179:
developed procedures for identifying and separating steroids using paper chromatography while studying at the
University of Rochester, and joined Syntex as a research biochemist in 1951. He became vice-president in 1956, and was appointed president of Syntex's U.S. subsidiary in Palo Alto, California
201:
Albert Bowers joined Syntex, in 1956 as research group leader; went on to publish more than 90 scientific papers on steroid research and originated more than 120 U.S. patents. Bowers became president of Syntex in 1976, was chief executive officer from 1980 to 1989 and had served as chairman of the
131:
and approving necessary imports of pharmaceutical materials for their work. After 1959, Syntex was incorporated in Panama; its administration, research and marketing were conducted from Palo Alto; its manufacturing of bulk steroid intermediates remained in Mexico; and it also manufactured finished
172:
went to work at Syntex in 1949 as the associate director of chemical research. He remained there through 1951, leaving to join the faculty of the
Chemistry Department at Wayne State University (Detroit, Michigan) starting in 1952. He later returned to the company in 1957, was involved in the
159:
co-founded the company in 1944. In May 1945, realizing that he was being left out of the company's profits, he left the company. When Marker took his notebooks with him, production was severely hampered because he had done the synthesis himself and had coded the reagent
65:
As the
American Chemistry Society later explained: “In early 1944, the new Mexican company was chartered and named Syntex, S.A. (‘Synthesis and Mexico’). Russell Marker, shortly thereafter, left Syntex on account of his ruthless cofounder.
359:
510:
Rosenkranz had fled Nazi
Germany to avoid the eventual Holocaust; while in Cuba en route to South America, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stranded him there. He was able to work there for the duration of the
606:
194:
on 15 October 1951. The semi-synthetic steroid, norethisterone (19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynyltestosterone), was the first orally highly active progestin, which led to the development of the first
239:, and the new patent did not infringe on the Syntex patent. Searle obtained approval to market noretynodrel before Syntex received its approval. By 1964 three companies, including Syntex,
227:, for biological evaluation, and found it was the most active, orally-effective progestational hormone of its time. Syntex submitted a patent application in November 1951. In August 1953,
166:
had studied at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology and was conducting pharmaceutical research in Cuba. He joined Syntex in 1945 to replace Marker. He hired Djerassi in 1949.
746:
190:
to Syntex in 1950 as a researcher under
Djerassi. Under the direction of Djerassi and Rosenkranz, he performed the last step of the first synthesis of an orally highly active
621:
84:) — which was later proven to be an effective pregnancy inhibitor — led to an infusion of capital into Syntex and the Mexican steroid pharmaceutical industry.
741:
100:, the same phytosteroid contained in Mexican yams used to synthesize progesterone and norethindrone. The synthesis was more economical than the previous
593:
The problem was discovered only by accident, when a
Government official looking for something else pulled out a file of IBT data by mistake.
173:
company's move to Palo Alto (where he had become a professor of chemistry at
Stanford in 1960), and stayed around this time until 1972.
424:
336:
299:
486:
268:
195:
756:
448:
645:
Foster, Douglas; Mark Dowie; Steve
Hubbell; Irene Moosen; Peter Waldman; Center for Investigative Reporting (June 1982).
751:
264:
124:
467:
381:
577:
116:
139:
in May 1994. After the acquisition closed, Roche downsized Syntex's research and development facilities in the
214:
Joined the company as a consultant in 1960, eventually serving as
President of Syntex Research from 1967–1973
140:
59:
322:
128:
112:
537:
248:
244:
228:
235:. Noretynodrel is converted into norethisterone under acidic conditions, such as those in the human
176:
156:
54:
224:
183:
69:
44:
553:
420:
414:
389:
332:
295:
163:
136:
85:
73:
646:
289:
208:
worked as an explorer botanist. He later became the most prominent plant scientist in Mexico.
545:
326:
360:"The 'Marker Degradation' & Creation of the Mexican Steroid Hormone Industry 1938–1945"
731:
231:
filed for a patent for the synthesis of the double-bond isomer 13 of norethindrone called
205:
541:
736:
101:
31:
725:
712:
696:
687:
678:
211:
169:
89:
81:
77:
328:
Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill
232:
522:
240:
27:
691:
I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity
105:
419:(2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 110.
393:
549:
294:(2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 83.
191:
97:
93:
557:
143:
and finally shut down what was left of Syntex in September 2008. In 2011,
260:
120:
382:"George Rosenkranz, 102, a Developer of the Birth Control Pill, Is Dead"
236:
35:
144:
187:
34:, Emeric Somlo, and Federico Lehmann to manufacture therapeutic
251:
brand, were marketing 2-mg doses of the Syntex norethindrone.
700:
This Man's Pill: Reflections on the 50th Birthday of the Pill
416:
The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World
291:
The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World
259:
Syntex's submission of a fraudulent toxicology analysis of
80:'s successful synthesis of norethisterone (also known as
707:
Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill
119:. Its foreign scientists had become frustrated with
267:'s uncovering of extensive scientific misconduct by
111:
In 1959, Syntex moved its operating headquarters to
58:). The demand for barbasco by Syntex initiated the
147:moved into the former Syntex campus in Palo Alto.
487:"VMware unveils plan for massive campus expansion"
223:Syntex submitted its compound to a laboratory in
718:. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1990
709:. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 2001
132:drugs at plants in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas.
468:"Roche confirms closing of Palo Alto complex"
8:
747:Manufacturing companies based in Mexico City
331:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 3.
693:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1998
26:) was a pharmaceutical company formed in
280:
485:Sheyner, Gennady (November 21, 2011).
523:"The murky world of toxicity testing"
7:
115:, United States, and evolved into a
742:Pharmaceutical companies of Mexico
466:Oremus, Will (September 2, 2008).
380:McFadden, Robert D. (2019-06-23).
14:
578:"The Scandal in Chemical Testing"
447:Freudenheim, Milt (3 May 1994).
269:Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories
135:Syntex agreed to be acquired by
702:. Oxford University Press 2001
607:"The Industrial Bio-Test Caper"
521:Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10).
104:synthesis, which started with
16:Mexican pharmaceutical company
1:
605:Merrell, Paul (Winter 1981).
449:"Roche Set To Acquire Syntex"
38:from the Mexican yams called
265:Food and Drug Administration
775:
716:Steroids Made It Possible
117:transnational corporation
24:Syntex Laboratories, Inc.
657:(5): 38–40, 42–43, 45–48
620:(3): 2–4. Archived from
196:oral contraceptive pills
550:10.1126/science.6857237
757:Life sciences industry
684:. 1994 Jan;59(1):58-9
413:Gereffi, Gary (1983).
323:Laveaga, Gabriela Soto
288:Gereffi, Gary (1983).
141:Stanford Research Park
92:went on to synthesize
60:Mexican barbasco trade
20:Laboratorios Syntex SA
472:San Jose Mercury News
255:Scientific misconduct
245:Johnson & Johnson
229:G.D. Searle & Co.
151:Prominent researchers
113:Palo Alto, California
249:Ortho Pharmaceutical
752:Companies of Panama
647:"Poisoned Research"
542:1983Sci...220.1130M
536:(4602): 1130–1132.
263:largely led to the
177:Alejandro Zaffaroni
123:on the part of the
121:bureaucratic delays
55:Dioscorea composita
30:in January 1944 by
582:The New York Times
386:The New York Times
225:Madison, Wisconsin
219:Birth control pill
184:Luis E. Miramontes
125:Mexican government
70:Luis E. Miramontes
45:Dioscorea mexicana
202:board, 1981-1990.
164:George Rosenkranz
86:George Rosenkranz
74:George Rosenkranz
764:
666:
665:
663:
662:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
626:
611:
602:
596:
595:
590:
589:
574:
568:
567:
565:
564:
527:
518:
512:
508:
502:
501:
499:
497:
491:Palo Alto Online
482:
476:
475:
463:
457:
456:
444:
438:
437:
435:
433:
410:
404:
403:
401:
400:
377:
371:
370:
364:
356:
350:
349:
347:
345:
319:
313:
312:
310:
308:
285:
774:
773:
767:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
722:
721:
675:
673:Further reading
670:
669:
660:
658:
644:
643:
639:
630:
628:
624:
609:
604:
603:
599:
587:
585:
576:
575:
571:
562:
560:
525:
520:
519:
515:
509:
505:
495:
493:
484:
483:
479:
465:
464:
460:
446:
445:
441:
431:
429:
427:
412:
411:
407:
398:
396:
379:
378:
374:
362:
358:
357:
353:
343:
341:
339:
321:
320:
316:
306:
304:
302:
287:
286:
282:
277:
257:
221:
206:Jerzy Rzedowski
153:
137:the Roche group
102:Merck & Co.
40:cabeza de negro
17:
12:
11:
5:
772:
771:
768:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
724:
723:
720:
719:
710:
705:Lara V. Marks
703:
694:
685:
674:
671:
668:
667:
637:
597:
569:
513:
503:
477:
458:
453:New York Times
439:
425:
405:
372:
351:
337:
314:
300:
279:
278:
276:
273:
256:
253:
220:
217:
216:
215:
209:
203:
199:
181:
174:
167:
161:
157:Russell Marker
152:
149:
32:Russell Marker
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
770:
769:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
717:
714:
713:Carl Djerassi
711:
708:
704:
701:
698:
697:Carl Djerassi
695:
692:
689:
688:Max F. Perutz
686:
683:
680:
679:Carl Djerassi
677:
676:
672:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
627:on 2014-02-23
623:
619:
615:
608:
601:
598:
594:
583:
579:
573:
570:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
517:
514:
507:
504:
492:
488:
481:
478:
473:
469:
462:
459:
454:
450:
443:
440:
428:
426:9781400886227
422:
418:
417:
409:
406:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
373:
368:
361:
355:
352:
340:
338:9780822391968
334:
330:
329:
324:
318:
315:
303:
301:9781400886227
297:
293:
292:
284:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
213:
212:Ralph Dorfman
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
170:Carl Djerassi
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:Carl Djerassi
87:
83:
82:norethindrone
79:
78:Carl Djerassi
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
715:
706:
699:
690:
681:
659:. Retrieved
654:
651:Mother Jones
650:
640:
629:. Retrieved
622:the original
617:
613:
600:
592:
586:. Retrieved
584:. 1983-05-16
581:
572:
561:. Retrieved
533:
529:
516:
506:
494:. Retrieved
490:
480:
471:
461:
452:
442:
430:. Retrieved
415:
408:
397:. Retrieved
385:
375:
366:
354:
342:. Retrieved
327:
317:
305:. Retrieved
290:
283:
258:
233:noretynodrel
222:
134:
127:in granting
110:
68:
64:
53:
49:
43:
39:
23:
19:
18:
496:3 September
241:G.D. Searle
186:moved from
28:Mexico City
726:Categories
661:2012-07-28
631:2012-08-05
588:2012-07-27
563:2012-07-27
432:11 January
399:2023-02-03
344:11 January
307:11 January
275:References
247:under the
129:work visas
106:bile acids
614:NCAP News
394:0362-4331
271:in 1976.
192:progestin
98:diosgenin
94:cortisone
682:Steroids
325:(2009).
261:naproxen
180:in 1962.
160:bottles.
50:Barbasco
36:steroids
558:6857237
538:Bibcode
530:Science
369:. 1999.
367:ACS.org
237:stomach
22:(later
732:Syntex
556:
423:
392:
335:
298:
243:, and
145:VMware
48:) and
737:Roche
625:(PDF)
610:(PDF)
526:(PDF)
363:(PDF)
96:from
554:PMID
511:war.
498:2021
434:2021
421:ISBN
390:ISSN
346:2021
333:ISBN
309:2021
296:ISBN
188:UNAM
88:and
76:and
546:doi
534:220
728::
653:.
649:.
616:.
612:.
591:.
580:.
552:.
544:.
532:.
528:.
489:.
470:.
451:.
388:.
384:.
365:.
108:.
72:,
62:.
664:.
655:7
634:.
618:2
566:.
548::
540::
500:.
474:.
455:.
436:.
402:.
348:.
311:.
198:.
52:(
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.