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716:. The transformation of the building into the Sephardi Museum, as it is now called, started around 1910. It was initiated by the Vega-Inclan Foundation. In 1964, a royal decree established the Museo Sefardi, located in the Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi. Four years later, in 1968, it was renamed the National Museum for Hispanic-Hebraic Art. The building, which is in a good state of conservation, remains a museum.
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1035:, is a foundational plaque dedicated to Samuel HaLevi. Due to its deteriorating state, the exact date is not clear; however, scholars are able to determine the year by using Hebrew words that double as numbers in the language. In the plaque, the Hebrew letters טוב ליהודים that when added together amount to 5122 using the
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And its atriums for those attentive to the perfect Law/and its seated places for those who sit in His shadow/of such a type that those who see it must almost say: The design of this / is like the design of the work by
Bezalel/Walk, nations, and enter through its doors/And look for God, since like the
653:
It may also be that limitations did not apply in
Castile to synagogues built in private houses, which was a common way to pass the ban on creating new synagogues in both Christian and Muslim areas. Construction would often be allowed after payment of a fee or bribe. More recent evidence also suggests
782:
and vegetal motifs that were common in
Christian and Islamic buildings, as well as in synagogues of the time. The ornamentation also bears the haLevi coat of arms, borrowing Christian architectural customs. Arabic inscriptions surround the prayer room and are intertwined with the floral patterns in
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With the apparent approval of the king, Samuel defied the laws that required synagogues to be smaller and lower than churches and plain when it came to decoration. The prayer hall is rectangular and measures 23 × 9.5 meters (roughly 75.5 feet × 29.5 feet), has a 12-meter-high ceiling (close to 40
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in 1911, when a new large-scale phase of restorations began. Scaffolding that had been put up in previous decades and partitions from the women's gallery were removed. The wooden church choir and portions of the interior were restored. Adding a library to the lower part of the gallery, which has
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were allies on occasion. They are thought to have shared their architects and artisans to build the most opulent and luxurious palaces. As the king's treasurer, ha-Levi traveled between
Seville, Granada, and Toledo while the synagogue was in construction. He also negotiated with the king's
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Islam architecture and aesthetic mixed with the
Castilian coat of arms are significant in that it indicates a connivance from Ha-Levi towards the dominating religions. The fact that Samuel was entrusted with the use of the Castile seal indicates his power and reliability with
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Throughout the 14th century, Spanish
Regional Councils had sparked a prohibition on constructing synagogues. As to why the construction of this synagogue would have been allowed remains debated, but scholars reason that it was due to Samuel's relationship with King
1136:. According to Jewish belief, Jerusalem, being situated on the highest place on the planet, serves as an in-between for heaven and Earth, and is, by consequence, the place closest to heaven. In the synagogue, there is a stucco carving within the
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The eastern wall received the most extensive ornamentation. It is divided into six pieces and is made of cedar wood. Its top half is decorated with septifoil arches, while the centrepiece is patterned with arabesques. It is thought that Samuel
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Some scholars suggest that Peter of
Castile assented to the synagogue's construction as a token of appreciation for Samuel’s service as counselor and treasurer to the king. Peter may also have allowed it to compensate the Jews of Toledo for the
935:"Of the graces of the Lord let us sing and of the works of the Lord according to what he has bestowed on us and hath done great things with us...instituting judges and ministers to save his people from the hand of Enemies and oppressors
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740:. In 1884, Arturo Mélida y Alinari replaced Francisco Isidori as the head architect of the project, focusing mainly on the roof, façade, and reinforcements. The building fell back into disrepair before it became part of the
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Women were separated from men during services; a second-floor gallery was reserved for them. The gallery is located along the southern wall, having five broad openings looking down towards the ark of the Torah, called the
628:
Located within Toledo's medieval Jewish quarter, the synagogue is connected to Samuel
Abulafia's house by a gate and was intended as a private house of worship. It also served as a center for Jewish religious education or
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window (a pair of horseshoe arches) over the entry door. This left the synagogue an unassuming building that did not stand out from its surroundings except its tall roof elevated it slightly above the adjacent buildings.
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of the synagogue represents the idea of heaven. Meanwhile, the floor, which contains vegetal patterns, signifies the Earth. This is important, as it represents the separation of heaven and Earth and its
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In contrast with the highly ornamented interior, the synagogue's exterior was built of brick and stone and was plain and largely unadorned. The mixed stone and brick exterior walls are simple, with an
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The exalted pious prince of princes of Levi…has exceeded in all deeds by building a house of prayer for the Lord God of Israel… and he commenced building this house in the year (1357)
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910:. They are placed away from the Eastern wall (the Synagogue's focal point) and higher up, they were also meant as a good sign of interfaith. For example one of these reads:
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Meddeb, Abdelwahab; Stora, Benjamin, eds. (2014-01-01). A History of Jewish-Muslim
Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day. Princeton University. 911 - 927.
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contractors and architects over construction expenses. As a result, he must have benefited from the same architects, masons, and design and architectural ideas.
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Samuel eventually fell out of favor with the king. He was arrested in
December 1360 on corruption charges, imprisoned in Seville, and tortured to death.
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759:
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787:-style script and include positive devotional affirmations and praises of God common in Islamic architecture. All along the prayer hall are large
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that the synagogue was built over an older synagogue, thus forming a loophole in the ban since this was perhaps not viewed as a new construction.
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1755:“The Synagogue Known as El Tránsito in Toledo.” A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day 2013: 911-927.
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and very likely spoke Arabic. Because of this, it is believed he was inspired by the architecture and emulated it for the synagogue.
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dedicated to Saint Benedict. It was from its time as a church that the building acquired the name “El Tránsito,” which refers to the
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2055:
1667:
1460:
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625:, was one of the last poets to write in the Arab-influenced style favored by Jewish poets in twelfth and thirteenth-century Spain.
1449:"The Prevalence of Islamic Art amongst Jews of Christian Iberia: Two Fourteenth-century Castilian Synagogues in Andalusian Attire"
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Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2020-01-12). "The Medieval Synagogue of Molina de Aragón: Architecture and Decoration". Arts. 9 (1): 9.
1140:, as well as towards the bottom of the wall a representation of Jerusalem. This symbolic reference to Jerusalem comes from the
1207:
2511:
2115:
1319:
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795:. The original floor, which only some parts have been preserved, was covered in mosaics. It is illuminated by many windows.
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732:, the building underwent several periods of restoration. The first phase began in 1879 with the cleaning and repair of the
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by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. The Order is said to have converted the building into a church serving a
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226:
1108:(993-1056), a significant Jewish leader throughout the Middle Ages, both Samuels were proud of their Levitic ancestry.
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2155:
1354:
914:, roughly translated, "by (or in) grace, power, magnanimity (or, alternatively, generosity or happiness), salvation".
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1072:
In the prayer room, on top of the four walls the ceiling, just below the ceiling we find the following inscription:
688:. In the 17th century the church's name changed to Nuestra Señora del Tránsito: the name derives from a painting by
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ceiling. It also has Hebrew inscriptions praising the king and Samuel and Arabic inscriptions and quotations from
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807:. The hekhal developed a design innovation in the form of a great façade that had three vertical panels with a
665:
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which symbolizes the social status, power, and influence of Samuel ha-Levi. Ha-Levi often interacted with the
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since become an important center for Hebrew studies, entailed the demolition of large portions of the façade.
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After the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, the synagogue was converted to a church. It was given to the
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lies yet another Hebrew inscription, expressing admiration for the beauty of the synagogue. It references
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994: Favor in the eyes of the great eagle, the great one, the man of war and the man of the middle
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since Samuel intended that the spectator could read the architecture and art like a book, as is seen in
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1144:. The symbolic placement of stucco mixed with the inscriptions (discussed above) is reminiscent of the
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The Arabic inscriptions in the Synagogue are decorative, though legible, and are not affiliated with
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299:
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He is the bulwark tower, which since the day of the exile of Ariel None like him has risen in Israel
41:
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1088: And the house which was built by Samuel with a pulpit of wood for reading the law
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513:. It is one of three preserved synagogues constructed by Jews under the rule of the Christian
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1981:
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The right pillar upon which the House of the Levite (Halevi) and the House of Israel are set
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1521:. July/October 2004 (301/302): 275–288 – via EBSCOhost Art & Architecture Source.
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Dodds, Jerrilynn D.; Menocal, Maria Rosa; Krasner Balbale, Abigail (2009). ""Brothers"".
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He ascended in the degrees of greatness in accordance with his praise, and great and holy
1485:
Borras Gualis, Gonzalo; Lavado Paradinas, Pedro; Pleguezuelo Hernandez, Alfonso (2019).
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motif in the center panel as well as muqarnas cornices with vegetal and garden motifs.
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1685:
The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture
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1383:
Lopez Alvarez, Ana Maria; Palomero Plaza, Santiago; Alvarez Delgado, Yasmina (1992).
943:
Known is his name in Israel since the day he dwelt on his land and stood before Kings
929:. The Hebrew inscriptions surrounding the coat of arms, reads as follows in English:
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125:
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1014: And the nobles bowed themselves to him with their face to the ground....
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The architecture of El Tránsito influenced other 14th-century synagogues, like the
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1517:
Ortiz Pradas, Daniel (2004-07-01). "LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA SINAGOGA DEL TRÁNSITO".
1308:"Samuel Halevi Abulafia Private Synagogue (Nuestra Señora del Tránsito) in Toledo"
937: And there is no King in Israel, he hath not left us without a Redeemer
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Some experts believe the inscriptions also refer to another renowned Samuel, a
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1149:
1137:
1060:
1032:
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Around the same time as the construction of the synagogue and the Alhambra by
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847:
818:, which shared the three-panel façade hechal design and Mudéjar architecture.
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1985:
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Designed by master mason Don Meir (Mayr) Abdeil, it was built in 1357 in the
248:
235:
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736:, the restoration of at least fourteen lattices, and the removal of various
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The synagogue was used as military headquarters during the Napoleonic Wars.
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270:
101:
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851:
1965:
1843:
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986: Exalted among the exalted of the Levites of God Samuel Ha-Levy
2623:
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1934:"The Medieval Synagogue of Molina de Aragón: Architecture and Decoration"
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863:
779:
775:
729:
610:
1950:
1933:
1769:
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630:
561:). It is also known for its rich stucco decoration, Mudéjar style, and
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65:
16:
Historic former synagogue, former church, now museum, in Toledo, Spain
1908:. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 127–144.
1153:
1128:
1101:
918:
771:
681:
1489:. Museum Ohne Grenzen (Museum With No Frontiers). pp. 365–368.
774:. There were also Christian elements in the architecture that mixed
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1453:
Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design, and Identity
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El Tránsito Synagogue is a significant example of medieval Spain's
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Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design and Identity
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2018:
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1010: And raised his throne above all the ministers....
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in 1492. It was briefly used as military barracks during the
1385:"Nuevos datos sobre la historia de la sinagoga del Tránsito"
597:
The synagogue was built around 1357, under the patronage of
1000:
The great King, our shelter and our lord the King Don Pedro
885:
architectural and mudéjar design elements. Muhammad V and
854:
was and remains a prime example of mudéjar architecture in
46:
Exterior of the former synagogue and former church, in 2012
1059:
and the biblical story in which he is chosen to build the
850:, or Islamic-inspired, style of art and architecture. Its
1904:
Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2017). Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).
1079:
Inscription surrounding the Castile and Leon coat of arms
1012:
And without him shall no man lift up his hand or his foot
2905:
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the City of Toledo
1092: And its lavers and lamps to illuminate
549:
The building has been added to the list of monuments of
2752:
Vice-Rectorate of Teaching and International Relations
1970:. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012.
1848:. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012.
1713:. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012.
1602:. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012.
1006: And guard him as the shepherd of his flock
214:
Location of the former synagogue and former church in
1927:
1925:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
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1687:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 246.
941: For the Name and the glory and the praise
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1022: And he has been to Israel as a savior."
958: The crown and the great man of the Jews
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1020:His fame has been heard through all the kingdoms,
990: May God be with him and let him go up
2960:Religious organizations established in the 1350s
2915:Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings
1563:
1561:
1487:Mudéjar Art: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art
206:
1083:
1065:
1045:
998: Great is his name among the nations
932:
982: Diadem of rule Prestige of Dignity
960:To him peoples come from the ends of the Earth
2222:
2056:
791:frames made with inlaid carved polychrome of
8:
1086:"See the sanctuary now consecrated in Israel
917:The Hebrew inscriptions, however, draw from
1967:The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500
1845:The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500
1710:The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1599:The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500
1455:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 127.
1345:"Edificio Denominado Sinagoga del Tránsito"
1094:And its windows like the windows of Ariel"
1090:With its scrolls and its crowns all for God
1008:The King has made Him great and exalted him
962: ....He is the ruler of the land
945: To him who stands in the breach
668:was attacked, but the synagogue was saved.
2940:Mudéjar architecture in Castilla–La Mancha
2229:
2215:
2207:
2063:
2049:
2041:
1807:""El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain"
1569:""El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain"
1339:
1337:
1063:, creating an allusion to haLevi himself:
996:The fear of whom has fallen on all peoples
974: And who can count his praises?
966: Fort of strength and greatness
639:persecution of Jews during the Black Death
466:, located at on Calle Samuel Levi, in the
40:
18:
2910:Buildings and structures in Toledo, Spain
2629:Colegio de Nuestra Señora de los Infantes
1949:
1424:"El Transito: Synagogue in Toledo, Spain"
1400:
1314:. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the
912:Bi'l ni'mah wa-bi'l quwah wa bo'l karamah
501:. The synagogue is located in the former
388:Edificio Denominado Sinagoga del Tránsito
1237:Coat of arms of Castile in the synagogue
881:, a historic Almohad fortification with
649:, or the fact that it was a private home
1299:
1163:
949: Head of the exile of Ariel,
94:Ecclesiastical or organizational status
1991:
1869:
1734:
1623:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1016:Through all the land is he known among
980:And who will attain to complete praise
2747:Juridical and Social Sciences faculty
2659:Islamic Halls of Colegio de Doncellas
2367:Monastery of Santo Domingo el Antiguo
862:'s court in Granada at the palace of
609:for several generations and included
542:in 1910, formally known today as the
411:
403:
391:
383:
374:
7:
2895:14th-century establishments in Spain
1031:Also on the Eastern wall, above the
1004:And increase His might and his glory
2719:School of Arts and Crafts of Toledo
605:. His family had served the ruling
493:style as an annex of the palace of
2920:Churches converted from synagogues
2777:Caja Castilla-La Mancha Foundation
2517:Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca
2372:Monastery of Santo Domingo el Real
2362:Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes
1127:The starry sky that decorates the
984:He stands at the head of the order
511:Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca
507:Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes
14:
2930:Jews and Judaism in Toledo, Spain
2900:14th-century synagogues in Europe
2743:University of Castilla-La Mancha
1068:house of God it is, like Bethel"
2965:Sephardi Jewish culture in Spain
2684:Real Colegio de Doncellas Nobles
2332:Carmelitas Descalzas de San José
2310:
2303:
2089:
2071:
1451:. In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).
1265:
1251:
1230:
1225:Detail of the building's windows
1218:
1206:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1053:Coat of arms of Castile and León
947:And seeks the good of his people
692:housed there which depicted the
623:Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia
535:of the early 1800s. It became a
529:Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
520:The building was converted to a
205:
198:
2980:Synagogues preserved as museums
1402:10.3989/sefarad.1992.v52.i2.972
55:
2890:1350s establishments in Europe
2679:Palacio del Marqués de Malpica
2604:Basements of Cardenal Cisneros
1932:Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2020).
1447:Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2017).
1320:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
902:Hebrew and Arabic Inscriptions
832:imported the wood from Lebanon
712:In 1877 the building became a
1:
2709:Roman remains under Alfonso X
2387:Nuestra Señora de la Estrella
1312:Historic Synagogues of Europe
1018: The peoples heard
970: Will he be called
686:Assumption of the Virgin Mary
321:
114:
2975:Synagogues completed in 1357
2714:Roman vaults of Nuncio Viejo
1542:"Sephardic Museum of Toledo"
1283:History of the Jews in Spain
1039:, the equivalent to 1357 in
1002: May God aid him,
708:National monument and museum
2634:Cortes of Castile-La Mancha
1811:Museum of the Jewish People
1428:Museum of the Jewish People
1288:List of synagogues in Spain
978: Who can recount
613:and Torah scholars such as
607:Castilian House of Burgundy
452:Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi
2996:
2925:Former synagogues in Spain
2838:Plaza de las Cuatro Calles
2377:Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
1662:. Academic Studies Press.
1660:The Jew in Medieval Iberia
1142:Genesis creation narrative
1120:Islamic vegetal patterns,
951:The select of the leaders.
724:After its conversion to a
621:. Another Todros Abulafia,
619:Todros ben Joseph Abulafia
2649:Hospital del Nuncio Nuevo
2553:Roman Puente de Alcántara
2477:Santa Isabel de los Reyes
2432:San Juan de la Penitencia
2301:
2285:Puerta de los Doce Cantos
2189:
2030:"The Death of the Virgin"
976:His virtues and his deeds
551:Spanish Cultural Heritage
432:
428:
424:
420:
378:Spanish Cultural Heritage
371:
367:
193:
39:
26:
2950:Museums in Toledo, Spain
2864:Jewish quarter of Toledo
2522:Synagogue of El Transito
1350:Bien de Interés Cultural
783:the stucco. They are in
766:, and a massive Mudéjar
666:Jewish quarter of Toledo
559:Bien de Interés Cultural
505:of the city between the
440:Synagogue of El Tránsito
22:Synagogue of El Tránsito
2955:Jewish museums in Spain
2382:Mosque of las Tornerías
2275:Puerta de Bisagra Nueva
1185:Detail of relief on ark
1122:Gazi Hajdar Kadi Mosque
660:During the anti-Jewish
2802:San Marcos Arts Centre
2734:Toledo railway station
2704:Roman circus of Toledo
2699:Roman Cave of Hercules
2639:Flour factory San José
2614:Castle of San Servando
2594:Arab baths of Tenerías
2584:Arab baths of Caballel
2532:Tower of San Cristóbal
1998:: CS1 maint: others (
1876:: CS1 maint: others (
1741:: CS1 maint: others (
1658:Ray, Jonathan (2011).
1630:: CS1 maint: others (
1197:The building's wooden
1124:
1097:
1080:
1070:
1049:
1041:the Gregorian calendar
1028:
988:The man raised on high
589:
581:
558:
447:
284:Synagogue architecture
275:Don Meir (Mayr) Abdeil
227:Geographic coordinates
32:
2792:Army Museum of Toledo
2664:Palacio de Fuensalida
2589:Arab baths of Cenizal
2502:Santos Justo y Pastor
2487:Santas Justa y Rufina
2180:Valencia de Alcántara
2172:Santa María la Blanca
2111:Barcelona (Synagogue)
1787:10.1515/9781400849130
1355:Ministerio de Cultura
1316:Center for Jewish Art
1134:relation to Jerusalem
1119:
1078:
694:Transit of the Virgin
587:
576:
474:, in the province of
450:), also known as the
448:Sinagoga del Tránsito
33:Sinagoga del Tránsito
2817:Workshop of the Moor
2797:Museum of Santa Cruz
2548:Puente de San Martín
2497:Santiago del Arrabal
2402:San Antonio de Padua
2337:Carmelitas Descalzos
2255:Puerta Bab al-Mardum
2116:Madrid (Beth Yaacov)
690:Juan Correa de Vivar
588:Ark of the synagogue
497:, treasurer to King
120:–19th century)
2970:Sephardi synagogues
2935:Medieval synagogues
2869:Subterranean Toledo
2826:Streets and squares
2739:Well of El Salvador
2599:Archbishop's Palace
2579:Arab baths of Ángel
2467:Santa Clara la Real
2392:Purísima Concepción
2357:Las Concepcionistas
2320:Religious buildings
2265:Puerta de Alcántara
2260:Puerta de Alarcones
2106:Barcelona (Ancient)
1951:10.3390/arts9010009
1770:10.3390/arts9010009
1106:Samuel ibn Naghrela
754:feet) and features
738:Hebrew inscriptions
328:(as a congregation)
249:39.8557°N 4.02944°W
245: /
172:Calle Samuel Levi,
2945:Mudéjar synagogues
2843:Plaza de Zocodover
2833:Plaza de San Justo
2787:Hospital de Tavera
2674:Palacio de La Cava
2669:Palacio de Galiana
2447:San Miguel el Alto
2422:San Felipe de Neri
2327:Agustinas Calzadas
2280:Puerta del Cambrón
2195:List of synagogues
1359:Gobierno de España
1125:
1081:
992:He found grace and
964:The great tamarisk
879:Alcazar of Sevilla
678:Order of Calatrava
590:
582:
515:Kingdom of Castile
476:Castilla-La Mancha
413:Reference no.
216:Castilla-La Mancha
178:Castilla-La Mancha
2877:
2876:
2729:The Templar House
2569:Alcázar of Toledo
2342:Cristo de la Vega
2270:Puerta de Bisagra
2204:
2203:
1977:978-1-61811-054-1
1915:978-1-4744-6843-5
1855:978-1-61811-054-1
1794:978-1-4008-4913-0
1720:978-1-61811-054-1
1609:978-1-61811-054-1
925:, a reference to
816:Córdoba Synagogue
760:polychrome stucco
714:national monument
700:Military barracks
468:historic old city
462:congregation and
436:
435:
254:39.8557; -4.02944
105:(1357–1391)
2987:
2807:Sephardic Museum
2724:The Jewish House
2654:Infantry Academy
2527:Toledo Cathedral
2452:San Pedro Mártir
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325: 1350s
271:Architect(s)
265:Architecture
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129:(since 1910)
2848:Plaza Nueva
2768:Museums and
2694:Roman baths
2512:San Vicente
2437:San Lorenzo
2347:El Salvador
2164:El Tránsito
1365:6 September
1326:6 September
834:to imitate
252: /
118: 1492
74:Catholicism
58:Affiliation
2884:Categories
2624:Cigarrales
2507:Santo Tomé
2397:San Andrés
2079:Synagogues
1816:2022-05-11
1578:2020-12-09
1551:2020-12-09
1433:2022-05-04
1294:References
1199:artesonado
1138:clerestory
1061:Tabernacle
1051:Below the
871:Muhammad V
856:al-Andalus
768:artesonado
611:kabbalists
527:after the
405:Designated
237:39°51′21″N
156:Repurposed
2574:Alhóndiga
2457:San Román
2442:San Lucas
2241:landmarks
2159:(Segovia)
1994:cite book
1986:797832961
1872:cite book
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1737:cite book
1729:797832961
1626:cite book
1618:797832961
1150:alcázares
927:Jerusalem
908:the Quran
789:larchwood
734:Torah ark
641:in 1348.
593:Synagogue
537:Sephardic
464:synagogue
398:Monumento
359:Materials
335:Completed
240:4°01′46″W
147:Abandoned
102:Synagogue
2857:See also
2609:Bullring
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1243:See also
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1146:Alhambra
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730:barracks
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577:Bust of
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509:and the
312:Abulafia
169:Location
164:Location
69:(former)
52:Religion
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2135:Córdoba
1389:Sefarad
1318:at the
1201:ceiling
1160:Gallery
1154:mosques
1057:Bezalel
848:mudéjar
842:Mudéjar
758:-style
631:yeshiva
569:History
555:Spanish
491:Moorish
487:Mudéjar
444:Spanish
306:Founder
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296:Mudéjar
184:Country
66:Judaism
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883:Nasrid
852:façade
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801:hekhal
772:Psalms
764:arches
756:Nasrid
682:priory
672:Church
664:, the
525:church
472:Toledo
460:Jewish
456:Halevi
174:Toledo
139:Status
110:Church
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480:Spain
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291:Style
188:Spain
2000:link
1982:OCLC
1972:ISBN
1938:Arts
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1790:ISBN
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