473:
610:
1125:
is defined as an element that requires two NPs (its subject and its direct object) to form a sentence. That is notated as (NP/(NP\S)), which means, "A category that searches to the right (indicated by /) for an NP (the object) and generates a function (equivalent to the VP) which is (NP\S), which in
710:
The field of syntax contains a number of various topics that a syntactic theory is often designed to handle. The relation between the topics is treated differently in different theories, and some of them may not be considered to be distinct but instead to be derived from one another (i.e. word order
766:, the last three of which are rare. In most generative theories of syntax, the surface differences arise from a more complex clausal phrase structure, and each order may be compatible with multiple derivations. However, word order can also reflect the semantics or function of the ordered elements.
986:
mechanisms. Cross-linguistic tendencies are considered as being based on language users' preference for grammars that are organized efficiently and on their avoidance of word orderings that cause processing difficulty. Some languages, however, exhibit regular inefficient patterning such as the VO
1033:. Dependencies are directed links between words. The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root (i.e. the verb). Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are the following:
897:
became clear only in the 20th century, which could reasonably be called the "century of syntactic theory" as far as linguistics is concerned. (For a detailed and critical survey of the history of syntax in the last two centuries, see the monumental work by
Giorgio Graffi (2001).)
782:, and head-dependent-marking or other agreement. Languages have different criteria for grammatical relations. For example, subjecthood criteria may have implications for how the subject is referred to from a relative clause or coreferential with an element in an infinite clause.
798:). Constituents are often moved as units, and the constituent can be the domain of agreement. Some languages allow discontinuous phrases in which words belonging to the same constituent are not immediately adjacent but are broken up by other constituents. Constituents may be
867:, linguists began to realize the sheer diversity of human language and to question fundamental assumptions about the relationship between language and logic. It became apparent that there was no such thing as the most natural way to express a thought and so
1222:
in that language. In doing so, they seek to identify innate domain-specific principles of linguistic cognition, in line with the wider goals of the generative enterprise. Generative syntax is among the approaches that adopt the principle of the
999:, which has postpositions, but there are few other profoundly exceptional languages. More recently, it is suggested that the left- versus right-branching patterns are cross-linguistically related only to the place of role-marking connectives (
939:
Syntacticians have attempted to explain the causes of word-order variation within individual languages and cross-linguistically. Much of such work has been done within the framework of generative grammar, which holds that syntax depends on a
886:.) Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of "subject – copula – predicate". Initially, that view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as
1075:
that is associated with the grammars of his day (S → NP VP) and remains at the core of most phrase structure grammars. In the place of that division, he positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure.
2112:
is a highly precise and thorough description of the structure of
Sanskrit somewhat resembling modern generative grammar... remained the most advanced linguistic analysis of any kind until the twentieth
1113:, read as "a category that searches to the left (indicated by \) for an NP (the element on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right)." Thus, the syntactic category for an
860:, dominated work in syntax: as its basic premise the assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and so there is a single most natural way to express a thought.
2383:
Concerning Tesnière's rejection of the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate and in favor of the verb as the root of all structure, see Tesnière (1969:103–105).
774:
Another description of a language considers the set of possible grammatical relations in a language or in general and how they behave in relation to one another in the
1067:(1893–1954) is widely seen as the father of modern dependency-based theories of syntax and grammar. He argued strongly against the binary division of the clause into
1342:, linguistics. Cognitive models often recognise the generative assumption that the object belongs to the verb phrase. Cognitive frameworks include the following:
835:
had been written long before modern syntax came about. In the West, the school of thought that came to be known as "traditional grammar" began with the work of
1029:
is an approach to sentence structure in which syntactic units are arranged according to the dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relation of
1121:
requiring an NP as an input and produces a sentence level structure as an output. The complex category is notated as (NP\S) instead of V. The category of
2250:
1105:. For example, other approaches might posit a rule that combines a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP), but CG would posit a syntactic category
2723:
2700:
2633:
2614:
2594:
2542:
2317:
2233:
2105:
2080:
2047:
2007:
500:
2276:
1289:
1278:
390:
2660:
Hewson, John (2009). "An
Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis, And: An Introduction to Syntactic Theory (Review)".
2254:
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2562:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2462:
2417:
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556:
831:, is often cited as an example of a premodern work that approaches the sophistication of a modern syntactic theory since works on
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2796:
2781:
960:
916:, sees syntax as a branch of biology, since it conceives of syntax as the study of linguistic knowledge as embodied in the human
2786:
350:
1411:
128:
1406:
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635:
410:
355:
2125:
Arnauld, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude; Rollin, Bernard E.; Danto, Arthur
Coleman; Kretzmann, Norman; Arnauld, Antoine (1975).
1256:
1218:. Their goal in analyzing a particular language is to specify rules which generate all and only the expressions which are
1174:
Functionalist models of grammar study the form–function interaction by performing a structural and a functional analysis.
385:
76:
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There are a number of theoretical approaches to the discipline of syntax. One school of thought, founded in the works of
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by assuming that meaning and communicative intent is determined by the syntax, rather than the other way around.
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742:(O) usually appear in sentences. Over 85% of languages usually place the subject first, either in the sequence
345:
288:
103:
1210:. Generative theories of syntax typically propose analyses of grammatical patterns using formal tools such as
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1948:
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Nous avons emprunté...ce que nous avons dit...d'un petit Livre...sous le titre de
Grammaire générale.
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but not mixed. The most-widely held approach is the performance–grammar correspondence hypothesis by
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An interdisciplinary essay on the interplay between logic and linguistics on syntactic theories.
1064:
1259:(GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s)
596:). There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.
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2647:
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2003:
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1995:
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1971:
1901:
1816:
1711:
1239:
1122:
1094:
996:
979:
913:
853:
849:
836:
592:, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (
1126:
turn represents a function that searches to the left for an NP and produces a sentence."
778:
of the language. The description of grammatical relations can also reflect transitivity,
936:) consider syntax a taxonomical device to reach broad generalizations across languages.
37:"Sentence structure" redirects here. For sentence structure in traditional grammar, see
2711:
2474:
2039:
1999:
1841:
1746:
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1379:
1219:
1153:
1133:
265:
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1987:
1881:
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1265:(MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995)
1235:
1157:
1118:
929:
921:
828:
779:
675:
1966:
1911:
1771:
1665:
1650:
1523:
1339:
1242:, and others. Since then, numerous theories have been proposed under its umbrella:
1231:
1114:
1058:
308:
98:
2351:
2334:
871:
could no longer be relied upon as a basis for studying the structure of language.
711:
can be seen as the result of movement rules derived from grammatical relations).
2692:
Grammatical Theory: From
Transformational Grammar to Constraint-Based Approaches
1896:
1866:
1756:
1726:
1605:
1600:
1000:
878:
grammar modeled the study of syntax upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of
609:
514:
460:
435:
56:
2742:
The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program
1906:
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Generative syntax is the study of syntax within the overarching framework of
2518:. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
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17:
802:, as they may consist of other constituents, potentially of the same type.
1952:
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One basic description of a language's syntax is the sequence in which the
565:
2361:
1117:
verb is a complex formula representing the fact that the verb acts as a
2673:
1806:
964:
832:
1269:
Other theories that find their origin in the generative paradigm are:
2695:(4th revised and extended ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
1942:
1786:
1776:
1620:
1518:
1454:
1007:), which links the phenomena with the semantic mapping of sentences.
569:
2032:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1992:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1416:
1249:(TG) (Original theory of generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in
868:
719:"Subject and object" redirects here. For philosophical terms, see
27:
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
1891:
1716:
917:
735:
2607:
I-Language: An
Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science
1152:. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a
944:
common to the human species. In that framework and in others,
603:
2626:
An
Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis
928:
view since they regard syntax to be the study of an abstract
694:
685:
2640:
Attempts to be a theory-neutral introduction. The companion
1101:, according to combinatory possibilities specified in their
2744: – Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch,
794:
and how words can work together to form a constituent (or
2499:. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge.
542:
533:
2253:(Interview). Interviewed by Ted Briscoe. Archived from
2034:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 644–656.
1994:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900–905.
863:
However, in the 19th century, with the development of
2410:
Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures
1144:
Theoretical approaches to syntax that are based upon
557:
548:
545:
536:
530:
2127:
The Port-Royal grammar: General and rational grammar
1230:
Generative syntax was proposed in the late 1950s by
963:. It is suggested that the brain finds it easier to
539:
2585:; Goedemans, Rob; Hollebrandse, Bart, eds. (2006).
2098:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
2063:Shibatani, Masayoshi (2021). "Syntactic Typology".
527:
2601:5 Volumes; 77 case studies of syntactic phenomena.
2473:
1140:Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories
2716:Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax
2609:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2335:"A semantic and pragmatic explanation of harmony"
2658:surveys the major theories. Jointly reviewed in
2557:(in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Klincksieck.
2220:Bickerton, Derek; Szathmáry, Eörs, eds. (2009).
2171:(5th ed.). Paris: G. Desprez. p. 137.
1093:is an approach in which constituents combine as
1330:The Cognitive Linguistics framework stems from
2495:Freidin, Robert; Lasnik, Howard, eds. (2006).
2152:Grammaire générale et raisonnée de Port-Royal
1214:augmented with additional operations such as
1132:is a categorial grammar that adds in partial
978:, who suggests that language is a non-innate
494:
8:
2730:part II: Computational approaches to syntax.
2173:
843:
2412:(7th ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2222:Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax
2150:Arnault, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude (1660).
2065:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
955:Alternative explanations, such as those by
638:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2535:Philosophy of Syntax – Foundational Topics
2455:Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories
2437:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
2281:The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology
501:
487:
43:
2480:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
2360:
2350:
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
2453:Brown, Keith; Miller, Jim, eds. (1996).
2312:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2206:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2289:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0005
1929:
790:Constituency is the feature of being a
715:Sequencing of subject, verb, and object
55:
2605:Isac, Daniela; Reiss, Charles (2013).
2516:200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey
2251:"Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar"
2188:
2129:. The Hague: De Gruyter. p. 197.
2073:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.154
576:. Central concerns of syntax include
568:combine to form larger units such as
7:
2589:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
1290:Head-driven phrase structure grammar
1279:Generalized phrase structure grammar
842:For centuries, a framework known as
636:adding citations to reliable sources
391:Conservative and innovative language
2718:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2662:The Canadian Journal of Linguistics
2644:An Introduction to Syntactic Theory
2067:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
750:. The other possible sequences are
584:, hierarchical sentence structure (
2040:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1
2000:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4
1320:Cognitive and usage-based grammars
893:The central role of syntax within
865:historical-comparative linguistics
684:"coordination", which consists of
25:
2587:The Blackwell Companion to Syntax
2476:Syntax: A Generative Introduction
1044:Functional generative description
2397:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 15.
2277:"Explaining Language Universals"
882:were copied or adapted from the
608:
564:) is the study of how words and
523:
471:
2555:Eléments de syntaxe structurale
2218:and, for more recent advances,
970:that are either right- or left-
2457:. New York: Elsevier Science.
1972:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1407:Syntax (programming languages)
1234:, building on earlier work by
1170:Functional theories of grammar
952:have been primary explicanda.
1:
2533:Talasiewicz, Mieszko (2009).
2352:10.1080/03740463.2021.1987685
2249:Gazdar, Gerald (2 May 2001).
2096:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004).
2030:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
1990:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
1257:Government and binding theory
848:, first expounded in 1660 by
821:
2642:Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006).
2624:Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006).
2224:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1988:"Syntax–Semantics Interface"
1802:Preposition and postposition
1179:Functional discourse grammar
1038:Recursive categorical syntax
1011:Theoretical syntactic models
331:Functional discourse grammar
197:Ethnography of communication
2339:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1540:Compound noun and adjective
1430:List of syntactic phenomena
1196:Systemic functional grammar
451:Second-language acquisition
2813:
2746:University of Pennsylvania
2100:. Blackwell. p. 186.
1656:Logical form (linguistics)
1412:Syntax–Semantics Interface
1323:
1296:Lexical functional grammar
1190:Role and reference grammar
1167:
1083:
1019:
905:
718:
695:
686:
679:
129:Syntax–semantics interface
36:
29:
2553:Tesnière, Lucien (1969).
2275:Moravcsik, Edith (2010).
2202:Bickerton, Derek (1990).
2165:Arnauld, Antoine (1683).
1212:phrase structure grammars
1031:phrase structure grammars
920:. Other linguists (e.g.,
776:morphosyntactic alignment
441:Philosophy of linguistics
341:Interactional linguistics
39:Sentence clause structure
2514:Graffi, Giorgio (2001).
1782:Phrase structure grammar
1247:Transformational grammar
1185:Prague linguistic circle
2797:Linguistics terminology
2782:Branches of linguistics
2712:Sproat, Richard William
2689:Müller, Stefan (2020).
2537:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2472:Carnie, Andrew (2006).
2333:Austin, Patrik (2021).
2308:Song, Jae Jung (2012).
1949:Oxford University Press
895:theoretical linguistics
32:Syntax (disambiguation)
2787:Philosophy of language
2435:The Minimalist Program
2433:Chomsky, Noam (1995).
2408:Chomsky, Noam (1993).
2393:Chomsky, Noam (1957).
2204:Language & Species
2174:
2023:Rijkhoff, Jan (2015).
1797:Predicative expression
1130:Tree-adjoining grammar
959:, have been sought in
858:book of the same title
844:
278:Theoretical frameworks
232:Philosophy of language
212:History of linguistics
2646:. London: Continuum.
2628:. London: Continuum.
1945:UK English Dictionary
1489:predicative adjective
1485:Attributive adjective
1326:Cognitive Linguistics
1040:, or algebraic syntax
995:before the verb, and
825: 4th century BC
770:Grammatical relations
582:grammatical relations
172:Conversation analysis
2395:Syntactic Structures
1986:Luuk, Erkki (2015).
1812:Grammatical relation
1352:Construction grammar
1285:Generative semantics
1251:Syntactic Structures
1103:syntactic categories
957:functional linguists
932:. Yet others (e.g.,
721:Subject (philosophy)
632:improve this section
416:Internet linguistics
326:Construction grammar
30:For other uses, see
2583:Van Riemsdijk, Henk
1450:Adpositional phrase
1370:Cartographic syntax
1164:Functional grammars
1150:stochastic grammars
1136:to the categories.
1049:Meaning–text theory
993:adpositional phrase
961:language processing
946:linguistic typology
725:Object (philosophy)
351:Systemic functional
146:Applied linguistics
88:General linguistics
2767:Syntactic entities
2674:10.1353/cjl.0.0036
2581:Everaert, Martin;
1975:. Merriam-Webster.
1822:Right node raising
1580:Dependency grammar
1390:Syntactic category
1332:generative grammar
1307:Relational grammar
1263:Minimalist program
1225:autonomy of syntax
1216:syntactic movement
1208:generative grammar
1146:probability theory
1091:Categorial grammar
1086:Categorial grammar
1080:Categorial grammar
1027:Dependency grammar
1022:Dependency grammar
1016:Dependency grammar
968:syntactic patterns
908:Theory of language
884:Grammaire générale
845:grammaire générale
693:, "together", and
456:Theory of language
426:Origin of language
381:Autonomy of syntax
336:Grammaticalization
182:Discourse analysis
177:Corpus linguistics
2725:978-0-19-927477-2
2702:978-3-96110-273-0
2635:978-0-8264-8946-3
2616:978-0-19-966017-9
2596:978-1-4051-1485-1
2544:978-90-481-3287-4
2319:978-1-139-03393-0
2235:978-0-262-01356-7
2107:978-1-4051-8896-8
2082:978-0-19-938465-5
2049:978-0-08-097087-5
2009:978-0-08-097087-5
1852:Subcategorization
1585:Dependent marking
1570:Dangling modifier
1347:Cognitive grammar
1202:Generative syntax
942:genetic endowment
668:
667:
660:
511:
510:
299:Distributionalism
242:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
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1983:
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1963:
1957:
1956:
1951:. Archived from
1934:
1877:Uninflected word
1767:Personal pronoun
1702:Movement paradox
1440:Adjective phrase
1401:academic journal
1358:Emergent grammar
1313:Harmonic grammar
1274:Arc pair grammar
1054:Operator grammar
934:Joseph Greenberg
880:Port-Royal Logic
847:
826:
823:
746:or the sequence
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697:
689:
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421:LGBT linguistics
411:Internationalism
386:Compositionality
247:Sociolinguistics
222:Neurolinguistics
217:Interlinguistics
202:Ethnomethodology
44:
21:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2752:
2751:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2659:
2654:
2641:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2604:
2597:
2580:
2576:
2574:Further reading
2571:
2565:
2552:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2488:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2219:
2214:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1817:Restrictiveness
1742:Open class word
1712:Non-finite verb
1425:
1423:Syntactic terms
1366:
1334:but adheres to
1328:
1322:
1240:Louis Hjelmslev
1204:
1172:
1166:
1142:
1134:tree structures
1123:transitive verb
1088:
1082:
1065:Lucien Tesnière
1024:
1018:
1013:
976:John A. Hawkins
914:Derek Bickerton
910:
904:
854:Claude Lancelot
850:Antoine Arnauld
837:Dionysius Thrax
824:
808:
788:
772:
728:
717:
708:
664:
653:
647:
644:
629:
613:
602:
558:
526:
522:
507:
466:
465:
376:
368:
367:
279:
271:
270:
266:Writing systems
157:Anthropological
147:
139:
138:
89:
81:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:External links
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2710:Roark, Brian;
2707:
2701:
2686:
2668:(1): 172–175.
2652:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2602:
2595:
2577:
2575:
2572:
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2569:
2563:
2550:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2385:
2376:
2325:
2318:
2300:
2267:
2241:
2234:
2212:
2193:
2181:
2157:
2142:
2135:
2117:
2106:
2088:
2081:
2055:
2048:
2015:
2008:
1978:
1958:
1955:on 2020-03-22.
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Separable verb
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Part of speech
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Modal particle
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:(form for two)
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Auxiliary verb
1491:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Musical syntax
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1338:, rather than
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1168:Main article:
1165:
1162:
1154:neural network
1141:
1138:
1084:Main article:
1081:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
924:) take a more
903:
900:
807:
804:
787:
784:
771:
768:
716:
713:
707:
704:
702:, "ordering".
666:
665:
616:
614:
607:
601:
598:
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
446:Prescriptivism
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2809:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2653:0-8264-8943-5
2649:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2564:2-252-01861-5
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:90-272-4587-8
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2506:0-415-24672-5
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2487:1-4051-3384-8
2483:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2464:0-08-042711-1
2460:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2419:3-11-014131-0
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2257:on 2005-11-22
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2213:0-226-04610-9
2209:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:Graffi (2001)
2185:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:9789027930040
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:V2 word order
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Subordination
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
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1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Noun ellipsis
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Function word
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:Zellig Harris
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1158:connectionism
1155:
1151:
1148:are known as
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:function word
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:subordinators
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
937:
935:
931:
930:formal system
927:
923:
922:Gerald Gazdar
919:
915:
909:
901:
899:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:Ancient India
819:
815:
814:
806:Early history
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
785:
783:
781:
780:passivization
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
722:
714:
712:
705:
703:
701:
692:
682:
677:
676:Ancient Greek
673:
662:
659:
651:
641:
637:
633:
627:
626:
622:
617:This section
615:
611:
606:
605:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
553:
520:
516:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Descriptivism
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
364:
363:Structuralism
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Prague circle
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Documentation
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Computational
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2715:
2691:
2665:
2661:
2643:
2625:
2606:
2586:
2554:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2434:
2428:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2362:10138/356149
2342:
2338:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2280:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2244:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2064:
2058:
2031:
2025:"Word Order"
2018:
1991:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1953:the original
1941:
1932:
1912:X-bar theory
1772:Phrasal verb
1668:(classifier)
1666:Measure word
1651:Lexical item
1636:Head marking
1560:Coordination
1524:Closed class
1394:
1336:evolutionary
1329:
1268:
1250:
1232:Noam Chomsky
1229:
1205:
1173:
1143:
1128:
1115:intransitive
1110:
1109:and another
1106:
1089:
1063:
1059:Word grammar
1025:
954:
938:
911:
892:
883:
873:
862:
841:
811:
809:
795:
789:
786:Constituency
773:
729:
709:
699:
690:
671:
669:
654:
645:
630:Please help
618:
586:constituency
518:
512:
309:Glossematics
289:Constituency
261:interpreting
123:
99:Lexicography
18:Syntactician
2345:(1): 1–23.
1897:Verb phrase
1867:Superlative
1757:Periphrasis
1727:Noun phrase
1606:Finite verb
1601:Endocentric
1555:Constituent
1550:Conjunction
1545:Conjugation
1530:Comparative
1220:well-formed
1001:adpositions
991:, with the
926:Platonistic
792:constituent
674:comes from
515:linguistics
461:Terminology
436:Orthography
356:Usage-based
257:Translating
152:Acquisition
57:Linguistics
2756:Categories
2310:Word Order
2294:2022-03-13
2261:2008-06-04
2168:La logique
1919:References
1907:Word order
1827:Scrambling
1707:Nanosyntax
1682:Modal verb
1641:Infinitive
1626:Government
1590:Determiner
1575:Declension
1535:Complement
1465:Appositive
1460:Antecedent
1375:Metasyntax
1302:Nanosyntax
987:languages
982:to innate
980:adaptation
950:universals
906:See also:
888:Franz Bopp
876:Port-Royal
813:Aṣṭādhyāyī
578:word order
431:Orismology
316:Functional
304:Generative
294:Dependency
114:Pragmatics
104:Morphology
94:Diachronic
2792:Semiotics
2682:144032671
2371:244941417
2226:MIT Press
1924:Citations
1832:Selection
1792:Predicate
1661:m-command
1646:Inversion
1565:Crossover
1504:c-command
1499:Branching
1435:Adjective
1385:Semiotics
1340:Chomskyan
1073:predicate
984:cognitive
972:branching
800:recursive
738:(V), and
670:The word
648:June 2023
619:does not
600:Etymology
594:semantics
590:agreement
574:sentences
566:morphemes
406:Iconicity
401:Etymology
321:Cognitive
284:Formalist
237:Phonetics
227:Philology
119:Semantics
109:Phonology
2777:Language
2714:(2007).
2113:century.
1967:"syntax"
1938:"syntax"
1847:Singular
1837:Sentence
1752:Particle
1697:Movement
1687:Modifier
1509:Category
1470:Argument
1364:See also
1253:in 1957)
1099:argument
1095:function
902:Theories
681:σύνταξις
207:Forensic
187:Distance
134:Typology
49:a series
47:Part of
2772:Grammar
2446:Sources
1887:Valency
1857:Subject
1807:Pronoun
1475:Article
1445:Adjunct
1069:subject
997:Finnish
989:Chinese
833:grammar
820:, from
732:subject
678:roots:
640:removed
625:sources
570:phrases
162:Applied
72:History
67:Outline
2762:Syntax
2748:, 2007
2722:
2699:
2680:
2650:
2632:
2613:
2593:
2561:
2541:
2522:
2503:
2497:Syntax
2484:
2461:
2416:
2369:
2316:
2232:
2210:
2133:
2104:
2079:
2046:
2006:
1943:Lexico
1787:Plural
1777:Phrase
1762:Person
1737:Object
1732:Number
1621:Gerund
1616:Gender
1519:Clause
1514:Catena
1480:Aspect
1455:Adverb
1396:Syntax
1292:(HPSG)
1281:(GPSG)
818:Pāṇini
796:phrase
762:, and
740:object
706:Topics
672:syntax
519:syntax
477:Portal
375:Topics
124:Syntax
2678:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1902:Voice
1872:Tense
1672:Merge
1417:Usage
1354:(CxG)
1298:(LFG)
1192:(RRG)
1181:(Dik)
965:parse
869:logic
856:in a
734:(S),
700:táxis
696:τάξις
561:-taks
77:Index
2720:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2200:See
2131:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1892:Verb
1717:Noun
1692:Mood
1631:Head
1595:Dual
1526:word
1487:and
1315:(HG)
1309:(RG)
1111:NP\S
1097:and
1071:and
1003:and
948:and
918:mind
874:The
852:and
810:The
736:verb
723:and
623:any
621:cite
572:and
259:and
252:Text
2670:doi
2357:hdl
2347:doi
2285:doi
2069:doi
2036:doi
1996:doi
1156:or
827:in
816:of
764:OSV
760:OVS
756:VOS
752:VSO
748:SOV
744:SVO
691:syn
687:σύν
634:by
588:),
559:SIN
513:In
2758::
2676:.
2666:54
2664:.
2365:.
2355:.
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2110:.
2075:.
2042:.
2002:.
1969:.
1947:.
1940:.
1238:,
1160:.
1107:NP
890:.
839:.
822:c.
758:,
754:,
580:,
517:,
51:on
2728:.
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2599:.
2567:.
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2191:.
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2038::
2012:.
1998::
1403:)
1399:(
727:.
661:)
655:(
650:)
646:(
642:.
628:.
552:/
549:s
546:k
543:æ
540:t
537:n
534:ɪ
531:s
528:ˈ
525:/
521:(
502:e
495:t
488:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
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