616:(BSC), there was no TCP/IP equivalent service within Tymnet. To continue use of this service after the shutdown of Tymnet, a solution was selected. A special version of Tymnet Engine node code which allows nodes and interfaces to communicate with one another and the rest of the network was created. Instead of relying on the "supervisor" to validate calls, a table of permitted connections was defined per customer to allow an incoming call to be made from the HSA interface to the BBXS interface to the XCOM interface and on to the Tandem computer. In effect, a "Tymnet Island" consisting of a single Tymnet node that accepted calls for a pre-determined list of clients was utilized by EDI*Net. No supervisor needed.
386:(MCI) negotiated what they called the "Deal of the Century", where MCI would take ownership of the US-based portions of Tymnet and they would create a 50/50 joint venture called "Concert". (The joint venture was called "NewCo" for more than a year while they decided on a name.) Concert was also aligned with another acquisition of BT, called Syncordia which was headquartered in Atlanta, Ga. Tymnet was then referred to as: The Packet network, the BT/MCI network and Concert Packet-switching Services (CPS). As MCI cut away at Tymnet, expecting it to die, it became a cash cow that just wouldn't go away.
469:, moving the headquarters to Atlanta, Georgia. This alliance did not help the negotiations between BT and MCI Worldcom as their partners from MCI and AT&T were corporate enemies. For Tymnet, the data network portion of the split, and the "CPS Leonardo" project, the split was never fully realized. Instead, MCI Worldcom completed their migration of services from Tymnet to IP based services in March 2003 and disconnected their supervisor nodes and their portion of the network on March 31, 2003.
457:
alliance. At times, things came to a standstill, or decisions made were reversed, and some reversed again at a later time. Parts of the project were to migrate customers from X.25 to IP based networks, while others created a duplicate set of services so that both
Concert and MCI could separately continue to run and manage their own portions of the network. Accounting data for network usage was also shared by the two companies and had to be separated before clients could be billed properly.
2303:
1629:
2315:
292:(CRTC) liberalized the interconnection rules in the provinces it then regulated (Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia) and this allowed McDonnell Douglas to expand the network into select Canadian cities. The Canadian operation was part of McDonnell Douglas Computer Systems Company (MDCSC) as this was the only MDxxx company operating in Canada. MDCSC hired
199:
in assembly code by LaRoy Tymes for the SDS 940, with architectural design contributions from Norman Hardy, the "Supervisor" was the beginning of the Tymnet network. One instance of the supervisor would be running at all times and choose a path (circuit) through the network for each new interactive session. The
1095:
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In operation, Tymshare's Data
Networks Division was responsible for the development and maintenance of the network and Tymnet was responsible for the administration, provisioning and monitoring of the network. Each company had their own software development staff and a line was drawn to separate what
321:
British
Telecom brought new life to the company with development of hardware and software for the Tymnet data network using contacts BT already had with telecommunication hardware vendors. There was a trial of "next-generation" nodes scattered throughout the network, called "TURBO engine nodes" based
268:
as part of the acquisition of
Tymshare. The company was renamed McDonnell Douglas Tymshare, and began a major reorganization. A year later, McDonnell Douglas (MD) split Tymshare into several separate operating companies: MD Network Systems Company, MD Field Service Company, MD RCS, MD "xxx" and many
234:
In 1996, the third and final version of the
Supervisor was written in C for a Sparc multiprocessor work station by Tymes and Romolo Raffo. Node code software was ported from the Tymnet Engine to a Sparc platform by Bill Soley. Up to 10 old-style Tymnet Engines were replaced by a single Sparc node in
158:
Tymnet later developed their own custom hardware, the Tymnet Engine, which contained both nodes and a supervisor running on one of those nodes. As the network grew, the supervisor was in danger of being overloaded by the sheer number of nodes in the network, since the requirements for controlling the
401:
network. Telematics
International developed a subset of the Tymnet protocols to run on their ACP/PCP nodes. The Telematics nodes were connected in a mesh network via Frame Relay and appeared to Tymnet as super-nodes that were directly connected to as many as 44 other super-nodes interconnecting most
198:
In 1968, Norm Hardy and LaRoy Tymes developed the idea of using remote sites with minicomputers to communicate with the mainframes. The minicomputers would serve as the network's nodes, running a program to route data. In
November 1971, the first Tymnet Supervisor program became operational. Written
247:
services. The network continued to grow, and customers who owned their own host computers and wanted access to them from remote sites became interested in connecting their computers to the network. This led to the foundation of Tymnet as a wholly owned subsidiary of
Tymshare to run a public network
61:
The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to
682:
computers, model KL-1090, accessible via the Tymnet Packet
Network as Tymshare hosts 23 and 26. Each computer was the size of 5 refrigerators, and had a string of disks that looked like 18 washing machines. Their power supplies produced +5 volts at 200 amps (non-switching) making them expensive to
444:
after they made a better offer for the company. Actually, the
Worldcom offer was nearly identical to the BT offer, but where BT planned to buy out MCI shares of stock, WorldCom offered a stock-swap which was more attractive to the stockholders. Worldcom took control in September 1998 and dissolved
313:
was purchasing McDonnell Douglas Network Systems Company, and McDonnell Douglas Field Service Company was being spun off as a start-up called NovaDyne. British Telecom (BT) wanted to expand and the acquisition of Tymnet, which already a worldwide data network, was projected to help to achieve that
214:
In 1974, a second, more efficient version of the Supervisor software became operational. The new Tymnet "Engine" software was used on both the Supervisor machines and on the nodes. After the migration to the Tymnet Engine, they started developing Tymnet accounting and other support software on the
162:
Tymnet II was developed in response to this challenge. Tymnet II was developed to ameliorate the problems outlined above by off-loading some of the work-load from the supervisor and providing greater flexibility in the network by putting more intelligence into the node code. A Tymnet II node would
349:
Another project begun a few months before the BT purchase was to migrate the Tymnet code repository from the PDP-10s to Sun systems. The new servers were dubbed the Code Generation Systems or CGS. They were initially six Sun-3 servers upgraded eventually to two Sun-4/690 servers for redundancy. A
230:
Tymes and Rinde then developed "Tymnet II". Tymnet II ran in parallel with the original network, which continued to run on the Varian machines until it was phased out over a period of several years. Tymnet II's different method of constructing virtual circuits allowed for much better scalability.
276:
and created MD Information Systems Group (MDISC), expecting to turn Microdata's desktop and server systems along with Tymshare's servers and Tymnet data network into a major player in the Information Services market. Microdata's systems were integrated into many parts of McDonnell Douglas, but
473:
continued to run the network using their own supervisor and other utility nodes until February 2004 when their last customer was able to move all of its customers to other access services. BT and AT&T dissolved their Concert alliance on September 30, 2003, and the remaining BT assets were
456:
Concert created Project Leonardo to separate the BT and MCI/Worldcom voice and data networks. At times over the next five years, advancements were made or stalled due to BT and MCI management negotiating and renegotiating the terms of their contractual obligations to each other made during the
652:
From its earliest days, Tymnet had an on-line and real time network trouble reporting tool called the Consolidator. That, along with the network node interrogation capabilities (known as Snap or Snapshot), provided unique and real time operation of the network. However, trouble reports were
427:
were becoming a practical and even important part of corporate and personal life. Tymnet technology needed improvements to keep pace with TCP/IP and other internet protocols. Both BT and MCI decided not to compete with the Internet, but to convert their customer base to IP based networks and
735:
In mid to late 1998, Concert produced an inter-company trouble tracking system for use by both MCI and Concert. This was adopted and the TTS PAPER data necessary for ongoing tickets was re-entered on the new system. TTS was kept up for historical information until the end of the year.
248:
as a common carrier within the United States. This allowed users to connect their host computers and terminals to the network, and use the computers from remote sites or sell time on their computers to other users of the network, with Tymnet charging them for the use of the network.
1077:
203:
620i (8K of 16 bit words) was used for the TYMNET nodes. Initially, Tymshare and its direct customers were the network's only users. In February, 1972, the National Library of Medicine became the first non-Tymshare network customer with a toxicology data base on an IBM 360.
669:
published by Software House). The program was called PAPER after the old manual way of managing trouble tickets. The program grew as features were added to handle customer information, call-back contact information, escalation procedures, and outage statistics.
350:
second pair of servers for catastrophic failover were also installed in Malvern, PA and later moved to Norristown, PA as part of later site consolidation efforts. After the migration, there was code for more than 6000 nodes and 38,000 customer interfaces.
389:
In May 1994, there were still three DEC KL-10s under TYMCOM-X. At this time, the network had approximately 5000 nodes in 30 foreign countries. A variety of protocols can be run over a single packet-switching network, and Tymnet's most-used protocols were
638:
DECSystem-10 computers that Tymshare offered as timesharing hosts for their customers. Tymnet operations formed a strategic alliance with the Tymshare PDP-10 TYMCOM-X operating systems group to assist them in developing new network management tools.
634:
each group could do. Tymshare development engineers wrote all the code which ran in the network, and the Tymnet staff wrote code running on host computers connected to the network. It is for this reason, that many of the Tymnet projects ran on the
100:
Users would dial into Tymnet and then interact with a simple command-line interface to establish a connection with a remote system. Once connected, data was passed to and from the user as if connected directly to a modem on the distant system.
342:, though the majority of PDP-10s were still around in the early '90s for legacy code, as well as documentation storage. Eventually, all of the code development trees were on the Sun-4s, and the development tools (NAD, etc.) had been ported to
486:, being ousted and later brought up on federal charges for conspiracy and securities fraud. The scandal sent the stock price down to ten cents per share. A month after the revelation of accounting "mishaps", Worldcom filed for bankruptcy.
619:
These islands of Tymnet have not only outlived the parent company, Tymshare, and the operations company, Tymnet, but also the Tymnet Network itself. As of 2008, these Tymnet Island nodes are still running and doing their jobs.
163:
set up its own "permuter tables", eliminating the need for the supervisor to keep copies of them, and had greater flexibility in handling its inter-node links. Data transfers were also possible via "auxiliary circuits".
57:
interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated asynchronous connections.
565:
over 99.994%, they were each connected to a high speed data links using Tymnet as the connection and translation medium. Tymshare developed a bi-sync modem interface (HSA), a translation module to translate between
474:
combined with BTNA assets into BT Americas, Inc. Sometime in early March 2004, without ceremony, BT Americas disconnected the last two remaining Tymnet supervisors from the network, effectively shutting it down.
62:
reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of international public gateways via Tymnet II protocol and other public networks in the United States and internationally via X.25/
318:. BT brought with it the idea of continuous development with teams in America, Europe, and Asia-pacific all working together on the same projects. BT renamed the Tymnet services, Global Network Services (GNS).
739:
In January 1999, both XKL servers (ticket and token) were decommissioned. In late 2003 the hardware left onsite in San Jose was accidentally scrapped by the facilities manager during a scheduled cleanup.
397:
BT and Concert also continued to develop the network, and after the failure of the "Turbo nodes" to take off, decided to have an outside company add Tymnet protocols to existing hardware used in their
1264:
353:
Tymnet was still growing, and at several times reached its peak capacity when some of its customers held network intensive events. One of these of note was a live, on-line presentation and chat on
207:
It soon became apparent that the SDS 940 could not keep up with the rapid growth of the network. In 1972, Joseph Rinde joined the Tymnet group and began porting the Supervisor code to the 32-bit
2356:
289:
211:, as the 8/32 was not yet ready. In 1973, the 8/32 became available, but the performance was disappointing and a crash-effort was made to develop a machine that could run Rinde's Supervisor.
428:
technologies. However, the Tymnet network was still bringing in much cash (in some cases more than current IP-based services), so both BT and MCI needed to keep their customers happy.
574:(BBXS), and a highly customized X.25 module (XCOM). EDI*Net used these interfaces on the Tandems. EDI*Net supported & contributed to many EDI standards, with the United Nations'
719:
gateway; it accepted logins from the Tymnet network via x.25 to IP translation done by a Cisco router forwarded to "ticket" and/or "token". The XKL TOAD-1 systems ran a modified
73:
grew and became almost universally accessible in the late 1990s, the need for services such as Tymnet migrated to the Internet style connections, but still had some value in the
482:
Worldcom executives were involved in a financial scandal. In June 2002, Worldcom admitted to nearly 4 billion dollars of incorrect accounting. The scandal resulted in the CEO,
2351:
104:
Tymnet was extensively used by large companies to provide dial-up services for their employees who were "on the road", as well as a gateway for users to connect to large
2361:
1268:
494:
Worldcom came out of bankruptcy renamed as "MCI" in April 2004. In less than a year, the remains of MCI was sold for $ 6.7B bid to what is today known as
2288:
2283:
2157:
1289:
132:
layout which allowed the supervisors to be aware of every possible end-point. In its original incarnation, the users connected to nodes built using
453:
With the alliance gone, BT and MCI/Worldcom began the process of unraveling and separating their extensive voice and data communications systems.
967:
269:
more. (This is sometimes referred to the Alphabet Soup phase of the company). At this point, Tymnet had outlived its parent company Tymshare.
2172:
1062:
869:
579:
416:
operating system. Funding for this project was at a minimum but the Tymnet engineers believed it was a superior method and proceeded anyway.
1584:
1564:
691:
In 1996 the DEC PDP-10s that ran Tymnet's trouble-ticket system were replaced by PDP-10 clones from XKL, Inc. They were accessible via
2152:
2106:
1846:
1419:
947:
2162:
2000:
1856:
1851:
1831:
1362:
613:
507:
54:
50:
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computer with a second synchronized remote disaster NonStop computer over 100 miles apart. Mirrors of each other, and maintaining
243:
In about 1979, Tymnet Inc. was spun off from Tymshare Inc. to continue administration and operation of the Tymnet network and its
894:
2278:
1569:
836:
802:
534:
for more than $ 16 billion. Shortly thereafter the name was changed to AT&T Inc. to distinguish itself from AT&T Corp.
1323:
124:
In its original implementation, the network supervisor contained most of the routing intelligence in the network. Unlike the
1242:
653:
initially tracked on a traditional paper ticket system. This was until Bill Scheible, a manager at Tymnet, wrote a small
2101:
1458:
818:
749:
635:
265:
46:
551:, the Payment Systems Company continued that legacy and maintained its own EDI*Net network monitoring and support group.
2263:
1980:
1841:
678:
Access to PAPER became critical as more and more functionality was added. It eventually was maintained on two dedicated
365:. Tymnet usage statistics showed AOL's call capacity was greater than its maximum volume for the duration of the event.
42:
2346:
1950:
1836:
1684:
144:
77:
and for specific legacy roles. However the value of these links continued to decrease, and Tymnet shut down in 2004.
2232:
1896:
558:
514:. Prior to its transformation into Verizon, Bell Atlantic had merged with another Regional Bell Operating Company,
413:
1125:
1955:
1927:
1468:
2096:
2081:
2071:
895:"Computer History Museum - Tymshare, Inc. - Decision support systems: Managerial tools enhance decision making"
151:, which were numerous at that time. This did have the side effect of making data transfers quite difficult, as
968:"Tymnet and Tymnet again: Everything old is new again as MCI upgrades its legacy network for the next century"
1018:
2258:
2091:
1664:
1659:
1483:
843:
acquired CCA's products, including System 1032. Rocket continue to develop and maintain System 1032 for the
208:
184:
1628:
585:
dominating. As a store-and-forward service, EDI*Net supported multiple delivery protocols besides X.25 and
1990:
1975:
1945:
1891:
1881:
1816:
1412:
499:
412:
technology. The supervisor technology was rewritten in C to run as standard UNIX applications under Sun's
1293:
465:
In 2000 BT then went searching for another alliance, and created a new "Concert" alliance between BT and
277:
Tymnet never was. MDC really did not seem to understand the telecommunications market. After five years,
143:
Circuits were character oriented and the network was oriented towards interactive character-by-character
1970:
1876:
1801:
1786:
1514:
915:
273:
34:
1559:
1041:
405:
MCI took a different direction and looked to migrate the network protocols to run over TCP/IP and use
314:
goal. On November 17, 1989, MDNSC officially became BT Tymnet with its parochial U.S. headquarters in
2318:
2187:
2111:
1861:
315:
293:
200:
155:
from the file would be invisibly "translated" without specific intervention on the part of the user.
133:
113:
971:
2227:
1995:
1965:
1821:
466:
244:
1906:
1871:
1811:
1806:
1715:
1463:
1368:
1023:
992:
768:
662:
527:
383:
326:
family. In the mid to late 1980s, serious node-code development was migrated from the PDP-10s to
2341:
2306:
1901:
1886:
1405:
1358:
1319:
1208:
1151:
943:
548:
282:
129:
1985:
1866:
1826:
1348:
1345:
Proceedings of the May 18-20, 1971, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '71 (Spring)
555:
495:
406:
339:
224:
2273:
840:
470:
437:
379:
362:
310:
1136:
System 1032 is the offspring of System 1022, the most widely used DBMS for DEC mainframes
1166:
2076:
1932:
1720:
440:(BT) to acquire MCI. The deal fell through, and in September, 1998 MCI was acquired by
424:
323:
136:
minicomputers, then entered commands that were passed to the supervisor which ran on a
105:
2366:
2335:
2086:
1960:
1781:
1604:
1130:
531:
503:
483:
148:
1372:
2167:
2035:
1937:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1679:
1654:
1554:
1544:
761:
757:
180:
1193:
937:
601:, and allowed the enveloping structure of supported EDI standards to extend into
147:
communications circuits. The nodes handled character translation between various
2248:
1730:
1574:
1473:
1453:
1250:
712:
398:
74:
1735:
1725:
1705:
1529:
1493:
654:
309:
On July 30, 1989, at the Marriott Hotel in Santa Clara, it was announced that
109:
2253:
1791:
1710:
1700:
1498:
1478:
1353:
183:
company, selling computer time and software packages for users. It had two
17:
1225:
Betsy Ziegler (February 1984). "Popular System 1032 for VAX is Enhanced".
794:, the company that trademarked and brought 1022 to market also marketed a
657:
program to maintain a list of problem reports and track their status in a
2222:
2182:
2121:
2116:
2025:
1796:
1614:
1609:
1519:
1428:
1227:
954:.. large private networks (BOFANET and TRWNET) built on Tymnet technology
441:
420:
220:
176:
70:
2192:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2066:
1674:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1549:
1536:
1488:
1265:"Rocket Software Closes Acquisition of Computer Corporation of America"
874:
864:
859:
844:
772:
724:
720:
666:
582:
575:
188:
137:
94:
771:
system which could be accessed via third-generation languages such as
89:
access in most cities in the United States and to a limited degree in
2177:
2020:
1911:
1180:
829:
822:
753:
716:
704:
692:
679:
598:
586:
567:
562:
216:
125:
90:
1213:
We had a PMAP cache for file I/O(like PA1050) in extended sections.
543:
Tymshare EDI, MD Payment Systems Company, BTNA/MCI EDI*Net Services
2268:
2030:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1669:
776:
602:
594:
571:
515:
409:
343:
335:
331:
278:
86:
33:
was an international data communications network headquartered in
1167:"SYSTEM 1022 Trademark of SOFTWARE HOUSE. Serial Number 73209870"
1524:
1109:
708:
606:
590:
391:
327:
152:
63:
38:
1401:
402:
of Europe, Asia and the Americas as a high-speed-data network.
2202:
2197:
825:
795:
780:
511:
358:
354:
1397:
1380:
338:(SPARC based) workstations and servers were purchased from
290:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
285:
sold off MDNSC and MDFSC at a profit for much needed cash.
1042:"CNN.com - WorldCom files for bankruptcy - July 22, 2002"
997:
Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford
547:
Tymshare was one of the pioneers in the EDI field. Under
159:
network took a great part of the supervisor's capacity.
1194:"System 1032 Data Base Management System: User's Guide"
1078:"Worldcom Changes Its Name and Emerges from Bankruptcy"
916:"Information Technology Corporate Histories Collection"
723:. The application was ported to a newer version of the
37:
that used virtual call packet-switched technology and
432:
MCI, MCI Worldcom, Worldcom vs. BT, Concert, AT&T
251:
The network offered an email service called OnTyme.
2241:
2215:
2145:
2059:
2048:
1920:
1774:
1763:
1693:
1647:
1636:
1507:
1446:
1435:
850:Like 1022, it had a Host Language Interface (HLI).
2357:History of telecommunications in the United States
658:
1314:Goldman, Joshua; Zolotow, Nina (September 1986).
1036:
1034:
281:was breaking out in many places in the world and
27:Defunct international data communications network
1316:System 1032 host language interface user's guide
128:protocol underlying the internet, Tymnet used a
538:Electronic Data Interchange (EDI & EDI*Net)
219:. Tymshare sold the Tymnet network software to
1267:. Businesswire. April 23, 2010. Archived from
1413:
1063:"U.S. Charges Ex-Worldcom CEO Bernard Ebbers"
8:
1347:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 211–216.
727:compiler, and still used the 1022 database.
445:the BT/MCI alliance as of October 15, 1998.
1164:"Filed to USPTO On Monday, April 02, 1979"
2352:McDonnell Douglas mergers and acquisitions
2056:
1771:
1644:
1443:
1420:
1406:
1398:
1146:
1144:
2289:British Telecommunications plc v. Prodigy
2284:Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition
2158:Digital Private Network Signalling System
1352:
296:to spearhead this expansion into Canada.
223:, who created their own private network,
1120:
1118:
334:(based on the Motorola 68000) and later
191:to the computers. In 1968, it purchased
993:"Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History"
886:
748:System-1022 was a database that ran on
502:. Verizon had been formed in 2000 when
195:, another time-sharing service bureau.
1126:"System 1032 offspring of System 1022"
461:Concert - headquarters in Atlanta, Ga.
2173:International Packet Switched Service
1017:Thomas J. Lueck (February 28, 1984).
870:International Packet Switched Service
612:Developed to utilize X.25 (XCOM) and
449:Concert - headquarters in Reston, Va.
187:940 computers; access was via direct
7:
2314:
1206:The citation compares 1022 to 1032.
1076:Gilpin, Kenneth N. (20 April 2004).
490:MCI name revived and sold to Verizon
305:BT Tymnet, BT North America, BTNA
2362:Pre–World Wide Web online services
2153:Digital Access Signalling System 1
2107:Digital Access Signalling System 2
1847:National Network Management Centre
970:. Connected Planet. Archived from
828:systems. Version 1.5 (1984) added
25:
2163:Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance
1857:Zouches Farm transmitting station
1852:Peterborough transmitting station
1292:. Rocket Software. Archived from
813:In 1983, Software House released
530:announced that it would purchase
508:Regional Bell Operating Companies
264:In 1984 Tymnet was bought by the
2313:
2302:
2301:
1627:
1343:Tymes, La Roy (1971). "TYMNET".
1318:. CompuServe Data Technologies.
1096:"MCI: The end of a telecom icon"
436:In 1997 talks were underway for
1570:Concert Communications Services
837:Computer Corporation of America
803:Computer Corporation of America
801:Software House was acquired by
394:, asynchronous (ATI/AHI), SNA.
235:the network switching centers.
1585:International Network Services
554:EDI*Net used a fault-tolerant
120:Organization and functionality
1:
2102:Digital Access Carrier System
1459:BT Business and Public Sector
1290:"Rocket Software System 1032"
1209:"System 1022 Database System"
1152:"System 1022 Database System"
1044:. Edition.cnn.com. 2002-07-22
819:Digital Equipment Corporation
750:Digital Equipment Corporation
744:System 1022 (Database System)
636:Digital Equipment Corporation
266:McDonnell Douglas Corporation
85:Tymnet offered local dial-up
2264:BT Sport Action Woman Awards
1981:Post Office Research Station
1842:Madley Communications Centre
1837:Guardian Exchange Manchester
835:System 1032 was acquired by
419:Times were changing and the
1951:Kingsway telephone exchange
1019:"McDonnell to buy Tymshare"
272:McDonnell Douglas acquired
2383:
2233:Electric Telegraph Company
1897:Wotton-under-Edge BT Tower
798:counterpart, System-1032.
260:McDonnell Douglas Tymshare
93:, which preferred its own
2297:
1976:Sheffield Telephone House
1956:Leafield Technical Centre
1928:Anchor telephone exchange
1625:
1469:BT Wholesale and Ventures
966:Dan O'Shea (1998-04-27).
942:. Lulu.com. p. 272.
255:Sold to McDonnell Douglas
179:was founded in 1964 as a
2097:Advanced Mobile Location
2082:British telephone socket
2072:BT site engineering code
839:(CCA) in 1992. In 2010,
2259:BT Digital Music Awards
2092:Customer Service System
1354:10.1145/1478786.1478817
1196:. Software House. 1983.
936:Nathan Gregory (2018).
764:, hence the 1022 name.
715:from Sun was used as a
300:Sold to British Telecom
1991:Criggion Radio Station
1892:Tolsford Hill BT Tower
1882:Sutton Common BT Tower
779:; it also had its own
288:Earlier, in 1986, the
1877:Stokenchurch BT Tower
1802:BT Tower (Birmingham)
918:. Computerhistory.org
897:. Computerhistory.org
769:hierarchical database
663:hierarchical database
526:On January 31, 2005,
239:Tymnet, Inc. spun off
35:Cupertino, California
2188:Packet Switch Stream
1862:Heaton Park BT Tower
1381:"TYMNET from FOLDOC"
1243:"CCA Corporate Info"
522:AT&T sold to SBC
467:AT&T Corporation
369:Sold to MCI, Concert
316:San Jose, California
172:Beginnings: Tymshare
2228:General Post Office
1996:Rugby Radio Station
1966:Stag Lane Aerodrome
1822:Charwelton BT Tower
999:. 2020. p. 119
478:Worldcom bankruptcy
374:MCI, NewCo, Concert
2347:MCI Communications
1907:KX telephone boxes
1872:Pye Green BT Tower
1832:Goonhilly Cornwall
1812:BT Riverside Tower
1807:BT Tower (Swansea)
1716:BT Superfast Fibre
1464:BT Global Services
1082:The New York Times
1024:The New York Times
847:operating system.
528:SBC Communications
384:MCI Communications
2329:
2328:
2211:
2210:
2077:BT Speaking Clock
2044:
2043:
2001:Microwave network
1902:Red telephone box
1887:Tinshill BT Tower
1797:BT Tower (London)
1759:
1758:
1623:
1622:
1539:
697:ticket.tymnet.com
549:McDonnell Douglas
283:McDonnell Douglas
130:circuit switching
16:(Redirected from
2374:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2304:
2057:
1986:Portishead Radio
1867:Purdown BT Tower
1827:Faraday Building
1772:
1645:
1631:
1534:
1444:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
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1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1249:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1179:The VAX being a
1177:
1171:
1170:
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1156:
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1029:
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1004:
989:
983:
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979:
963:
957:
956:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
891:
701:token.tymnet.com
674:Company-wide use
643:Trouble tracking
498:, a division of
496:Verizon Business
407:Sun Microsystems
340:Sun Microsystems
21:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2293:
2274:Connected Earth
2237:
2207:
2141:
2052:
2050:
2040:
1916:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1689:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1619:
1503:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1365:
1342:
1339:
1337:Further reading
1334:
1333:
1326:
1313:
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1308:
1299:
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1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
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930:
921:
919:
914:
913:
909:
900:
898:
893:
892:
888:
883:
856:
841:Rocket Software
811:
789:
746:
733:
689:
676:
650:
645:
631:
626:
540:
524:
492:
480:
471:British Telecom
463:
451:
438:British Telecom
434:
380:British Telecom
376:
371:
363:Michael Jackson
355:America On-Line
311:British Telecom
302:
294:David Kingsland
257:
241:
174:
169:
122:
106:online services
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2380:
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2200:
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2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
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2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1933:Bletchley Park
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
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1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:BT Versatility
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
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1657:
1651:
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1634:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1363:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1306:
1281:
1256:
1253:on 1999-02-09.
1234:
1231:. p. 136.
1217:
1199:
1185:
1172:
1157:
1140:
1114:
1101:
1087:
1068:
1054:
1030:
1009:
984:
958:
949:978-1387824755
948:
939:The Tym Before
928:
907:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
855:
852:
810:
807:
792:Software House
788:
787:Software House
785:
756:hardware: the
745:
742:
732:
729:
688:
687:Major upgrades
685:
675:
672:
649:
646:
644:
641:
630:
627:
625:
622:
539:
536:
532:AT&T Corp.
523:
520:
510:, merged with
491:
488:
484:Bernard Ebbers
479:
476:
462:
459:
450:
447:
433:
430:
425:World Wide Web
375:
372:
370:
367:
324:Motorola 68000
301:
298:
256:
253:
240:
237:
209:Interdata 7/32
173:
170:
168:
165:
149:character sets
121:
118:
82:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Cable jetting
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2047:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Marland House
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Mondial House
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Horwood House
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Stadium House
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Baynard House
1785:
1783:
1782:Adastral Park
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Swindon Cable
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:9781450379076
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1296:on 2021-01-22
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1271:on 2016-08-08
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:Computerworld
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
998:
994:
988:
985:
974:on 2012-07-22
973:
969:
962:
959:
955:
951:
945:
941:
940:
932:
929:
917:
911:
908:
896:
890:
887:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
760:and also the
759:
755:
751:
743:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
681:
673:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
647:
642:
640:
637:
628:
623:
621:
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
506:, one of the
505:
504:Bell Atlantic
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
477:
475:
472:
468:
460:
458:
454:
448:
446:
443:
439:
431:
429:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
408:
403:
400:
395:
393:
387:
385:
381:
373:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
317:
312:
307:
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
270:
267:
262:
261:
254:
252:
249:
246:
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
212:
210:
205:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
80:
78:
76:
72:
67:
65:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2319:
2307:
2168:Go!Messenger
2036:UK-Belgium 5
1939:
1751:Merlin M4000
1746:Micronet 800
1741:Telecom Gold
1680:BT Smart Hub
1660:EE Broadband
1655:BT Broadband
1579:
1560:O2 (Germany)
1555:O2 (Ireland)
1545:Manx Telecom
1535:merged into
1440:subsidiaries
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1344:
1315:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1251:the original
1246:
1237:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1202:
1188:
1175:
1160:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1022:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
996:
987:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
961:
953:
938:
931:
920:. Retrieved
910:
899:. Retrieved
889:
849:
834:
814:
812:
800:
791:
790:
766:
762:DECSYSTEM-20
758:DECsystem-10
747:
738:
734:
731:Decommission
711:. A low-end
700:
696:
690:
677:
661:database (a
651:
632:
629:Organization
618:
611:
589:, including
553:
546:
542:
541:
525:
493:
481:
464:
455:
452:
435:
418:
404:
396:
388:
377:
352:
348:
320:
308:
304:
303:
287:
271:
263:
259:
258:
250:
242:
233:
229:
213:
206:
197:
192:
181:time sharing
175:
161:
157:
142:
123:
103:
99:
84:
68:
60:
30:
29:
2249:BT Archives
1731:BT MyDonate
1575:Telecomsoft
1474:BT Research
1454:BT Consumer
1247:cca-int.com
815:System 1032
809:System 1032
767:1022 was a
713:workstation
665:system for
659:System 1022
609:envelopes.
518:, in 1997.
399:frame-relay
145:full-duplex
75:Third World
18:System 1032
2336:Categories
2049:Programmes
1768:facilities
1736:BT MyPlace
1726:BT Voyager
1706:BT Highway
1685:TNT Sports
1530:Madasafish
1494:BT Ireland
1390:2019-02-13
1385:foldoc.org
1325:0912055200
1300:2021-01-24
1275:2021-01-27
1048:2022-06-10
1003:2024-06-29
978:2013-08-18
922:2012-03-15
901:2012-03-15
881:References
703:, by both
655:FORTRAN IV
624:Operations
382:(BT) and
114:The Source
110:CompuServe
66:gateways.
2254:BT Museum
2053:standards
1940:Sovereign
1792:BT Centre
1764:Buildings
1711:BT Mobile
1701:BT Fusion
1665:EE Mobile
1515:BT Marine
1499:BT Italia
1479:Openreach
1436:Divisions
832:support.
683:operate.
274:Microdata
193:Dial Data
97:service.
2342:BT Group
2308:Category
2223:BT Group
2183:N3 (NHS)
2122:ADSL Max
2117:System Y
2112:System X
2026:CANTAT-2
1641:services
1637:Products
1615:Open....
1610:6GMOBILE
1520:dabs.com
1429:BT Group
1373:18584292
1228:HARDCOPY
1183:machine.
854:See also
442:WorldCom
421:Internet
378:In 1993
177:Tymshare
108:such as
71:Internet
2320:Commons
2216:History
2193:Prestel
2146:Defunct
2137:YouView
2132:1-5-7-1
2127:Redcare
2067:BT 21CN
2060:Current
1775:Current
1694:Defunct
1675:EE WiFi
1648:Current
1600:LineOne
1595:Telfort
1590:Dialcom
1550:O2 (UK)
1537:Plusnet
1489:Plusnet
1447:Current
875:Telenet
865:DATAPAC
860:ConnNet
845:OpenVMS
773:Fortran
725:Fortran
721:TOPS-20
667:TOPS-10
648:Origins
576:EDIFACT
563:uptimes
559:NonStop
500:Verizon
414:Solaris
361:) with
322:on the
189:dial-up
185:SDS/XDS
167:History
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81:Network
69:As the
2279:People
2178:NHSnet
2021:TAT-14
1921:Former
1912:LinkUK
1580:Tymnet
1565:Ribbit
1508:Former
1371:
1361:
1322:
1181:32-bit
946:
830:EBCDIC
823:32-bit
754:36-bit
717:telnet
705:TELNET
693:TCP/IP
680:PDP-10
614:BiSync
599:ZModem
587:BiSync
568:EBCDIC
556:Tandem
225:TRWNET
217:PDP-10
201:Varian
140:host.
134:Varian
126:TCP/IP
91:Canada
31:Tymnet
2269:Buzby
2242:Other
2031:SAT-2
2016:TAT-9
2011:TAT-8
2006:TAT-1
1670:EE TV
1369:S2CID
777:COBOL
603:X.400
595:SMTPS
572:ASCII
516:NYNEX
410:SPARC
344:SunOS
336:Sun-4
332:Sun-3
279:peace
153:bytes
87:modem
55:Async
2367:X.25
1525:Hibu
1359:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1110:RBOC
944:ISBN
817:for
775:and
709:HTTP
707:and
699:and
607:SMTP
605:and
597:and
591:FTPS
580:ANSI
578:and
570:and
423:and
392:X.25
328:UNIX
64:X.75
53:and
47:SDLC
39:X.25
2203:TXK
2198:TXE
2051:and
1938:CS
1766:and
1639:and
1438:and
1349:doi
826:VAX
821:'s
796:VAX
781:4GL
752:'s
695:as
583:X12
512:GTE
359:AOL
245:VAN
221:TRW
112:or
51:BSC
43:SNA
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1484:EE
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