Synesthesia - Knowledge (XXG)

630:, multiple forms of inheritance, and continuous variation in gene expression. While the exact genetic loci for this trait haven't been identified, research indicates that the genetic constructs underlying synesthesia are most likely more complex than the simple X-linked mode of inheritance that early researchers believed it to be. Further, it remains uncertain as to whether synesthesia perseveres in the genetic pool because it provides a selective advantage, or because it has become a byproduct of some other useful selected trait. Women have a higher chance of developing synesthesia, as demonstrated in population studies conducted in the city of Cambridge, England where females were 6 times more likely to have it. As technological equipment continues to advance, the search for clearer answers regarding the genetics behind synesthesia will become more promising. 661:

test is another way to test for synesthesia. A sound is turned on and one will either identify it with a taste or envision shapes. The audio test correlates with chromesthesia (sounds with colors). Since people question whether or not synesthesia is tied to memory, the "retest" is given. One is given a set of objects and is asked to assign colors, tastes, personalities, or more. After a period of time, the same objects are presented and the person is asked again to do the same task. The synesthete can assign the same characteristics because that person has permanent neural associations in the brain, rather than memories of a certain object.

1109: 1087:, according to NPR considered "one of the foremost living memory painters", creates with oil crayons on fine-grain sandpaper representations of the auditory-visual synaesthesia she experiences during severe migraine attacks. Brandy Gale, a Canadian visual artist, experiences an involuntary joining or crossing of any of her senses – hearing, vision, taste, touch, smell and movement. Gale paints from life rather than from photographs and by exploring the sensory panorama of each locale attempts to capture, select, and transmit these personal experiences. 47: 869:, researchers explored the reality, consistency, and frequency of synesthetic experiences. In the late 1990s, the focus settled on grapheme → color synesthesia, one of the most common and easily studied types. Psychologists and neuroscientists study synesthesia not only for its inherent appeal but also for the insights it may give into cognitive and perceptual processes that occur in synesthetes and non-synesthetes alike. Synesthesia is now the topic of scientific books and papers, Ph.D. theses, documentary films, and even novels. 721:

studying 500 people recruited from the communities of Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities; it showed a prevalence of 4.4%, with 9 different variations of synesthesia. This study also concluded that one common form of synesthesia – grapheme–color synesthesia (colored letters and numbers) – is found in more than one percent of the population, and this latter prevalence of graphemes–color synesthesia has since been independently verified in a sample of nearly 3,000 people in the University of Edinburgh.

308: 211: 649: 70:) is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. For instance, people with synesthesia may experience colors when listening to music, see shapes when smelling certain scents, or perceive tastes when looking at words. People who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as 6645: 521: 665: 725:

how common are different forms of synesthesia within synesthetes. So within synesthetes, forms of synesthesia that trigger color also appear to be the most common forms of synesthesia with a prevalence rate of 86% within synesthetes. In another study, music–color is also prevalent at 18–41%. Some of the rarest are reported to be auditory–tactile, mirror-touch, and lexical–gustatory.

336:, certain sounds can induce sensations in parts of the body. For example, someone with auditory–tactile synesthesia may experience that hearing a specific word or sound feels like touch in one specific part of the body or may experience that certain sounds can create a sensation in the skin without being touched (not to be confused with the milder general reaction known as 1530: 506:

memory advantage. In one study, conducted by Julia Simner of the University of Edinburgh, it was found that spatial sequence synesthetes have a built-in and automatic mnemonic reference. Whereas a non-synesthete will need to create a mnemonic device to remember a sequence (like dates in a diary), a synesthete can simply reference their spatial visualizations.

384:

connectivity between different brain regions as well as specific symptoms. They hypothesize that "a pathological distortion of connections between the auditory cortex and limbic structures could cause a form of sound-emotion synesthesia." Studies suggest that individuals with misophonia have a normal hearing sensitivity level, but their

1637:) delivered to the user through headphones at a default rate of one soundscape per second. Each soundscape is a left-to-right scan, with height represented by pitch, and brightness by loudness. The vOICe compensates for the loss of vision by converting information from the lost sensory modality into stimuli in a remaining modality. 1154:("From the Canyons to the Stars"). New art movements such as literary symbolism, non-figurative art, and visual music have profited from experiments with synesthetic perception and contributed to the public awareness of synesthetic and multi-sensory ways of perceiving. Other composers who reported synesthesia include 366:). This form of synesthesia was named "OLP" in the contemporary literature by Julia Simner and colleagues although it is now also widely recognized by the term "sequence-personality" synesthesia. Ordinal linguistic personification normally co-occurs with other forms of synesthesia such as grapheme–color synesthesia. 656:

The simplest approach is test-retest reliability over long periods of time, using stimuli of color names, color chips, or a computer-screen color picker providing 16.7 million choices. Synesthetes consistently score around 90% on the reliability of associations, even with years between tests. In

505:

Synesthetes are very likely to participate in creative activities. It has been suggested that individual development of perceptual and cognitive skills, in addition to one's cultural environment, produces the variety in awareness and practical use of synesthetic phenomena. Synesthesia may also give a

1633:

substitution device (SSD) preserving visual detail at high resolution (up to 25,344 pixels). The device consists of a laptop, head-mounted camera or computer camera, and headphones. The vOICe converts visual stimuli of the surroundings captured by the camera into corresponding aural representations (

1632:

called The vOICe (the capital letters "O," "I," and "C" in "vOICe" are intended to evoke the expression "Oh I see"). The vOICe is a privately owned research project, running without venture capital, that was first implemented using low-cost hardware in 1991. The vOICe is a visual-to-auditory sensory

441:

Kinesthetic synesthesia is one of the rarest documented forms of synesthesia in the world. This form of synesthesia is a combination of various different types of synesthesia. Features appear similar to auditory–tactile synesthesia but sensations are not isolated to individual numbers or letters but

227:

Some authors had argued that the term synaesthesia may not be correct when applied to the so-called grapheme-colour synesthesia and similar phenomena in which the inducer is conceptual (e.g. a letter or number) rather than sensory (e.g. sound or color). They have postulated that the term ideasthesia

223:

In one of the most common forms of synesthesia, individual letters of the alphabet and numbers (collectively referred to as "graphemes") are "shaded" or "tinged" with a color. While different individuals usually do not report the same colors for all letters and numbers, studies with large numbers of

910:

to have a rare fivefold form of synesthesia, of which he is the only known case. Words and text were not only associated with highly vivid visuospatial imagery but also sound, taste, color, and sensation. Shereshevsky could recount endless details of many things without form, from lists of names to

724:

The most common forms of synesthesia are those that trigger colors, and the most prevalent of all is day–color. Also relatively common is grapheme–color synesthesia. We can think of "prevalence" both in terms of how common is synesthesia (or different forms of synesthesia) within the population, or

587:

phenomenon. Therefore, to understand neural mechanisms of synesthesia the mechanisms of semantics and the extraction of meaning need to be understood better. This is a non-trivial issue because it is not only a question of a location in the brain at which meaning is "processed" but pertains also to

535:

Dedicated regions of the brain are specialized for given functions. Increased cross-talk between regions specialized for different functions may account for the many types of synesthesia. For example, the additive experience of seeing color when looking at graphemes might be due to cross-activation

292:

Those with spatial sequence synesthesia (SSS) tend to see ordinal sequences as points in space. People with SSS may have superior memories; in one study, they were able to recall past events and memories far better and in far greater detail than those without the condition. They can also see months

660:

Many tests exist for synesthesia. Each common type has a specific test. When testing for grapheme–color synesthesia, a visual test is given. The person is shown a picture that includes black letters and numbers. A synesthete will associate the letters and numbers with a specific color. An auditory

476:

Some synesthetes often report that they were unaware their experiences were unusual until they realized other people did not have them, while others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. The automatic and ineffable nature of a synesthetic experience means that the

467:

are experiencing a form of synesthesia. While a determination has not yet been made, there is anecdotal evidence that this may be the case, based on significant and consistent differences from the control group, in terms of functional connectivity within neural pathways. It is unclear whether this

409:

This is a form of synesthesia where individuals feel the same/similar sensation as another person (such as touch). For instance, when such a synesthete observes someone being tapped on their shoulder, the synesthete involuntarily feels a tap on their own shoulder as well. People with this type of

672:

Grapheme–color synesthetes, as a group, share significant preferences for the color of each letter (e.g., A tends to be red; O tends to be white or black; S tends to be yellow, etc.) Nonetheless, there is a great variety in types of synesthesia, and within each type, individuals report differing

394:

It is unclear what causes misophonia. Some scientists believe the condition could be genetic, while others believe it to be present with additional conditions. There are no current treatments for the condition, but management of symptoms involves numerous coping strategies. These strategies

501:

are more strongly colored. Self-reports, interviews, and autobiographical notes by synesthetes demonstrate a great degree of variety in types of synesthesia, the intensity of synesthetic perceptions, awareness of the perceptual discrepancies between synesthetes and non-synesthetes, and the ways

432:

might taste like waffles. The documentary 'Derek Tastes of Earwax' gets its name from this phenomenon, in references to pub owner James Wannerton who experiences this particular sensation whenever he hears the name spoken. It is estimated that 0.2% of the synesthesia population has this form of

720:

Estimates of prevalence of synesthesia have ranged widely, from 1 in 4 to 1 in 25,000–100,000. However, most studies have relied on synesthetes reporting themselves, introducing self-referral bias. In what is cited as the most accurate prevalence study so far, self-referral bias was avoided by

484:

Though often stereotyped in the popular media as a medical condition or neurological aberration, many synesthetes themselves do not perceive their synesthetic experiences as a handicap. On the contrary, some report it as a gift – an additional "hidden" sense –

543:

An alternative possibility is disinhibited feedback, or a reduction in the amount of inhibition along normally existing feedback pathways. Normally, excitation and inhibition are balanced. However, if normal feedback were not inhibited as usual, then signals feeding back from late stages of

319:

A number form is a mental map of numbers that automatically and involuntarily appear whenever someone who experiences number-forms synesthesia thinks of numbers. These numbers might appear in different locations and the mapping changes and varies between individuals. Number forms were first

477:

pairing may not seem out of the ordinary. This involuntary and consistent nature helps define synesthesia as a real experience. Most synesthetes report that their experiences are pleasant or neutral, although, in rare cases, synesthetes report that their experiences can lead to a degree of

383:

is a neurological disorder in which negative experiences (anger, fright, hatred, disgust) are triggered by specific sounds. Cytowic suggests that misophonia is related to, or perhaps a variety of, synesthesia. Edelstein and her colleagues have compared misophonia to synesthesia in terms of

485:

something they would not want to miss. Most synesthetes become aware of their distinctive mode of perception in their childhood. Some have learned how to apply their ability in daily life and work. Synesthetes have used their abilities in memorization of names and telephone numbers,

707:

Cytowic's early cases mainly included individuals whose synesthesia was frankly projected outside the body (e.g., on a "screen" in front of one's face). Later research showed that such stark externalization occurs in a minority of synesthetes. Refining this concept, Cytowic and

265:, chromesthesia is "something like fireworks": voice, music, and assorted environmental sounds such as clattering dishes or dog barks trigger color and firework shapes that arise, move around, and then fade when the sound ends. Sound often changes the perceived hue, brightness, 918:

studied the case of a grapheme–color synesthete who was also color blind. While he couldn't see certain colors with his eyes, he could still "see" those colors when looking at certain letters. Because he didn't have a name for those colors, he called them "Martian colors."

1095:

combined four senses: color, hearing, touch, and smell. American painter and visual artist Perry Hall attributes synaesthesia— both chromesthesia and the experience of visual sensations creating sounds— as an inspiration and guide for his creative work, including his

242:

Another common form of synesthesia is the association of sounds with colors. For some, everyday sounds can trigger seeing colors. For others, colors are triggered when musical notes or keys are being played. People with synesthesia related to music may also have

50:

A person with synesthesia may associate certain letters and numbers with certain colors. Most synesthetes see characters just as others do (in whichever color actually displayed) but they may simultaneously perceive colors as associated with or evoked by each

544:

multi-sensory processing might influence earlier stages such that tones could activate vision. Cytowic and Eagleman find support for the disinhibition idea in the so-called acquired forms of synesthesia that occur in non-synesthetes under certain conditions:

74:. Awareness of synesthetic perceptions varies from person to person with the perception of synesthesia differing based on an individual's unique life experiences and the specific type of synesthesia that they have. In one common form of synesthesia, known as 2571: 911:

decades-old conversations, but he had great difficulty grasping abstract concepts. The automatic, and nearly permanent, retention of every detail due to synesthesia greatly inhibited Shereshevsky's ability to understand what he read or heard.

6520: 673:

triggers for their sensations and differing intensities of experiences. This variety means that defining synesthesia in an individual is difficult, and the majority of synesthetes are completely unaware that their experiences have a name.

110:, who, in 1690, made a report about a blind man who said he experienced the color scarlet when he heard the sound of a trumpet. However, there is disagreement as to whether Locke described an actual instance of synesthesia or was using a 492:

Despite the commonalities which permit the definition of the broad phenomenon of synesthesia, individual experiences vary in numerous ways. This variability was first noticed early in synesthesia research. Some synesthetes report that

1533:

Tests like this demonstrate that people do not attach sounds to visual shapes arbitrarily. When people are given a choice between the words "Bouba" and "Kiki", the left shape is almost always called "Kiki" while the right is called

5690:

Scheff CM (1 January 1986). "Experimental model for the study of changes in the organization of human sensory information processing through the design and testing of non-invasive prosthetic devices for sensory impaired people".

94:

Little is known about how synesthesia develops. It has been suggested that synesthesia develops during childhood when children are intensively engaged with abstract concepts for the first time. This hypothesis—referred to as

1645:

Artists Perry Hall and Jonathan Jones-Morris created Sonified in 2011, software which translates visual information from a video camera into music in real-time, as a means of creating a synaesthetic experience for the user.

778:

scale itself. In Plato's time, the description of melody as 'colored' had become part of professional jargon, while the musical terms 'tone' and 'harmony' soon became integrated into the vocabulary of color in visual art.

5253:

It just always stuck out in my mind, and I could always see it. I don't know if that makes sense, but I could always visualize what I was hearing... Yeah, it was always like weird colors." From a Nightline interview with

395:

include avoidance of situations that could trigger the reaction, mimicking the sounds, and cancelling out the sounds by using earplugs or music. Most misophoniacs use these to "overwrite" these sounds produced by others.

978:

I present a fine case of colored hearing. Perhaps "hearing" is not quite accurate, since the color sensations seem to be produced by the very act of my orally forming a given letter while I imagine its outline. The long

5367:

This is according to an article in the Russian press, Yastrebtsev V. "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation." Russkaya muzykalnaya gazeta, 1908, N 39–40, pp. 842–845 (in Russian), cited by Bulat Galeyev

193:) as colored would be indicated as grapheme-color synesthesia. Similarly, when synesthetes see colors and movement as a result of hearing musical tones, it would be indicated as tone → (color, movement) synesthesia. 90:

1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may appear as a three-dimensional map (clockwise or counterclockwise). Synesthetic associations can occur in any combination and any number of senses or cognitive pathways.

540:(see figure). This is supported by the fact that grapheme–color synesthetes can identify the color of a grapheme in their peripheral vision even when they cannot consciously identify the shape of the grapheme. 99:—could explain why the most common forms of synesthesia are grapheme-color, spatial sequence, and number form. These are usually the first abstract concepts that educational systems require children to learn. 2579: 691:

Synesthetic perceptions are spatially extended, meaning they often have a sense of "location." For example, synesthetes speak of "looking at" or "going to" a particular place to attend to the experience

273:

configurations – lines moving in color, often metallic with height, width, and, most importantly, depth. My favorite music has lines that extend horizontally beyond the 'screen' area."

872:

Since the rise of the Internet in the 1990s, synesthetes began contacting one another and creating websites devoted to the condition. These rapidly grew into international organizations such as the

1431:: "When I see equations, I see the letters in colors. I don't know why. I see vague pictures of Bessel functions with light-tan j's, slightly violet-bluish n's, and dark brown x's flying around." 1214:, the eleven tracks featured on the album represent the eleven main tube line colours. Each track focuses heavily on the different speeds, sounds, and mood of each line, and are composed in the 1485:

Synesthesia as Romantic pathology: in which synesthesia is pathological but also provides an avenue to the Romantic ideal of transcending quotidian experience. Books in this category include

6060:

Fitzgibbon BM, Enticott PG, Rich AN, Giummarra MJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw JL (January 2012). "Mirror-sensory synaesthesia: exploring 'shared' sensory experiences as synaesthesia".

2371: 712:

differentiated between "localizers" and "non-localizers" to distinguish those synesthetes whose perceptions have a definite sense of spatial quality from those whose perceptions do not.

3662:

Gray JA, Parslow DM, Brammer MJ, Chopping S, Vythelingum GN, ffytche DH (February 2006). "Evidence against functionalism from neuroimaging of the alien colour effect in synaesthesia".

1126:, a Lithuanian painter, composer and writer, perceived colors and music simultaneously. Many of his paintings bear the names of matching musical pieces: sonatas, fugues, and preludes. 827:

researched the relationships between sound, color, and movement and developed a 'twelve-tone circle of colour' which was analogous with the twelve-tone music of the Austrian composer

391:

Newer studies suggest that, depending on its severity, misophonia could be associated with lower cognitive control when individuals are exposed to certain associations and triggers.

1604:, given that synesthetes experience extra qualia (e.g., colored sound). An important insight for qualia research may come from the findings that synesthesia has the properties of 1083:

and Marcia Smilack (a photographer who waits until she gets a synesthetic response from what she sees and then takes the picture), use their synesthesia to create their artwork.

2825:

Simner J, Hubbard EM (December 2006). "Variants of synesthesia interact in cognitive tasks: evidence for implicit associations and late connectivity in cross-talk theories".

933:

Other notable synesthetes come particularly from artistic professions and backgrounds. Synesthetic art historically refers to multi-sensory experiments in the genres of

548:, head trauma, stroke, and brain tumors. They also note that it can likewise occur during stages of meditation, deep concentration, sensory deprivation, or with use of 189:, where x is the "inducer" or trigger experience, and y is the "concurrent" or additional experience. For example, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called 1967: 1240:

interview, he described his condition, saying that he sees sounds, and that everything he sonically makes is a painting. Other notable synesthetes include musicians

4299: 6007: 4043:

Baron-Cohen S, Johnson D, Asher J, Wheelwright S, Fisher SE, Gregerson PK, Allison C, "Is synaesthesia more common in autism?", Molecular Autism, 20 November 2013

1521:

Literary depictions of synesthesia are criticized as often being more of a reflection of an author's interpretation of synesthesia than of the phenomenon itself.

5052: 880:, the Belgian Synesthesia Association, the Canadian Synesthesia Association, the German Synesthesia Association, and the Netherlands Synesthesia Web Community. 5885: 4647: 1091:

perceives music as color, shape, and configuration and uses these perceptions when painting opera stage sets (though not while creating his other artworks).

641:

since it usually does not interfere with normal daily functioning. Indeed, most synesthetes report that their experiences are neutral or even pleasant. Like

4736: 293:

or dates in the space around them, but most synesthetes "see" these sequences in their mind's eye. Some people see time like a clock above and around them.

5812: 4790:

Silberman, S. (February 6, 2012). “Inside the Mind of a Synaesthete”. PLOS ONE. www.blogs.plos.org/neurotribes/2012/02/06/inside-the-mind-of-a-synaesthete/

4705: 2720: 949:, and intermedia. Distinct from neuroscience, the concept of synesthesia in the arts is regarded as the simultaneous perception of multiple stimuli in one 983:

of the English alphabet (and it is this alphabet I have in mind farther on unless otherwise stated) has for me the tint of weathered wood, but the French

804:

The first medical description of "colored hearing" is in an 1812 thesis by the German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs. The "father of psychophysics,"

1427: 5981: 5458: 450:

Other forms of synesthesia have been reported, but little has been done to analyze them scientifically. There are at least 80 types of synesthesia.

5603:

Milan E, Iborra O, de Cordoba M, Juárez-Ramos V, Artacho MR, Rubio JL (2013). "The Kiki-Bouba effect: A case of personification and ideaesthesia".

1585:. Even 2.5-year-old children (too young to read) show this effect. Research indicated that in the background of this effect may operate a form of 842:

Research into synesthesia proceeded briskly in several countries, but due to the difficulties in measuring subjective experiences and the rise of

4575: 2379: 857:

made inquiry into internal subjective states respectable again, scientists returned to synesthesia. Led in the United States by Larry Marks and

269:, and directional movement. Some individuals see music on a "screen" in front of their faces. For Deni Simon, music produces waving lines "like 6574: 362:). Although this form of synesthesia was documented as early as the 1890s, researchers have, until recently, paid little attention to it (see 2298:

Jewanski J, Day SA, Ward J (July 2009). "A colorful albino: the first documented case of synaesthesia, by Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812".

5991: 5387: 5352: 4957: 4559: 4530: 4488: 4463: 4438: 4064: 3868: 3386: 3353: 3236: 2472: 2426: 1924: 1888: 1828: 1784: 460: 388:

and autonomic nervous system are constantly in a "heightened state of arousal" in which abnormal reactions to sounds will be more prevalent.

4706:"Coastal Synaesthesia: Paintings and Photographs of Hawaii, Fiji and California by Brandy Gale – Gualala Arts Center exhibit: January, 2015" 614:

Due to the prevalence of synesthesia among the first-degree relatives of people affected, there may be a genetic basis, as indicated by the

6459: 1461:

ideal: in which the condition illustrates the Romantic ideal of transcending one's experience of the world. Books in this category include

464: 1123: 1113: 1368:

On the other hand, his older colleague Rimsky-Korsakov (who was perceived as a fairly conservative composer) was, in fact, a synesthete.

6488: 652:

Reaction times for answers that are congruent with a synesthete's automatic colors are shorter than those whose answers are incongruent.

6268:

Sinke C, Halpern JH, Zedler M, Neufeld J, Emrich HM, Passie T (September 2012). "Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: a comparison".

5026: 1597: 349: 1616:

Synesthesia also has a number of practical applications, including 'intentional synesthesia' in technology, and sensory prosthetics.

953:

experience. Neurological synesthesia has been a source of inspiration for artists, composers, poets, novelists, and digital artists.

423: 4875: 1538:

Research on synesthesia raises questions about how the brain combines information from different sensory modalities, referred to as

1079:(not a synesthete) both experimented with image–music congruence in their paintings. Contemporary artists with synesthesia, such as 2500: 410:

synesthesia have been shown to have higher empathy levels compared to the general population. This may be related to the so-called

5407: 1387:

introduced the notion that the senses can and should intermingle. Baudelaire participated in a hashish experiment by psychiatrist

5493: 4504:

van Campen C (2009). "Visual Music and Musical Paintings. The Quest for Synesthesia in the Arts.". In Bacci F, Melcher D (eds.).

2148:

Seron X, Pesenti M, Noël MP, Deloche G, Cornet JA (August 1992). "Images of numbers, or "When 98 is upper left and 6 sky blue"".

873: 657:

contrast, non-synesthetes score just 30–40%, even with only a few weeks between tests and a warning that they would be retested.

6430: 5264: 1108: 315:

from one of Francis Galton's subjects (1881). Note how the first 4 digits roughly correspond to their positions on a clock face.

4850: 4630: 894: 741: 363: 1207: 205: 75: 5104: 4673: 3708:

Baron-Cohen S, Burt L, Smith-Laittan F, Harrison J, Bolton P (1 September 1996). "Synaesthesia: prevalence and familiality".

1141: 162:

associative synesthesia: feeling a very strong and involuntary connection between the stimulus and the sense that it triggers

5622:

Gray JA, Chopping S, Nunn J, et al. (2002). "Implications of synaesthesia for functionalism: Theory and experiments".

5158: 3485: 2274: 754:) of music was a quantifiable quality of sound, together with pitch and duration. Additionally, one kind of musical scale ( 4762: 1982: 1949: 1691: 1150: 354:

Ordinal-linguistic personification (OLP, or personification) is a form of synesthesia in which ordered sequences, such as

5290: 4296: 3451: 808:, reported the first empirical survey of colored letter photisms among 73 synesthetes in 1876, followed in the 1880s by 31: 1011:

which I see as the brimming tension-surface of alcohol in a small glass. Passing on to the blue group, there is steely

196:

While nearly every logically possible combination of experiences can occur, several types are more common than others.

133: 5945: 3856: 2972:"Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds" 877: 515: 159:

projective synesthesia: seeing colors, forms, or shapes when stimulated (the widely understood version of synesthesia)

1999:

Rich AN, Mattingley JB (January 2002). "Anomalous perception in synaesthesia: a cognitive neuroscience perspective".

3568:

Grossenbacher PG, Lovelace CT (January 2001). "Mechanisms of synesthesia: cognitive and physiological constraints".

1449:

Synesthesia is sometimes used as a plot device or way of developing a character's inner life. Author and synesthete

1342:

Some artists frequently mentioned as synesthetes did not, in fact, have the neurological condition. Scriabin's 1911

6567: 4897: 3948:"Validating a standardised test battery for synesthesia: Does the Synesthesia Battery reliably detect synesthesia?" 1145: 668:

The automaticity of synesthetic experience. A synesthete might perceive the left panel like the panel on the right.

428:

This is another form of synesthesia where certain tastes are experienced when hearing words. For example, the word

38: 5487: 4651: 2191: 5077: 2919:

Schröder A, van Diepen R, Mazaheri A, Petropoulos-Petalas D, Soto de Amesti V, Vulink N, Denys D (9 April 2014).

1671: 1440: 729: 5189: 4713: 2759: 185:, experienced synesthesia that linked all five senses. Types of synesthesia are indicated by using the notation 6676: 6535: 4197:

von Campen C (1996). "De verwarring der zintuigen. Artistieke en psychologische experimenten met synesthesie".

3341: 3194: 2508:

Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Synaesthesia, Science & Art, Granada, Spain, April 26–29

1816: 1772: 1543: 1463: 1379:

wrote of synesthetic experiences, but there is no evidence they were synesthetes themselves. Baudelaire's 1857

1343: 1236: 580: 404: 216: 6666: 3803: 798: 746:

The interest in colored hearing dates back to Greek antiquity when some theorists wondered whether the color (

6714: 4851:"Meet the musical genius behind the 'Game of Thrones' soundtrack who watches each season before anyone else" 3282:"An examination of the default mode network in individuals with autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR)" 2464: 1319: 1159: 1084: 609: 281: 266: 774:

Lysander of Sicyon was said to have introduced a more 'colorful' style, even before the development of the

114:. The first medical account came from German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812. The term is from 6750: 6017:"Affect-related synesthesias: a prospective view on their existence, expression and underlying mechanisms" 5131: 1444: 623: 545: 524:

Regions thought to be cross-activated in grapheme–color synesthesia (green=grapheme recognition area, red=

340:, which affects approximately 50% of the population). It is one of the least common forms of synesthesia. 4054: 1296:, guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, talks about his experiences with synesthesia in a podcast with 593: 468:

will lead to ASMR being included as a form of existing synesthesia, or if a new type will be considered.

254:

The colors triggered by certain sounds, and any other synesthetic visual experiences, are referred to as

6745: 6709: 6560: 6306: 6188: 2522: 1388: 1185: 5000: 1112:"Symphonic Poem "The Sea" and the matching painting "Sonata of the Sea. "Finale" (1908) by synesthete 181:

Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete,

6740: 5765: 5483: 4229: 2983: 2112: 1916: 1712: 1706: 1625: 1509: 1450: 1273: 1191: 899: 854: 592:

problem. Thus, the question of the neural basis of synesthesia is deeply entrenched into the general

182: 1877:

Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia (with an afterword by Dmitri Nabokov)

6597: 6231:

Rothen N, Meier B, Ward J (September 2012). "Enhanced memory ability: Insights from synaesthesia".

5233:

John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers Returns, Part 1 | Broken Record (Hosted by Rick Rubin)

4097: 2787: 2279: 1144:) specifically to render his bi-directional sound–color synesthesia. For example, the red rocks of 938: 828: 701: 627: 455: 6719: 6681: 6627: 6417: 6337: 6293: 6256: 6219: 6085: 6001: 5712: 5585: 5536: 4610: 4411: 4371: 4128: 4120: 3928: 3834: 3733: 3687: 3593: 3424:

Dailey A, Martindale C, Borkum J (1997). "Creativity, synesthesia, and physiognomic perception".

3151: 3057: 2850: 2807: 2751: 2701: 2553: 2323: 2173: 2130: 2076: 2024: 1376: 1211: 1129: 950: 928: 728:

There is research to suggest that the likelihood of having synesthesia is greater in people with

486: 358:, week-day names, months, and alphabetical letters are associated with personalities or genders ( 86:

synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (

6467: 4974: 4161:

Mahling F (1926). "Das Problem der 'audition colorée': Eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung".

1554: 4329: 850:

subjective experience taboo, synesthesia faded into scientific oblivion between 1930 and 1980.

6409: 6380: 6329: 6285: 6248: 6211: 6175: 6130: 6077: 6048: 5987: 5968: 5932: 5866: 5793: 5704: 5672: 5577: 5528: 5383: 5348: 4953: 4756: 4555: 4526: 4484: 4459: 4434: 4060: 4026: 3977: 3920: 3864: 3826: 3784: 3725: 3679: 3644: 3585: 3550: 3382: 3359: 3349: 3303: 3232: 3143: 3108: 3049: 3011: 2952: 2901: 2842: 2743: 2721:"Touching sounds: thalamocortical plasticity and the neural basis of multisensory integration" 2693: 2634: 2545: 2478: 2468: 2422: 2315: 2253: 2165: 2068: 2016: 1930: 1920: 1884: 1834: 1824: 1790: 1780: 1728: 1629: 1550: 1327: 1301: 1285: 1203: 1072: 915: 866: 862: 789: 615: 103: 5459:"Colourful language: U of T psychologists discover enhanced language learning in synesthetes" 2418: 2412: 1474:

Synesthesia as pathology: in which the trait is pathological. Books in this category include

6401: 6370: 6362: 6321: 6277: 6240: 6203: 6165: 6155: 6120: 6110: 6069: 6038: 6028: 5960: 5924: 5856: 5846: 5783: 5773: 5696: 5662: 5654: 5567: 5520: 4602: 4403: 4363: 4237: 4112: 4016: 4008: 3967: 3959: 3912: 3818: 3774: 3764: 3717: 3671: 3634: 3624: 3577: 3540: 3530: 3433: 3293: 3224: 3135: 3098: 3088: 3041: 3001: 2991: 2942: 2932: 2891: 2881: 2834: 2799: 2735: 2685: 2663: 2624: 2614: 2603:"Not all synesthetes are alike: spatial vs. visual dimensions of sequence-space synesthesia" 2537: 2307: 2243: 2233: 2157: 2120: 2058: 2008: 1723: 1701: 1468: 1353: 1349: 1199: 1137: 1133: 1055: 961: 478: 59: 579:. According to this account, synesthesia is a phenomenon mediated by the extraction of the 6602: 5835:"How well do you see what you hear? The acuity of visual-to-auditory sensory substitution" 4634: 4303: 3169: 2408: 1733: 1422: 1293: 1179: 942: 907: 858: 677: 633:

Although often termed a "neurological condition," synesthesia is not listed in either the

597: 262: 67: 5754:"'Visual' acuity of the congenitally blind using visual-to-auditory sensory substitution" 4181: 1608:, which then suggest a crucial role of conceptualization processes in generating qualia. 6405: 5886:"With Images for Your Earholes, Sonified Wins Augmented Reality with Custom Synesthesia" 5769: 5322:

Waterparks' Awsten Can 'See' Music, So We Had Him Paint His Songs 🎨 Seeing Sounds | MTV

4233: 3896:

Simner J, Mulvenna C, Sagiv N, Tsakanikos E, Witherby SA, Fraser C, et al. (2006).

2987: 2651: 2116: 1177:, best known for his work on composing the theme songs and scores for such TV series as 6607: 6375: 6350: 6170: 6143: 6125: 6098: 6043: 6016: 5861: 5834: 5788: 5753: 5667: 5642: 5418: 4021: 3996: 3972: 3947: 3779: 3752: 3639: 3612: 3545: 3518: 3334: 3103: 3076: 3006: 2971: 2947: 2920: 2896: 2869: 2838: 2629: 2602: 2248: 2221: 1372: 1249: 1245: 1218:

synaesthetically assigned by Glyn with reference to the colour of the tube line on the

1155: 824: 809: 805: 709: 355: 321: 4316:

Farbe-Ton-Forschungen. III. Band. Bericht über den II. Kongreß für Farbe-Ton-Forschung

3897: 3675: 3581: 1453:

describes four ways in which synesthetic characters have been used in modern fiction.

489:, and more complex creative activities like producing visual art, music, and theater. 6734: 6442: 6421: 5964: 5572: 5555: 4800: 4548: 2705: 2501:"Is synaesthesia actually ideaesthesia? An inquiry into the nature of the phenomenon" 2161: 1676: 1593: 1391:

and became interested in how the senses might affect each other. Rimbaud later wrote

1331: 1323: 1314: 1277: 1257: 1215: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1088: 1076: 1051: 1043: 970: 946: 642: 537: 525: 411: 385: 244: 237: 167: 115: 6540: 6297: 6244: 6089: 6073: 5716: 5540: 5345:

Bright colors falsely seen: synaesthesia and the search for transcendental knowledge

4627: 4614: 4415: 4375: 4132: 4098:"Instruments to Perform Color-Music: Two Centuries of Technological Experimentation" 3838: 3737: 3597: 3139: 3061: 2921:"Diminished n1 auditory evoked potentials to oddball stimuli in misophonia patients" 2854: 2177: 2080: 2028: 1592:

Researchers hope that the study of synesthesia will provide better understanding of

694:

Synesthetic percepts are consistent and generic (i.e., simple rather than pictorial)

210: 6583: 6341: 6260: 6223: 6189:"Automaticity in sequence-space synaesthesia: a critical appraisal of the evidence" 5589: 3932: 3691: 3228: 3155: 2755: 2557: 2327: 2134: 1718: 1504: 1418: 1305: 1261: 934: 780: 648: 589: 549: 270: 4683: 3298: 3281: 307: 224:

synesthetes find some commonalities across letters (e.g., A is likely to be red).

6281: 6207: 5928: 5778: 5524: 4520: 4012: 3963: 3769: 2996: 2345: 2063: 2046: 532:

As of 2015, the neurological correlates of synesthesia had not been established.

414:

present in the motor areas of the brain, which have also been linked to empathy.

120: 6661: 6634: 6438: 5298: 5194: 5166: 3500: 1681: 1605: 1586: 1486: 1479: 1458: 1361: 1348:, for example, is a deliberate contrivance whose color choices are based on the 1281: 1269: 1234:

is a prominent interdisciplinary case. In an impromptu speech he gave during an

1195:

movie. He says he tends to "associate colors with music, or music with colors."

1080: 843: 794: 619: 576: 520: 312: 302: 277: 83: 6366: 5658: 4876:"Sounds of the Underground: Synaesthetic Musician Creates LP Based on Tube Map" 4606: 3437: 2572:"Absolute Pitch and Synesthesia | The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research" 1600:. In particular, synesthesia might be relevant to the philosophical problem of 664: 78:

or color–graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently

6644: 6529: 5320: 5231: 4922: 3822: 3753:"Survival of the synesthesia gene: why do people hear colors and taste words?" 2311: 1656: 1634: 1539: 1514: 1297: 1241: 1231: 783:

proposed that musical tones and color tones shared common frequencies, as did

380: 375: 144: 107: 6325: 6160: 6115: 6033: 5851: 5708: 4834:

Yastrebtsev V (1908). "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation".

4593:

Steen C (2001). "Visions Shared: A Firsthand Look into Synesthesia and Art".

3535: 3093: 3053: 2937: 2886: 2697: 2619: 2541: 2238: 6617: 6351:"Synesthesia in science and technology: more than making the unseen visible" 5643:"Synesthesia in science and technology: more than making the unseen visible" 4407: 4367: 4354:

Campen C (1999). "Artistic and psychological experiments with synesthesia".

3363: 3345: 2652:

Do sequence-space synaesthetes have better spatial imagery skills? Maybe not

2482: 1934: 1880: 1838: 1820: 1794: 1776: 1686: 1661: 1322:

experiences music → color synesthesia and reports colored days of the week.

1265: 1092: 903: 813: 561: 557: 498: 6413: 6384: 6333: 6289: 6252: 6215: 6179: 6134: 6081: 6052: 5972: 5936: 5870: 5797: 5676: 5581: 5532: 5497: 4030: 3981: 3924: 3830: 3788: 3683: 3648: 3589: 3554: 3307: 3147: 3112: 3045: 3015: 2956: 2905: 2846: 2790:(1893). "A Statistical Study of Pseudo-chromesthesia and of Mental-forms". 2747: 2638: 2549: 2319: 2257: 2072: 2020: 17: 5132:"Emma Forrest meets New York's favourite art-punk rockers Yeah Yeah Yeahs" 4576:"Chocolat author Joanne Harris talks about her latest novel Blue Eyed Boy" 3729: 3613:"Synesthetic associations and psychosensory symptoms of temporal epilepsy" 3255: 2970:

Daniels EC, Rodriguez A, Zabelina DL (16 January 2020). Langguth B (ed.).

2739: 2689: 2169: 6704: 6671: 6612: 6196:

Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

6099:"The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review" 5556:"The shape of boubas: sound-shape correspondences in toddlers and adults" 5513:

Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

4258: 3664:

Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

1696: 1574: 1393: 1309: 1219: 968:

described his grapheme–color synesthesia at length in his autobiography,

763: 584: 568:

and cigarettes do not affect the strength of their synesthesia, nor does

565: 190: 111: 5700: 4519:

Bouchet, Marie; Loison-Charles, Julie; Poulin, Isabelle (19 June 2020).

3997:"Color synesthesia. Insight into perception, emotion, and consciousness" 3946:

Carmichael DA, Down MP, Shillcock RC, Eagleman DM, Simner J (May 2015).

1132:

composed colored music that was deliberately contrived and based on the

588:

the question of understanding – epitomized in e.g., the

46: 4124: 3629: 2811: 1529: 1060:, is a synesthete who says she experiences colors as scents. Her novel 965: 820: 771: 569: 337: 178:

might hear a trumpet, and think very strongly that it sounds "orange".

5218:

Drumming at the edge of magic: a journey into the spirit of percussion

4456:

Colour and culture: practice and meaning from antiquity to abstraction

4056:

Colour and Culture. Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction

684:

edition book. However, the criteria are different in the second book:

575:

A very different theoretical approach to synesthesia is that based on

6524: 4242: 4217: 2460: 2125: 1912: 1601: 1312:, also experiences synesthesia and used it as the basis of the album 784: 751: 634: 79: 6512: 4116: 3721: 2803: 2100: 816:

refers to "color hearing" in his Symbols of Transformation in 1912.

680:

identifies the following diagnostic criteria for synesthesia in his

6483: 4805:

Olivier Messiaen: Music and Color. Conversations with Claude Samuel

2222:"Semantic mechanisms may be responsible for developing synesthesia" 2012: 1288:

wrote about his experiences with synaesthesia in his autobiography

1023:. Since a subtle interaction exists between sound and shape, I see 583:

of the inducing stimulus. Thus, synesthesia may be fundamentally a

276:

Individuals rarely agree on what color a given sound is. Composers

6686: 5731: 5489:

Images of Synesthetes and their Perceptions of Language in Fiction

3916: 3898:"Synaesthesia: the prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences" 1528: 1253: 1107: 759: 663: 647: 519: 494: 306: 209: 174:

may hear a trumpet, and see an orange triangle in space, while an

45: 3519:"A critical review of the neuroimaging literature on synesthesia" 502:

synesthesia is used in work, creative processes, and daily life.

5078:"4 Singers Who Draw Inspiration From Synesthesia To Write Music" 3077:"Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions" 2870:"Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions" 1666: 6556: 6552: 5511:

Duffy PL, Simner J (February 2010). "Synaesthesia in fiction".

645:, synesthesia is simply a difference in perceptual experience. 102:

The earliest recorded case of synesthesia is attributed to the

5983:

Synaesthesia: Theoretical, artistic and scientific foundations

4678: 3486:"Synaesthesia: A window into perception, thought and language" 3032:

Duddy D, Oeding K (29 April 2014). "Misophonia: An Overview".

638: 553: 138: 131: 125: 118: 5053:"Panic! at the Disco: Band Is 'Outlet for Nonchalant Chaos'" 4431:

The Sound of Painting: Music in Modern Art (Pegasus Library)

3126:

Heyes C (March 2010). "Where do mirror neurons come from?".

1421:, and scientists also reported being synesthetic. Physicist 4807:. Translated by Glasow ET. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. 3280:

Smith SD, Katherine Fredborg B, Kornelsen J (August 2017).

987:

evokes polished ebony. This black group also includes hard

831:(1874-1951). She was a participant in at least one of the 564:. However, synesthetes report that common stimulants, like 536:

of the grapheme-recognition area and the color area called

5027:"Billie Eilish Explains How Synesthesia Affects Her Music" 1557:, people are asked to choose which of two shapes is named 5190:"Strange Angels: Kristin Hersh On Music & Motherhood" 2372:"From the words of an albino, a brilliant blend of color" 4776: 1334:, which influences many of the band's artistic choices. 1046:

wrote a book on his experiences with synesthesia called

3863:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–17. 2414:

Searching for Memory: The Brain, The Mind, And The Past

1870: 1868: 27:

Neurological condition involving the crossing of senses

5752:

Striem-Amit E, Guendelman M, Amedi A (16 March 2012).

5001:"Lorde explains the experience of having synaesthesia" 4898:"Do all London Underground lines have a unique sound?" 4148:

Farbe – Licht – Musik. Synaesthesie und Farblichtmusik

3075:

Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (2013).

2868:

Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (2013).

1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1425:

describes his colored equations in his autobiography,

1169:

Several contemporary composers with a synesthesia are

964:

wrote explicitly about synesthesia in several novels.

6144:"Synesthesia: a colorful word with a touching sound?" 4924:

Kanye West FULL Banned Ellen Interview HD May 19 2016

4297:

Bauhaus100.Curriculum. Harmonisation theory 1919-1924

2457:

Synesthesia: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience

2215: 2213: 1039:, but a curious mixture of azure and mother-of-pearl. 839:) held in Hamburg in the late 1920s and early 1930s. 6502: 6460:"What's the Color of Your Favorite Song? – The Crux" 5693:

ACM SIGCAPH Computers and the Physically Handicapped

5378:

Barth F, Giampieri-Deutsch P, Hans-Dieter K (2012).

2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 1968:"The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia" 801:

on which to perform colored music in concert halls.

251:

hear colors aids them in identifying notes or keys.

6695: 6652: 6590: 6506: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 2654:, The National Center for Biotechnology Information 1902: 1900: 1806: 1804: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1007:take care of the whites. I am puzzled by my French 5813:"Device Trains Blind People To 'See' By Listening" 4547: 4286:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 237. 3703: 3701: 3333: 3223:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 2149–2152. 3219:Simner J (2009). "Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia". 1577:showed a similar preference between shapes called 1573:for the rounded one. Individuals on the island of 284:famously disagreed on the colors of musical keys. 4282:Jung CG (1956) . "The Transformation of Libido". 1499:Synesthesia as psychological health and balance: 1202:created the classical-contemporary music project 453:In August 2017 a research article in the journal 4260:Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development 3413:] (in German). Essen: Verlag Die Blaue Eule. 3336:The Hidden Sense: Synesthesia in Art and Science 3027: 3025: 2676:Seaton M (2013). "The Visions of Sane Persons". 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2293: 2291: 2289: 1950:"Synesthesia: Definition, Explanation, And More" 1364:. Technical reviews appear in period volumes of 1356:. The musical score has a separate staff marked 1120:Multiple composers had experienced synesthesia. 433:synesthesia, making it one of the rarest forms. 5833:Haigh A, Brown DJ, Meijer P, Proulx MJ (2013). 4743:. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 4318:(Hamburg 1. - 5. Oktober 1930). Published 1931. 3250: 3248: 1909:Synaesthesia: classic and contemporary readings 4943: 4941: 4737:"The Wondrous Sensory Spectrum of Brandy Gale" 4481:Color and meaning: art, science, and symbolism 3891: 3889: 3887: 3400: 3398: 2494: 2492: 2339: 2337: 2040: 2038: 1405:in popularizing synesthesia. He later boasted 1397:(1871), which was perhaps more important than 906:, was discovered by Russian neuropsychologist 6568: 5554:Maurer D, Pathman T, Mondloch CJ (May 2006). 5496:. University of South Florida. Archived from 4394:Berman G (1999). "Synesthesia and the Arts". 4389: 4387: 4385: 3379:Des phénomènes de synopsie (Audition colorée) 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 2269: 2267: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2045:Hubbard EM, Ramachandran VS (November 2005). 359: 8: 5944:Cohen Kadosh R, Terhune DB (February 2012). 4823:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 226. 4483:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3452:"Investigating Spatial Sequence Synesthesia" 2576:The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research 1961: 1959: 1399: 1381: 497:are more strongly colored, while for others 155:There are two overall forms of synesthesia: 5980:De Cordoba MJ, Riccò D, Day S (July 2014). 2300:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 1230:The producer, rapper, and fashion designer 6575: 6561: 6553: 6503: 6006:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5347:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 4975:"Chords Become Colors: Inside Synesthesia" 3751:Brang D, Ramachandran VS (November 2011). 2047:"Neurocognitive mechanisms of synesthesia" 1140:invented a new method of composition (the 6374: 6169: 6159: 6124: 6114: 6042: 6032: 6015:Dael N, Sierro G, Mohr C (October 2013). 5860: 5850: 5787: 5777: 5732:"Augmented Reality for the Totally Blind" 5666: 5571: 5445:What Do You Care What Other People Think? 5220:. San Francisco, CA: Harper. p. 133. 4241: 4020: 3971: 3857:"A brief history of synesthesia research" 3778: 3768: 3638: 3628: 3544: 3534: 3297: 3102: 3092: 3005: 2995: 2946: 2936: 2895: 2885: 2719:Naumer MJ, van den Bosch JJ (July 2009). 2628: 2618: 2247: 2237: 2124: 2062: 1428:What Do You Care What Other People Think? 1064:features various aspects of synesthesia. 6466:. Kalmbach Publishing Co. Archived from 5382:. Vienna: Springer Vienna. p. 221. 4506:Making Sense of Art, making Art of Sense 3128:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2775: 1409:(I invented the colors of the vowels!). 688:Synesthesia is involuntary and automatic 622:component. Synesthesia might also be an 6458:Palmer S, Schloss KB (21 August 2015). 5216:Hart M, Stevens J, Lieberman F (1990). 3850: 3848: 3411:Synesthesia. A red thread through life? 3407:Synästhesien. Roter Faden durchs Leben? 1746: 463:to determine if persons who experience 6233:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6062:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 5999: 5291:"Loose Women: Marina and the Diamonds" 4754: 3617:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3195:"BBC – Science & Nature – Horizon" 2601:Jonas CN, Price MC (30 October 2014). 2220:Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, Nikolić D (2014). 1407:"J'inventais la couleur des voyelles!" 1003:, and the ivory-backed hand mirror of 793:. There is a long history of building 5394:I invented the colours of the vowels! 5380:Sensory Perception: Mind & Matter 5265:"Synesthetes: "People of the Future"" 4525:. Springer Nature. pp. 255–256. 1553:. In an experiment first designed by 7: 6187:Price MC, Mattingley JB (May 2013). 6142:Mylopoulos MI, Ro T (October 2013). 6097:Luke DP, Terhune DB (October 2013). 3995:Safran AB, Sanda N (February 2015). 3484:Ramachandran VS, Hubbard EM (2001). 2925:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2275:The man who heard his paint box hiss 1667:Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response 1210:. Based on the 11 main lines of the 995:(a sooty rag being ripped). Oatmeal 833:Congresses for Colour-Sound Research 465:autonomous sensory meridian response 6489:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6406:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840 6355:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 5884:Byrne, Michael (14 February 2012). 5647:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 4146:Jewanski J, Sidler N, eds. (2006). 3855:Simner J, Hubbard EM, eds. (2013). 3611:Neckar M, Bob P (11 January 2016). 1907:Harrison JE, Baron-Cohen S (1996). 1352:and appear to have been taken from 766:in the fourth century BC was named 442:complex systems of relationships. 5408:"The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla" 4821:Sweet man: The real Duke Ellington 4522:The Five Senses in Nabokov's Works 4508:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4330:"Martian Colors - Cosmic Variance" 4163:Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie 2839:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.018 1948:Henry, Paige (19 September 2003). 1769:Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses 1417:Some technologists, like inventor 350:Ordinal linguistic personification 344:Ordinal linguistic personification 324:in "The Visions of Sane Persons". 25: 1495:The Woman Who Tried To Be Normal. 1124:Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis 1114:Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis 6643: 5965:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02003.x 5915:de Broucker T (April 2013). "". 5605:Journal of Consciousness Studies 5573:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00495.x 5494:American Synesthesia Association 4186:. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Hartel. 3804:"Neurophysiology of synesthesia" 3493:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2376:Scientific American Blog Network 2370:Konnikova M (26 February 2013). 1875:Cytowic RE, Eagleman DM (2009). 874:American Synesthesia Association 320:documented and named in 1881 by 228:is a more accurate description. 6431:"Grapheme → colour synesthesia" 6245:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.004 6074:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.006 5986:. Granada, Spain. p. 372. 5447:. New York: Norton. p. 59. 4059:. London: Thames & Hudson. 3523:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3140:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.007 3081:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2874:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2226:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 895:List of people with synesthesia 837:Kongreß für Farbe-Ton-Forschung 742:History of synesthesia research 697:Synesthesia is highly memorable 364:History of synesthesia research 214:From the 2009 non-fiction book 6392:Ward J (2013). "Synesthesia". 4878:. The Big Issue. 27 April 2017 4840:cited by Bulat Galeyev (1999). 4838:(in Russian) (39–40): 842–845. 4682:. 7 April 2019. Archived from 4650:. 7 April 2019. Archived from 4199:Psychologie & Maatschappij 3861:Oxford Handbook of Synesthesia 3229:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_2766 2792:American Journal of Psychology 2455:Sagiv N, Robertson LC (2005). 2344:Herman LM (28 December 2018). 1360:whose "notes" are played on a 1280:sees music in colors. Drummer 1142:modes of limited transposition 902:, a newspaper reporter turned 1: 6314:British Journal of Psychology 5953:British Journal of Psychology 5811:Carmichael J (10 July 2013). 5103:Cairns D (24 February 2008). 4973:Enos, Morgan (9 April 2020). 4458:. London: Thames and Hudson. 4328:Carroll S (5 November 2007). 3676:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70357-5 3582:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01571-0 3381:. Adamant Media Corporation. 3299:10.1080/17470919.2016.1188851 2530:British Journal of Psychology 2273:Ward, Ossian (10 June 2006). 1692:Vibration theory of olfaction 1290:Drumming at the Edge of Magic 1148:are depicted in his symphony 424:Lexical–gustatory synesthesia 418:Lexical–gustatory synesthesia 247:because their ability to see 6349:Suslick KS (December 2012). 6282:10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.009 6208:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.013 5929:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.09.016 5779:10.1371/journal.pone.0033136 5641:Suslick KS (December 2012). 5525:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.11.003 5492:. 6th Annual Meeting of the 5051:Spanos B (15 January 2016). 4817:Duke Ellington as quoted in 4013:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000169 4001:Current Opinion in Neurology 3964:10.1016/j.concog.2015.02.001 3770:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205 3570:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3221:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 2997:10.1371/journal.pone.0227118 2664:A Mind That Touches the Past 2283:. Retrieved 3 December 2018. 2162:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90053-K 2064:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.012 2001:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 1208:Grapheme Colour Synaesthesia 770:. The late sixth century BC 334:auditory–tactile synesthesia 328:Auditory–tactile synesthesia 288:Spatial sequence synesthesia 139: 126: 32:Synesthesia (disambiguation) 6394:Annual Review of Psychology 6270:Consciousness and Cognition 5130:Forrest E (30 March 2009). 4836:Russkaya Muzykalnaya Gazeta 4306:. Retrieved 2 December 2018 3952:Consciousness and Cognition 3426:Creativity Research Journal 1338:Artists without synesthesia 878:UK Synaesthesia Association 560:, and even, in some cases, 516:Neural basis of synesthesia 6767: 6367:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.030 6305:Simner J (February 2012). 5946:"Redefining synaesthesia?" 5659:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.030 5463:University of Toronto News 4999:Trendell A (11 May 2017). 4648:"Linda Anderson - MOCA GA" 4607:10.1162/002409401750286949 3811:Current Psychiatry Reports 3499:(12): 3–34. Archived from 3438:10.1207/s15326934crj1001_1 2728:Journal of Neurophysiology 2521:Simner J (February 2012). 1612:Technological applications 1569:, is chosen by 95–98% and 1549:An example of this is the 1438: 1151:Des canyons aux étoiles... 1068:Painters and photographers 926: 914:Neuroscientist and author 892: 861:, and later in England by 846:, which made the study of 739: 700:Synesthesia is laden with 607: 513: 421: 402: 373: 347: 300: 235: 206:Grapheme–color synesthesia 203: 200:Grapheme–color synesthesia 132: 119: 97:semantic vacuum hypothesis 82:. In spatial-sequence, or 76:grapheme–color synesthesia 36: 29: 6641: 4761:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4284:Symbols of Transformation 3823:10.1007/s11920-007-0018-6 3517:Hupé JM, Dojat M (2015). 3170:"Derek Tastes of Ear Wax" 2312:10.1080/09647040802431946 1813:The Man Who Tasted Shapes 1672:Fantasy prone personality 1624:Peter Meijer developed a 1441:Synesthesia in literature 1035:is not the light blue of 730:autism spectrum condition 360:Simner & Hubbard 2006 106:academic and philosopher 6326:10.1348/000712610X528305 6161:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00763 6116:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00753 6034:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00754 5852:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00330 5624:Journal of Consciousness 5105:"Times Online interview" 4903:. Norwegian Air Magazine 4637:Accessed 20 August 2006. 4633:27 February 2021 at the 3802:Hubbard EM (June 2007). 3536:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00103 3342:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3094:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296 2938:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00123 2887:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296 2620:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01171 2542:10.1348/000712610X528305 2417:. Basic Books. pp. 2350:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2239:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00509 1817:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1773:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1544:multisensory integration 1272:, and classical pianist 991:(vulcanized rubber) and 819:In the early 1920s, the 405:Mirror-touch synesthesia 399:Mirror-touch synesthesia 217:Wednesday Is Indigo Blue 37:Not to be confused with 6715:Mary Hallock-Greenewalt 6464:Discover Magazine Blogs 6307:"Defining synaesthesia" 6148:Frontiers in Psychology 6103:Frontiers in Psychology 6021:Frontiers in Psychology 5839:Frontiers in Psychology 5188:Seaman D (8 May 2021). 4408:10.1162/002409499552957 4368:10.1162/002409499552948 4183:Vorschule der Aesthetik 3405:Dittmar A, ed. (2007). 2607:Frontiers in Psychology 2523:"Defining synaesthesia" 2465:Oxford University Press 2192:"How Synesthesia Works" 1320:Marina and the Diamonds 1160:Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov 610:Genetics of synesthesia 596:and the problem of the 437:Kinesthetic synesthesia 282:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 5919:(Review) (in French). 5138:. London: The Guardian 4628:Marcia Smilack Website 3046:10.1055/s-0034-1372525 1981:: 1–13. Archived from 1535: 1445:Synesthesia in fiction 1400: 1382: 1117: 1041: 669: 653: 546:temporal lobe epilepsy 529: 459:reviewed studies with 316: 220: 52: 6710:Louis Bertrand Castel 5560:Developmental Science 4218:"Visualized Numerals" 3332:van Campen C (2007). 3174:Top Documentary Films 2740:10.1152/jn.00209.2009 2690:10.1353/plo.2013.0012 2101:"Visualized Numerals" 1966:van Campen C (2009). 1565:. The angular shape, 1532: 1501:Painting Ruby Tuesday 1389:Jacques-Joseph Moreau 1318:. Singer/songwriter 1111: 976: 823:teacher and musician 667: 651: 523: 310: 213: 49: 6445:on 18 September 2015 5159:"Brian Chase's blog" 4950:Tasting the Universe 2765:on 20 February 2019. 2382:on 20 September 2016 1917:Blackwell Publishing 1707:Sensory substitution 1626:sensory substitution 1510:A Mango-Shaped Space 1476:The Whole World Over 1366:Scientific American. 900:Solomon Shereshevsky 855:cognitive revolution 764:Archytas of Tarentum 183:Solomon Shereshevsky 170:(sound to color), a 30:For other uses, see 6598:Music visualization 6470:on 15 November 2019 5770:2012PLoSO...733136S 5701:10.1145/15711.15713 5500:on 17 January 2012. 4433:. Munich: Prestel. 4429:von Maur K (1999). 4302:5 July 2019 at the 4234:1880Natur..21..252G 4150:. Bern: Peter Lang. 3377:Flournoy T (2001). 3286:Social Neuroscience 3034:Seminars in Hearing 2988:2020PLoSO..1527118D 2582:on 13 December 2017 2117:1880Natur..21..494G 1811:Cytowic RE (2003). 1767:Cytowic RE (2002). 1493:and Anna Ferrara's 1075:(a synesthete) and 939:music visualization 884:Society and culture 750:, what we now call 628:locus heterogeneity 618:studies showing an 456:Social Neuroscience 6720:Alexander Scriabin 6682:Ocular Harpsichord 6667:Clavier à lumières 5917:Revue Neurologique 5443:Feynman R (1988). 5169:on 25 January 2009 4952:. New Page Books. 4948:Seaberg M (2011). 4716:on 2 February 2015 4550:Born on a Blue Day 4180:Fechner G (1876). 4096:Peacock K (1988). 4081:Goethe JW (1840). 3630:10.2147/NDT.S95464 2499:Nikolić D (2009). 1536: 1377:Charles Baudelaire 1212:London Underground 1130:Alexander Scriabin 1118: 1048:Born on a Blue Day 1019:, and huckleberry 929:Synesthesia in art 799:clavier à lumières 670: 654: 530: 472:Signs and symptoms 317: 221: 53: 6728: 6727: 6653:Instruments & 6550: 6549: 5993:978-84-939054-9-1 5389:978-3-211-99750-5 5354:978-0-300-06619-7 5236:, 14 October 2022 5163:yeahyeahyeahs.com 5084:. 23 January 2018 5082:Cultura Colectiva 4959:978-1-60163-159-6 4819:George D (1981). 4561:978-1-4165-3507-2 4546:Tammet D (2007). 4532:978-3-030-45406-7 4490:978-0-520-22611-1 4465:978-0-500-27818-5 4440:978-3-7913-2082-3 4257:Galton F (1883). 4216:Galton F (1880). 4083:Theory of Colours 4066:978-0-520-22225-0 3870:978-0-19-960332-9 3388:978-0-543-94462-7 3355:978-0-262-22081-1 3238:978-3-540-23735-8 2474:978-0-19-516623-1 2428:978-0-465-07552-2 2099:Galton F (1880). 1926:978-0-631-19764-5 1890:978-0-262-01279-9 1830:978-0-262-53255-6 1786:978-0-262-03296-4 1729:McCollough effect 1630:visually impaired 1620:The Voice (vOICe) 1598:neural correlates 1551:bouba/kiki effect 1491:The Sound of Blue 1302:Pharrell Williams 1286:The Grateful Dead 1204:Changing Stations 1198:British composer 1073:Wassily Kandinsky 916:V.S. Ramachandran 863:Simon Baron-Cohen 790:Theory of Colours 616:monozygotic twins 594:mind–body problem 487:mental arithmetic 104:Oxford University 16:(Redirected from 6758: 6677:Graphic notation 6647: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6504: 6493: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6441:. Archived from 6425: 6388: 6378: 6361:(5–6): 557–563. 6345: 6311: 6301: 6276:(3): 1419–1434. 6264: 6239:(8): 1952–1963. 6227: 6202:(5): 1165–1186. 6193: 6183: 6173: 6163: 6138: 6128: 6118: 6093: 6056: 6046: 6036: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5976: 5950: 5940: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5854: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5781: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5653:(5–6): 557–563. 5638: 5632: 5631: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5575: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5417:. Archived from 5412: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5343:Dann KT (1998). 5340: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5269:Psychology Today 5261: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5165:. Archived from 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4855:Business Insider 4847: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4712:. Archived from 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4674:"Linda Anderson" 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4479:Gage JD (1999). 4476: 4470: 4469: 4454:Gage JD (1993). 4451: 4445: 4444: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4391: 4380: 4379: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243:10.1038/021252a0 4213: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4024: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3911:(8): 1024–1033. 3902: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3772: 3763:(11): e1001205. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3716:(9): 1073–1079. 3705: 3696: 3695: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3456:Synesthesia Test 3448: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3339: 3329: 3312: 3311: 3301: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3096: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2950: 2940: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2889: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2784: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2758:. Archived from 2725: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2673: 2667: 2666:, Sciencemag.org 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2622: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2578:. Archived from 2568: 2562: 2561: 2527: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2452: 2433: 2432: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2378:. Archived from 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2295: 2284: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2251: 2241: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2198:. 1 January 1970 2188: 2182: 2181: 2156:(1–2): 159–196. 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2126:10.1038/021494e0 2096: 2085: 2084: 2066: 2042: 2033: 2032: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1872: 1843: 1842: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1771:(2nd ed.). 1764: 1724:The Yellow Sound 1702:Psychedelic drug 1469:Vladimir Nabokov 1403: 1385: 1354:Madame Blavatsky 1350:circle of fifths 1304:, of the groups 1200:Daniel Liam Glyn 1138:Olivier Messiaen 1134:circle of fifths 1027:as browner than 962:Vladimir Nabokov 829:Arnold Schönberg 758:) introduced by 626:condition, with 479:sensory overload 188: 166:For example, in 142: 137: 136: 129: 124: 123: 60:American English 21: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6697: 6691: 6654: 6648: 6639: 6603:Audiovisual art 6586: 6581: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6515: 6501: 6496: 6482: 6473: 6471: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6428: 6391: 6348: 6309: 6304: 6267: 6230: 6191: 6186: 6141: 6096: 6059: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5979: 5948: 5943: 5914: 5910: 5908:Further reading 5905: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5424:on 17 July 2012 5421: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5325:, 14 March 2020 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5301:. 27 April 2010 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4710:gualalaarts.org 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4686:on 7 April 2019 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4654:on 7 April 2019 4646: 4645: 4641: 4635:Wayback Machine 4626: 4622: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4582:. 7 April 2010. 4574: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4393: 4392: 4383: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4304:Wayback Machine 4295: 4291: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4117:10.2307/1578702 4100: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4053:Gage J (1993). 4052: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3722:10.1068/p251073 3707: 3706: 3699: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3506:on 27 May 2006. 3503: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3331: 3330: 3315: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3031: 3030: 3023: 2982:(1): e0227118. 2969: 2968: 2964: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2804:10.2307/1411912 2786: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2475: 2454: 2453: 2436: 2429: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2297: 2296: 2287: 2272: 2265: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2098: 2097: 2088: 2044: 2043: 2036: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1988:on 8 July 2009. 1985: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1927: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1874: 1873: 1846: 1831: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1787: 1766: 1765: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1734:Richard Cytowic 1652: 1643: 1628:device for the 1622: 1614: 1555:Wolfgang Köhler 1527: 1457:Synesthesia as 1447: 1439:Main articles: 1437: 1423:Richard Feynman 1415: 1401:Correspondances 1383:Correspondances 1340: 1294:John Frusciante 1228: 1180:Game of Thrones 1106: 1070: 1015:, thundercloud 959: 943:audiovisual art 931: 925: 908:Alexander Luria 897: 891: 886: 859:Richard Cytowic 744: 738: 718: 678:Richard Cytowic 612: 606: 598:explanatory gap 518: 512: 474: 448: 439: 426: 420: 407: 401: 378: 372: 356:ordinal numbers 352: 346: 330: 305: 299: 290: 263:Richard Cytowic 240: 234: 208: 202: 186: 153: 130:'together' and 68:British English 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Chladni figure 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6532: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507:Classification 6500: 6499:External links 6497: 6495: 6494: 6480: 6455: 6426: 6389: 6346: 6302: 6265: 6228: 6184: 6139: 6094: 6068:(1): 645–657. 6057: 6012: 5992: 5977: 5941: 5923:(4): 328–334. 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5876: 5825: 5803: 5744: 5722: 5682: 5633: 5614: 5611:(1–2): 84–102. 5595: 5566:(3): 316–322. 5546: 5519:(2): 277–278. 5503: 5475: 5450: 5435: 5398: 5388: 5370: 5360: 5353: 5335: 5312: 5282: 5271:. 3 March 2012 5256: 5246: 5223: 5208: 5180: 5149: 5136:guardian.co.uk 5122: 5095: 5069: 5043: 5017: 4991: 4965: 4958: 4937: 4914: 4889: 4867: 4842: 4826: 4810: 4792: 4783: 4768: 4727: 4697: 4665: 4639: 4620: 4601:(3): 203–208. 4585: 4567: 4560: 4554:. Free Press. 4538: 4531: 4511: 4496: 4489: 4471: 4464: 4446: 4439: 4421: 4381: 4346: 4320: 4308: 4289: 4274: 4249: 4228:(533): 252–6. 4208: 4189: 4172: 4153: 4138: 4111:(4): 397–406. 4088: 4073: 4065: 4045: 4036: 3987: 3938: 3883: 3869: 3844: 3817:(3): 193–199. 3794: 3743: 3697: 3670:(2): 309–318. 3654: 3603: 3560: 3509: 3469: 3458:. 26 June 2012 3443: 3416: 3394: 3387: 3369: 3354: 3313: 3292:(4): 361–365. 3272: 3256:"Types-of-Syn" 3244: 3237: 3211: 3186: 3161: 3134:(4): 575–583. 3118: 3067: 3040:(2): 084–091. 3021: 2962: 2911: 2860: 2833:(3): 805–814. 2817: 2798:(4): 439–464. 2788:Calkins, M. W. 2779: 2768: 2711: 2684:(1): 144–145. 2668: 2656: 2644: 2593: 2563: 2513: 2488: 2473: 2434: 2427: 2393: 2362: 2333: 2306:(3): 293–303. 2285: 2263: 2209: 2183: 2140: 2111:(543): 494–5. 2086: 2057:(3): 509–520. 2034: 2013:10.1038/nrn702 1991: 1955: 1940: 1925: 1896: 1889: 1844: 1829: 1800: 1785: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1542:perception or 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1497: 1483: 1472: 1436: 1433: 1414: 1411: 1373:Arthur Rimbaud 1339: 1336: 1274:Hélène Grimaud 1250:Itzhak Perlman 1246:Andy Partridge 1227: 1224: 1156:Duke Ellington 1105: 1102: 1085:Linda Anderson 1069: 1066: 999:, noodle-limp 958: 955: 927:Main article: 924: 921: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 885: 882: 825:Gertrud Grunow 810:Francis Galton 806:Gustav Fechner 740:Main article: 737: 734: 717: 714: 705: 704: 698: 695: 692: 689: 608:Main article: 605: 602: 514:Main article: 511: 508: 473: 470: 447: 444: 438: 435: 422:Main article: 419: 416: 412:mirror neurons 403:Main article: 400: 397: 374:Main article: 371: 368: 348:Main article: 345: 342: 329: 326: 322:Francis Galton 301:Main article: 298: 295: 289: 286: 236:Main article: 233: 230: 204:Main article: 201: 198: 164: 163: 160: 152: 149: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6763: 6752: 6751:Consciousness 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6484:"Synesthesia" 6481: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764:(3): e33136. 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5745: 5733: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5313: 5300: 5296: 5295:ITV Lifestyle 5292: 5286: 5283: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5250: 5247: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5123: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5096: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5058: 5057:Rolling Stone 5054: 5047: 5044: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3917:10.1068/p5469 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776:Flournoy 2001 2772: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2351: 2347: 2346:"Synesthesia" 2340: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2280:The Telegraph 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2197: 2196:HowStuffWorks 2193: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1879:. Cambridge: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1713:Thought-Forms 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677:Hallucination 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:consciousness 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1371:French poets 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1332:chromesthesia 1329: 1325: 1324:Awsten Knight 1321: 1317: 1316: 1315:Seeing Sounds 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:Kristin Hersh 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Billie Eilish 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:key signature 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175:Ramin Djawadi 1172: 1171:Michael Torke 1167: 1165: 1164:Jean Sibelius 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1098:Sound Drawing 1094: 1090: 1089:David Hockney 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Piet Mondrian 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052:Joanne Harris 1049: 1045: 1044:Daniel Tammet 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 973: 972: 971:Speak, Memory 967: 963: 956: 954: 952: 948: 947:abstract film 944: 940: 936: 930: 922: 920: 917: 912: 909: 905: 901: 896: 889:Notable cases 888: 883: 881: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853:As the 1980s 851: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 791: 786: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 743: 735: 733: 731: 726: 722: 715: 713: 711: 703: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 686: 685: 683: 679: 674: 666: 662: 658: 650: 646: 644: 643:perfect pitch 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 611: 603: 601: 599: 595: 591: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 541: 539: 533: 527: 522: 517: 509: 507: 503: 500: 496: 490: 488: 482: 480: 471: 469: 466: 462: 458: 457: 451: 445: 443: 436: 434: 431: 425: 417: 415: 413: 406: 398: 396: 392: 389: 387: 386:limbic system 382: 377: 369: 367: 365: 361: 357: 351: 343: 341: 339: 335: 327: 325: 323: 314: 309: 304: 296: 294: 287: 285: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 267:scintillation 264: 261:According to 259: 257: 252: 250: 246: 245:perfect pitch 239: 238:Chromesthesia 232:Chromesthesia 231: 229: 225: 219: 218: 212: 207: 199: 197: 194: 192: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 168:chromesthesia 161: 158: 157: 156: 150: 148: 146: 141: 135: 128: 122: 117: 116:Ancient Greek 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6746:Visual music 6696:People & 6622: 6584:Visual music 6534: 6519: 6487: 6472:. Retrieved 6468:the original 6463: 6447:. Retrieved 6443:the original 6434: 6397: 6393: 6358: 6354: 6317: 6313: 6273: 6269: 6236: 6232: 6199: 6195: 6151: 6147: 6106: 6102: 6065: 6061: 6024: 6020: 5982: 5959:(1): 20–23. 5956: 5952: 5920: 5916: 5893:. Retrieved 5889: 5879: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5816:. Retrieved 5806: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5725: 5695:(36): 3–10. 5692: 5685: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5498:the original 5488: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5462: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5426:. Retrieved 5419:the original 5414: 5401: 5393: 5379: 5373: 5363: 5344: 5338: 5327:, retrieved 5321: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5294: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5268: 5259: 5249: 5238:, retrieved 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5193: 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5167:the original 5162: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5135: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5108: 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5081: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5056: 5046: 5034:. Retrieved 5030: 5025:Nattress K. 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 5004: 4994: 4982:. Retrieved 4978: 4968: 4949: 4929:, retrieved 4927:, 7 May 2018 4923: 4917: 4905:. Retrieved 4892: 4880:. Retrieved 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4854: 4845: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4771: 4745:. Retrieved 4740: 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4714:the original 4709: 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4684:the original 4677: 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4652:the original 4642: 4623: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4549: 4541: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4499: 4480: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4430: 4424: 4402:(1): 15–22. 4399: 4395: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4337:. Retrieved 4333: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4265:. Retrieved 4259: 4252: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4182: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4108: 4104: 4091: 4085:. J. Murray. 4082: 4076: 4055: 4048: 4039: 4007:(1): 36–44. 4004: 4000: 3990: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3908: 3904: 3874:. Retrieved 3860: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3760: 3757:PLOS Biology 3756: 3746: 3713: 3709: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3576:(1): 36–41. 3573: 3569: 3563: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3501:the original 3496: 3492: 3460:. Retrieved 3455: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3378: 3372: 3335: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3259: 3220: 3214: 3202:. Retrieved 3198: 3189: 3177:. Retrieved 3173: 3164: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3037: 3033: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2830: 2827:Neuroscience 2826: 2820: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2771: 2760:the original 2731: 2727: 2714: 2681: 2678:Ploughshares 2677: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2584:. Retrieved 2580:the original 2575: 2566: 2533: 2529: 2516: 2507: 2456: 2413: 2384:. Retrieved 2380:the original 2375: 2365: 2353:. Retrieved 2349: 2303: 2299: 2278: 2229: 2225: 2200:. Retrieved 2195: 2186: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2108: 2104: 2054: 2050: 2007:(1): 43–52. 2004: 2000: 1994: 1983:the original 1978: 1974: 1943: 1908: 1876: 1812: 1768: 1719:Visual music 1711: 1644: 1623: 1615: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1537: 1520: 1508: 1505:Jane Yardley 1500: 1494: 1490: 1475: 1462: 1448: 1426: 1419:Nikola Tesla 1416: 1406: 1398: 1392: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1357: 1344: 1341: 1313: 1306:The Neptunes 1289: 1262:Brendon Urie 1235: 1229: 1197: 1190: 1189:and for the 1184: 1178: 1168: 1149: 1146:Bryce Canyon 1128: 1122: 1119: 1097: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1054:, author of 1047: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 977: 969: 960: 935:visual music 932: 913: 898: 871: 867:Jeffrey Gray 852: 847: 841: 836: 832: 818: 803: 797:such as the 795:color organs 788: 787:in his book 781:Isaac Newton 775: 767: 755: 747: 745: 727: 723: 719: 706: 681: 676:Neurologist 675: 671: 659: 655: 632: 613: 590:Chinese room 574: 550:psychedelics 542: 534: 531: 504: 491: 483: 475: 454: 452: 449: 440: 429: 427: 408: 393: 390: 379: 353: 333: 331: 318: 291: 275: 271:oscilloscope 260: 255: 253: 248: 241: 226: 222: 215: 195: 180: 175: 171: 165: 154: 101: 96: 93: 87: 71: 64:synaesthesia 63: 55: 54: 43: 6741:Synesthesia 6662:Color organ 6635:Music video 6623:Synesthesia 6439:Brady Haran 6435:Numberphile 6320:(1): 1–15. 5895:12 December 5630:(12): 5–31. 5428:4 September 5329:14 February 5299:ITV Network 5195:The Quietus 5062:13 November 5031:iHeartRadio 4690:27 December 4658:27 December 4362:(1): 9–14. 4263:. Macmillan 4205:(1): 10–26. 3958:: 375–385. 3876:25 February 3623:: 109–112. 2536:(1): 1–15. 1682:Ideasthesia 1635:soundscapes 1606:ideasthesia 1587:ideasthesia 1487:Holly Payne 1480:Julia Glass 1362:color organ 1282:Mickey Hart 1276:. Musician 1270:Brian Chase 1081:Carol Steen 1062:Blueeyedboy 844:behaviorism 577:ideasthesia 528:color area) 446:Other forms 313:number form 303:Number form 297:Number form 278:Franz Liszt 84:number form 72:synesthetes 56:Synesthesia 18:Synaesthete 6735:Categories 6541:D000080311 6396:(Review). 6357:(Review). 6316:(Review). 6272:(Review). 6235:(Review). 6198:(Review). 6150:(Review). 6105:(Review). 6064:(Review). 6023:(Review). 5955:(Review). 5818:4 February 5737:4 February 5730:Meijer P. 5201:8 November 4860:11 January 4777:brandygale 4747:2 February 4720:2 February 4169:: 165–301. 3905:Perception 3710:Perception 3432:(1): 1–8. 3265:26 January 3260:DaySyn.com 3204:2 February 3179:2 February 2734:(1): 7–8. 2532:(Review). 2409:Schacter D 2386:25 January 2355:25 January 2053:(Review). 2003:(Review). 1741:References 1657:Allochiria 1561:and which 1540:crossmodal 1515:Wendy Mass 1435:Literature 1345:Prometheus 1328:Waterparks 1298:Rick Rubin 1242:Billy Joel 1232:Kanye West 1136:, whereas 762:'s friend 716:Prevalence 624:oligogenic 620:epigenetic 499:consonants 430:basketball 381:Misophonia 376:Misophonia 370:Misophonia 176:associator 108:John Locke 6655:notations 6618:Sound art 6429:Danis A. 6422:241155101 6400:: 49–75. 6002:cite book 5709:0163-5727 5406:Tesla N. 5157:Chase B. 5109:The Times 4931:20 August 4803:(1994) . 3346:MIT Press 3199:bbc.co.uk 3054:0734-0451 2706:161837195 2698:2162-0903 2150:Cognition 1881:MIT Press 1821:MIT Press 1777:MIT Press 1687:Ideophone 1662:Apophenia 1451:Pat Duffy 1266:Ida Maria 1226:Musicians 1186:Westworld 1104:Composers 1093:Kandinsky 904:mnemonist 814:Carl Jung 776:chromatic 772:kitharist 768:chromatic 562:marijuana 558:mescaline 510:Mechanism 191:graphemes 172:projector 145:sensation 140:aisthēsis 39:Synthesia 6705:Animusic 6672:Clavilux 6613:Cymatics 6474:19 April 6414:22747246 6385:23183411 6334:22229768 6298:15807455 6290:22521474 6253:22634573 6216:23237480 6180:24155733 6135:24146659 6090:10536190 6082:21986634 6053:24151478 5973:22229770 5937:23434143 5871:23785345 5798:22438894 5758:PLOS ONE 5717:11924232 5677:23183411 5582:16669803 5541:11224620 5533:19081086 5486:(2006). 5484:Duffy PL 5468:20 March 5415:pitt.edu 5305:28 April 5254:Pharrell 5111:. London 5088:16 April 4801:Samuel C 4757:cite web 4631:Archived 4615:57570552 4595:Leonardo 4416:57565862 4396:Leonardo 4376:57568389 4356:Leonardo 4339:12 April 4334:Discover 4300:Archived 4133:54178977 4105:Leonardo 4031:25545055 3982:25734257 3925:17076063 3839:13370073 3831:17521514 3789:22131906 3738:25954158 3684:16683506 3649:26811683 3598:15092606 3590:11164734 3555:25873873 3364:80179991 3308:27196787 3148:19914284 3113:23805089 3062:76090599 3016:31945068 2976:PLOS ONE 2957:24782731 2906:23805089 2855:18922608 2847:16996695 2748:19403745 2639:25400596 2613:: 1171. 2550:22229768 2483:53020292 2411:(1996). 2320:20183209 2258:25191239 2178:26687757 2081:18730779 2073:16269367 2029:11477960 2021:11823804 1935:59664610 1839:53186027 1795:49395033 1697:Parosmia 1650:See also 1641:Sonified 1596:and its 1575:Tenerife 1525:Research 1464:The Gift 1459:Romantic 1394:Voyelles 1310:N.E.R.D. 1192:Iron Man 1100:series. 1057:Chocolat 1031:, while 835:(German: 710:Eagleman 604:Genetics 585:semantic 566:caffeine 552:such as 256:photisms 134:αἴσθησις 112:metaphor 6591:General 6449:6 April 6376:3606019 6342:9038571 6261:9541065 6224:8151536 6171:3804765 6154:: 763. 6126:3797969 6109:: 753. 6044:3798864 6027:: 754. 5862:3684791 5845:: 330. 5789:3306374 5766:Bibcode 5668:3606019 5590:7297731 5368:(1999). 5115:24 July 5036:15 June 5010:15 June 4907:3 April 4741:FORA.tv 4267:17 June 4230:Bibcode 4125:1578702 4022:4286234 3973:5047354 3933:2508540 3780:3222625 3730:8983047 3692:4475077 3640:4714732 3546:4379872 3529:: 103. 3156:2578537 3104:3691507 3087:: 296. 3007:6964854 2984:Bibcode 2948:3988356 2931:: 123. 2897:3691507 2880:: 296. 2812:1411912 2756:1712367 2630:4214186 2558:9038571 2328:8641750 2249:4137691 2232:: 509. 2170:1511585 2135:4074444 2113:Bibcode 1975:Teccogs 1534:"Bouba" 1413:Science 966:Nabokov 957:Writers 951:gestalt 821:Bauhaus 736:History 637:or the 581:meaning 570:alcohol 338:frisson 80:colored 6698:groups 6628:in art 6420: 6412: 6383: 6373: 6340: 6332: 6296: 6288: 6259: 6251: 6222: 6214: 6178: 6168: 6133: 6123: 6088: 6080: 6051: 6041: 5990: 5971: 5935: 5869: 5859: 5796: 5786: 5715: 5707: 5675: 5665: 5588: 5580: 5539: 5531: 5386: 5351: 5275:15 May 5240:20 May 4984:11 May 4956: 4882:15 May 4613: 4558: 4529: 4487: 4462: 4437: 4414: 4374: 4222:Nature 4131: 4123: 4063: 4029: 4019: 3980: 3970: 3931: 3923: 3867: 3837: 3829: 3787: 3777: 3736: 3728: 3690: 3682: 3647: 3637: 3596: 3588: 3553: 3543: 3385: 3362: 3352: 3306: 3235: 3154: 3146: 3111: 3101: 3060: 3052: 3014: 3004: 2955: 2945: 2904: 2894: 2853: 2845: 2810: 2754: 2746: 2704: 2696: 2637: 2627: 2556: 2548: 2481: 2471: 2461:Oxford 2425: 2326: 2318: 2256: 2246: 2176: 2168: 2133: 2105:Nature 2079: 2071: 2051:Neuron 2027: 2019: 1933: 1923: 1913:Oxford 1887: 1837: 1827: 1793: 1783: 1602:qualia 1583:maluma 1579:takete 1507:, and 1206:using 1173:, and 1162:, and 876:, the 785:Goethe 752:timbre 748:chroia 702:affect 635:DSM-IV 495:vowels 6687:VJing 6530:R44.8 6418:S2CID 6338:S2CID 6310:(PDF) 6294:S2CID 6257:S2CID 6220:S2CID 6192:(PDF) 6086:S2CID 5949:(PDF) 5713:S2CID 5586:S2CID 5537:S2CID 5422:(PDF) 5411:(PDF) 5173:7 May 5142:7 May 4979:Tidal 4901:(PDF) 4611:S2CID 4580:Metro 4412:S2CID 4372:S2CID 4129:S2CID 4121:JSTOR 4101:(PDF) 4071:p.227 3929:S2CID 3901:(PDF) 3835:S2CID 3807:(PDF) 3734:S2CID 3688:S2CID 3594:S2CID 3504:(PDF) 3489:(PDF) 3462:2 May 3409:[ 3152:S2CID 3058:S2CID 2851:S2CID 2808:JSTOR 2763:(PDF) 2752:S2CID 2724:(PDF) 2702:S2CID 2586:2 May 2554:S2CID 2526:(PDF) 2504:(PDF) 2324:S2CID 2202:2 May 2174:S2CID 2131:S2CID 2077:S2CID 2025:S2CID 1986:(PDF) 1971:(PDF) 1571:bouba 1559:bouba 1326:from 1254:Lorde 1237:Ellen 760:Plato 756:genos 682:first 187:x → y 151:Types 88:e.g., 62:) or 6536:MeSH 6476:2016 6451:2013 6410:PMID 6381:PMID 6330:PMID 6286:PMID 6249:PMID 6212:PMID 6176:PMID 6131:PMID 6078:PMID 6049:PMID 6008:link 5988:ISBN 5969:PMID 5933:PMID 5897:2023 5890:Vice 5867:PMID 5820:2014 5794:PMID 5739:2014 5705:ISSN 5673:PMID 5578:PMID 5529:PMID 5470:2023 5430:2012 5384:ISBN 5349:ISBN 5331:2023 5307:2010 5277:2014 5242:2023 5203:2021 5175:2009 5144:2009 5117:2008 5090:2020 5064:2019 5038:2021 5012:2021 4986:2023 4954:ISBN 4933:2022 4909:2017 4884:2018 4862:2018 4779:.com 4763:link 4749:2015 4735:EG. 4722:2015 4692:2021 4660:2021 4556:ISBN 4527:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4460:ISBN 4435:ISBN 4341:2018 4269:2008 4061:ISBN 4027:PMID 3978:PMID 3921:PMID 3878:2018 3865:ISBN 3827:PMID 3785:PMID 3726:PMID 3680:PMID 3645:PMID 3586:PMID 3551:PMID 3464:2016 3383:ISBN 3360:OCLC 3350:ISBN 3304:PMID 3267:2016 3233:ISBN 3206:2015 3181:2015 3144:PMID 3109:PMID 3050:ISSN 3012:PMID 2953:PMID 2902:PMID 2843:PMID 2744:PMID 2694:ISSN 2635:PMID 2588:2016 2546:PMID 2479:OCLC 2469:ISBN 2423:ISBN 2388:2019 2357:2019 2316:PMID 2254:PMID 2204:2016 2166:PMID 2069:PMID 2017:PMID 1931:OCLC 1921:ISBN 1885:ISBN 1835:OCLC 1825:ISBN 1791:OCLC 1781:ISBN 1581:and 1567:kiki 1563:kiki 1443:and 1375:and 1358:luce 1330:has 1308:and 865:and 461:fMRI 280:and 51:one. 6521:ICD 6402:doi 6371:PMC 6363:doi 6322:doi 6318:103 6278:doi 6241:doi 6204:doi 6166:PMC 6156:doi 6121:PMC 6111:doi 6070:doi 6039:PMC 6029:doi 5961:doi 5957:103 5925:doi 5921:169 5857:PMC 5847:doi 5784:PMC 5774:doi 5697:doi 5663:PMC 5655:doi 5568:doi 5521:doi 5005:NME 4679:NPR 4603:doi 4404:doi 4364:doi 4238:doi 4113:doi 4017:PMC 4009:doi 3968:PMC 3960:doi 3913:doi 3819:doi 3775:PMC 3765:doi 3718:doi 3672:doi 3635:PMC 3625:doi 3578:doi 3541:PMC 3531:doi 3434:doi 3294:doi 3225:doi 3136:doi 3099:PMC 3089:doi 3042:doi 3002:PMC 2992:doi 2943:PMC 2933:doi 2892:PMC 2882:doi 2835:doi 2831:143 2800:doi 2736:doi 2732:102 2686:doi 2625:PMC 2615:doi 2538:doi 2534:103 2308:doi 2244:PMC 2234:doi 2158:doi 2121:doi 2059:doi 2009:doi 1513:by 1503:by 1489:'s 1478:by 1467:by 1284:of 1220:map 923:Art 848:any 639:ICD 556:or 554:LSD 332:In 249:and 147:'. 127:syn 121:σύν 6737:: 6539:: 6528:: 6525:10 6486:. 6462:. 6437:. 6433:. 6416:. 6408:. 6398:64 6379:. 6369:. 6359:16 6353:. 6336:. 6328:. 6312:. 6292:. 6284:. 6274:21 6255:. 6247:. 6237:36 6218:. 6210:. 6200:49 6194:. 6174:. 6164:. 6146:. 6129:. 6119:. 6101:. 6084:. 6076:. 6066:36 6047:. 6037:. 6019:. 6004:}} 6000:{{ 5967:. 5951:. 5931:. 5888:. 5865:. 5855:. 5841:. 5837:. 5792:. 5782:. 5772:. 5760:. 5756:. 5711:. 5703:. 5671:. 5661:. 5651:16 5649:. 5645:. 5626:. 5609:20 5607:. 5584:. 5576:. 5562:. 5558:. 5535:. 5527:. 5517:46 5515:. 5461:. 5413:. 5392:. 5297:. 5293:. 5267:. 5192:. 5161:. 5134:. 5107:. 5080:. 5055:. 5029:. 5003:. 4977:. 4940:^ 4853:. 4759:}} 4755:{{ 4739:. 4708:. 4676:. 4609:. 4599:34 4597:. 4578:. 4410:. 4400:32 4398:. 4384:^ 4370:. 4360:32 4358:. 4332:. 4236:. 4226:21 4224:. 4220:. 4203:20 4201:. 4167:57 4165:. 4127:. 4119:. 4109:21 4107:. 4103:. 4025:. 4015:. 4005:28 4003:. 3999:. 3976:. 3966:. 3956:33 3954:. 3950:. 3927:. 3919:. 3909:35 3907:. 3903:. 3886:^ 3859:. 3847:^ 3833:. 3825:. 3813:. 3809:. 3783:. 3773:. 3759:. 3755:. 3732:. 3724:. 3714:25 3712:. 3700:^ 3686:. 3678:. 3668:42 3666:. 3643:. 3633:. 3621:12 3619:. 3615:. 3592:. 3584:. 3572:. 3549:. 3539:. 3525:. 3521:. 3495:. 3491:. 3472:^ 3454:. 3430:10 3428:. 3397:^ 3358:. 3348:. 3344:: 3340:. 3316:^ 3302:. 3290:12 3288:. 3284:. 3258:. 3247:^ 3231:. 3197:. 3172:. 3150:. 3142:. 3132:34 3130:. 3107:. 3097:. 3083:. 3079:. 3056:. 3048:. 3038:35 3036:. 3024:^ 3010:. 3000:. 2990:. 2980:15 2978:. 2974:. 2951:. 2941:. 2927:. 2923:. 2900:. 2890:. 2876:. 2872:. 2849:. 2841:. 2829:. 2806:. 2794:. 2750:. 2742:. 2730:. 2726:. 2700:. 2692:. 2682:39 2680:. 2633:. 2623:. 2609:. 2605:. 2574:. 2552:. 2544:. 2528:. 2506:. 2491:^ 2477:. 2467:. 2463:: 2459:. 2437:^ 2421:. 2419:81 2396:^ 2374:. 2348:. 2336:^ 2322:. 2314:. 2304:18 2302:. 2288:^ 2277:. 2266:^ 2252:. 2242:. 2228:. 2224:. 2212:^ 2194:. 2172:. 2164:. 2154:44 2152:. 2129:. 2119:. 2109:21 2107:. 2103:. 2089:^ 2075:. 2067:. 2055:48 2049:. 2037:^ 2023:. 2015:. 1977:. 1973:. 1958:^ 1929:. 1919:. 1915:: 1911:. 1899:^ 1883:. 1847:^ 1833:. 1823:. 1819:: 1815:. 1803:^ 1789:. 1779:. 1775:: 1749:^ 1589:. 1546:. 1300:. 1292:. 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:, 1252:, 1248:, 1244:, 1222:. 1183:, 1166:. 1158:, 1050:. 1009:on 974:: 945:, 941:, 937:, 812:. 732:. 600:. 572:. 538:V4 526:V4 481:. 311:A 258:. 6576:e 6569:t 6562:v 6523:- 6513:D 6492:. 6478:. 6453:. 6424:. 6404:: 6387:. 6365:: 6344:. 6324:: 6300:. 6280:: 6263:. 6243:: 6226:. 6206:: 6182:. 6158:: 6152:4 6137:. 6113:: 6107:4 6092:. 6072:: 6055:. 6031:: 6025:4 6010:) 5996:. 5975:. 5963:: 5939:. 5927:: 5899:. 5873:. 5849:: 5843:4 5822:. 5800:. 5776:: 5768:: 5762:7 5741:. 5719:. 5699:: 5679:. 5657:: 5628:9 5592:. 5570:: 5564:9 5543:. 5523:: 5472:. 5432:. 5357:. 5309:. 5279:. 5205:. 5177:. 5146:. 5119:. 5092:. 5066:. 5040:. 5014:. 4988:. 4962:. 4911:. 4886:. 4864:. 4765:) 4751:. 4724:. 4694:. 4662:. 4617:. 4605:: 4564:. 4535:. 4493:. 4468:. 4443:. 4418:. 4406:: 4378:. 4366:: 4343:. 4271:. 4246:. 4240:: 4232:: 4135:. 4115:: 4069:. 4033:. 4011:: 3984:. 3962:: 3935:. 3915:: 3880:. 3841:. 3821:: 3815:9 3791:. 3767:: 3761:9 3740:. 3720:: 3694:. 3674:: 3651:. 3627:: 3600:. 3580:: 3574:5 3557:. 3533:: 3527:9 3497:8 3466:. 3440:. 3436:: 3391:. 3366:. 3310:. 3296:: 3269:. 3241:. 3227:: 3208:. 3183:. 3158:. 3138:: 3115:. 3091:: 3085:7 3064:. 3044:: 3018:. 2994:: 2986:: 2959:. 2935:: 2929:8 2908:. 2884:: 2878:7 2857:. 2837:: 2814:. 2802:: 2796:5 2738:: 2708:. 2688:: 2641:. 2617:: 2611:5 2590:. 2560:. 2540:: 2510:. 2485:. 2431:. 2390:. 2359:. 2330:. 2310:: 2260:. 2236:: 2230:8 2206:. 2180:. 2160:: 2137:. 2123:: 2115:: 2083:. 2061:: 2031:. 2011:: 2005:3 1979:1 1952:. 1937:. 1893:. 1841:. 1797:. 1517:. 1482:. 1471:. 1116:. 1037:c 1033:s 1029:k 1025:q 1021:k 1017:z 1013:x 1005:o 1001:l 997:n 993:r 989:g 985:a 981:a 143:' 66:( 58:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index