40:
2981:
701:, colloquially known as anticyclonic gloom. The type of weather brought about by an anticyclone depends on its origin. For example, extensions of the Azores high pressure may bring about anticyclonic gloom during the winter, as they are warmed at the base and will trap moisture as they move over the warmer oceans. High pressures that build to the north and extend southwards will often bring clear weather. This is due to being cooled at the base (as opposed to warmed) which helps prevent clouds from forming.
2995:
639:
431:
1937:
708:, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere. High-pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones. On weather maps, high-pressure centers are associated with the letter H in English, or A in Spanish, because alta is the Spanish word for high, within the
547:
258:
526:, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. Areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location. Mesoscale systems and boundaries such as
623:
late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius. An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters and develops central convection, which warms its
730:
Different air masses tend to be separated by frontal boundaries. The Arctic front separates Arctic from Polar air masses, while the Polar front separates Polar air from warm air masses. (cA is continental arctic; cP is continental polar; mP is maritime polar; cT is continental tropic; and mT is
599:
The descriptor "extratropical" refers to the fact that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside of the tropics, in the middle latitudes of the planet. These systems may also be described as "mid-latitude cyclones" due to their area of formation, or "post-tropical cyclones" where
727:
673:
low temperatures in all seasons. When surface winds become light, the subsidence produced directly under a high-pressure system can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge, leading to widespread
813:, and the density contrast across the frontal boundary vanishes, the front can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind velocity, known as a shearline. This is most common over the open ocean.
456:
elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations. Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as
689:
Strong, vertically shallow high-pressure systems moving from higher latitudes to lower latitudes in the northern hemisphere are associated with continental arctic air masses. The low, sharp
661:, or compressional, heating. Thus, high pressure typically brings clear skies. During the day, since no clouds are present to reflect sunlight, there is more incoming shortwave
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495:
became the first organization to draw real-time surface analyses. Use of surface analyses began first in the United States, spreading worldwide during the 1870s. Use of the
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794:. The weather usually clears quickly after a front's passage. Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is invariably a wind shift.
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in their respective hemisphere. Low-pressure areas and their related frontal zones occur on the leading edge of a trough within the Rossby wave pattern, while
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has occurred, but are often described as "depressions" or "lows" by weather forecasters and the public. These are the everyday phenomena that, along with
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755:, fronts are depicted using various colored lines and symbols, depending on the type of front. The air masses separated by a front usually differ in
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1163:
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39:
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The first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. After the advent of the
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805:. Because of the greater density of air in their wake, cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions.
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with the highest pressure value. On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour.
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1179:
860:
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1137:
1033:
145:
71:
981:"Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space"
554:
indicate the direction of the wind, while the "L" symbol denotes the centre of the "low". Note the occluded, cold and warm
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225:
59:
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2629:
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1966:
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for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across Europe, with its use finally spreading to the United States during
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2005:
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A fictitious synoptic chart of an extratropical cyclone affecting the UK and
Ireland. The blue arrows between
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are also analyzed on surface weather analyses. Isobars are commonly used to place surface boundaries from the
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2019:
2012:
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of 1,000 km (620 mi) or more. This corresponds to a horizontal scale typical of
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Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover,
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in the synoptic scale. It can be shown that the main terms in horizontal equations are
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1998:
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High-pressure systems are frequently associated with light winds at the surface and
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Department of Earth
Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania
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2170:
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885:
Air
Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather.
809:
and warm bodies of water can slow the movement of fronts. When a front becomes
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856:
780:
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620:
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612:
17:
1054:
1031:
CHAPTER 3: CYCLONE PARADIGMS AND EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION CONCEPTUALIZATIONS.
704:
On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as
615:
since they form along zones of temperature and dew point gradient within the
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2852:
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1695:
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806:
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180:
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1675:
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1386:
931:
744:
546:
453:
133:
91:
928:"ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16 – Extratropical Cyclones"
491:
became possible for the first time. Beginning in the late 1840s, the
434:
A surface weather analysis for the United States on
October 21, 2006.
390:
669:(i.e. heat energy from the surface) is not absorbed, giving cooler
665:
and temperatures rise. At night, the absence of clouds means that
418:. In vertical coordinates, the momentum equation simplifies to the
1670:
1414:
725:
637:
545:
1147:
1088:
1058:
1055:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?"
675:
611:
Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as
1860:
1624:
1359:
791:
683:
251:
538:
poleward, while streamline analyses are used in the tropics.
1164:
Blame Yukon: Arctic air mass chills rest of North
America.
1077:
Office of the
Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2006).
987:
801:
generally move from west to east, while warm fronts move
361:) are synoptic-scale systems, driven by the location of
272:
1166:
1150:
National
Research Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
1051:
921:
919:
657:. Subsidence will generally dry out an air mass by
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2860:
2851:
2816:
2793:
2784:
2749:
2700:
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2623:
2585:
2556:
2535:
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2470:
2440:
2411:
2141:
1990:
1944:
1896:
1849:
1809:
1780:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1658:
1597:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1523:
1477:
1468:
1402:
402:applied to atmospheric motion can be simplified by
267:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
510:, or other important information. For example, an
27:1000-km-order method of measuring weather systems
2427:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
1872:
1636:
1371:
568:An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale
233:
8:
1218:The Weather Doctor. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
608:, drive the weather over much of the Earth.
30:
2857:
2790:
2635:
2532:
1879:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1643:
1629:
1621:
1594:
1585:
1574:
1474:
1378:
1364:
1356:
1216:Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 1 The High.
763:. Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of
369:form on the back edge of the trough. Most
240:
226:
29:
887:University of Chicago PressChicago: 1999.
373:areas occur near frontal zones. The word
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:, without removing the technical details.
2711:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1229:Meteorologia del Aeropuerto de la Palma.
429:
1102:What's happening inside highs and lows.
848:
596:otherwise known as "baroclinic zones".
188:
170:
123:
81:
1292:
1282:
1011:
1010:
999:
960:
959:
948:
580:characteristics, being connected with
1319:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
771:, and may on occasion be preceded by
682:rises towards 100 percent overnight,
518:, implying good and fair weather. An
277:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1460:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1266:"Lesson 7: Clouds and Precipitation"
1227:Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia.
979:Robert Hart and Jenni Evans (2003).
2684:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2677:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2610:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2493:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
2772:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
2718:Australian region tropical cyclone
1346:Definition of synoptic meteorology
867:from the original on 28 April 2016
204:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms
25:
1312:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual"
898:American Pioneers in Meteorology.
653:through the lower portion of the
3022:Synoptic meteorology and weather
2993:
2979:
1935:
1268:. Self-published. Archived from
1247:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
1175:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
747:, and is the principal cause of
693:can lead to areas of persistent
572:weather system that has neither
256:
38:
2732:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
2691:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
1252:American Meteorological Society
1180:American Meteorological Society
1053:, Hurricane Research Division.
988:American Meteorological Society
861:American Meteorological Society
2725:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2488:Continental North Asian storms
1193:Middle-Latitude Cyclones - II.
414:terms; therefore, one can use
146:Climate variability and change
1:
739:is a boundary separating two
628:Surface high-pressure systems
2986:Tropical cyclones portal
2027:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1967:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1510:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
1351:Definition of synoptic hours
1341:Definition of synoptic scale
619:, they can sometimes become
489:surface weather observations
395:), meaning "seen together".
2836:Mesoscale convective vortex
2818:Mesoscale convective system
2420:List of European windstorms
1837:Pacific Northwest windstorm
1191:Konstantin Matchev (2009).
1116:Myanmar government (2007).
667:outgoing longwave radiation
3043:
1254:. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
1205:. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
1182:. Retrieved on 2009-02-17.
1107:. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
1091:. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
1040:Retrieved on 15 June 2008.
926:Dr. DeCaria (2005-12-07).
719:
631:
561:
437:
384:
214:Glossary of climate change
2973:
2600:Australian east coast Low
2543:Australian east coast low
2083:1992 New Year's Day Storm
1933:
1856:
1620:
1214:Keith C. Heidorn (2005).
913:Retrieved on 10 May 2007.
530:, outflow boundaries and
416:geostrophic approximation
209:Glossary of tornado terms
2111:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
2104:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1440:Annular tropical cyclone
1238:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1127:Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
900:Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
783:are usually preceded by
753:surface weather analyses
749:meteorological phenomena
602:extratropical transition
452:that provides a view of
446:surface weather analysis
440:Surface weather analysis
426:Surface weather analysis
359:surface weather analyses
2900:Multiple-vortex tornado
2339:Friederike (David) 2018
2332:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
2055:December 1981 windstorm
2013:North Sea flood of 1953
1926:Christmas Flood of 1717
1177:Level of nondivergence.
909:Bureau of Meteorology.
497:Norwegian cyclone model
493:Smithsonian Institution
420:hydrostatic equilibrium
400:Navier–Stokes equations
199:Glossary of meteorology
2841:Line echo wave pattern
2795:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2564:Southern Ocean cyclone
1652:Extratropical cyclones
1445:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1435:Central dense overcast
1136:Robert Tardif (2002).
1100:Jack Williams (2007).
838:Outline of meteorology
828:Microscale meteorology
732:
646:
559:
435:
343:extratropical cyclones
2213:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
2076:Burns' Day storm 1990
1960:Night of the Big Wind
1681:Post-tropical cyclone
1430:Rapid intensification
1203:University of Florida
1079:Appendix G: Glossary.
833:Misoscale meteorology
823:Mesoscale meteorology
729:
641:
564:Extratropical cyclone
549:
542:Extratropical cyclone
448:is a special type of
433:
67:Atmospheric chemistry
3027:Atmospheric dynamics
3000:Tornadoes portal
2910:Anticyclonic tornado
2878:Low-topped supercell
2656:Cape Verde hurricane
2048:Gale of January 1976
1138:Fog characteristics.
678:. If the low level
379:is derived from the
55:Atmospheric dynamics
32:Atmospheric sciences
2702:Southern Hemisphere
2640:Northern Hemisphere
2528:Southern Hemisphere
2483:Western Disturbance
2297:Thomas (Doris) 2017
2069:Great storm of 1987
2034:1968 Scotland storm
1974:Tay Bridge disaster
1953:Great Storm of 1824
1919:Great Storm of 1703
1889:European windstorms
1718:Northern Hemisphere
1536:South Atlantic High
1524:Southern Hemisphere
1500:North American High
1478:Northern Hemisphere
1272:on January 11, 2005
367:high-pressure areas
50:Atmospheric physics
34:
2649:Atlantic hurricane
2605:Lake Huron cyclone
1666:Anticyclonic storm
1541:South Pacific High
1505:North Pacific High
1420:High-pressure area
1410:Anticyclonic storm
1295:has generic name (
1234:2008-03-09 at the
1198:2009-02-25 at the
1143:2011-05-20 at the
1123:2007-01-27 at the
1084:2009-02-25 at the
1036:2008-05-10 at the
733:
647:
643:Golden Gate Bridge
634:High-pressure area
560:
556:frontal boundaries
458:sea level pressure
436:
351:low-pressure areas
3009:
3008:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2905:Satellite tornado
2780:
2779:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2665:Pacific hurricane
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2522:
2521:
2466:
2465:
2436:
2435:
1981:Eyemouth disaster
1897:14th-18th century
1845:
1844:
1805:
1804:
1686:Low-pressure area
1564:
1563:
1556:Subtropical ridge
1515:Subtropical ridge
1425:Low-pressure area
1395:Centers of action
1009:External link in
958:External link in
731:maritime tropic.)
680:relative humidity
528:tropical cyclones
476:features such as
412:pressure gradient
315:(also called the
305:
304:
297:
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
3034:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2858:
2791:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2658:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2548:Black nor'easter
2533:
2529:
2448:Black Sea storms
2429:
2422:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
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2320:
2313:
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2299:
2292:
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2257:
2250:
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2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2090:Braer Storm 1993
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1939:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1798:
1791:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1531:South Polar High
1485:North Polar High
1475:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1264:Author unknown.
1261:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1151:
1134:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
994:
985:
976:
970:
969:
963:
962:
956:
954:
946:
944:
943:
934:. Archived from
923:
914:
911:The Weather Map.
907:
901:
896:Eric R. Miller.
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
857:"cyclonic scale"
853:
797:Cold fronts and
470:geographical map
394:
388:
300:
293:
289:
286:
280:
260:
259:
252:
242:
235:
228:
109:Tropical cyclone
42:
35:
21:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2994:
2992:
2980:
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2926:
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2812:
2776:
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2675:
2663:
2654:
2647:
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2627:
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2573:
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2527:
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2432:
2425:
2418:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
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2372:
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2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1912:Burchardi flood
1910:
1905:Grote Mandrenke
1903:
1892:
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1612:South Polar low
1607:North Polar low
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1580:Synoptic scale
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478:weather fronts
474:synoptic scale
438:Main article:
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404:scale analysis
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1018:
1012:|agency=
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952:
938:on 2006-09-03
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788:precipitation
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765:thunderstorms
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743:of different
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737:weather front
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723:
722:Weather front
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516:high pressure
513:
509:
508:precipitation
504:
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472:to help find
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381:Ancient Greek
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371:precipitation
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265:This article
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19:
2991:
2977:
2890:Funnel cloud
2808:Haida Eddies
2767:Polar vortex
2325:Herwart 2017
2318:Ophelia 2017
2241:St Jude 2013
2220:Joachim 2011
2199:Xynthia 2010
2157:Jeanett 2002
2142:21st century
2062:Charley 1986
1999:Ulysses 1903
1991:20th century
1945:19th century
1822:Hatteras low
1817:Aleutian Low
1757:Colorado low
1691:Weather bomb
1579:
1391:anticyclones
1322:. Retrieved
1310:David Roth.
1305:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1259:
1243:
1223:
1210:
1187:
1171:
1155:
1132:
1112:
1096:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1045:
1025:
991:. Retrieved
974:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
905:
892:
884:
880:
869:. Retrieved
851:
796:
773:squall lines
734:
703:
688:
648:
610:
606:anticyclones
598:
570:low-pressure
567:
532:squall lines
524:low pressure
519:
511:
505:
501:World War II
482:
443:
397:
391:
374:
363:Rossby waves
355:weather maps
336:mid-latitude
328:length scale
320:
316:
312:
306:
291:
285:October 2023
282:
266:
189:
54:
2948:Steam devil
2868:Mesocyclone
2762:Cut-off low
2750:Upper level
2587:Subtropical
2557:Other areas
2502:Other areas
2478:Asiatic Low
2402:Ciarán 2023
2388:Larisa 2023
2381:Eunice 2022
2367:Aurore 2021
2360:Dennis 2020
2346:Adrian 2018
2311:Xavier 2017
2283:Niklas 2015
2234:Andrea 2012
2227:Dagmar 2011
2178:Kyrill 2007
2164:Gudrun 2005
2150:Oratia 2000
2132:Martin 1999
2125:Lothar 1999
2118:Anatol 1999
2020:Debbie 1961
2006:Iberia 1941
1771:Bighorn Low
1742:Lee Cyclone
1735:Continental
1495:Azores High
1470:Anticyclone
781:Warm fronts
757:temperature
655:troposphere
590:temperature
522:represents
514:represents
466:cloud cover
462:temperature
450:weather map
339:depressions
317:large scale
309:meteorology
125:Climatology
83:Meteorology
3016:Categories
2953:Fire whirl
2943:Dust devil
2922:Waterspout
2883:Wall cloud
2595:Kona storm
2514:Kona storm
2395:Babet 2023
2374:Malik 2022
2353:Ciara 2020
2248:Xaver 2013
2206:Berit 2011
2192:Klaus 2009
1827:Nor'easter
1450:Superstorm
1324:2006-10-22
1276:2007-04-29
1064:2006-07-25
993:2006-10-03
942:2006-10-21
871:2017-01-21
844:References
811:stationary
785:stratiform
706:confluence
686:can form.
651:subsidence
621:barotropic
617:westerlies
613:baroclinic
422:equation.
392:sunoptikós
386:συνοπτικός
325:horizontal
190:Glossaries
2917:Landspout
2873:Supercell
2853:Whirlwind
2786:Mesoscale
2569:Sudestada
2536:Australia
2458:Genoa low
2304:Zeus 2017
2290:Egon 2017
2276:Tini 2014
2262:Anne 2014
2255:Dirk 2013
2185:Emma 2008
2097:Lili 1996
1696:Sting jet
1455:Hypercane
1105:USA Today
807:Mountains
777:dry lines
745:densities
691:inversion
659:adiabatic
594:dew point
586:gradients
485:telegraph
357:(such as
2938:Gustnado
2831:Mesohigh
2826:Wake Low
2625:Tropical
2412:See also
2171:Per 2007
1832:Gulf low
1708:Rainband
1659:Concepts
1403:Concepts
1387:Cyclones
1285:cite web
1232:Archived
1196:Archived
1162:(2009).
1160:CBC News
1141:Archived
1121:Archived
1082:Archived
1034:Archived
1002:cite web
951:cite web
865:Archived
817:See also
803:poleward
761:humidity
574:tropical
376:synoptic
353:seen on
345:). Most
181:Aeronomy
172:Aeronomy
156:category
139:category
114:category
97:category
72:category
60:category
2895:Tornado
2671:Typhoon
2630:Outline
2615:Thermal
1810:Oceanic
1676:Cyclone
1570:Cyclone
671:diurnal
552:isobars
468:onto a
454:weather
330:of the
323:) is a
271:Please
134:Climate
92:Weather
2509:Arctic
1850:Europe
710:isobar
645:in fog
624:core.
582:fronts
464:, and
341:(e.g.
311:, the
161:portal
102:portal
2931:Minor
2861:Major
2441:Other
1781:Other
1671:Storm
1599:Polar
1415:Storm
1315:(PDF)
1249:High.
1118:Haze.
984:(PDF)
751:. In
578:polar
383:word
347:high-
332:order
2471:Asia
1701:List
1389:and
1297:help
1148:NCAR
1089:NOAA
1059:NOAA
1017:help
966:help
790:and
767:and
759:and
676:haze
592:and
576:nor
410:and
398:The
349:and
792:fog
775:or
697:or
684:fog
588:in
319:or
307:In
275:to
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1317:.
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1287:}}
1283:{{
1057:.
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1004:}}
1000:{{
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953:}}
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930:.
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863:.
859:.
779:.
735:A
503:.
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460:,
444:A
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1866:v
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512:H
389:(
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292:(
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283:(
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241:e
234:t
227:v
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