118:
Global ambiguities are often unnoticed because readers tend to choose the interpretation they understand to be more probable. One example of a global ambiguity is "The woman held the baby in the green blanket." In this example, the baby, incidentally wrapped in the green blanket, is being held by the woman, or the woman is using the green blanket as an instrument to hold the baby, or the woman is wrapped in the green blanket and holding the baby.
651:
As children read and interpret syntactically ambiguous sentences, the speed at which initial syntactic commitments are made is lower in children than in adults. Furthermore, children appear to be less skilled at directing their attention back to the part of the sentence that is most informative in terms of aiding reanalysis. Other evidence attributes differences in interpreting ambiguous sentences to
621:
and the princess respectively. Thus, the readers are forced to reanalyse and their reading times will therefore rise. In sentence 1, however, the ambiguity of the reflexive pronoun “herself” fits both the maid and the princess. This means the readers do not have to reanalyse. Thus, ambiguous sentences will take a shorter time to read compared to clarified ones.
680:. For high reading span subjects who had the best verbal working memory, they were overall faster than the low reading span subjects. Within the high reading span subjects, however, they responded faster to inanimate subjects and took longer to respond to animate subjects. This was because the animate subjects had a greater propensity to create a
655:
span. While adults tend to have a higher working memory span, they sometimes spend more time resolving the ambiguity but tend to be more accurate in their final interpretation. Children, in contrast, can decide quickly on an interpretation because they consider only the interpretations their working
633:
The good-enough approach to understanding language claims that representations of meaning are usually incomplete and language processing only partial. A good-enough interpretation may occur when such a representation is not robust, supported by context, or both and must handle potentially distracting
558:
According to the reanalysis model, processing is hard once the reader has realised that their analysis is false (with respect to the already adopted syntactic structure) and he or she must then return and recheck the structure. Most reanalysis models, like the unrestricted race model, work in series,
544:
Competition-based models hold that differing syntactic analyses rival each other when syntactic ambiguities are resolved. If probability and language constraints offer similar support for each one, especially strong competition occurs. On the other hand, when constraints support one analysis over the
650:
differently from adults due to lack of experience. Children have not yet learned how the environment and contextual clues can suggest a certain interpretation of a sentence. They have also not yet developed the ability to acknowledge that ambiguous words and phrases can be interpreted multiple ways.
620:
Research showed that people took less time to read persistently ambiguous sentences (sentence 1) than temporarily ambiguous sentences that were clarified later (sentences 2 and 3). In sentences 2 and 3, the reflexive pronouns “himself” and “herself” clarify that “who scratched” is modifying the son
600:
However, the name "unrestricted race" comes directly from its properties taken from the constraint-based models. As in constraint-based theories, any source of information can support the different analyses of an ambiguous structure; thus the name. In the model, the other possible structures of an
117:
A globally ambiguous sentence is one that has at least two distinct interpretations and where reading the entire sentence does not resolve the ambiguity. Globally ambiguous sentences exist where no feature of the representation (i.e. word order) distinguishes the possible distinct interpretations.
624:
This is called the underspecification account as readers do not stick to a meaning when not provided with clarifying words. The reader understands someone scratched herself but does not seek to determine whether it was the maid or the princess. This is also known as the “good-enough” approach to
579:
Research supports the reanalysis model as the most likely reason for why interpreting these ambiguous sentences is hard. Results of many experiments tracking the eye-movements of subjects have demonstrated that it is just as hard to process a persistently ambiguous sentence (1) as an unambiguous
549:
sentences are easier to process than disambiguated (clearer) sentences, showing that the analyses do not compete against each other in the former. Plausibility tends to strengthen one analysis and eliminate rivalry. However, the model has not been completely rejected. Some theories claim that
687:(not despite) greater verbal working memory. This suggested that since the low reading span subjects had less cognitive resources, only syntactic cues could be processed while high reading span subjects had more cognitive resources and could thus get tripped up with the garden path sentence.
492:
Significantly enough, structural ambiguities may also be intentionally created when one understands the kinds of syntactic structures that will lead to ambiguity; however, for the respective interpretations to work, they must be compatible with semantic and pragmatic contextual factors.
596:
and
Pickering plainly refer to the unrestricted race model as a two-stage reanalysis model. Unlike constraint-based theories, only one analysis can be made at any one time. Thus, reanalysis may sometimes be necessary if information following the first analysis proves it wrong.
530:
employs the term "amphiboly" in a sense of his own, as he has done in the case of other philosophical words. He means it as a confusion of pure understanding with perceived experience, and an attribution to the latter of what belongs only to the former.
545:
other, competition is weak and processing is easy. After van Gompel et al.'s experiments (2005), the reanalysis model has become favoured over competition-based models. Convincing evidence against competition-based models includes the fact that
379:... if one combines the words 'to write-while-not-writing': for then it means, that he has the power to write and not to write at once; whereas if one does not combine them, it means that when he is not writing he has the power to write.
601:
ambiguous sentence compete in a race, with the structure that is constructed fastest being used. The more such an analysis is supported, and the stronger the support is, the more likely this one will be made first.
126:
A locally ambiguous sentence is a sentence that contains an ambiguous phrase but has only one interpretation. The ambiguity in a locally ambiguous sentence briefly stays and is resolved, i.e.,
1118:
van Gompel, Roger P.G.; Pickering, Martin J.; Pearson, Jamie; Liversedge, Simon P.; et al. (4 January 2005). "Evidence against competition during syntactic ambiguity resolution".
839:
486:
1310:
485:: "I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got into my pajamas I don't know." Another sentence, which emerged from early 1960s machine translation research, is "
75:. Consequently, a sentence presents as syntactically ambiguous when it permits reasonable derivation of several possible grammatical structures by an observer.
351:
A creature that eats purple people. (This interpretation is confirmed in the lyrics, although whether the creature itself is also purple is never made clear.)
134:, in which a structurally correct sentence is difficult to interpret because one interpretation of the ambiguous region is not the one that makes most sense.
823:
100:, that can represent the ambiguous sentence's meanings. The task of clarifying which meaning is actually intended from among the possibilities is known as
1517:
1991:
475:
Syntactic or structural ambiguities are frequently found in humour and advertising. One enduring joke using an ambiguous modifier is a quip spoken by
724:
1179:
Traxler, Matthew J.; Pickering, Martin J.; Clifton, Charles (1998-11-01). "Adjunct
Attachment Is Not a Form of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution".
588:
The unrestricted race model states that analysis is affected before the introduction of ambiguity and affects which meaning is used (based on
1078:
867:
1485:
730:
375:
writes about an influence of ambiguities on arguments and also about this influence depending on either combination or division of words:
1859:
1526:
813:." Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1989.
921:
836:
961:
941:
794:
200:
1266:
Ferreira, Fernanda; Bailey, Karl G.D.; Ferraro, Vittoria (February 2002). "Good-Enough
Representations in Language Comprehension".
86:
may be done by courts. Occasionally, claims based on highly improbable interpretations of such ambiguities are dismissed as being
647:
1317:
1946:
1600:
2067:
1941:
1510:
1054:
507:
In syntactic ambiguity, the same sequence of words is interpreted as having different syntactic structures. In contrast, in
426:
by Danny Bloom in the Testy Copy
Editors discussion group in August 2009. He based this on the headline "Violinist linked to
207:
in such a way as not to draw blame on themselves, sending this order in Latin which changes meaning depending on where the
1719:
1540:
1070:
Controlled
Natural Language: Third International Workshop, CNL 2012, Zurich, Switzerland, August 29-31, 2012, Proceedings
1605:
1404:
Maryellen C. MacDonald; Marcel A. Just (1992). "Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity".
735:
512:
480:
882:
1693:
71:
but rather from the relationships among words and clauses within a sentence, concealing interpretations beneath the
2087:
1749:
1570:
432:
427:
2092:
2042:
1804:
1503:
127:
2152:
2011:
1590:
857:
760:
1068:
707:
216:
Do not be afraid to kill Edward; it is good. (either Edward, killing him, or being afraid to kill him is good)
1490:
436:
regularly reprints such headlines in its "The Lower Case" column, and has collected them in the anthologies "
2147:
1688:
916:
755:
669:
580:
sentence (2 and 3) because information before the ambiguity only weakly leans towards each possible syntax.
339:
318:
2177:
1844:
1814:
1789:
1729:
1628:
1560:
1160:
1127:
60:
2072:
1966:
1931:
1819:
1794:
1638:
1555:
2057:
1864:
1643:
1355:
1004:
718:
681:
415:
204:
131:
87:
64:
1165:
1132:
2142:
2107:
2052:
1996:
1899:
1884:
1854:
1834:
1809:
1678:
1663:
668:
adults who had the worst verbal working memory, they took longer to process the sentences with the
191:
153:
2218:
2208:
2187:
2112:
2082:
2047:
2027:
1956:
1936:
1874:
1869:
1779:
1769:
1754:
1698:
1429:
1291:
508:
196:
826:." Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation. 1998.
1447:
Ferreira, Fernanda; Clifton, Charles (1986-06-01). "The independence of syntactic processing".
1344:"Children's and Adults' On-Line Processing of Syntactically Ambiguous Sentences during Reading"
2167:
2122:
2102:
2062:
2001:
1971:
1951:
1744:
1673:
1464:
1421:
1383:
1283:
1245:
1237:
1196:
1074:
957:
937:
863:
790:
745:
701:
696:
665:
2172:
2097:
1986:
1764:
1456:
1413:
1373:
1363:
1275:
1227:
1188:
1137:
186:
148:
430:
blossoms" that Mike O'Connell had posted, asking what such a headline could be called. The
2213:
1976:
1879:
1774:
1739:
859:
Case, Word Order and
Prominence: Interacting Cues in Language Production and Comprehension
843:
673:
1044:
Layman E. Allen "Some Uses of
Symbolic Logic in Law Practice" 1962J M.U.L.L. 119, at 120;
1491:
Differentiating syntactic ambiguity (structural ambiguity) from other types of ambiguity
1359:
2162:
2157:
2077:
1961:
1839:
1734:
1575:
1378:
1343:
740:
652:
399:
170:, sometimes owing to the alteration of the natural order of words for metrical reasons.
1495:
1095:
1057:" in H.W. Baade (ed.) "Jurimetrics" Basic Books Inc., New York, USA, 1963, 213, at 228
511:
the structure remains the same, but the individual words are interpreted differently.
219:
Do not kill Edward; it is good to fear. (either Edward or killing him is good to fear)
2202:
1849:
1824:
1658:
1460:
1417:
1214:
Swets, Benjamin; Desmet, Timothy; Clifton, Charles; Ferreira, Fernanda (2008-01-01).
527:
259:
79:
17:
1433:
366:
The
British forces left behind waffles (the breakfast item) on the Falkland Islands.
2117:
2037:
1904:
1784:
1668:
1648:
1295:
1028:
750:
713:
610:"The maid of the princess who scratched herself in public was terribly humiliated."
516:
476:
464:
445:
1311:"The use of referential context in children's online interpretation of adjectives"
616:"The son of the princess who scratched herself in public was terribly humiliated."
613:"The son of the princess who scratched himself in public was terribly humiliated."
294:
The word of the Lord came to
Zechariah, son of Berekiah, son of Iddo, the prophet.
1368:
784:
34:"Amphibology" redirects here. Not to be confused with amphibiology, the study of
2032:
2006:
1889:
1653:
1580:
589:
460:
456:
407:
363:
The
British party of the left rambles indecisively about Falkland Island policy.
343:
230:
27:"Structural ambiguity" redirects here. Not to be confused with the ambiguity of
1216:"Underspecification of syntactic ambiguities: Evidence from self-paced reading"
973:
810:
304:... Zechariah, who was the son of Berekiah, who was the son of the prophet Iddo
301:... Zechariah, who was the son of the prophet Berekiah, who was the son of Iddo
298:... the prophet Zechariah, who was the son of Berekiah, who was the son of Iddo
2182:
1829:
1595:
1550:
1545:
1141:
990:
986:
911:
634:
information. Thus, such information is clipped for successful understanding
593:
403:
238:
96:
82:, the interpretation of syntactically ambiguous phrases in statutory texts or
72:
1468:
1287:
1241:
1200:
1981:
1799:
1724:
1703:
1633:
1585:
1565:
1279:
546:
423:
411:
372:
234:
83:
35:
28:
1387:
1249:
1192:
1425:
1894:
1683:
502:
395:
68:
1232:
1215:
94:
refers to the collection of all possible syntactic structures, known as
835:
MacDonald, Maryellen C., Neal J. Pearlmutter, and Mark S. Seidenberg. "
677:
515:
are often designed to be unambiguous so that they can be parsed into a
130:, by the end of the speech. Sometimes, local ambiguities can result in
1005:"Heads you win: The readers' editor on the art of the headline writer"
41:
Sentences with structures permitting multiple possible interpretations
167:
954:
Red tape holds up new bridge, and more flubs from the nation's press
934:
Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim, and other flubs from the nation's press
824:
Building a Japanese parsed corpus while improving the parsing system
1759:
463:
is "French push bottles up German rear"; life imitated art in the
208:
786:
Structural Ambiguity in English: An Applied Grammatical Inventory
559:
which implies that only one analysis can be supported at a time.
1157:
Unrestricted race: A new model of syntactic ambiguity resolution
310:... Zechariah, who was the son of Berekiah and Iddo, the prophet
1499:
1055:
Modern Logic and Judicial Decision Making: A Sketch of One View
450:
Infant Pulled from Wrecked Car Involved in Short Police Pursuit
307:... the prophet Zechariah, who was the son of Berekiah and Iddo
448:
also has an extensive archive of crash blossoms, for example "
898:, April 28, 1982, as quoted by Gloria Cooper, "Mailbag",
550:
competition makes processing difficult, if only briefly.
277:
John saw a man on a mountain which had a telescope on it.
575:"The dog with the woman that had the parasol was brown."
572:"The woman with the dog that had the parasol was brown."
67:. This form of ambiguity is not derived from the varied
63:
to yield multiple interpretations due to its ambiguous
569:"The dog of the woman that had the parasol was brown."
253:
I'm glad I'm a man, and Lola is also glad to be a man.
1155:
van Gompel, Roger P.G.; Pickering, Martin J. (2000),
283:
John, on a mountain and using a telescope, saw a man.
837:
The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution
811:
The structure of shared forests in ambiguous parsing
250:
I'm glad I'm a man, and I'm also glad Lola is a man.
2135:
2020:
1924:
1917:
1712:
1621:
1614:
1533:
1342:Holly S. S. L. Joseph; Simon P. Liversedge (2013).
487:
Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana
286:
John, on a mountain, saw a man who had a telescope.
856:Monique Lamers; Peter de Swart (20 October 2011).
384:Aristotle, Sophistical refutations, Book I, Part 4
270:John saw the man on the mountain with a telescope.
280:John saw a man on a mountain who had a telescope.
274:John, using a telescope, saw a man on a mountain.
1992:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
467:headline "Eighth Army Push Bottles Up Germans".
377:
1067:Tobias Kuhn; Norbert E Fuchs (9 August 2012).
592:) before multiple analyses can be introduced.
258:The ambiguity is intentional and alludes to a
1511:
660:Low reading span vs. high reading span adults
8:
1486:A detailed discussion of syntactic ambiguity
1268:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1096:A Dictionary of English Philosophical Terms
247:I'm glad I'm a man, and Lola is also a man.
178:
144:The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.
1921:
1618:
1518:
1504:
1496:
846:." Psychological review 101.4 (1994): 676.
180:Eduardum occidere nolite timere bonum est.
59:, is characterized by the potential for a
1377:
1367:
1231:
1164:
1131:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
862:. Springer Science & Business Media.
359:British Left Waffles on Falkland Islands.
778:
776:
789:. Vol. 2 vols. London: Continuum.
772:
725:Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis
648:Children interpret ambiguous sentences
459:or recycled. One celebrated one from
1947:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
1399:
1397:
1261:
1259:
822:Kurohashi, Sadao, and Makoto Nagao. "
7:
731:List of linguistic example sentences
322:, the title of a comedy-horror film
1860:Quantificational variability effect
1527:Formal semantics (natural language)
809:Billot, Sylvie, and Bernard Lang. "
348:A purple creature that eats people.
244:Lola and I are both glad I'm a man.
227:I'm glad I'm a man, and so is Lola.
1033:What The Papers Didn't Mean to Say
605:Consider the following statements:
455:Many purported crash blossoms are
331:Lesbian vampires that are killers.
25:
914:, "On Language: Crash Blossoms",
563:Consider the following statements
422:was proposed for these ambiguous
201:Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
1053:L.E. Allen & M.E. Caldwell "
497:Syntactic and semantic ambiguity
1309:Yi Ting Huang; Jesse Snedeker.
166:Amphiboly occurs frequently in
1942:Combinatory categorial grammar
1449:Journal of Memory and Language
1181:Journal of Memory and Language
1120:Journal of Memory and Language
1:
1720:Antecedent-contained deletion
1093:adapted from Garden, Francis
1035:Scouse Press, Liverpool, 1965
678:inanimate or animate subjects
442:Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge"
203:supposedly plotted to murder
1461:10.1016/0749-596X(86)90006-9
1418:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90003-K
1369:10.1371/journal.pone.0054141
513:Controlled natural languages
438:Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim"
328:Killers of lesbian vampires.
90:and without merit. The term
69:meanings of individual words
736:Natural language processing
676:and had similar times from
325:Lesbians who kill vampires.
161:The duke will depose Henry.
158:Henry will depose the duke.
2235:
1601:Syntax–semantics interface
500:
433:Columbia Journalism Review
33:
26:
2093:Question under discussion
2043:Conversational scoreboard
1820:Intersective modification
1805:Homogeneity (linguistics)
1142:10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.003
1003:Mayes, Ian (2000-04-13).
708:Eats, Shoots & Leaves
638:Differences in processing
471:In humour and advertising
2153:Distributional semantics
783:Oaks, Dallin D. (2010).
761:Transderivational search
629:The good-enough approach
625:understanding language.
102:syntactic disambiguation
2148:Computational semantics
1885:Subsective modification
1689:Propositional attitudes
1280:10.1111/1467-8721.00158
956:, Perigee Books, 1987.
936:, Dolphin Books, 1980,
917:New York Times Magazine
756:The Purple People Eater
670:reduced relative clause
584:Unrestricted race model
540:Competition-based model
414:. A common form is the
340:The Purple People Eater
319:Lesbian Vampire Killers
132:"garden path" sentences
2178:Philosophy of language
1815:Inalienable possession
1795:Free choice inferences
1790:Faultless disagreement
1561:Generalized quantifier
1220:Memory & Cognition
1193:10.1006/jmla.1998.2600
387:
179:
2073:Plural quantification
1967:Inquisitive semantics
1932:Alternative semantics
501:Further information:
410:, creating syntactic
18:Syntactical ambiguity
2058:Function application
1865:Responsive predicate
1855:Privative adjectives
1406:Cognitive Psychology
932:Gloria Cooper, ed.,
885:(King James Version)
719:Garden path sentence
682:garden path sentence
205:Edward II of England
88:frivolous litigation
49:structural ambiguity
2143:Cognitive semantics
2108:Strawson entailment
2053:Existential closure
1997:Situation semantics
1900:Temperature paradox
1870:Rising declaratives
1835:Modal subordination
1810:Hurford disjunction
1770:Discourse relations
1360:2013PLoSO...854141J
1233:10.3758/MC.36.1.201
920:, January 27, 2010
902:, February 19, 2001
643:Children and adults
192:Christopher Marlowe
154:William Shakespeare
45:Syntactic ambiguity
2188:Semantics of logic
2113:Strict conditional
2083:Quantifier raising
2048:Downward entailing
2028:Autonomy of syntax
1957:Generative grammar
1937:Categorial grammar
1875:Scalar implicature
1780:Epistemic modality
1755:De dicto and de re
842:2016-08-03 at the
547:globally ambiguous
509:semantic ambiguity
197:Isabella of France
113:Globally ambiguous
29:protein structures
2196:
2195:
2168:Logic translation
2131:
2130:
2123:Universal grinder
2103:Squiggle operator
2063:Meaning postulate
2002:Supervaluationism
1972:Intensional logic
1952:Dynamic semantics
1913:
1912:
1745:Crossover effects
1694:Tense–aspect–mood
1674:Lexical semantics
1080:978-3-642-32612-7
869:978-94-007-1463-2
746:Reading span task
702:Dangling modifier
697:Ambiguous grammar
656:memory can hold.
479:in the 1930 film
400:telegraphic style
398:are written in a
122:Locally ambiguous
16:(Redirected from
2226:
2173:Linguistics wars
2098:Semantic parsing
1987:Montague grammar
1922:
1765:Deontic modality
1619:
1606:Truth conditions
1541:Compositionality
1534:Central concepts
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1316:. Archived from
1315:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1115:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1000:
994:
984:
978:
977:
970:
964:
950:
944:
930:
924:
909:
903:
892:
886:
880:
874:
873:
853:
847:
833:
827:
820:
814:
807:
801:
800:
780:
672:compared to the
554:Reanalysis model
465:Second World War
408:omits the copula
385:
182:
47:, also known as
21:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2127:
2016:
1977:Lambda calculus
1909:
1880:Sloppy identity
1840:Opaque contexts
1775:Donkey anaphora
1740:Counterfactuals
1708:
1610:
1529:
1524:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1323:on 10 June 2015
1320:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1166:10.1.1.165.9576
1154:
1153:
1149:
1133:10.1.1.165.8161
1117:
1116:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
972:
971:
967:
952:Gloria Cooper,
951:
947:
931:
927:
910:
906:
893:
889:
881:
877:
870:
855:
854:
850:
844:Wayback Machine
834:
830:
821:
817:
808:
804:
797:
782:
781:
774:
769:
693:
674:relative clause
662:
645:
640:
631:
586:
556:
542:
537:
525:
505:
499:
482:Animal Crackers
473:
418:type. The name
392:
386:
383:
140:
124:
115:
110:
108:Different forms
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Inferentialism
2160:
2158:Formal grammar
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Possible world
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Glue semantics
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1925:Formal systems
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Polarity items
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:Conservativity
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:Quantification
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Presupposition
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1480:External links
1478:
1475:
1474:
1455:(3): 348–368.
1439:
1393:
1334:
1301:
1255:
1226:(1): 201–216.
1206:
1187:(4): 558–592.
1171:
1147:
1126:(2): 284–307.
1101:
1086:
1079:
1059:
1046:
1037:
1021:
995:
987:1997 Headlines
979:
974:"Language Log"
965:
945:
925:
904:
887:
875:
868:
848:
828:
815:
802:
795:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Paraprosdokian
738:
733:
728:
721:
716:
711:
704:
699:
692:
689:
661:
658:
653:working memory
644:
641:
639:
636:
630:
627:
618:
617:
614:
611:
585:
582:
577:
576:
573:
570:
555:
552:
541:
538:
536:
533:
524:
521:
498:
495:
472:
469:
420:crash blossoms
406:) which often
391:
388:
381:
370:
369:
368:
367:
364:
355:
354:
353:
352:
349:
335:
334:
333:
332:
329:
326:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
266:
265:
264:
263:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
223:
222:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
174:
173:
172:
171:
163:
162:
159:
139:
136:
123:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Performatives
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Logophoricity
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Evidentiality
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:(1): e54141.
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
992:
988:
983:
980:
975:
969:
966:
963:
962:0-399-51406-6
959:
955:
949:
946:
943:
942:0-385-15828-9
939:
935:
929:
926:
923:
919:
918:
913:
908:
905:
901:
897:
891:
888:
884:
883:Zechariah 1:7
879:
876:
871:
865:
861:
860:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
832:
829:
825:
819:
816:
812:
806:
803:
798:
796:9781441141378
792:
788:
787:
779:
777:
773:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
654:
649:
642:
637:
635:
628:
626:
622:
615:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
583:
581:
574:
571:
568:
567:
566:
564:
560:
553:
551:
548:
539:
534:
532:
529:
528:Immanuel Kant
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
504:
496:
494:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
380:
376:
374:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
356:
350:
347:
346:
345:
341:
337:
336:
330:
327:
324:
323:
321:
320:
316:
315:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:cross-dresser
257:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:(1.4.30), by
151:
150:
145:
142:
141:
137:
135:
133:
129:
128:disambiguated
121:
119:
112:
107:
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:jurisprudence
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
37:
30:
19:
2118:Type shifter
2088:Quantization
2038:Continuation
1905:Veridicality
1785:Exhaustivity
1750:Cumulativity
1669:Indexicality
1649:Definiteness
1644:Conditionals
1571:Logical form
1452:
1448:
1442:
1412:(1): 56–98.
1409:
1405:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1304:
1274:(1): 11–15.
1271:
1267:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1123:
1119:
1094:
1089:
1073:. Springer.
1069:
1062:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1029:Fritz Spiegl
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
982:
968:
953:
948:
933:
928:
915:
907:
899:
896:The Guardian
895:
890:
878:
858:
851:
831:
818:
805:
785:
751:Serial comma
723:
714:Equivocation
706:
684:
666:reading span
663:
646:
632:
623:
619:
604:
603:
599:
587:
578:
562:
561:
557:
543:
526:
517:logical form
506:
491:
481:
477:Groucho Marx
474:
454:
449:
446:Language Log
441:
437:
431:
419:
393:
390:In headlines
378:
371:
358:
317:
293:
269:
237:(written by
226:
185:
177:
147:
143:
125:
116:
101:
95:
92:parse forest
91:
77:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
2033:Context set
2007:Type theory
1890:Subtrigging
1654:Disjunction
1581:Proposition
922:online text
590:probability
461:World War I
416:garden path
344:Sheb Wooley
97:parse trees
57:amphibology
2203:Categories
2183:Pragmatics
1830:Mirativity
1596:Speech act
1551:Entailment
1546:Denotation
1327:4 November
1015:2009-06-05
991:Snopes.com
912:Ben Zimmer
894:headline,
767:References
685:because of
457:apocryphal
404:headlinese
394:Newspaper
239:Ray Davies
211:is placed.
73:word order
36:amphibians
2219:Semantics
2209:Ambiguity
1982:Mereology
1918:Formalism
1800:Givenness
1725:Cataphora
1713:Phenomena
1704:Vagueness
1634:Ambiguity
1586:Reference
1566:Intension
1556:Extension
1469:0749-596X
1288:0963-7214
1242:1532-5946
1201:0749-596X
1161:CiteSeerX
1128:CiteSeerX
428:JAL crash
424:headlines
412:ambiguity
396:headlines
373:Aristotle
235:the Kinks
187:Edward II
84:contracts
53:amphiboly
2136:See also
2021:Concepts
1895:Telicity
1730:Coercion
1684:Negation
1679:Modality
1629:Anaphora
1434:23695158
1388:23349807
1348:PLOS ONE
1250:18323075
1011:. London
1009:Guardian
900:Barron's
840:Archived
691:See also
664:For low
503:Polysemy
382:—
149:Henry VI
138:Examples
61:sentence
1639:Binding
1426:1537232
1379:3547875
1356:Bibcode
1296:4126375
523:Kantian
2214:Syntax
2068:Monads
1615:Topics
1467:
1432:
1424:
1386:
1376:
1294:
1286:
1248:
1240:
1199:
1163:
1130:
1099:(1878)
1077:
960:
940:
866:
793:
594:Gompel
535:Models
168:poetry
65:syntax
1760:De se
1664:Focus
1622:Areas
1591:Scope
1430:S2CID
1321:(PDF)
1314:(PDF)
1292:S2CID
440:and "
342:" by
233:" by
209:comma
55:, or
1465:ISSN
1422:PMID
1384:PMID
1329:2013
1284:ISSN
1246:PMID
1238:ISSN
1197:ISSN
1075:ISBN
958:ISBN
938:ISBN
864:ISBN
791:ISBN
231:Lola
199:and
2012:TTR
1457:doi
1414:doi
1374:PMC
1364:doi
1276:doi
1228:doi
1189:doi
1138:doi
989:at
489:".
452:".
229:— "
190:by
78:In
2205::
1463:.
1453:25
1451:.
1428:.
1420:.
1410:24
1408:.
1396:^
1382:.
1372:.
1362:.
1350:.
1346:.
1290:.
1282:.
1272:11
1270:.
1258:^
1244:.
1236:.
1224:36
1222:.
1218:.
1195:.
1185:39
1183:.
1159:,
1136:.
1124:52
1122:.
1104:^
1031:,
1007:.
775:^
565::
519:.
444:.
241:)
184:—
146:—
104:.
51:,
1519:e
1512:t
1505:v
1471:.
1459::
1436:.
1416::
1390:.
1366::
1358::
1352:8
1331:.
1298:.
1278::
1252:.
1230::
1203:.
1191::
1144:.
1140::
1083:.
1018:.
993:.
976:.
872:.
799:.
402:(
338:"
262:.
38:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.