462:
599:
1114:
is defined as an element that requires two NPs (its subject and its direct object) to form a sentence. That is notated as (NP/(NP\S)), which means, "A category that searches to the right (indicated by /) for an NP (the object) and generates a function (equivalent to the VP) which is (NP\S), which in
699:
The field of syntax contains a number of various topics that a syntactic theory is often designed to handle. The relation between the topics is treated differently in different theories, and some of them may not be considered to be distinct but instead to be derived from one another (i.e. word order
755:, the last three of which are rare. In most generative theories of syntax, the surface differences arise from a more complex clausal phrase structure, and each order may be compatible with multiple derivations. However, word order can also reflect the semantics or function of the ordered elements.
975:
mechanisms. Cross-linguistic tendencies are considered as being based on language users' preference for grammars that are organized efficiently and on their avoidance of word orderings that cause processing difficulty. Some languages, however, exhibit regular inefficient patterning such as the VO
1022:. Dependencies are directed links between words. The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root (i.e. the verb). Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are the following:
886:
became clear only in the 20th century, which could reasonably be called the "century of syntactic theory" as far as linguistics is concerned. (For a detailed and critical survey of the history of syntax in the last two centuries, see the monumental work by
Giorgio Graffi (2001).)
771:, and head-dependent-marking or other agreement. Languages have different criteria for grammatical relations. For example, subjecthood criteria may have implications for how the subject is referred to from a relative clause or coreferential with an element in an infinite clause.
787:). Constituents are often moved as units, and the constituent can be the domain of agreement. Some languages allow discontinuous phrases in which words belonging to the same constituent are not immediately adjacent but are broken up by other constituents. Constituents may be
856:, linguists began to realize the sheer diversity of human language and to question fundamental assumptions about the relationship between language and logic. It became apparent that there was no such thing as the most natural way to express a thought and so
1211:
in that language. In doing so, they seek to identify innate domain-specific principles of linguistic cognition, in line with the wider goals of the generative enterprise. Generative syntax is among the approaches that adopt the principle of the
988:, which has postpositions, but there are few other profoundly exceptional languages. More recently, it is suggested that the left- versus right-branching patterns are cross-linguistically related only to the place of role-marking connectives (
928:
Syntacticians have attempted to explain the causes of word-order variation within individual languages and cross-linguistically. Much of such work has been done within the framework of generative grammar, which holds that syntax depends on a
875:.) Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of "subject – copula – predicate". Initially, that view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as
1064:
that is associated with the grammars of his day (S → NP VP) and remains at the core of most phrase structure grammars. In the place of that division, he positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure.
2101:
is a highly precise and thorough description of the structure of
Sanskrit somewhat resembling modern generative grammar... remained the most advanced linguistic analysis of any kind until the twentieth
1102:, read as "a category that searches to the left (indicated by \) for an NP (the element on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right)." Thus, the syntactic category for an
849:, dominated work in syntax: as its basic premise the assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and so there is a single most natural way to express a thought.
2372:
Concerning Tesnière's rejection of the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate and in favor of the verb as the root of all structure, see Tesnière (1969:103–105).
763:
Another description of a language considers the set of possible grammatical relations in a language or in general and how they behave in relation to one another in the
1056:(1893–1954) is widely seen as the father of modern dependency-based theories of syntax and grammar. He argued strongly against the binary division of the clause into
1331:, linguistics. Cognitive models often recognise the generative assumption that the object belongs to the verb phrase. Cognitive frameworks include the following:
824:
had been written long before modern syntax came about. In the West, the school of thought that came to be known as "traditional grammar" began with the work of
1018:
is an approach to sentence structure in which syntactic units are arranged according to the dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relation of
1110:
requiring an NP as an input and produces a sentence level structure as an output. The complex category is notated as (NP\S) instead of V. The category of
2239:
1094:. For example, other approaches might posit a rule that combines a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP), but CG would posit a syntactic category
2712:
2689:
2622:
2603:
2583:
2531:
2306:
2222:
2094:
2069:
2036:
1996:
489:
2265:
1278:
1267:
379:
2649:
Hewson, John (2009). "An
Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis, And: An Introduction to Syntactic Theory (Review)".
2243:
853:
2640:
2551:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2451:
2406:
2200:
2123:
1032:
646:
545:
820:, is often cited as an example of a premodern work that approaches the sophistication of a modern syntactic theory since works on
669:
2785:
2770:
949:
905:, sees syntax as a branch of biology, since it conceives of syntax as the study of linguistic knowledge as embodied in the human
2775:
339:
1400:
117:
1395:
1158:
624:
399:
344:
2114:
Arnauld, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude; Rollin, Bernard E.; Danto, Arthur
Coleman; Kretzmann, Norman; Arnauld, Antoine (1975).
1245:
1207:. Their goal in analyzing a particular language is to specify rules which generate all and only the expressions which are
1163:
Functionalist models of grammar study the form–function interaction by performing a structural and a functional analysis.
374:
65:
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There are a number of theoretical approaches to the discipline of syntax. One school of thought, founded in the works of
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by assuming that meaning and communicative intent is determined by the syntax, rather than the other way around.
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731:(O) usually appear in sentences. Over 85% of languages usually place the subject first, either in the sequence
334:
277:
92:
1199:. Generative theories of syntax typically propose analyses of grammatical patterns using formal tools such as
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2155:
1937:
1820:
1634:
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Nous avons emprunté...ce que nous avons dit...d'un petit Livre...sous le titre de
Grammaire générale.
2013:
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but not mixed. The most-widely held approach is the performance–grammar correspondence hypothesis by
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An interdisciplinary essay on the interplay between logic and linguistics on syntactic theories.
1053:
1248:(GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s)
585:). There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.
2765:
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2636:
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2599:
2579:
2547:
2527:
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1992:
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1984:
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1960:
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1700:
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1111:
1083:
985:
968:
902:
842:
838:
825:
581:, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (
1115:
turn represents a function that searches to the left for an NP and produces a sentence."
767:
of the language. The description of grammatical relations can also reflect transitivity,
925:) consider syntax a taxonomical device to reach broad generalizations across languages.
26:"Sentence structure" redirects here. For sentence structure in traditional grammar, see
2700:
2463:
2028:
1988:
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1735:
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1482:
1368:
1208:
1142:
1122:
254:
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1976:
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1254:(MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995)
1224:
1146:
1107:
918:
910:
817:
768:
664:
1955:
1900:
1760:
1654:
1639:
1512:
1328:
1231:, and others. Since then, numerous theories have been proposed under its umbrella:
1220:
1103:
1047:
297:
87:
2340:
2323:
860:
could no longer be relied upon as a basis for studying the structure of language.
700:
can be seen as the result of movement rules derived from grammatical relations).
2681:
Grammatical Theory: From
Transformational Grammar to Constraint-Based Approaches
1885:
1855:
1745:
1715:
1594:
1589:
989:
867:
grammar modeled the study of syntax upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of
598:
503:
449:
424:
45:
2731:
The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees program
1895:
1695:
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1629:
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1453:
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1290:
876:
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419:
102:
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1195:
Generative syntax is the study of syntax within the overarching framework of
2507:. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2214:
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1423:
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394:
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225:
215:
107:
97:
791:, as they may consist of other constituents, potentially of the same type.
1941:
719:
One basic description of a language's syntax is the sequence in which the
554:
2350:
1106:
verb is a complex formula representing the fact that the verb acts as a
2662:
1795:
953:
821:
1258:
Other theories that find their origin in the generative paradigm are:
2684:(4th revised and extended ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
1931:
1775:
1765:
1609:
1507:
1443:
996:), which links the phenomena with the semantic mapping of sentences.
558:
2021:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1981:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1405:
1238:(TG) (Original theory of generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in
857:
708:"Subject and object" redirects here. For philosophical terms, see
16:
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
1880:
1705:
906:
724:
2596:
I-Language: An
Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science
1141:. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a
933:
common to the human species. In that framework and in others,
592:
2615:
An
Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis
917:
view since they regard syntax to be the study of an abstract
683:
674:
2629:
Attempts to be a theory-neutral introduction. The companion
1090:, according to combinatory possibilities specified in their
2733: – Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch,
783:
and how words can work together to form a constituent (or
2488:. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge.
531:
522:
2242:(Interview). Interviewed by Ted Briscoe. Archived from
2023:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 644–656.
1983:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900–905.
852:
However, in the 19th century, with the development of
2399:
Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures
1133:
Theoretical approaches to syntax that are based upon
546:
537:
534:
525:
519:
2116:
The Port-Royal grammar: General and rational grammar
1219:
Generative syntax was proposed in the late 1950s by
952:. It is suggested that the brain finds it easier to
528:
2574:; Goedemans, Rob; Hollebrandse, Bart, eds. (2006).
2087:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
2052:Shibatani, Masayoshi (2021). "Syntactic Typology".
516:
2590:5 Volumes; 77 case studies of syntactic phenomena.
2462:
1129:Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories
2705:Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax
2598:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2324:"A semantic and pragmatic explanation of harmony"
2647:surveys the major theories. Jointly reviewed in
2546:(in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Klincksieck.
2209:Bickerton, Derek; Szathmáry, Eörs, eds. (2009).
2160:(5th ed.). Paris: G. Desprez. p. 137.
1082:is an approach in which constituents combine as
1319:The Cognitive Linguistics framework stems from
2484:Freidin, Robert; Lasnik, Howard, eds. (2006).
2141:Grammaire générale et raisonnée de Port-Royal
1203:augmented with additional operations such as
1121:is a categorial grammar that adds in partial
967:, who suggests that language is a non-innate
483:
8:
2719:part II: Computational approaches to syntax.
2162:
832:
2401:(7th ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2211:Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax
2139:Arnault, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude (1660).
2054:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
944:Alternative explanations, such as those by
627:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2524:Philosophy of Syntax – Foundational Topics
2444:Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories
2426:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
2270:The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology
490:
476:
32:
2469:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
2349:
2339:
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
2442:Brown, Keith; Miller, Jim, eds. (1996).
2301:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2195:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2278:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0005
1918:
779:Constituency is the feature of being a
704:Sequencing of subject, verb, and object
44:
2594:Isac, Daniela; Reiss, Charles (2013).
2505:200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey
2240:"Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar"
2177:
2118:. The Hague: De Gruyter. p. 197.
2062:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.154
565:. Central concerns of syntax include
557:combine to form larger units such as
7:
2578:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
1279:Head-driven phrase structure grammar
1268:Generalized phrase structure grammar
831:For centuries, a framework known as
625:adding citations to reliable sources
380:Conservative and innovative language
2707:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2651:The Canadian Journal of Linguistics
2633:An Introduction to Syntactic Theory
2056:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
739:. The other possible sequences are
573:, hierarchical sentence structure (
2029:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1
1989:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4
1309:Cognitive and usage-based grammars
882:The central role of syntax within
854:historical-comparative linguistics
673:"coordination", which consists of
14:
2576:The Blackwell Companion to Syntax
2465:Syntax: A Generative Introduction
1033:Functional generative description
2386:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 15.
2266:"Explaining Language Universals"
871:were copied or adapted from the
597:
553:) is the study of how words and
512:
460:
2544:Eléments de syntaxe structurale
2207:and, for more recent advances,
959:that are either right- or left-
2446:. New York: Elsevier Science.
1961:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1396:Syntax (programming languages)
1223:, building on earlier work by
1159:Functional theories of grammar
941:have been primary explicanda.
1:
2522:Talasiewicz, Mieszko (2009).
2341:10.1080/03740463.2021.1987685
2238:Gazdar, Gerald (2 May 2001).
2085:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004).
2019:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
1979:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
1246:Government and binding theory
837:, first expounded in 1660 by
810:
2631:Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006).
2613:Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006).
2213:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1977:"Syntax–Semantics Interface"
1791:Preposition and postposition
1168:Functional discourse grammar
1027:Recursive categorical syntax
1000:Theoretical syntactic models
320:Functional discourse grammar
186:Ethnography of communication
2328:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1529:Compound noun and adjective
1419:List of syntactic phenomena
1185:Systemic functional grammar
440:Second-language acquisition
2802:
2735:University of Pennsylvania
2089:. Blackwell. p. 186.
1645:Logical form (linguistics)
1401:Syntax–Semantics Interface
1312:
1285:Lexical functional grammar
1179:Role and reference grammar
1156:
1072:
1008:
894:
707:
684:
675:
668:
118:Syntax–semantics interface
25:
18:
2542:Tesnière, Lucien (1969).
2264:Moravcsik, Edith (2010).
2191:Bickerton, Derek (1990).
2154:Arnauld, Antoine (1683).
1201:phrase structure grammars
1020:phrase structure grammars
909:. Other linguists (e.g.,
765:morphosyntactic alignment
430:Philosophy of linguistics
330:Interactional linguistics
28:Sentence clause structure
2503:Graffi, Giorgio (2001).
1771:Phrase structure grammar
1236:Transformational grammar
1174:Prague linguistic circle
2786:Linguistics terminology
2771:Branches of linguistics
2701:Sproat, Richard William
2678:Müller, Stefan (2020).
2526:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2461:Carnie, Andrew (2006).
2322:Austin, Patrik (2021).
2297:Song, Jae Jung (2012).
1938:Oxford University Press
884:theoretical linguistics
21:Syntax (disambiguation)
2776:Philosophy of language
2424:The Minimalist Program
2422:Chomsky, Noam (1995).
2397:Chomsky, Noam (1993).
2382:Chomsky, Noam (1957).
2193:Language & Species
2163:
2012:Rijkhoff, Jan (2015).
1786:Predicative expression
1119:Tree-adjoining grammar
948:, have been sought in
847:book of the same title
833:
267:Theoretical frameworks
221:Philosophy of language
201:History of linguistics
2635:. London: Continuum.
2617:. London: Continuum.
1934:UK English Dictionary
1478:predicative adjective
1474:Attributive adjective
1315:Cognitive Linguistics
1029:, or algebraic syntax
984:before the verb, and
814: 4th century BC
759:Grammatical relations
571:grammatical relations
161:Conversation analysis
2384:Syntactic Structures
1975:Luuk, Erkki (2015).
1801:Grammatical relation
1341:Construction grammar
1274:Generative semantics
1240:Syntactic Structures
1092:syntactic categories
946:functional linguists
921:. Yet others (e.g.,
710:Subject (philosophy)
621:improve this section
405:Internet linguistics
315:Construction grammar
19:For other uses, see
2572:Van Riemsdijk, Henk
1439:Adpositional phrase
1359:Cartographic syntax
1153:Functional grammars
1139:stochastic grammars
1125:to the categories.
1038:Meaning–text theory
982:adpositional phrase
950:language processing
935:linguistic typology
714:Object (philosophy)
340:Systemic functional
135:Applied linguistics
77:General linguistics
2756:Syntactic entities
2663:10.1353/cjl.0.0036
2570:Everaert, Martin;
1964:. Merriam-Webster.
1811:Right node raising
1569:Dependency grammar
1379:Syntactic category
1321:generative grammar
1296:Relational grammar
1252:Minimalist program
1214:autonomy of syntax
1205:syntactic movement
1197:generative grammar
1135:probability theory
1080:Categorial grammar
1075:Categorial grammar
1069:Categorial grammar
1016:Dependency grammar
1011:Dependency grammar
1005:Dependency grammar
957:syntactic patterns
897:Theory of language
873:Grammaire générale
834:grammaire générale
682:, "together", and
445:Theory of language
415:Origin of language
370:Autonomy of syntax
325:Grammaticalization
171:Discourse analysis
166:Corpus linguistics
2714:978-0-19-927477-2
2691:978-3-96110-273-0
2624:978-0-8264-8946-3
2605:978-0-19-966017-9
2585:978-1-4051-1485-1
2533:978-90-481-3287-4
2308:978-1-139-03393-0
2224:978-0-262-01356-7
2096:978-1-4051-8896-8
2071:978-0-19-938465-5
2038:978-0-08-097087-5
1998:978-0-08-097087-5
1841:Subcategorization
1574:Dependent marking
1559:Dangling modifier
1336:Cognitive grammar
1191:Generative syntax
931:genetic endowment
657:
656:
649:
500:
499:
288:Distributionalism
231:Psycholinguistics
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2018:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1940:. Archived from
1923:
1866:Uninflected word
1756:Personal pronoun
1691:Movement paradox
1429:Adjective phrase
1390:academic journal
1347:Emergent grammar
1302:Harmonic grammar
1263:Arc pair grammar
1043:Operator grammar
923:Joseph Greenberg
869:Port-Royal Logic
836:
815:
812:
735:or the sequence
687:
686:
678:
677:
672:
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
601:
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549:
544:
543:
540:
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530:
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521:
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492:
485:
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464:
410:LGBT linguistics
400:Internationalism
375:Compositionality
236:Sociolinguistics
211:Neurolinguistics
206:Interlinguistics
191:Ethnomethodology
33:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2648:
2643:
2630:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2586:
2569:
2565:
2563:Further reading
2560:
2554:
2541:
2534:
2521:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2477:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1806:Restrictiveness
1731:Open class word
1701:Non-finite verb
1414:
1412:Syntactic terms
1355:
1323:but adheres to
1317:
1311:
1229:Louis Hjelmslev
1193:
1161:
1155:
1131:
1123:tree structures
1112:transitive verb
1077:
1071:
1054:Lucien Tesnière
1013:
1007:
1002:
965:John A. Hawkins
903:Derek Bickerton
899:
893:
843:Claude Lancelot
839:Antoine Arnauld
826:Dionysius Thrax
813:
797:
777:
761:
717:
706:
697:
653:
642:
636:
633:
618:
602:
591:
547:
515:
511:
496:
455:
454:
365:
357:
356:
268:
260:
259:
255:Writing systems
146:Anthropological
136:
128:
127:
78:
70:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:External links
2723:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2699:Roark, Brian;
2696:
2690:
2675:
2657:(1): 172–175.
2641:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2584:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2481:
2475:
2458:
2452:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2314:
2307:
2289:
2256:
2230:
2223:
2201:
2182:
2170:
2146:
2131:
2124:
2106:
2095:
2077:
2070:
2044:
2037:
2004:
1997:
1967:
1947:
1944:on 2020-03-22.
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Separable verb
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Part of speech
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Modal particle
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:(form for two)
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Auxiliary verb
1480:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Musical syntax
1366:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1327:, rather than
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1143:neural network
1130:
1127:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
913:) take a more
892:
889:
796:
793:
776:
773:
760:
757:
705:
702:
696:
693:
691:, "ordering".
655:
654:
605:
603:
596:
590:
587:
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
469:
468:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Prescriptivism
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2642:0-8264-8943-5
2638:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2553:2-252-01861-5
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:90-272-4587-8
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:0-415-24672-5
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:1-4051-3384-8
2472:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2453:0-08-042711-1
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:3-11-014131-0
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2246:on 2005-11-22
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2202:0-226-04610-9
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:Graffi (2001)
2174:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:9789027930040
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:V2 word order
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Subordination
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Noun ellipsis
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Function word
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:Zellig Harris
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1147:connectionism
1144:
1140:
1137:are known as
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:function word
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
997:
995:
994:subordinators
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
920:
919:formal system
916:
912:
911:Gerald Gazdar
908:
904:
898:
890:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Ancient India
808:
804:
803:
795:Early history
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
770:
769:passivization
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
711:
703:
701:
694:
692:
690:
681:
671:
666:
665:Ancient Greek
662:
651:
648:
640:
630:
626:
622:
616:
615:
611:
606:This section
604:
600:
595:
594:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
542:
509:
505:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
473:
471:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Descriptivism
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
352:Structuralism
350:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Prague circle
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Documentation
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Computational
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2704:
2680:
2654:
2650:
2632:
2614:
2595:
2575:
2543:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2464:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2351:10138/356149
2331:
2327:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2269:
2259:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2233:
2210:
2192:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2053:
2047:
2020:
2014:"Word Order"
2007:
1980:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1942:the original
1930:
1921:
1901:X-bar theory
1761:Phrasal verb
1657:(classifier)
1655:Measure word
1640:Lexical item
1625:Head marking
1549:Coordination
1513:Closed class
1383:
1325:evolutionary
1318:
1257:
1239:
1221:Noam Chomsky
1218:
1194:
1162:
1132:
1117:
1104:intransitive
1099:
1098:and another
1095:
1078:
1052:
1048:Word grammar
1014:
943:
927:
900:
881:
872:
862:
851:
830:
800:
798:
784:
778:
775:Constituency
762:
718:
698:
688:
679:
660:
658:
643:
634:
619:Please help
607:
575:constituency
507:
501:
298:Glossematics
278:Constituency
250:interpreting
112:
88:Lexicography
2334:(1): 1–23.
1886:Verb phrase
1856:Superlative
1746:Periphrasis
1716:Noun phrase
1595:Finite verb
1590:Endocentric
1544:Constituent
1539:Conjunction
1534:Conjugation
1519:Comparative
1209:well-formed
990:adpositions
980:, with the
915:Platonistic
781:constituent
663:comes from
504:linguistics
450:Terminology
425:Orthography
345:Usage-based
246:Translating
141:Acquisition
46:Linguistics
2745:Categories
2299:Word Order
2283:2022-03-13
2250:2008-06-04
2157:La logique
1908:References
1896:Word order
1816:Scrambling
1696:Nanosyntax
1671:Modal verb
1630:Infinitive
1615:Government
1579:Determiner
1564:Declension
1524:Complement
1454:Appositive
1449:Antecedent
1364:Metasyntax
1291:Nanosyntax
976:languages
971:to innate
969:adaptation
939:universals
895:See also:
877:Franz Bopp
865:Port-Royal
802:Aṣṭādhyāyī
567:word order
420:Orismology
305:Functional
293:Generative
283:Dependency
103:Pragmatics
93:Morphology
83:Diachronic
2781:Semiotics
2671:144032671
2360:244941417
2215:MIT Press
1913:Citations
1821:Selection
1781:Predicate
1650:m-command
1635:Inversion
1554:Crossover
1493:c-command
1488:Branching
1424:Adjective
1374:Semiotics
1329:Chomskyan
1062:predicate
973:cognitive
961:branching
789:recursive
727:(V), and
659:The word
637:June 2023
608:does not
589:Etymology
583:semantics
579:agreement
563:sentences
555:morphemes
395:Iconicity
390:Etymology
310:Cognitive
273:Formalist
226:Phonetics
216:Philology
108:Semantics
98:Phonology
2766:Language
2703:(2007).
2102:century.
1956:"syntax"
1927:"syntax"
1836:Singular
1826:Sentence
1741:Particle
1686:Movement
1676:Modifier
1498:Category
1459:Argument
1353:See also
1242:in 1957)
1088:argument
1084:function
891:Theories
670:σύνταξις
196:Forensic
176:Distance
123:Typology
38:a series
36:Part of
2761:Grammar
2435:Sources
1876:Valency
1846:Subject
1796:Pronoun
1464:Article
1434:Adjunct
1058:subject
986:Finnish
978:Chinese
822:grammar
809:, from
721:subject
667:roots:
629:removed
614:sources
559:phrases
151:Applied
61:History
56:Outline
2751:Syntax
2737:, 2007
2711:
2688:
2669:
2639:
2621:
2602:
2582:
2550:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2486:Syntax
2473:
2450:
2405:
2358:
2305:
2221:
2199:
2122:
2093:
2068:
2035:
1995:
1932:Lexico
1776:Plural
1766:Phrase
1751:Person
1726:Object
1721:Number
1610:Gerund
1605:Gender
1508:Clause
1503:Catena
1469:Aspect
1444:Adverb
1385:Syntax
1281:(HPSG)
1270:(GPSG)
807:Pāṇini
785:phrase
751:, and
729:object
695:Topics
661:syntax
508:syntax
466:Portal
364:Topics
113:Syntax
2667:S2CID
2356:S2CID
2017:(PDF)
1891:Voice
1861:Tense
1661:Merge
1406:Usage
1343:(CxG)
1287:(LFG)
1181:(RRG)
1170:(Dik)
954:parse
858:logic
845:in a
723:(S),
689:táxis
685:τάξις
550:-taks
66:Index
2709:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2189:See
2120:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2033:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1881:Verb
1706:Noun
1681:Mood
1620:Head
1584:Dual
1515:word
1476:and
1304:(HG)
1298:(RG)
1100:NP\S
1086:and
1060:and
992:and
937:and
907:mind
863:The
841:and
799:The
725:verb
712:and
612:any
610:cite
561:and
248:and
241:Text
2659:doi
2346:hdl
2336:doi
2274:doi
2058:doi
2025:doi
1985:doi
1145:or
816:in
805:of
753:OSV
749:OVS
745:VOS
741:VSO
737:SOV
733:SVO
680:syn
676:σύν
623:by
577:),
548:SIN
502:In
2747::
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1096:NP
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538:s
535:k
532:æ
529:t
526:n
523:ɪ
520:s
517:ˈ
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491:e
484:t
477:v
30:.
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