680:
217:. Spira was arrested alongside the other members of the OD, but was released for a short period at the request of the Gestapo. He was rearrested in December 1943, and was executed in 1944 on the orders of
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of Krakow was established, and Spira filed for a transfer. While serving there he quickly found favor in the eyes of the
Germans, despite being near illiterate and having difficulty communicating in both
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forces. After taking this role his appearance would change, adopting the police uniform in place of religious wear and removing his beard entirely.
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The United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945: Volume II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe
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for work identification cards on behalf of the residents of the ghetto. The ghetto residents came to distrust him, believing that he was a
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Elegy for My People: Memoirs of an
Underground Courier of the Jewish Labor Bund in Nazi-occupied Poland 1939-1945
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359:
443:
413:
361:
Oskar
Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List
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194:. This building was placed under the jurisdiction of Spira. He held religious services there for the
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The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the
General Government
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16:
Nazi collaborator who served as a
Commander of Krakow's Jewish Ghetto Police
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The Crime of My Very
Existence: Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality
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169:
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102:
445:
The
Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After
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Jewish
Childhood in Kraków: A Microhistory of the Holocaust
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297:
Ordinary Jews: Choice and
Survival During the Holocaust
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was established in the ghetto, which also acted as a
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People who died in Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
149:. After his transfer, he became a commander of the
61:
50:
42:
28:
21:
691:Polish people executed in Nazi concentration camps
385:Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin (2012-05-04).
656:Executed Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany
651:Executed Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
179:. Many have even gone as far to accuse him of
471:"Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst in Occupied Kraków"
8:
124:, Spira served as a low level clerk for the
183:and using his position to enrich himself.
97:According to survivors' testimony, before
18:
327:Life in the Ghettos During the Holocaust
175:and giving him the nickname "SS," after
160:One power that Spira's proximity to the
113:. He was known to wear a full beard and
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198:. Several people, both Jews and ethnic
696:Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
269:www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk
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579:Writing War in the Twentieth Century
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164:gave, was his ability to facilitate
65:Collaborating with the Nazis during
418:. Jacob Celemenski Memorial Trust.
202:, joined his police force in 1942.
528:. University of California Press.
14:
522:Berkowitz, Michael (2007-09-03).
229:Spira's actions were included in
582:. University of Virginia Press.
442:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005).
324:Sterling, Eric J. (2005-07-08).
603:Keneally, Thomas (2013-08-06).
495:Winstone, Martin (2014-10-30).
153:, at the recommendation of the
56:Krakow Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst
300:. Princeton University Press.
213:and Judenrat were deported to
1:
661:Jews executed by Nazi Germany
330:. Syracuse University Press.
294:Finkel, Evgeny (2019-10-22).
555:. Rutgers University Press.
549:Sliwa, Joanna (2021-09-17).
448:. East European Monographs.
391:. Indiana University Press.
81:, served as the head of the
358:Crowe, David (2007-08-01).
151:Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police
83:Krakow ghetto Jewish police
712:
412:Celemenski, Jacob (2000).
209:of the Krakow ghetto, the
131:In the summer of 1940 the
101:Spira was an impoverished
77:(? – 1944), also known as
36:Płaszów concentration camp
501:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
120:In the early days of the
469:Jarkowska-Natkaniec, A.
239:, the basis of the film
134:Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst
576:Norris, Margot (2000).
609:. Simon and Schuster.
646:Kraków Ghetto inmates
671:Jewish Ghetto Police
666:Former Orthodox Jews
211:Krakow Jews Police
616:978-1-4767-5048-4
589:978-0-8139-1992-8
562:978-1-9788-2295-5
535:978-0-520-94068-0
508:978-0-85773-500-3
455:978-0-88033-554-6
425:978-0-646-39718-4
398:978-0-253-00202-0
371:978-0-465-00849-0
337:978-0-8156-0803-5
307:978-0-691-19718-0
231:Thomas Keneally's
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242:Schindler's List
111:Orthodox Judaism
43:Other names
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273:. Retrieved
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173:collaborator
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99:World War II
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79:Symche Spira
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75:Symcha Spira
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67:World War II
23:Symcha Spira
686:1944 deaths
480:January 14,
207:liquidation
186:In 1942 an
181:megalomania
641:Carpenters
630:Categories
275:2022-01-14
249:References
205:After the
51:Occupation
219:Amon Göth
188:orphanage
107:carpenter
93:Biography
636:Glaziers
265:"Krakow"
126:Judenrat
215:Płaszów
192:daycare
170:Gestapo
115:kapoteh
103:glazier
85:during
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271:. 2018
225:Legacy
166:bribes
155:German
147:Polish
143:German
233:book
200:Poles
611:ISBN
584:ISBN
557:ISBN
530:ISBN
503:ISBN
482:2022
450:ISBN
420:ISBN
393:ISBN
366:ISBN
332:ISBN
302:ISBN
145:and
138:(OD)
105:and
32:1944
29:Died
632::
473:.
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162:SS
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46:SS
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