1676:
33:
3273:
1686:
1659:
3459:(CCP), and the CCP's supreme position is enshrined in the state constitution, meaning that the elections have little way of influencing politics. The CCP, through its control of the nomination process, ensures that around 70% of deputies to the people's congresses are party members. The top positions in the system are granted to senior CCP leaders, including the position of the
3447:
usually have 40 to 130 deputies, county people's congresses from 120 to 450, prefectural people's congresses from 240 to 650, provincial people's congresses from 350 to 1,000, and the NPC at around 3,000. The total number of people's congresses throughout China at different levels is over 40,000, and the total number of deputies is in the hundreds of thousands.
3869:
The party sits above any legal code and even China's constitution, its powers unchecked by any court. Indeed, Mr Xi denounces judicial independence and the separation of powers as dangerous foreign ideas. Instead, to hear legal scholars explain it, Mr Xi is offering rule by law: ie, professional
3446:
Direct elections occur at the two most local levels, while the members at the higher levels are indirectly elected, i.e., elected by those elected in the lower levels. The size of the people's congresses increase with their administrative rank. With some exceptions, township people's congresses
212:
3870:
governance by officials following standardised procedures. At home, the party hopes that this sort of authoritarian rule will enjoy more legitimacy than a previously prevailing alternative: arbitrary decision-making by (often corrupt) officials.
3062:
1637:
3468:
2054:
1085:
1753:
2083:
2070:
1591:
954:
1617:
1578:
391:
3460:
1604:
1075:
971:
185:
950:
2060:
194:
1647:
1622:
3369:
exists in the PRC. All state organs are elected by, answerable to and have no separate powers than those granted to them by the NPC. By law, all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP.
1565:
167:
2969:
469:
1627:
713:
1675:
3072:
2751:
2388:
1141:
893:
3402:
The People's
Congress System was set out in the Electoral Law of 1953 and has been subsequently revised. Currently, there are five levels of people's congresses. From more to less local, they are:
1434:
960:
203:
124:
1539:
1398:
1200:
3464:
1151:
918:
765:
709:
285:
2785:
2361:
1268:
4077:
1769:
426:
3478:. CCP principles and slogans are codified into the state's legal code to increase the legitimacy of party rule. The role of the CCP in lawmaking increased under CCP General Secretary
3391:
3077:
1190:
1136:
1059:
925:
239:
1111:
1099:
303:
298:
293:
3201:
2145:
2049:
1843:
1254:
1007:
671:
661:
176:
2655:
804:
374:
110:
46:
3118:
2906:
2411:
1430:
738:
3482:'s tenure. Through a variety of documents circulated within the CCP, the party directs China's lawmaking organs such as the NPC Standing Committee in the lawmaking process.
1667:
3005:
2135:
1779:
1705:
1239:
1017:
3475:
3379:
2125:
1510:
944:
849:
440:
280:
265:
3966:
3104:
1447:
749:
678:
667:
657:
1774:
3970:
3122:
3082:
2426:
1642:
726:
419:
146:
4025:
2837:
2228:
1632:
1170:
3857:
2196:
1391:
880:
702:
92:
3108:
2457:
1357:
940:
3436:
3310:
1403:
1012:
648:
535:
399:
1362:
1126:
722:
115:
1762:
2330:
2140:
1833:
1784:
984:
71:
3491:
2874:
2854:
2160:
1711:
1131:
698:
369:
270:
1063:
3150:
2698:
2452:
1156:
539:
4072:
3178:
3114:
1386:
1345:
554:
548:
520:
327:
4001:
3923:
3898:
3818:
2597:
2546:
1851:
682:
527:
158:
3944:
3522:
3057:
3037:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2859:
2338:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1161:
2321:
2316:
1685:
3142:
2960:
2955:
2244:
1425:
1381:
732:
316:
3206:
2930:
2830:
2668:
2612:
2276:
2096:
1146:
1046:
628:
3226:
3211:
4042:
3244:
3183:
1935:
1930:
1923:
598:
53:
1898:
1892:
32:
1658:
2436:
2264:
2181:
1986:
3474:
The CCP has a central role in lawmaking, which has fluctuated over time. The CCP effectively sits above any legal code and the
3303:
3087:
2472:
1812:
3572:
4067:
2739:
2269:
1952:
1584:
1523:
1121:
1103:
449:
3567:
3386:
and local people's congresses are the bodies through which the people exercise state power. The NPC is officially China's
3383:
3362:
1974:
1372:
1042:
129:
3387:
3283:
3173:
3010:
2844:
2734:
2713:
2578:
2565:
2107:
2008:
1979:
1942:
496:
342:
337:
58:
3838:
3432:
3165:
2825:
2296:
1947:
1552:
486:
464:
3221:
3191:
1662:
3518:"Personal Networks and Grassroots Election Participation in China: Findings from the Chinese General Social Survey"
3296:
3259:
2923:
2820:
2309:
2289:
2257:
1908:
1885:
580:
65:
3649:
2484:
2431:
1875:
1869:
1367:
491:
381:
77:
3132:
3025:
2764:
2693:
2681:
2467:
2217:
1116:
585:
357:
2201:
1679:
1996:
3890:
3456:
3346:
3095:
2722:
2558:
2130:
2102:
2013:
1216:
1069:
513:
2018:
3764:
Tanner, Murray Scot (March 1995). "How a Bill
Becomes a Law in China: Stages and Processes in Lawmaking".
3254:
3216:
3020:
2805:
2798:
2744:
2541:
1957:
1918:
1879:
911:
249:
3645:
3421:
2893:
2729:
1264:
332:
322:
234:
229:
565:
4062:
3366:
3136:
3128:
3047:
3000:
2964:
2948:
2686:
2479:
2150:
2042:
1991:
1532:
1482:
906:
575:
435:
3766:
3672:
3196:
2996:
2899:
2864:
2773:
2708:
2536:
2354:
1828:
1558:
1244:
623:
454:
101:
4019:
3791:
3705:
3697:
3428:
3350:
3015:
2849:
2505:
2491:
2001:
1969:
1186:
1054:
990:
964:
635:
613:
605:
414:
244:
3940:
4038:
4007:
3997:
3960:
3919:
3894:
3882:
3849:
3814:
3783:
3746:
3689:
3670:
Tanner, Murray Scot (1994). "The
Erosion of Communist Party Control over Lawmaking in China".
3541:
3414:
3410:
3160:
2810:
2780:
2573:
2511:
2462:
2186:
1689:
23:
3775:
3736:
3681:
3531:
3328:
3100:
2717:
1718:
1310:
1250:
592:
407:
136:
3155:
2759:
1696:
83:
3030:
2619:
2583:
2553:
2497:
2155:
1610:
1528:
1496:
977:
481:
4056:
3844:
3795:
3709:
3358:
2661:
2251:
2087:
1516:
1319:
1292:
1278:
618:
362:
224:
3471:
positions. Additionally, elections are not pluralistic as no opposition is allowed.
3562:
3277:
3249:
2588:
2518:
2236:
1457:
1349:
1326:
1299:
1091:
754:
3989:
2886:
2768:
2674:
2527:
2442:
2113:
2076:
2064:
1571:
1026:
841:
827:
352:
198:
150:
3536:
3517:
4011:
3779:
3685:
3479:
2936:
2880:
2380:
2283:
2176:
1818:
1790:
1597:
1464:
1440:
1333:
1194:
856:
811:
772:
758:
742:
689:
207:
171:
162:
140:
96:
87:
3853:
3787:
3750:
3693:
3545:
3409:
people's congresses of cities that are not sub-divided, municipal districts,
2815:
2640:
2418:
2403:
2376:
1902:
1285:
1220:
1079:
931:
872:
785:
560:
189:
3741:
3724:
3406:
people's congresses in villages, minority nationality townships, and towns;
2942:
1740:
1722:
1545:
1489:
1258:
864:
821:
781:
180:
105:
4035:
Making
Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China
3725:"The National People's Congress Oversight Power and the Role of the CCP"
1754:
2303:
972:
Commission for
Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
3701:
3637:
3336:
2604:
2395:
2368:
1206:
899:
886:
833:
796:
789:
570:
3809:
Otto, Jan; Chen, Jianfu; Li, Yuwen; Polak, Maurice V. (2000-09-14).
3354:
3042:
2645:
3994:
Socialism with
Chinese characteristics: a Guide for Foreigners
2389:
Central
Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1399:
State-owned Assets
Supervision & Administration Commission
3420:
people's congresses in sub-districts of larger cities and in
3887:
The Third
Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
2362:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
1844:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
2656:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
213:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
16:
Form of government of the People's Republic of China
2907:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
3837:
1152:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
4078:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
3455:Nominations at all levels are controlled by the
3083:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
3476:constitution of the People's Republic of China
3361:, in which all state powers are vested in the
2310:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
317:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
3304:
2427:National Press and Publication Administration
1137:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
8:
3965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3811:Law-Making in the People's Republic of China
3006:International Development Cooperation Agency
2458:National Radio and Television Administration
1633:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1363:National Development & Reform Commission
941:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
805:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
3839:"Rule by law, with Chinese characteristics"
1240:State Council (Central People's Government)
850:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
4024:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3969:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3311:
3297:
328:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
18:
3740:
3535:
3516:Hao, Mingsong; Ke, Xiwang (5 July 2023).
3063:International Military Cooperation Office
2331:Office for Safeguarding National Security
985:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
343:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
3357:(PRC), and is based on the principle of
2875:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2855:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1712:National Defense Mobilization Commission
919:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
3729:The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies
3508:
3382:, all power belongs to the people, and
3151:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2229:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1909:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1865:
1808:
1421:
1235:
1181:
653:
544:
333:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
21:
4017:
3958:
3575:from the original on 24 September 2023
3463:, who has always been a member of the
3179:China and the World Trade Organization
3115:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2258:Public Security Organs People's Police
555:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3947:from the original on 19 December 2017
3832:
3830:
3621:
3492:Law of the People's Republic of China
2598:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2547:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2290:State Security Organs People's Police
1852:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1785:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1618:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
7:
3632:
3630:
3600:
3557:
3555:
3523:Journal of Chinese Political Science
3038:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2860:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
3916:Chinese Law: A Language Perspective
3451:Role of the Chinese Communist Party
3143:National Immigration Administration
2197:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1834:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1592:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
393:General Principles of the Civil Law
3437:direct-administered municipalities
2931:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2613:Cyberspace Administration of China
629:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
3184:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2050:Political Consultative Conference
1638:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1623:Science and Technology Commission
1579:Training and Administration Dept.
1426:Central Military Commission (CMC)
599:Scientific Outlook on Development
323:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
3271:
2437:State Council Information Office
2265:State Immigration Administration
1684:
1674:
1657:
1605:Discipline Inspection Commission
1127:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
338:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
31:
3860:from the original on 2023-07-17
3652:from the original on 2022-08-16
3442:the National People's Congress.
3088:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2473:China Global Television Network
2453:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2317:Bureau of Prison Administration
1886:People's Courts Judicial Police
1813:National Supervisory Commission
894:Office of the General Secretary
4037:. Cambridge University Press.
3723:Chien-Min, Chao (2003-03-10).
3345:) under the leadership of the
3341:
3207:China–European Union relations
2699:Special administrative regions
1893:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1132:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
3227:China–United States relations
3212:China–Latin America relations
3073:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2669:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2412:Central Propaganda Department
2270:Local public security bureaus
1648:Offices Administration Agency
1157:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
3465:Politburo Standing Committee
3388:highest organ of state power
3174:China and the United Nations
3078:CCP International Department
3058:Ministry of National Defense
2985:Diplomatic missions of China
2845:Taiwan independence movement
2566:Publishing industry in China
2108:United Front Work Department
1953:Regular Disciplined Services
1943:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1749:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1731:Ministry of National Defense
766:National Security Commission
606:Harmonious Socialist Society
497:Death sentence with reprieve
471:Administrative Procedure Law
3914:Cao, Deborah (2017-03-02).
3325:system of people's congress
3166:Community of Common Destiny
2956:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2826:Republic of China on Taiwan
2245:Ministry of Public Security
1566:Equipment Development Dept.
733:Central Military Commission
4094:
4073:National People's Congress
3939:刘松山, 2017-05-24, 法学月刊杂志社.
3568:National People's Congress
3537:10.1007/s11366-023-09861-3
3394:being its permanent body.
3384:National People's Congress
3363:National People's Congress
3355:People's Republic of China
3342:Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì Zhìdù
2821:Political status of Taiwan
2277:Ministry of State Security
1980:Public Prosecutions Office
1780:Military reform since 2015
1392:Deputy Secretaries-General
1162:Social Development Affairs
1043:National People's Congress
581:Primary stage of socialism
549:Admission Oath (Article 6)
116:Current provincial leaders
3780:10.1017/S0305741000032902
3686:10.1017/S0305741000035803
3332:
3202:China–Caribbean relations
2786:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2485:China Radio International
2432:China Film Administration
1628:Strategic Planning Office
1358:Cabinet-level departments
450:Intellectual property law
3813:. Springer Netherlands.
3245:Administrative divisions
3026:Belt and Road Initiative
2723:Hong Kong SAR Government
2694:One country, two systems
2682:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2468:China Central Television
1987:Secretariat for Security
1663:People's Liberation Army
1404:most Central Enterprises
1147:Overseas Chinese Affairs
586:Four Cardinal Principles
3891:Oxford University Press
3457:Chinese Communist Party
3427:people's congresses in
3347:Chinese Communist Party
3217:China–Pacific relations
3096:Chinese nationality law
1997:Unitary Police Services
1654:National armed forces:
1070:Council of Chairpersons
926:Organization Department
658:National Party Congress
363:Socialist law tradition
240:Organization Department
3941:"党领导立法工作需要研究解决的几个重要问题"
3742:10.22439/cjas.v17i0.11
3469:NPCSC vice chairperson
3422:autonomous prefectures
3222:China–Russia relations
3192:China–Africa relations
3021:China Development Bank
2997:Foreign aid from China
2838:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2806:Cross-Strait relations
2799:Cross-Strait relations
2752:Mainland & HK CEPA
2202:People's organizations
2009:Public Security Police
1958:Hong Kong Police Force
1919:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1870:Supreme People's Court
1775:Military modernization
1553:Logistic Support Dept.
286:Previous constitutions
159:Communist Party leader
54:Leadership generations
4068:Constitution of China
3646:Heidelberg University
2894:Taiwan Affairs Office
2745:Independence movement
2730:Politics of Hong Kong
1975:Court of Final Appeal
1936:Prosecutions Division
1931:Department of Justice
1924:Court of Final Appeal
1680:People's Armed Police
1373:National Audit Office
1004:Provincial committee
235:Collective leadership
230:Democratic centralism
111:Current state leaders
66:Hu–Wen Administration
4033:Truex, Rory (2016).
3367:separation of powers
3197:China–Arab relations
3129:Visa policy of China
3048:New Development Bank
3011:Ministry of Commerce
2774:Macau SAR Government
2687:Macau Liaison Office
2480:China National Radio
2172:Historical parties:
1992:Macau Security Force
1540:Political Work Dept.
1178:State representative
1122:Constitution and Law
907:Central Guard Bureau
576:Deng Xiaoping Theory
353:Chinese legal system
168:State representative
130:Orders of precedence
93:20th Party Politburo
72:Xi–Li Administration
3767:The China Quarterly
3673:The China Quarterly
3648:. 4 February 2021.
3415:autonomous counties
2975:Diplomatic missions
2947:Secretary-General:
2865:Chinese unification
2709:Hong Kong Basic Law
2579:Internet censorship
2537:Censorship in China
2297:Ministry of Justice
1829:Corruption in China
1201:Presidential Office
840:Secretary-General:
723:Central Secretariat
624:Four Comprehensives
428:Labour Contract Law
358:Civil law tradition
195:Conference Chairman
84:4th Leadership Core
59:Succession of power
3883:Economy, Elizabeth
3624:, p. 158–175.
3433:autonomous regions
3392:Standing Committee
3351:form of government
3016:Exim Bank of China
2850:Anti-Secession Law
2740:Pro-democracy camp
2506:China News Service
2492:Xinhua News Agency
2055:National Committee
1970:Judiciary of Macau
1899:Prosecutor General
1112:Special Committees
1060:Standing Committee
1018:Deputy secretaries
1008:Standing committee
951:Standing Committee
912:Central Guard Unit
710:Standing Committee
614:Xi Jinping Thought
571:Mao Zedong Thought
487:Capital punishment
465:Administrative law
204:Commander-in-chief
177:Head of government
102:14th State Council
4003:978-981-16-1622-8
3925:978-1-351-95197-5
3900:978-0-19-086607-5
3848:. July 13, 2023.
3820:978-90-411-1433-4
3378:According to the
3321:
3320:
3260:Ethnic minorities
3161:Beijing Consensus
3101:Chinese passports
2941:Deputy Director:
2924:Foreign relations
2811:Chinese Civil War
2781:Politics of Macau
2574:Internet in China
2463:China Media Group
2402:Deputy Director:
2339:Urban Management
2097:Political parties
2084:Secretary-General
2071:Vice-Chairpersons
1805:Supervisory organ
1690:China Coast Guard
1524:Joint Staff Dept.
1435:supreme commander
1387:Secretary-General
1346:Secretary-General
1100:Secretary-General
1086:Vice-Chairpersons
863:Deputy Director:
818:Deputy Directors:
699:Central Politburo
679:General Secretary
668:Central Committee
528:Principal leaders
186:Congress Chairman
78:Xi Administration
74:(2012–2017)
68:(2002–2012)
24:Politics of China
4085:
4048:
4029:
4023:
4015:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3680:(138): 381–403.
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3563:"About Congress"
3559:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3513:
3380:PRC constitution
3343:
3334:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3278:China portal
3276:
3275:
3274:
2735:Pro-Beijing camp
2718:John Lee Ka-chiu
2375:Deputy Leaders:
2325:
2022:
2014:Judiciary Police
2005:
1763:Military history
1688:
1678:
1668:Theater commands
1661:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1311:State Councilors
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1245:Li Qiang Cabinet
1106:
836:
830:
824:
686:
593:Three Represents
566:Marxism–Leninism
492:Capital offences
382:List of statutes
137:Paramount leader
125:National leaders
35:
19:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4032:
4016:
4004:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3863:
3861:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3607:
3599:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3488:
3453:
3400:
3376:
3317:
3288:
3284:Other countries
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3255:Family planning
3240:
3232:
3231:
3188:
3170:
3156:Panda diplomacy
3147:
3092:
3069:
3054:
2993:
2981:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2885:Deputy Leader:
2871:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2765:Chief Executive
2760:Macao Basic Law
2756:
2714:Chief Executive
2705:
2651:
2650:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2570:
2533:
2421:
2406:
2398:
2383:
2371:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2319:
2306:
2286:
2254:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:Law enforcement
2207:
2206:
2191:
2165:
2067:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2016:
1999:
1966:
1948:Security Bureau
1915:
1905:
1882:
1864:
1863:
1862:Judicial organs
1858:
1848:
1840:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1770:Armed conflicts
1743:
1725:
1714:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1352:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1234:
1233:
1232:Executive organ
1228:
1223:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1142:Foreign Affairs
1098:
1082:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1001:
875:
867:
859:
844:
832:
826:
820:
819:
814:
799:
780:
775:
753:
745:
717:
677:
652:
651:
644:
608:
601:
557:
543:
542:
516:
514:Communist Party
506:
505:
478:
461:
388:
376:Legislation Law
349:
319:
308:
276:
275:
255:
254:
219:Related systems
153:
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4030:
4002:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3931:
3924:
3906:
3899:
3874:
3826:
3819:
3801:
3756:
3715:
3662:
3642:Decoding China
3626:
3605:
3603:, p. 193.
3586:
3551:
3530:(1): 159–184.
3507:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3461:NPCSC chairman
3452:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3425:
3418:
3407:
3399:
3396:
3375:
3372:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:Related topics
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3126:
3112:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:Silk Road Fund
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:Zhuang Rongwen
2617:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:Great Firewall
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:Internal media
2554:Media of China
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:People's Daily
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:Reference News
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
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2385:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2358:
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2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2011:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:Zhang Shengmin
1602:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1511:General Office
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1497:Zhang Shengmin
1493:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1418:Military organ
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:General Office
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1262:
1249:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:Vice President
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Ethnic Affairs
1109:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
982:
981:
980:
978:Zhang Shengmin
969:
968:
967:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
923:
922:
921:
916:
915:
914:
904:
903:
902:
890:
889:
881:General Office
878:
877:
876:
871:Office Chief:
870:
868:
862:
860:
854:
847:
846:
845:
839:
837:
817:
815:
809:
802:
801:
800:
795:Office Chief:
794:
792:
779:Vice-Chairman:
778:
776:
770:
763:
762:
761:
748:
746:
737:
730:
720:
719:
718:
708:
695:
694:
693:
692:
647:
646:
645:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
611:
610:
609:
604:
597:
595:
590:
589:
588:
583:
573:
568:
563:
553:
551:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
524:
523:
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
494:
477:
476:
475:
474:
460:
459:
458:
457:
447:
446:
445:
433:
432:
431:
424:
412:
405:
397:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
367:
366:
365:
360:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
290:
277:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
201:
192:
183:
174:
165:
156:
155:
154:
145:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
99:
90:
75:
69:
62:
61:
56:
50:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4046:
4044:9781107172432
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:. Singapore.
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3918:. Routledge.
3917:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:The Economist
3840:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:unified power
3356:
3352:
3349:(CCP) is the
3348:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Spokespersons
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:Ding Xuexiang
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Radio jamming
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:Wang Xiaohong
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2233:
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2088:Wang Dongfeng
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1517:Zhong Shaojun
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1507:Departments:
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1320:Wang Xiaohong
1317:
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1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:Zhang Guoqing
1290:
1287:
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1279:Ding Xuexiang
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1265:Vice-Premiers
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750:Vice Chairmen
747:
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619:Chinese Dream
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250:Civil service
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225:Unified power
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80:(since 2017)
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63:
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52:
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43:
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39:
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30:
29:
25:
20:
4034:
3993:
3990:Boer, Roland
3949:. Retrieved
3934:
3915:
3909:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3862:. Retrieved
3843:
3810:
3804:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3654:. Retrieved
3641:
3577:. Retrieved
3566:
3527:
3521:
3511:
3473:
3454:
3445:
3401:
3377:
3340:
3324:
3322:
3250:Hukou system
2589:Great Cannon
2526:
2519:Global Times
2517:
2510:
2496:
2441:
2340:
2237:Chen Wenqing
2103:CCP (ruling)
2075:Top-ranked:
2043:United front
1643:Audit Office
1458:Zhang Youxia
1368:Central bank
1350:Wu Zhenglong
1327:Wu Zhenglong
1300:Liu Guozhong
1092:Li Hongzhong
1090:Top-ranked:
755:Zhang Youxia
649:Organization
536:Constitution
482:Criminal law
470:
442:Property Law
441:
436:Property law
427:
420:
409:Marriage Law
408:
400:
392:
375:
281:Constitution
266:Constitution
4063:Chinese law
3982:Works cited
3638:"Democracy"
3390:, with the
2887:Wang Huning
2831:Taiwan Area
2769:Ho Iat-seng
2675:Xia Baolong
2528:China Today
2443:China Daily
2341:(chengguan)
2320: [
2235:Secretary:
2114:Shi Taifeng
2077:Shi Taifeng
2065:Wang Huning
2017: [
2000: [
1609:Secretary:
1572:Xu Xueqiang
1027:Party group
976:Secretary:
842:Wang Huning
828:Wang Huning
404:(From 2021)
199:Wang Huning
151:Peng Liyuan
4057:Categories
4012:1249470522
3864:2023-07-22
3656:2022-08-22
3622:Truex 2016
3579:3 November
3498:References
3480:Xi Jinping
3467:, and the
3365:(NPC). No
2937:Xi Jinping
2935:Director:
2898:Director:
2881:Xi Jinping
2673:Director:
2618:Director:
2603:Director:
2394:Director:
2381:Shen Yiqin
2355:Propaganda
2302:Minister:
2284:Chen Yixin
2282:Minister:
2250:Minister:
1819:Liu Jinguo
1817:Director:
1791:Xi Jinping
1598:Liu Faqing
1596:Director:
1583:Director:
1570:Director:
1557:Director:
1544:Director:
1533:Liu Zhenli
1515:Director:
1483:Liu Zhenli
1465:He Weidong
1441:Xi Jinping
1334:Shen Yiqin
1195:Xi Jinping
885:Director:
857:Xi Jinping
855:Director:
812:Xi Jinping
810:Director:
773:Xi Jinping
771:Chairman:
759:He Weidong
743:Xi Jinping
690:Xi Jinping
455:Patent law
421:Labour Law
415:Labour law
401:Civil Code
208:Xi Jinping
172:Xi Jinping
163:Xi Jinping
147:First lady
141:Xi Jinping
97:Xi Jinping
88:Xi Jinping
47:Leadership
4020:cite book
3854:0013-0613
3796:154503140
3788:0305-7410
3774:: 39–64.
3751:1395-4199
3710:154784276
3694:0305-7410
3601:Boer 2021
3546:1080-6954
3503:Citations
3429:provinces
3133:Hong Kong
3119:Hong Kong
3105:Hong Kong
2816:One China
2641:Hong Kong
2419:Li Shulei
2404:Li Shulei
2377:Li Shulei
1903:Ying Yong
1880:Zhang Jun
1876:President
1585:Wang Peng
1559:Zhang Lin
1475:Members:
1286:He Lifeng
1221:Han Zheng
1187:President
1171:Presidium
1080:Zhao Leji
1055:Elections
1013:Secretary
961:Secretary
932:Li Ganjie
873:He Lifeng
786:Zhao Leji
636:Democracy
561:Communism
396:(to 2020)
245:Elections
190:Zhao Leji
3992:(2021).
3961:cite web
3945:Archived
3885:(2018).
3858:Archived
3735:: 6–30.
3650:Archived
3573:Archived
3486:See also
3411:counties
3333:人民代表大会制度
3001:to China
2989:in China
2961:Minister
2943:Li Qiang
2900:Song Tao
2879:Leader:
2660:Leader:
2367:Leader:
2061:Chairman
1789:Leader:
1741:Dong Jun
1737:Minister
1723:Li Qiang
1719:Chairman
1546:Miao Hua
1490:Miao Hua
1431:Chairman
1259:Li Qiang
1076:Chairman
989:Leader:
865:Li Qiang
822:Li Qiang
782:Li Qiang
739:Chairman
540:ideology
181:Li Qiang
106:Li Qiang
3353:of the
3329:Chinese
2965:Wang Yi
2949:Wang Yi
2304:He Rong
1697:Militia
1253: (
1251:Premier
1205:Chief:
898:Chief:
521:History
4041:
4010:
4000:
3951:31 May
3922:
3897:
3852:
3817:
3794:
3786:
3749:
3708:
3702:654949
3700:
3692:
3544:
3435:, and
3413:, and
3398:Levels
3374:System
3339::
3337:pinyin
3331::
2605:Cai Qi
2417:Head:
2396:Cai Qi
2369:Cai Qi
2112:Head:
1207:Cai Qi
1104:Liu Qi
930:Head:
900:Cai Qi
887:Cai Qi
834:Cai Qi
797:Cai Qi
790:Cai Qi
538:&
3792:S2CID
3706:S2CID
3698:JSTOR
3439:; and
3137:Macau
3123:Macau
3109:Macau
3043:BRICS
2646:Macau
2324:]
2146:CPWDP
2136:CNDCA
2021:]
2004:]
1529:Chief
991:Li Xi
965:Li Xi
4039:ISBN
4026:link
4008:OCLC
3998:ISBN
3971:link
3967:link
3953:2017
3920:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3850:ISSN
3815:ISBN
3784:ISSN
3747:ISSN
3690:ISSN
3581:2023
3542:ISSN
3323:The
2182:CDSP
2161:TDSL
2151:CZGP
2141:CAPD
2126:RCCK
1269:list
1255:list
1191:list
1064:14th
1047:14th
955:20th
945:20th
727:20th
714:20th
703:20th
683:list
672:20th
662:20th
370:Laws
304:1978
299:1975
294:1954
3776:doi
3772:141
3737:doi
3682:doi
3678:138
3532:doi
2187:YCP
2177:KMT
2131:CDL
1437:):
1257:):
1193:):
271:Law
4059::
4022:}}
4018:{{
4006:.
3963:}}
3959:{{
3943:.
3893:.
3889:.
3867:.
3856:.
3842:.
3829:^
3790:.
3782:.
3770:.
3745:.
3733:17
3731:.
3727:.
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3696:.
3688:.
3676:.
3644:.
3640:.
3629:^
3608:^
3589:^
3571:.
3565:.
3554:^
3540:.
3528:29
3526:.
3520:.
3431:,
3335:;
3135:;
3121:,
3107:;
2999:/
2987:/
2963::
2767::
2716::
2379:,
2322:zh
2156:JS
2099::
2086::
2063::
2019:zh
2002:zh
1901::
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1721::
1531::
1450::
1348::
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1219::
1102::
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