1168:
33:
567:, frequently inundated meadows, and ditches. The environment of the host plant always determines the frequency and intensity of infection. Infection often occurs during the seedling stage and usually produces galls on the host plant. These galls can be the result of the infected cell enlarging or a combination of enlargement of the infected cell with the enlargement and division of neighboring cells. Infections are not usually destructive with the noted exceptions of
66:
1147:
360:, the zoospore nucleus divides many times with each daughter nucleus giving rise to a zoosporangium. This produces a cluster of clonal zoosporangia, often enveloped with a membrane. This cluster is called a sorus. The zoospore can give rise to the sorus directly or it can act as a prosorus. The difference is demonstrated in the life cycle, which is discussed below.
420:
that functions as a prosorus. Basically, the primary nucleus of the parasite grows within the host cytoplasm. At a point, it will produce a new germ tube and exits out of the envelope. It then divides numerous times with each daughter nucleus partitioned into a developing sporangium. An envelope
400:
species. Species fall into one of two broad categories: short cycled and long cycled. Short cycled species follow one of two lines of development: sori, sporangia, zoospore or resting spore, sori, zoospore. Long cycled species follow a general pathway of prosori/sori, sporangia, zoospore,
1227:
469:. Species in this group do not form prosori. The sorus forms directly from the zoospore nucleus. Several generations can be produced during the spring and summer. Resting spores are developed in the fall and winter. Upon germination, the resting spore acts as a sporangium. The type,
829:
Species in this group are distinguished from one another based on morphology of the various life cycle stages, differences in cytology, both the cytological reaction and gross reaction of the host plant to infection, and the host plant. However, similar to other members of
842:; as mentioned above, it is able to infect a broad range of hosts. However, cross inoculation experiments reveal that strains demonstrate considerable host range restrictions, which implies the presence of cryptic species. A recent study using molecular characters placed
493:
This subgenus is a "dumping ground" for species with incompletely known life cycles. It would seem that the primary nucleus forms a resting spore that acts as a prosorus upon germination. However, these species will need to be more closely examined for proper placement.
421:
forms around the cluster of sporangia and the cluster becomes a sorus. The sporangia release zoospores that infect other cells. These develop into resting spores that will overwinter. Upon germination, the resting spores function as prosori. Karling included the genus
623:
resting spores are only viable for several years. Typically, resting spores are the overwintering stage. However, in species that do not produce resting spores, other structures serve as the overwintering stage. For example, two species common to North
America,
834:, all of these features exhibit considerable variation and often overlap between species. It is possible that many species names refer to the same organism. In some cases, there is not enough variation, and it is possible that one name refers to a
862:, the type, and so refrained from making taxonomic changes. A more recent study has included the type along with those other species. So far, the genus is monophyletic as are several of the subgenera. Two subgenera were non-monophyletic:
1059:: The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic & Applied Research Vol. 11 Agricultural Applications. 2nd edition Eds: K. Esser & F. Kempken. Springer: New York pg.243-270.
368:
Most species share the same initial developmental stages. The released zoospores swim until they find a suitable host and will occasionally use amoeboid movement to better orient themselves to a host plant
606:
can be transported 15 meters (49 feet) by the wind with maximum dispersal occurring in the afternoon. Sporangia can also be transported from plant to plant through rain splashing. The resting spores of
669:
is able to infect 186 species across 110 genera in 33 families. In the last two species, these infections occurred under greenhouse conditions and the life cycle was not always completed.
611:
have been found stuck to window panes of a building downwind of infected fields, and further study revealed the wind depositing resting spores at a rate of 1 spore/cm2/day.
1068:
Li Z., Q. Dong, T.P. Albright, & Q. Guo. 2011. Natural and human dimensions of a quasi-natural wild species: the case of kudzu. Biological
Invasions 13:2167-2179.
997:
Mycology
Guidebook Committee, Mycological Society of America. 1981. Mycology Guidebook. Editor: Russel B. Stevens. University of Washington Press Seattle, Washington.
1392:
602:
through the zoospore is limited to the immediate environment of the host cell. Long range dispersal can be achieved through other stages. For example, sporangia of
1444:
1288:
439:, except that the resting spore functions as a sporangium during germination. In these species, the zoospores can develop into either a prosori, as in
1366:
1405:
1124:
Smith D.S., H. Rocheleau, J.T. Chapados, C. Abbott, S. Ribero, S.A. Redhead, C. Andre
Levesque, & S.H. De Boer. 2014. Phylogeny of the genus
1173:
1500:
1528:
502:
Species in this group are short cycled. The zoospore nucleus forms a sorus. Resting spores are either unknown or truly absent.
1410:
1151:
1055:
Voigt K., A.V. Marano, & F.H. Gleason. 2013. Ecological & Economical
Importance of Parasitic Zoosporic True Fungi.
1431:
373:. After the zoospore attaches to a host cell, a narrow germ tube forms and penetrates the host cell, which is usually an
396:
travels toward the host cell nucleus and becomes enveloped in host cytoplasm. After this point, differences arise among
1482:
1301:
821:
parasitizes cultivated kudzu patches more often than wild patches and has also been reported from agricultural crops.
303:
148:
65:
1449:
681:
infect wild plants and rarely affect human affairs. However, there are exceptions. The most well-known species is
207:
809:
of the yellow star thistle in the United States. Another species being considered for biological control use is
1533:
683:
449:
186:
870:. The study also found deep divergences and fast evolution rates in the genus, which is to be expected under
214:
806:
356:
typically give rise to one zoosorangium or a polycentric thallus capable of producing many zoosporangia. In
221:
45:
328:
is the type of the genus. The genus has been divided into 6 subgenera based on differences in life cycles.
179:
1241:
1211:
957:
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory
Mycology. 4th edition.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
794:
235:
228:
165:
144:
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242:
737:
200:
193:
172:
32:
1505:
1459:
1327:
1162:
871:
851:
599:
405:, prosori/sori, sporangia, zoospore. The nuances in life cycles are used to delineate the subgenera.
1358:
1178:
374:
60:
51:
1010:: Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. 8th edition. Eds: R. K. Horst. Springer: New York. pg. 193.
728:
423:
945:
Sparrow FK. 1960. Aquatic
Phycomycetes. The University of Michigan Press:Ann Arbor. 2nd edition
1467:
1397:
1314:
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320:
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385:
to enter the host plant and penetrate a sub-epidermal cell. After penetration, the zoospore
107:
855:
835:
831:
595:
353:
263:
97:
1167:
1079:
1194:
1353:
1186:
549:
370:
127:
117:
1522:
1293:
658:
402:
345:
299:
291:
1219:
984:
Hampson M.C. 1996. A qualitative assessment of wind dispersal of resting spores of
847:
724:
393:
344:
species grow inside of the host cell (endobiotic), produce structures other than a
306:
recognized the true nature of these fungi and established the genus to accommodate
1319:
1264:
1436:
1379:
1273:
766:
414:
275:
1146:
1128:
and the development of a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for sensitive detection of
1103:
1020:
Zeller SM, Campbell L. (1949). "Synchytrium found on the roots of strawberry".
742:
700:
688:
311:
295:
287:
271:
266:. Species are commonly known as false rust or wart disease. Approximately 200
1340:
782:
716:
649:
386:
77:
1111:
435:
Species in this subgenus develop in a similar fashion as those in subgenus
352:
through a lid-like structure (inoperculate). Zoospores of other members of
619:
remains viable for 30 or more years. Other species are not quite as long.
1418:
1258:
665:
is able to infect 1300 species across 800 genera and 165 plant families.
635:
In terms of hosts, the genus ranges from specific to broad. For example,
349:
988:, the causal agent of wart disease of potato. Plant disease 80: 779-782.
781:(which translates as wart in a local Indonesian language), a disease of
552:
in nature and have been reported to occur abundantly up to 11,500 feet.
1371:
696:
533:
417:
382:
267:
1384:
854:, which suggests the genus likely represents a distinct order within
754:
720:
564:
444:
283:
87:
1423:
1235:
615:
resting spores can be long lived. For example, the resting spore of
1345:
485:
except that the resting spore acts as a prosorus upon germination.
286:. Early species were mistakenly classified among the higher fungi (
1157:
814:
732:
712:
259:
505:
To date, sexual reproduction is only described in four species:
279:
1239:
1332:
447:. The zygote infects a host cell and becomes a resting spore.
801:, an important weed in the United States. For this reason,
556:
zoospores have even been observed swimming in melted snow.
532:
species have been reported from various habitats, from the
55:
at
Lookout Mountain, Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona, USA.
563:
typically occur in moist environments, such as temporary
340:
are endobiotic, holocarpic, and inoperculate. This means
413:
Species in this subgenus are long cycled and begin as a
632:, appear to overwinter as sori on vegetative material.
707:
infects many agricultural and horticultural plants.
691:; it is the causal agent of black wart in potatoes.
657:
is able to infect a variety of plants in the family
1248:
971:Drinkall M.J. & T.V. Price. 1983. Dispersal of
427:within this subgenus while other authors do not.
1080:"A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (
975:in Papua New Guinea. Plant Pathology 32: 229-237.
294:) because of their superficial similarity to the
1220:U.K. BioImages: Virtual Field Guide entry for
481:These species develop in a similar fashion as
941:
939:
753:is responsible for losses in Indian crops of
8:
1236:
1166:
967:
965:
963:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
31:
20:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
443:, or they can fuse to form a flagellated
1132:sporangia in chloroform. Phytopathology.
773:, which is important high protein crop.
1046:. Microbiology Indonesia. 4(3):127-131.
883:
765:is one of the major diseases affecting
953:
951:
643:are limited to a single host species.
536:to the arctic regions. Three species,
858:. However, the study did not contain
262:of plant pathogens within the phylum
7:
1460:b0b2b06f-3b3e-4bbf-8152-b0ddbe5c181b
749:parasitizes an Indian curcubit, and
1084:) and description of a new phylum (
1038:Wahyuno D. 2010. The Life Cycle of
14:
1212:Photographs & Description of
1078:James, T.Y.; et al. (2006).
846:and two other species outside of
813:, which occasionally parasitizes
348:(holocarpic), and do not release
1145:
461:This subgenus is referred to as
64:
473:, is placed in this subgenus.
453:is included in this subgenus.
389:flows into the host cell. The
1:
673:Species of economic interest
1199:species, including the type
769:Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
747:Synchytrium trichosanthidis
270:are described, and all are
1550:
1104:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860
933:.Academic Press: New York.
850:. They were sister to the
377:. An exception to this is
805:is being considered as a
208:Synchytrium liquidambaris
161:
156:
61:Scientific classification
59:
39:
30:
23:
1230:Synchytrium endobioticum
1130:Synchytrium endobioticum
1040:Synchytrium pogostemonis
986:Synchytrium endobioticum
844:Synchytrium endobioticum
775:Synchytrium pogostemonis
684:Synchytrium endobioticum
663:Synchytrium macroporosum
661:. On the other extreme,
647:is limited to the genus
621:Synchytrium macroporosum
609:Synchytrium endobioticum
569:Synchytrium endobioticum
507:Synchytrium endobioticum
450:Synchytrium endobioticum
187:Synchytrium endobioticum
973:Synchytrium psophocarpi
791:Synchytrium solstitiale
777:is the casual agent of
763:Synchytrium psophocarpi
594:As in other members of
215:Synchytrium mercurialis
1529:Chytridiomycota genera
825:Taxonomy and phylogeny
797:Centaurea solstitialis
641:Syncytrium mercurialis
604:Synchytrium psophcarpi
554:Synchytrium potentille
222:Synchytrium stellariae
795:yellow star thistle (
738:Synchytrium fragariae
637:Synchytrium decipiens
626:Synchytrium decipiens
201:Synchytrium fragariae
180:Synchytrium decipiens
1214:Synchytrium taraxaci
1163:Encyclopedia of Life
929:Karling, J.S. 1964.
709:Synchytrium vaccinii
693:Synchytrium anemones
645:Synchytrium taraxaci
471:Synchytrium taraxaci
326:Synchytrium taraxaci
308:Synchytrium taraxaci
236:Synchytrium taraxaci
229:Synchytrium succisae
166:Synchytrium anemones
1179:British Records of
811:Synchytrium minutum
655:Synchytrium fulgens
243:Synchytrium urticae
1195:Photos of various
1086:Blastocladiomycota
840:Synchytrium aureum
807:biological control
705:Synchytrium aureum
695:can cause harm to
667:Synchytrium aureum
304:Mikhail S. Woronin
272:obligate parasites
194:Synchytrium erieum
173:Synchytrium aureum
52:Erodium cicutarium
1516:
1515:
1468:Open Tree of Life
1242:Taxon identifiers
1044:Pogostemon cablin
785:Pogostemon cablin
321:Succisa pratensis
318:, which grows on
310:, which grows on
251:
250:
152:
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1437:NHMSYS0001499316
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1150:Data related to
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868:Microsynchytrium
864:Pycnosynchytrium
838:. An example is
793:parasitizes the
687:, a parasite of
677:Most species of
489:Pycnosynchytrium
441:Microsynchytrium
437:Microsynchytrium
409:Microsynchytrium
143:
108:Chytridiomycetes
69:
68:
35:
21:
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1544:
1543:
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1534:Parasitic fungi
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1471:
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1277:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1082:Chytridiomycota
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
983:
979:
970:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
928:
885:
880:
856:Chytridiomycota
852:Lobulomycetales
836:species complex
832:Chytridiomycota
827:
757:Sesamum indicum
675:
630:S. macroporosum
617:S. endobioticum
596:Chytridiomycota
527:
515:S. macroporosum
500:
491:
479:
459:
457:(Eu)Synchytrium
433:
411:
366:
354:Chytridiomycota
334:
264:Chytridiomycota
142:
98:Chytridiomycota
63:
49:) infection of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
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1402:
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1311:
1298:
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1234:
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1228:Life cycle of
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1154:at Wikispecies
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1140:External links
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1098:(6): 860–871.
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826:
823:
803:S. solstitiale
674:
671:
526:
523:
519:S. psophocarpi
499:
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487:
478:
477:Exosynchytrium
475:
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432:
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410:
407:
381:; it uses the
375:epidermal cell
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767:winged bean (
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758:
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751:S. sesamicola
748:
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739:
734:
730:
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706:
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672:
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659:Oenotheraceae
656:
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577:S. sesamicola
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559:Outbreaks of
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542:S. potentille
539:
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531:
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520:
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508:
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483:Eusynchytrium
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346:zoosporangium
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300:Anton de Bary
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1280:Synchytrium
1274:Wikispecies
1250:Synchytrium
1222:Synchytrium
1205:Synchytrium
1197:Synchytrium
1188:Synchytrium
1181:Synchytrium
1152:Synchytrium
1126:Synchytrium
931:Synchytrium
860:S. taraxaci
817:. However,
783:Patchouli (
679:Synchytrium
613:Synchytrium
581:S. oxalydis
573:S. vaccinii
561:Synchytrium
530:Synchytrium
463:Synchytrium
415:uninucleate
398:Synchytrium
391:Synchytrium
358:Synchytrium
342:Synchytrium
338:Synchytrium
336:Members of
316:S. succisae
276:angiosperms
258:is a large
255:Synchytrium
139:Synchytrium
41:Synchytrium
25:Synchytrium
1523:Categories
1006:Galls 2013
878:References
874:dynamics.
819:S. minutum
743:strawberry
729:gaultheira
701:thalictrum
689:Solanaceae
585:S. geranii
511:S. fulgens
498:Woroniella
424:Micromyces
379:S. minutum
364:Life cycle
332:Morphology
312:dandelions
296:rust fungi
288:Ascomycota
94:Division:
1265:Q10687375
1092:Mycologia
1028:: 149–51.
872:Red Queen
717:cranberry
703:flowers.
650:Taraxacum
600:dispersal
589:S. cookii
387:cytoplasm
350:zoospores
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
1419:MycoBank
1354:Fungorum
1294:60015717
1289:AusFungi
1259:Wikidata
1112:17486963
755:sesame (
745:plants.
741:infects
711:creates
157:Species
124:Family:
74:Domain:
1493:4930886
1398:1072169
1372:2593015
1190:on leaf
1160:at the
697:anemone
534:tropics
525:Ecology
418:thallus
394:nucleus
383:stomata
268:species
149:Woronin
145:de Bary
134:Genus:
114:Order:
104:Class:
43:(prob.
1506:988647
1490:uBio:
1473:535283
1457:NZOR:
1450:286114
1411:181394
1385:375235
1346:1SYNCG
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731:, and
721:azalea
587:, and
565:swamps
550:alpine
548:, are
546:S. gei
544:, and
517:, and
445:zygote
314:, and
284:mosses
151:, 1863
1501:WoRMS
1480:PPE:
1424:20560
1393:IRMNG
1359:20560
1333:19517
815:kudzu
779:budok
733:ledum
713:galls
282:, or
280:ferns
260:genus
88:Fungi
1445:NCBI
1406:ITIS
1367:GBIF
1341:EPPO
1320:7R4Z
1302:BOLD
1108:PMID
866:and
699:and
639:and
628:and
371:cell
302:and
147:and
1432:NBN
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1100:doi
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465:or
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