29:
470:
studies in mice (where the mouse is unable to produce synapsin) have had some surprising results. Consistently, knockout studies have shown that mice lacking one or more synapsins have defects in synaptic transmission induced by high‐frequency stimulation, suggesting that the synapsins may be one of
432:
and are strongly conserved across all species. They are expressed in highest concentration in the nervous system, although they also express in other body systems such as the reproductive organs, including both eggs and spermatozoa. Synapsin function also increases as the organism matures, reaching
475:
defects. These results suggest that while synapsins are not essential for synaptic function, they do serve an important modulatory role. Lastly, observed effects seemed to vary between inhibitory and excitatory synapses, suggesting synapsins may play a slightly different role in each type.
471:
the factors boosting release probability in synapses at high firing rates, such as by aiding the recruitment of vesicles from the reserve pool. Furthermore, mice lacking all three synapsins are prone to seizures, and experience
559:
Different neuron terminals will express varying amounts of each of these synapsin proteins and collectively these synapsins will comprise 1% of the total expressed protein at any one time. Synapsin Ia has been implicated in
317:
176:
1004:
120:
108:
794:
Kao HT, Porton B, Hilfiker S, Stefani G, Pieribone VA, DeSalle R, Greengard P (December 1999). "Molecular evolution of the synapsin gene family".
1216:
265:
88:
815:
997:
436:
Current studies suggest the following hypothesis for the role of synapsin: synapsins bind synaptic vesicles to components of the
1206:
460:(cAMP dependent protein kinase), releasing the synaptic vesicles and allowing them to move to the membrane and release their
337:
196:
990:
684:
Maiole, Federica; Tedeschi, Giulia; Candiani, Simona; Maragliano, Luca; Benfenati, Fabio; Zullo, Letizia (2019-10-28).
641:
Evergren E, Benfenati F, Shupliakov O (September 2007). "The synapsin cycle: a view from the synaptic endocytic zone".
1211:
1106:
1136:
325:
184:
1126:
321:
180:
1017:
803:
701:
489:
441:
278:
101:
1111:
132:
927:
666:
968:
947:"Reduction of synapsin in the hippocampus of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia"
919:
870:
819:
776:
735:
717:
658:
616:
344:
312:
171:
958:
909:
901:
860:
850:
811:
766:
725:
709:
650:
606:
598:
561:
461:
457:
449:
445:
417:
409:
304:
163:
1043:
1033:
493:
453:
914:
889:
807:
705:
1091:
1074:
1038:
865:
838:
730:
685:
611:
586:
113:
837:
Gitler D, Xu Y, Kao HT, Lin D, Lim S, Feng J, Greengard P, Augustine GJ (April 2004).
488:
possess three genes encoding three different synapsin proteins. Each gene in turn is
1200:
1175:
1079:
771:
754:
565:
467:
425:
270:
93:
931:
234:
57:
1141:
1131:
855:
753:
Rosahl TW, Geppert M, Spillane D, Herz J, Hammer RE, Malenka RC, Sudhof TC (1993).
670:
437:
300:
159:
585:
Esser L, Wang CR, Hosaka M, Smagula CS, Südhof TC, Deisenhofer J (February 1998).
125:
246:
69:
1146:
1121:
982:
429:
713:
1163:
1158:
905:
518:
485:
421:
721:
602:
137:
1025:
416:. Specifically, they are thought to be involved in regulating the number of
972:
923:
874:
823:
816:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<360::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-3
739:
662:
963:
946:
780:
620:
274:
97:
28:
1064:
472:
241:
64:
1180:
1013:
839:"Molecular determinants of synapsin targeting to presynaptic terminals"
413:
405:
258:
253:
81:
76:
755:"Short-term synaptic plasticity is altered in mice lacking synapsin I"
654:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
1101:
1069:
332:
191:
686:"Synapsins are expressed at neuronal and non-neuronal locations in
1185:
1096:
1059:
890:"The synapsins: beyond the regulation of neurotransmitter release"
1168:
1116:
1086:
548:
533:
294:
229:
153:
52:
986:
587:"Synapsin I is structurally similar to ATP-utilizing enzymes"
33:
Structure of the c domain of synapsin IA from bovine brain.
408:
that have long been implicated in the regulation of
1052:
1024:
498:
343:
331:
311:
293:
288:
264:
252:
240:
228:
220:
215:
210:
190:
170:
152:
147:
131:
119:
107:
87:
75:
63:
51:
43:
38:
21:
636:
634:
632:
630:
998:
8:
1005:
991:
983:
440:which prevents them from migrating to the
424:at any one time. Synapsins are present in
285:
144:
27:
962:
913:
864:
854:
770:
729:
610:
577:
945:Vawter, MP; et al. (April 2002).
207:
18:
888:Ferreira A, Rapoport M (April 2002).
7:
492:to produce at least two different
14:
856:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5225-03.2004
1:
496:for a total of six isoforms:
433:its peak at sexual maturity.
289:Available protein structures:
148:Available protein structures:
1217:Peripheral membrane proteins
772:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90487-B
211:Synapsin, ATP binding domain
22:Synapsin, N-terminal domain
1233:
714:10.1038/s41598-019-51899-y
420:available for release via
1107:Brain natriuretic peptide
906:10.1007/s00018-002-8451-5
284:
143:
26:
1137:Olfactory marker protein
1127:Neuronal calcium sensor
1207:Molecular neuroscience
603:10.1093/emboj/17.4.977
484:Humans and most other
964:10.1038/sj.mp.4001158
490:alternatively spliced
1018:nerve tissue protein
442:presynaptic membrane
1112:Nerve growth factor
894:Cell. Mol. Life Sci
808:1999JEZ...285..360K
706:2019NatSR...915430M
694:Scientific Reports
16:Family of proteins
1194:
1193:
655:10.1002/jnr.21176
557:
556:
418:synaptic vesicles
398:
397:
394:
393:
338:structure summary
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:structure summary
1224:
1212:Protein families
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
977:
976:
966:
942:
936:
935:
917:
885:
879:
878:
868:
858:
834:
828:
827:
791:
785:
784:
774:
750:
744:
743:
733:
688:Octopus vulgaris
681:
675:
674:
643:J. Neurosci. Res
638:
625:
624:
614:
582:
562:bipolar disorder
499:
494:protein isoforms
462:neurotransmitter
452:, synapsins are
450:action potential
446:neurotransmitter
410:neurotransmitter
404:are a family of
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
286:
208:
145:
31:
19:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1048:
1044:Gamma-synuclein
1034:Alpha-synuclein
1020:
1011:
981:
980:
951:Mol. Psychiatry
944:
943:
939:
887:
886:
882:
849:(14): 3711–20.
836:
835:
831:
793:
792:
788:
752:
751:
747:
683:
682:
678:
649:(12): 2648–56.
640:
639:
628:
584:
583:
579:
574:
482:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
109:OPM superfamily
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Gap-43 protein
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:Chromogranin A
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:Beta-synuclein
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
979:
978:
937:
880:
829:
786:
765:(4): 661–670.
745:
676:
626:
576:
575:
573:
570:
555:
554:
551:
546:
540:
539:
536:
531:
525:
524:
521:
516:
510:
509:
506:
503:
481:
480:Family members
478:
454:phosphorylated
444:and releasing
396:
395:
392:
391:
347:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
315:
309:
308:
298:
291:
290:
282:
281:
268:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
174:
168:
167:
157:
150:
149:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Synaptophysin
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
985:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
900:(4): 589–95.
899:
895:
891:
884:
881:
876:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:(4): 360–77.
801:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
746:
741:
737:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
680:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
631:
627:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
597:(4): 977–84.
596:
592:
588:
581:
578:
571:
569:
567:
566:schizophrenia
563:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
474:
469:
468:Gene knockout
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
426:invertebrates
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
348:
346:
342:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
209:
198:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1153:
1142:S100 protein
1132:Neuropeptide
957:(6): 571–8.
954:
950:
940:
897:
893:
883:
846:
842:
832:
799:
796:J. Exp. Zool
795:
789:
762:
758:
748:
700:(1): 15430.
697:
693:
687:
679:
646:
642:
594:
590:
580:
558:
549:Synapsin III
543:
528:
513:
483:
466:
448:. During an
438:cytoskeleton
435:
401:
399:
1147:Calgranulin
1122:Neurogranin
843:J. Neurosci
553:IIIa, IIIb
534:Synapsin II
486:vertebrates
430:vertebrates
412:release at
216:Identifiers
121:OPM protein
39:Identifiers
1201:Categories
572:References
519:Synapsin I
422:exocytosis
384: ,
378: ,
372: ,
366: ,
360: ,
354: ,
301:structures
224:Synapsin_C
160:structures
133:Membranome
1026:Synuclein
722:2045-2322
538:IIa, IIb
508:Isoforms
402:synapsins
259:PDOC00345
247:IPR001359
82:PDOC00345
70:IPR001359
1154:Synapsin
1065:Chimerin
973:12140780
932:32337670
924:12022468
915:11337460
875:15071120
824:10578110
740:31659209
663:17455288
505:Protein
473:learning
414:synapses
406:proteins
318:RCSB PDB
242:InterPro
177:RCSB PDB
65:InterPro
47:Synapsin
1181:Tubulin
1014:Protein
866:6729754
804:Bibcode
781:7902212
731:6817820
702:Bibcode
671:7496079
621:9463376
612:1170447
523:Ia, Ib
390:
254:PROSITE
235:PF02750
77:PROSITE
58:PF02078
1102:Myelin
1070:Granin
971:
930:
922:
912:
873:
863:
822:
779:
738:
728:
720:
669:
661:
619:
609:
591:EMBO J
333:PDBsum
307:
297:
279:SUPFAM
221:Symbol
192:PDBsum
166:
156:
102:SUPFAM
44:Symbol
1186:GPM6A
1097:GLUT3
1060:Agrin
1053:Other
928:S2CID
667:S2CID
502:Gene
275:SCOPe
266:SCOP2
98:SCOPe
89:SCOP2
1117:SCG5
1087:FMR1
969:PMID
920:PMID
871:PMID
820:PMID
777:PMID
759:Cell
736:PMID
718:ISSN
659:PMID
617:PMID
564:and
544:SYN3
529:SYN2
514:SYN1
428:and
400:The
387:2p0a
381:1px2
375:1pk8
369:1i7n
363:1i7l
357:1aux
351:1auv
326:PDBj
322:PDBe
305:ECOD
295:Pfam
271:1auv
230:Pfam
185:PDBj
181:PDBe
164:ECOD
154:Pfam
126:1auv
94:1auv
53:Pfam
959:doi
910:PMC
902:doi
861:PMC
851:doi
812:doi
800:285
767:doi
726:PMC
710:doi
651:doi
607:PMC
599:doi
458:PKA
456:by
345:PDB
313:PDB
172:PDB
138:349
114:123
1203::
1016::
967:.
953:.
949:.
926:.
918:.
908:.
898:59
896:.
892:.
869:.
859:.
847:24
845:.
841:.
818:.
810:.
798:.
775:.
763:75
761:.
757:.
734:.
724:.
716:.
708:.
696:.
692:.
665:.
657:.
647:85
645:.
629:^
615:.
605:.
595:17
593:.
589:.
568:.
464:.
324:;
320:;
303:/
277:/
273:/
183:;
179:;
162:/
100:/
96:/
1169:3
1164:2
1159:1
1080:B
1006:e
999:t
992:v
975:.
961::
955:7
934:.
904::
877:.
853::
826:.
814::
806::
783:.
769::
742:.
712::
704::
698:9
690:"
673:.
653::
623:.
601::
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