1929:
1449:
2059:
1097:
638:
could not survive in the mountainous regions of Egypt ("He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost." Ps 78:47).
2094:
2044:
772:
53a:8 of the Gemara mentions sycomore when identifying geographic regions, in this case, a plain, to determine dates for various purposes.
2064:
872:
1615:
838:
inhabitants of a land found at the bottom of a well in the story only eat the dry, bad sycamore fruits and leave the good ones alone.
789:
2084:
1526:
110:
2069:
464:, "bear characteristic gashing marks indicating that this art, which induces ripening, was practised in Egypt in ancient times."
1825:
411:
is green-yellow to orange and exfoliates in papery strips to reveal the yellow inner bark. Like all other figs, it contains a
2074:
1869:
1369:
1422:
754:
2089:
1386:
1955:
1851:
1711:
1942:
1895:
1381:
1042:
456:. Zohary and Hopf note that "the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the
2079:
2039:
2034:
2029:
1345:
559:
1947:
427:
has more vertical branches, is more slender, has smaller leaves and has smaller yellowish pear shaped fruits.
580:
379:
1703:
1641:
1323:
630:, sycomores are listed with vines as sources of food destroyed in the plagues inflicted on the Egyptians.
460:
of the
Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms." In numerous cases the parched fruiting bodies, known as
1716:
860:
964:
896:
884:
268:
243:
35:
1804:
397:
grows to 20 m tall and has a considerable spread, with a dense round crown of spreading branches. The
386:. In its native habitat, the tree is usually found in rich soils along rivers and in mixed woodlands.
2054:
1750:
1679:
1184:
1127:
731:
327:. The spelling "sycomore", with an O rather than an A as the second vowel is, if used, specific to
762:
449:
351:
317:
75:
31:
1278:
Frumin, Suembikya; Maeir, Aren M.; Kolska
Horwitz, Liora; Weiss, Ehud (25 August 2015), "Nature",
940:
Botanic
Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019).
1991:
1934:
1742:
1596:
1252:
785:
734:
of order Zera'im, the borders of the various districts of the Land of Israel are delineated. The
646:
105:
1011:
664:
660:
1882:
1843:
800:
broke. When Joseph buried the pieces of the stick, a sycamore grew forth and provided shelter.
1903:
1724:
1522:
1457:
1305:
1220:
1202:
1171:
Kruger, Meike S.; Kanzaki, Natsumi; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Greeff, Jaco M. (10 August 2021).
1153:
1093:
363:
1908:
1295:
1287:
1210:
1192:
1143:
1135:
959:
656:
834:
comes forth from, indicating they likely face east, or are located on the eastern horizon.
1607:
1391:
941:
602:
534:
148:
1983:
631:
1921:
1253:"Philistines introduced sycamore, cumin and opium poppy into Israel during the Iron Age"
1188:
1131:
823:
Sycamores are referenced in ancient
Egyptian love poetry as a meeting place for lovers.
674:
2024:
1916:
1300:
1215:
1172:
1148:
1115:
793:
700:
680:
135:
712:
684:
645:
appointed an officer to look after the olives and sycomores of the western foothills.
2013:
1877:
1377:
1173:"Molecular diversity and relationships of fig associated nematodes from South Africa"
1116:"Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs"
986:
950:
842:
817:
743:
735:
576:
441:
437:
408:
259:
95:
90:
54:
1996:
1729:
1542:
1502:
R. Osborne, William. "The Tree of Life in
Ancient Egypt and the Book of Proverbs".
739:
555:
453:
1960:
1690:
488:
Sycamores were often planted around artificial pools in ancient
Egyptian gardens.
1197:
448:
begin to appear in predynastic times and occur in quantity from the start of the
1812:
1673:
914:
518:), "sycamore fig"). However, the trees have largely disappeared from this area.
496:
492:
475:
1630:
776:
538:
371:
355:
1664:
1461:
1206:
1763:
827:
704:
527:
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440:
and Maria Hopf, cultivation of this species was "almost exclusively" by the
1973:
1856:
1309:
1224:
1157:
1139:
315:
spelled with an A has also been used for unrelated trees: the great maple,
1411:. Waltham, Massachusetts USA: Chronica Botanica Company. pp. 106–108.
537:
of great importance and extensive use. It has wide-spreading branches and
513:
491:
A study in 2015 indicated that the sycamore tree was brought to Israel by
485:
constant attendance by the insects and animals which form this ecosystem.
1968:
1658:
920:
769:
765:
of the Gemara mentions sycomore when discussing tithing and its blessing.
461:
323:
311:
291:
194:
161:
1778:
17:
1791:
1737:
750:
727:
683:
refers to his secondary occupation as a dresser or tender of sycomores
652:
608:
359:
184:
63:
1817:
1291:
1698:
1092:. translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. p. 171.
809:
670:
627:
612:
607:; Strong's number 4809). It was a popular and valuable fruit tree in
504:
434:
375:
367:
343:
174:
1635:
1830:
1768:
1242:
The Sycamore in Ancient Egypt by Mohammed F. Azzazy and Azza Ezzat
797:
775:
708:
642:
500:
481:
412:
403:
383:
347:
303:
216:
204:
122:
1450:"Cairo Journal; A Tree Drooping With Its Ancient Burden of Faith"
808:
In Ancient Egypt, the sycamore was associated with the goddesses
846:
813:
471:
457:
398:
1755:
1639:
746:
is the area south of Kfar Hananya where the sycomore does grow.
1358:... named after a sycamore tree that was once a landmark here.
1370:
597:
570:
831:
655:
made cedars (a more valuable tree) as common as sycomores.
467:
Although this species of fig requires the presence of the
591:
707:
resorted to climbing a sycomore to get a better view of
507:, lending their name to the neighborhood of Gemmayzeh ((
1341:"Gemmayzeh changing: new habits come to an old quarter"
687:; this involved slashing the fruits to induce ripening.
503:. These sycamore trees used to be numerous in western
306:
species that has been cultivated since ancient times.
673:
also makes a contrast between sycomores and cedars.
1648:
1521:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–93.
1402:
1400:
965:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146188430A146199148.en
845:, the sycomore is a sacred tree. All sacrifices to
1423:"The Virgin's Tree in Egypt: A Story of Survival"
669:In condemning his people's arrogance the prophet
826:There are also references to twin sycamores of
8:
508:
1339:Quilty, Jim; Diab, Leila (31 August 2005).
1077:(fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.
558:, the sycomore is referred to seven times (
1636:
1616:pbs.org/wnet/nature: Sycamore fig in Kenya
290:(because the leaves resemble those of the
267:
84:
53:
42:
1504:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1299:
1214:
1196:
1147:
963:
1075:Domestication of plants in the Old World
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
575:; Strong's number 8256) and once in the
932:
856:
742:where the sycomore does not grow; the
1497:
1495:
1493:
796:had a walking stick, which an infant
7:
1631:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
1238:
1236:
1234:
1090:Death and salvation in ancient Egypt
1088:Assmann, Jan; Lorton, David (2005).
1073:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2012).
1041:Brown, Thomas W.; Walsingham, F. G.
1036:
1034:
1032:
563:
2020:IUCN Red List least concern species
951:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
509:
780:The "Tree of the Virgin" in Egypt.
358:areas. It also grows naturally in
354:, also excluding the central-west
25:
1448:Sachs, Susan (26 December 2001).
758:branches from the trunk or stump.
1948:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853797-1
1570:African Religions and Philosophy
895:
883:
871:
859:
738:is defined as the area north of
495:during the Iron Age, along with
109:
1604:(on the sycamore fig in Kenya)
792:Theophilus also recounted that
2050:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula
1484:"Virgin Mary Site Inaugurated"
452:. It was the ancient Egyptian
1:
370:; in very localised areas in
2060:Fruits originating in Africa
1407:Moldenke, Harold N. (1952).
1198:10.1371/journal.pone.0255451
603:
592:
571:
2095:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2045:Flora of Palestine (region)
1043:"The Sycamore Fig In Egypt"
830:in funerary contexts which
753:, in chapter 4 of tractate
730:, in chapter 9 of tractate
720:Mishnah and Gemara (Talmud)
514:
2111:
2065:Fruits originating in Asia
1572:. Oxford University Press.
1371:
1016:Collins English Dictionary
958:: e.T146188430A146199148.
598:
584:
29:
266:
249:
242:
106:Scientific classification
104:
82:
73:
61:
52:
45:
2085:Plants described in 1753
1325:Gemmmayzeh name origins.
634:This verse implies that
550:Judaism and Christianity
30:Not to be confused with
2070:Garden plants of Africa
1387:A Greek–English Lexicon
878:Trunk with unripe fruit
38:found in North America.
1140:10.1126/sciadv.1501031
781:
611:and the wider Land of
2075:Garden plants of Asia
1378:Liddell, Henry George
779:
36:Platanus occidentalis
1568:Mbiti, John (1990).
2090:Plants in the Bible
1409:Plants of the Bible
1189:2021PLoSO..1655451K
1132:2016SciA....2E1031S
1047:Journal of Heredity
991:Merriam-Webster.com
450:third millennium BC
352:Tropic of Capricorn
318:Acer pseudoplatanus
76:Conservation status
34:found in Europe or
32:Acer pseudoplatanus
1610:The Queen of Trees
1602:The Queen of Trees
1549:. 13 November 2008
1519:Folktales of Egypt
1454:The New York Times
1429:. 18 December 2016
1280:Scientific Reports
782:
533:is an orchard and
362:; in the southern
321:, or plane trees,
2007:
2006:
1904:Open Tree of Life
1642:Taxon identifiers
1517:El-Shamy, Hasan.
1482:El-Aref, Nevine.
1292:10.1038/srep13308
1099:978-0-8014-4241-4
890:Fruit and syconia
590:
569:
442:ancient Egyptians
364:Arabian Peninsula
350:and north of the
275:
274:
235:F. sycomorus
99:
16:(Redirected from
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2080:Ornamental trees
2040:Flora of Lebanon
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1813:iNaturalist
1674:Wikispecies
1467:24 February
1433:24 February
1352:16 November
971:19 November
915:Ficus vasta
902:In Ethiopia
790:Coptic pope
786:El Matareya
675:Isaiah 9:10
665:2Chron 9:27
661:2Chron 1:15
581:Koinē Greek
545:In religion
497:opium poppy
493:Philistines
476:Ceratosolen
422:Cultivation
390:Description
149:Angiosperms
62:Leaves and
2014:Categories
1917:Plant List
1263:25 October
1053:(1): 3–12.
1021:30 October
1012:"sycamore"
996:30 October
987:"sycomore"
927:References
755:Baba Batra
593:sykomoraia
585:συκομoραία
372:Madagascar
356:rainforest
213:Subgenus:
1883:146188430
1608:pbs.org:
1462:0362-4331
1372:συκομορέα
1207:1932-6203
828:turquoise
768:Tractate
761:Tractate
713:Luke 19:4
705:Zacchaeus
685:Amos 7:14
604:sykomorea
599:συκομορέα
528:Near East
469:symbiotic
435:botanists
380:Palestine
374:; and in
309:The term
229:Species:
222:Sycomorus
119:Kingdom:
1974:21300861
1969:Tropicos
1844:10697910
1831:853797-1
1659:Wikidata
1310:26304818
1225:34375357
1177:PLOS ONE
1158:26824073
921:Sycamine
908:See also
770:Pesachim
763:Berakhot
732:Shevi'it
632:Ps 78:47
564:שִׁקְמָה
478:arabicus
324:Platanus
312:sycamore
300:sycomore
296:sycamore
292:mulberry
195:Moraceae
191:Family:
162:Eudicots
96:IUCN 3.1
18:Sycomore
1792:5361921
1738:Ecocrop
1665:Q750217
1553:9 April
1390:at the
1301:4642518
1216:8354458
1185:Bibcode
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853:Gallery
751:Mishnah
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728:Mishnah
726:In the
699:In the
693:Gospels
653:Solomon
626:In the
609:Jericho
554:In the
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360:Lebanon
302:, is a
286:or the
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185:Rosales
181:Order:
123:Plantae
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1930:PLANTS
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810:Hathor
794:Joseph
671:Isaiah
628:Psalms
613:Canaan
572:shiqmā
505:Beirut
462:sycons
399:leaves
376:Israel
368:Cyprus
344:Africa
175:Rosids
2025:Ficus
1981:WoI:
1935:FISY2
1857:24184
1839:IRMNG
1805:17000
1769:FIUSY
1730:6HXV3
798:Jesus
709:Jesus
651:King
643:David
641:King
501:cumin
482:Egypt
458:tombs
413:latex
404:fruit
384:Egypt
366:; in
348:Sahel
298:, or
220:subg.
206:Ficus
169:Clade
156:Clade
143:Clade
130:Clade
1943:POWO
1891:NCBI
1878:IUCN
1865:ITIS
1826:IPNI
1800:GRIN
1787:GBIF
1764:EPPO
1743:6199
1712:BOLD
1594:PBS
1555:2015
1523:ISBN
1469:2024
1458:ISSN
1435:2024
1354:2021
1306:PMID
1265:2015
1221:PMID
1203:ISSN
1154:PMID
1094:ISBN
1023:2016
998:2016
973:2021
956:2019
847:Ngai
814:Isis
681:Amos
499:and
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409:bark
382:and
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1852:ISC
1751:EoL
1725:CoL
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1288:doi
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