394:), since the weight of atmospheric pressure pushing the water up is counterbalanced by the column of water in the siphon pushing down (until one reaches the maximal height of a barometer/siphon, at which point the liquid cannot be pushed higher) – the hydrostatic pressure at the top of the tube is then lower than atmospheric pressure by an amount proportional to the height of the tube. Doing the same analysis on the tube rising from the lower reservoir yields the pressure at the top of that (vertical) tube; this pressure is lower because the tube is longer (there is more water pushing down), and requires that the lower reservoir is lower than the upper reservoir, or more generally that the discharge outlet simply be lower than the surface of the upper reservoir. Considering now the horizontal tube connecting them, one sees that the pressure at the top of the tube from the top reservoir is higher (since less water is being lifted), while the pressure at the top of the tube from the bottom reservoir is lower (since more water is being lifted), and since liquids move from high pressure to low pressure, the liquid flows across the horizontal tube from the top basin to the bottom basin. The liquid is under positive pressure (compression) throughout the tube, not tension.
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The siphon itself will exacerbate the problem because as the liquid is raised through the siphon, the pressure drops, causing dissolved gases within the liquid to come out of solution. Higher temperature accelerates the release of gas from liquids so maintaining a constant, low temperature helps. The longer the liquid is in the siphon, the more gas is released, so a shorter siphon overall helps. Local high points will trap gas so the intake and outlet legs should have continuous slopes without intermediate high points. The flow of the liquid moves bubbles thus the intake leg can have a shallow slope as the flow will push the gas bubbles to the crest. Conversely, the outlet leg needs to have a steep slope to allow the bubbles to move against the liquid flow; though other designs call for a shallow slope in the outlet leg as well to allow the bubbles to be carried out of the siphon. At the crest the gas can be trapped in a chamber above the crest. The chamber needs to be occasionally primed again with liquid to remove the gas.
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if there is an intervening force that counters some or all of one of the forces. In the siphon, the atmospheric pressure at the entrance and exit are both lessened by the force of gravity pulling down the liquid in each tube, but the pressure on the down side is lessened more by the taller column of liquid on the down side. In effect, the atmospheric pressure coming up the down side does not entirely "make it" to the top to cancel all of the atmospheric pressure pushing up the up side. This effect can be seen more easily in the example of two carts being pushed up opposite sides of a hill. As shown in the diagram, even though the person on the left seems to have his push canceled entirely by the equal and opposite push from the person on the right, the person on the left's seemingly canceled push is still the source of the force to push the left cart up.
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allowed to fall, the liquid in the upper reservoir will then typically sweep the air bubble down and out of the tube. The apparatus will then continue to operate as a normal siphon. As there is no contact between the liquid on either side of the siphon at the beginning of this experiment, there can be no cohesion between the liquid molecules to pull the liquid over the rise. It has been suggested by advocates of the liquid tensile strength theory, that the air start siphon only demonstrates the effect as the siphon starts, but that the situation changes after the bubble is swept out and the siphon achieves steady flow. But a similar effect can be seen in the flying-droplet siphon (see above). The flying-droplet siphon works continuously without liquid tensile strength pulling the liquid up.
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crest which serve to break the vacuum. If the vacuum is reduced too much, the siphon effect can be lost. Reducing the size of pipe used closer to requirements appears to reduce this effect and creates a more functional siphon that does not require constant re-priming and restarting. In this respect, where the requirement is to match a flow into a container with a flow out of said container (to maintain a constant level in a pond fed by a stream, for example) it would be preferable to utilize two or three smaller separate parallel pipes that can be started as required rather than attempting to use a single large pipe and attempting to throttle it.
1062:. In these situations the unwanted flow is not actually the result of a siphon but suction due to reduced pressure on the water supply side. Should the pressure within the water supply system fall, the external water may be returned by back pressure into the drinking water system through the faucet. Another possible contamination point is the water intake in the toilet tank. An anti-siphon valve is also required here to prevent pressure drops in the water supply line from suctioning water out of the toilet tank (which may contain additives such as "toilet blue") and contaminating the water system. Anti-siphon valves function as a one-direction
1151:. A continuous U-shaped tube of the same diameter throughout is sealed on one end and filled with mercury. When placed into the upright, "U", position, mercury will flow away from the sealed end, forming a partial vacuum, until balanced by atmospheric pressure on the other end. The term "siphon" derives from the belief that air pressure is involved in the operation of a siphon. The difference in height of the fluid between the two arms of the U-shaped tube is the same as the maximum intermediate height of a siphon. When used to measure pressures other than atmospheric pressure, a siphon barometer is sometimes called a
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on the difference in atmospheric pressure; a siphon will work in a vacuum) and upon the cohesive forces that prevent the columns of liquid in the legs of the siphon from breaking under their own weight. At sea level, water can be lifted a little more than 10 metres (33 feet) by a siphon. In civil engineering, pipelines called inverted siphons are used to carry sewage or stormwater under streams, highway cuts, or other depressions in the ground. In an inverted siphon the liquid completely fills the pipe and flows under pressure, as opposed to the open-channel gravity flow that occurs in most sanitary or storm sewers.
3312:, 0.76 m (760 mm; 30 in) for mercury. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature). As long as this condition is satisfied (pressure greater than zero), the flow at the output of the siphon is still only governed by the height difference between the source surface and the outlet. Volume of fluid in the apparatus is not relevant as long as the pressure head remains above zero in every section. Because pressure drops when velocity is increased, a static siphon (or manometer) can have a slightly higher height than a flowing siphon.
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of the chain piled on a higher surface than the other. Since the length of chain on the shorter side is lighter than the length of chain on the taller side, the heavier chain on the taller side will move down and pull up the chain on the lighter side. Similar to a siphon, the chain model is obviously just powered by gravity acting on the heavier side, and there is clearly no violation of conservation of energy, because the chain is ultimately just moving from a higher to a lower location, as the liquid does in a siphon.
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outside pumping energy being added. It can accomplish this despite what initially appears to be a violation of conservation of energy because it can take advantage of the energy of a large volume of liquid dropping some distance, to raise and discharge a small volume of liquid above the source reservoir. Thus it might be said to "require" a large quantity of falling liquid to power the dispensing of a small quantity. Such a system typically operates in a cyclical or start/stop but ongoing and self-powered manner.
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382:. Water and other liquids may seem to have no tensile strength because when a handful is scooped up and pulled on, the liquids narrow and pull apart effortlessly. But liquid tensile strength in a siphon is possible when the liquid adheres to the tube walls and thereby resists narrowing. Any contamination on the tube walls, such as grease or air bubbles, or other minor influences such as turbulence or vibration, can cause the liquid to detach from the walls and lose all tensile strength.
498:; for siphons in vacuum he concluded: "The gravitational force on the column of liquid in the downtake tube less the gravitational force in the uptake tube causes the liquid to move. The liquid is therefore in tension and sustains a longitudinal strain which, in the absence of disturbing factors, is insufficient to break the column of liquid". But for siphons of small uptake height working at atmospheric pressure, he wrote: "... the tension of the liquid column is neutralized and
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528:. He used siphons at air pressure and his conclusion was: "The flow of water out of the bottom of a siphon depends on the difference in height between the inflow and outflow, and therefore cannot be dependent on atmospheric pressure…" Hughes did further work on siphons at air pressure in 2011 and concluded: "The experiments described above demonstrate that ordinary siphons at atmospheric pressure operate through gravity and not atmospheric pressure".
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water tank overhead. When the container is filled, all the stored liquid is released, emerging as a large surge volume that then resets and fills again. One way to do this intermittent action involves complex machinery such as floats, chains, levers, and valves, but these can corrode, wear out, or jam over time. An alternate method is with rigid pipes and chambers, using only the water itself in a siphon as the operating mechanism.
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siphon spillway is considered to be "pipe flow" or "closed-duct flow". A normal spillway flow is pressurized by the height of the reservoir above the spillway, whereas a siphon flow rate is governed by the difference in height of the inlet and outlet. Some designs make use of an automatic system that uses the flow of water in a spiral vortex to remove the air above to prime the siphon. Such a design includes the volute siphon.
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1345:. But further research in 2004 found that, "There is no hydrostatic gradient and since the 'fall' of fluid does not assist the ascending arm, there is no siphon. The giraffe’s high arterial pressure, which is sufficient to raise the blood 2 m from heart to head with sufficient remaining pressure to perfuse the brain, supports this concept." However, a paper written in 2005 urged more research on the hypothesis:
318:), and siphons in vacuum rely on such cohesion, common siphons can easily be demonstrated to need no liquid tensile strength at all to function. Furthermore, since common siphons operate at positive pressures throughout the siphon, there is no contribution from liquid tensile strength, because the molecules are actually repelling each other in order to resist the pressure, rather than pulling on each other.
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303:. For example, if the tube from the upper reservoir to the top of the siphon has a much larger diameter than the taller section of tube from the lower reservoir to the top of the siphon, the shorter upper section of the siphon may have a much larger weight of liquid in it, and yet the lighter volume of liquid in the down tube can pull liquid up the fatter up tube, and the siphon can function normally.
1341:. However, in the 'closed loop' of circulation this was discounted; "In contrast, in 'closed' systems, like the circulation, gravity does not hinder uphill flow nor does it cause downhill flow, because gravity acts equally on the ascending and descending limbs of the circuit", but for "historical reasons", the term is used. One hypothesis (in 1989) was that a siphon existed in the circulation of the
543:) examined the siphon and concluded that molecular cohesion is not required for the operation of a siphon but relies upon gravity and a pressure differential, writing: "As the fluid initially primed on the long leg of the siphon rushes down due to gravity, it leaves behind a partial vacuum that allows pressure on the entrance point of the higher container to push fluid up the leg on that side".
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554:, also in 2011. They wrote: "It is widely believed that the siphon is principally driven by the force of atmospheric pressure. An experiment is described that shows that a siphon can function even under high-vacuum conditions. Molecular cohesion and gravity are shown to be contributing factors in the operation of a siphon; the presence of a positive atmospheric pressure is not required".
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478:, which operates by the same principle. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature), since the column of water (resp. mercury) is balancing with the column of air yielding atmospheric pressure, and indeed maximal height is (neglecting vapor pressure and velocity of liquid) inversely proportional to density of liquid.
836:. The flush is triggered by a lever or handle that operates a simple diaphragm-like piston pump that lifts enough water to the crest of the siphon to start the flow of water which then completely empties the contents of the cistern into the toilet bowl. The advantage of this system was that no water would leak from the cistern excepting when flushed. These were mandatory in the
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short side. This creates a pressure drop throughout the siphon tube, in the same sense that 'sucking' on a straw reduces the pressure along its length all the way to the intake point. The ambient atmospheric pressure at the intake point responds to the reduced pressure by forcing the fluid upwards, sustaining the flow, just as in a steadily sucked straw in a milkshake."
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excess pressure, the shunt may act as a siphon, completely draining cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. The valve in the shunt may be designed to prevent this siphon action so that negative pressure on the drain of the shunt does not result in excess drainage. Only excess positive pressure from within the brain should result in drainage.
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long-bodied animals, which take into account phylogenetic relatedness, will be important. In addition experimental studies that combined measurements of arterial and venous blood pressures, with cerebral blood flow, under a variety of gravitational stresses (different head positions), will ultimately resolve this controversy.
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A second problem is that the trapped air pockets will shrink over time if the siphon is not operating due to no inflow. The air in pockets is absorbed by the liquid, which pulls liquid up into the piping until the air pocket disappears, and can cause activation of water flow outside the normal range
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under air pressure in 2011 and concluded that molecular cohesion is not required for the operation of a siphon, but: "The basic explanation of siphon action is that, once the tube is filled, the flow is initiated by the greater pull of gravity on the fluid on the longer side compared with that on the
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Another common misconception about siphons is that because the atmospheric pressure is virtually identical at the entrance and exit, the atmospheric pressure cancels, and therefore atmospheric pressure cannot be pushing the liquid up the siphon. But equal and opposite forces may not completely cancel
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Siphon, also spelled syphon, instrument, usually in the form of a tube bent to form two legs of unequal length, for conveying liquid over the edge of a vessel and delivering it at a lower level. Siphons may be of any size. The action depends upon the influence of gravity (not, as sometimes thought,
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If the upper reservoir is such that the liquid there can rise above the height of the siphon crest, the rising liquid in the reservoir can "self-prime" the siphon and the whole apparatus be described as a "self-siphon". Once primed, such a siphon will continue to operate until the level of the upper
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Despite the name, siphonic roof drainage does not work as a siphon; the technology makes use of gravity induced vacuum pumping to carry water horizontally from multiple roof drains to a single downpipe and to increase flow velocity. Metal baffles at the roof drain inlets reduce the injection of air
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While if both ends of a siphon are at atmospheric pressure, liquid flows from high to low, if the bottom end of a siphon is pressurized, liquid can flow from low to high. If pressure is removed from the bottom end, the liquid flow will reverse, illustrating that it is pressure driving the siphon. An
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may be applied at the crest to prime the siphon. Alternatively the siphon may be primed by a pump at either the intake or outlet. Gas in the liquid is a concern in large siphons. The gas tends to accumulate at the crest and if enough accumulates to break the flow of liquid, the siphon stops working.
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A third problem is where the lower end of the liquid seal is simply a U-trap bend in an outflow pipe. During vigorous emptying, the kinetic motion of the liquid out the outflow can propel too much liquid out, causing a loss of the sealing volume in the outflow trap and loss of the trapped air bubble
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The siphon in the video demonstration operated steadily for more than 28 minutes until the upper reservoir was empty. Another simple demonstration that liquid tensile strength is not needed in the siphon is to simply introduce a bubble into the siphon during operation. The bubble can be large enough
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Another difference is that under most practical circumstances, dissolved gases, vapor pressure, and (sometimes) lack of adhesion with tube walls, conspire to render the tensile strength within the liquid ineffective for siphoning. Thus, unlike a chain, which has significant tensile strength, liquids
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The chain model is a useful but not completely accurate conceptual model of a siphon. The chain model helps to understand how a siphon can cause liquid to flow uphill, powered only by the downward force of gravity. A siphon can sometimes be thought of like a chain hanging over a pulley, with one end
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when the liquid is not moving). This reduced pressure at the top means gravity pulling down on the shorter column of liquid is not sufficient to keep the liquid stationary against the atmospheric pressure pushing it up into the reduced-pressure zone at the top of the siphon. So the liquid flows from
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The principle of the siphon is not species specific and should be a fundamental principle of closed circulatory systems. Therefore, the controversy surrounding the role of the siphon principle may best be resolved by a comparative approach. Analyses of blood pressure on a variety of long-necked and
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In practice, the top vessel is filled with coffee grounds, and the heat is removed from the bottom vessel when the coffee has finished brewing. What vapor pressure means concretely is that the boiling water converts high-density water (a liquid) into low-density steam (a gas), which thus expands to
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The most common failure is for the liquid to dribble out slowly, matching the rate that the container is filling, and the siphon enters an undesired steady-state condition. Preventing dribbling typically involves pneumatic principles to trap one or more large air bubbles in various pipes, which are
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In some applications it can be helpful to use siphon tubing that is not much larger than necessary. Using piping of too great a diameter and then throttling the flow using valves or constrictive piping appears to increase the effect of previously cited concerns over gases or vapor collecting in the
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varies through a static siphon, considering in turn the vertical tube from the top reservoir, the vertical tube from the bottom reservoir, and the horizontal tube connecting them (assuming a U-shape). At liquid level in the top reservoir, the liquid is under atmospheric pressure, and as one goes up
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An example of equal and opposite forces that would seem to cancel each other, yet the seemingly cancelled force from the left, still pushes the object up, similar to how the equal and opposite atmospheric pressure at each end of a siphon, that would seem to cancel, leaves atmospheric pressure still
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criticized this in a 2010 article which was widely reported in the media. The OED editors stated, "there is continuing debate among scientists as to which view is correct. ... We would expect to reflect this debate in the fully updated entry for siphon, due to be published later this year." Hughes
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in construction compared to traditional roof drainage. Another benefit is the elimination of pipe pitch or gradient required for conventional roof drainage piping. However this system of gravity pumping is mainly suitable for large buildings and is not usually suitable for residential properties.
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to examine pressure differentials and fluid flow within a siphon. Their conclusion was: "It follows from the above analysis that there must be a direct cohesive connection between water molecules flowing in and out of a siphon. This is true at all atmospheric pressures in which the pressure in the
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is the (hanging) reservoir of paint attached to a spray gun, it is not a siphon as a vacuum pump extracts the paint. This name is to distinguish it from gravity-fed reservoirs. An archaic use of the term is a cup of oil in which the oil is transported out of the cup via a cotton wick or tube to a
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A siphon drainage method is being implemented in several expressways as of 2022. Recent studies found that it can reduce groundwater level behind expressway retaining walls, and there was no indication of clogging. This new drainage system is being pioneered as a long-term method to limit leakage
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Siphons are sometimes employed as automatic machines, in situations where it is desirable to turn a continuous trickling flow or an irregular small surge flow into a large surge volume. A common example of this is a public restroom with urinals regularly flushed by an automatic siphon in a small
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In the flying-droplet siphon, surface tension pulls the stream of liquid into separate droplets inside of a sealed air-filled chamber, preventing the liquid going down from having contact with the liquid going up, and thereby preventing liquid tensile strength from pulling the liquid up. It also
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is used in a number of ways. Liquids that are composed of long polymers can "self-siphon" and these liquids do not depend on atmospheric pressure. Self-siphoning polymer liquids work the same as the siphon-chain model where the lower part of the chain pulls the rest of the chain up and over the
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Where a potable water supply is connected to a boiler, tank, cooling jacket, lawn sprinkler system or other device where a non-potable fluid may be under pressure that is above atmospheric or the water outlet may be submerged in the non-potable fluid, the water supply shall be protected against
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from the brain. All shunts have a valve to relieve excess pressure in the brain. The shunt may lead into the abdominal cavity such that the shunt outlet is significantly lower than the shunt intake when the patient is standing. Thus a siphon effect may take place and instead of simply relieving
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in a dam is usually not technically a siphon, as it is generally used to drain elevated water levels. However, a siphon spillway operates as an actual siphon if it raises the flow higher than the surface of the source reservoir, as sometimes is the case when used in irrigation. In operation, a
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A fourth problem involves seep holes in the mechanism, intended to slowly refill these various sealing chambers when the siphon is dry. The seep holes can be plugged by debris and corrosion, requiring manual cleaning and intervention. To prevent this, the siphon may be restricted to pure liquid
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to keep the liquid flowing up and out of the reservoir. The siphon will draw liquid out of the reservoir until the level falls below the intake, allowing air or other surrounding gas to break the siphon, or until the outlet of the siphon equals the level of the reservoir, whichever comes first.
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While a simple siphon cannot output liquid at a level higher than the source reservoir, a more complicated device utilizing an airtight metering chamber at the crest and a system of automatic valves, may discharge liquid on an ongoing basis, at a level higher than the source reservoir, without
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To demonstrate, the longer lower leg of a common siphon can be plugged at the bottom and filled almost to the crest with liquid as in the figure, leaving the top and the shorter upper leg completely dry and containing only air. When the plug is removed and the liquid in the longer lower leg is
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Self-constructed siphons, made of pipes or tubes, can be used to evacuate water from cellars after floodings. Between the flooded cellar and a deeper place outside a connection is built, using a tube or some pipes. They are filled with water through an intake valve (at the highest end of the
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it into the lungs, which can cause death or lung damage.) If the tube is flooded with liquid before part of the tube is raised over the intermediate high point and care is taken to keep the tube flooded while it is being raised, no pump is required. Devices sold as siphons often come with a
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from coming back out of sewers and sometimes making dense objects like rings and electronic components retrievable after falling into a drain. Liquid flowing in one end simply forces liquid up and out the other end, but solids like sand will accumulate. This is especially important in
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Siphon coffee brewer: when warmed by a heat source (A), vapor pressure increases in the lower chamber (B), forcing the water downwards (C) and through the central pipe into the upper chamber (D) where it is mixed with the coffee grounds. When the heat is removed, the water flows back
1305:"Self-siphon" is also often used in sales literature by siphon manufacturers to describe portable siphons that contain a pump. With the pump, no external suction (e.g. from a person's mouth/lungs) is required to start the siphon and thus the product is described as a "self-siphon".
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Maximum height of the intermediate high point occurs when it is so high that the pressure at the intermediate high point is zero; in typical scenarios this will cause the liquid to form bubbles and if the bubbles enlarge to fill the pipe then the siphon will "break". Setting
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revisited siphons in 1971. They re-examined the theories of the siphon and ran experiments on siphons in air pressure. They concluded: "By now it should be clear that, despite a wealth of tradition, the basic mechanism of a siphon does not depend upon atmospheric pressure."
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There are two leading theories about how siphons cause liquid to flow uphill, against gravity, without being pumped, and powered only by gravity. The traditional theory for centuries was that gravity pulling the liquid down on the exit side of the siphon resulted in reduced
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bubbles; in the absence of impurities or rough surfaces to act as easy nucleation sites for bubbles, siphons can temporarily exceed their standard maximal height during the extended time it takes bubbles to nucleate. One siphon of degassed water was demonstrated to
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A river siphon occurs when part of the water flow passes under a submerged object like a rock or tree trunk. The water flowing under the obstruction can be very powerful, and as such can be very dangerous for kayaking, canyoning, and other river-based watersports.
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the siphon (in home use this is often done by a person inhaling through the tube until enough of it has filled with liquid; this may pose danger to the user, depending on the liquid that is being siphoned). This is sometimes done with any leak-free hose to siphon
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is considered in the scientific literature to be a fair approximation to the operation of the siphon. In non-ideal fluids, compressibility, tensile strength and other characteristics of the working fluid (or multiple fluids) complicate
Bernoulli's equation.
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and the intermediate high point does limit the maximum velocity. The drain point cannot be lowered indefinitely to increase the velocity. Equation 3 will limit the velocity to retain a positive pressure at the intermediate high point to prevent
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take up more volume (in other words, the pressure increases). This pressure from the expanding steam then forces the liquid up the siphon; when the steam then condenses down to water the pressure decreases and the liquid flows back down.
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of the liquid. When the pressure within the liquid drops to below the liquid's vapor pressure, tiny vapor bubbles can begin to form at the high point, and the siphon effect will end. This effect depends on how efficiently the liquid can
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to entirely disconnect the liquids in the tube before and after the bubble, defeating any liquid tensile strength, and yet if the bubble is not too big, the siphon will continue to operate with little change as it sweeps the bubble out.
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and industry. Their size requires control via valves at the intake, outlet and crest of the siphon. The siphon may be primed by closing the intake and outlets and filling the siphon at the crest. If intakes and outlets are submerged, a
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The term "siphon" is used for a number of structures in human and animal anatomy, either because flowing liquids are involved or because the structure is shaped like a siphon, but in which no actual siphon effect is occurring: see
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the higher-pressure area of the upper reservoir up to the lower-pressure zone at the top of the siphon, over the top, and then, with the help of gravity and a taller column of liquid, down to the higher-pressure zone at the exit.
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when the heat is removed from the bottom vessel, the vapor pressure decreases, and can no longer support the column of water – gravity (acting on the water) and atmospheric pressure then push the water back into the bottom
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Although siphons can exceed the barometric height of the liquid in special circumstances, e.g. when the liquid is degassed and the tube is clean and smooth, in general the practical maximum height can be found as follows.
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There are a number of problems with the chain model of a siphon, and understanding these differences helps to explain the actual workings of siphons. First, unlike in the chain model of the siphon, it is not actually the
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1155:; these are not siphons but follow a standard U-shaped design leading to the term. Siphon barometers are still produced as precision instruments. Siphon barometers should not be confused with a siphon rain gauge.,
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sealed by water traps. This method can fail if it cannot start working intermittently without water already present in parts of the mechanism, and which will not be filled if the mechanism starts from a dry state.
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and to heights exceeding the barometric height of the liquid. Consequently, the cohesion tension theory of siphon operation has been advocated, where the liquid is pulled over the siphon in a way similar to the
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Where a hose bibb is installed outside a building, inside a garage, or where there is an identifiable risk of contamination, the potable water system shall be protected against backflow by a backflow preventer.
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A tube used to convey liquid upwards from a reservoir and then down to a lower level of its own accord. Once the liquid has been forced into the tube, typically by suction or immersion, flow continues unaided.
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of the water increases (it increasingly evaporates); when the water boils the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, and as the temperature increases above boiling the pressure in the bottom vessel then
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A practical siphon, operating at typical atmospheric pressures and tube heights, works because gravity pulling down on the taller column of liquid leaves reduced pressure at the top of the siphon (formally,
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Apply
Bernoulli's equation to the surface of the upper reservoir. The surface is technically falling as the upper reservoir is being drained. However, for this example we will assume the reservoir to be
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Air-start siphon. When the column of liquid is allowed to fall from C down to D, liquid in the upper reservoir will flow up to B and over the top. No liquid tensile strength is needed to pull the liquid
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Many automatic siphons have been invented going back to at least the 1850s, for automatic siphon mechanisms that attempt to overcome these problems using various pneumatic and hydrodynamic principles.
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that can record rainfall over an extended period. A siphon is used to automatically empty the gauge. It is often simply called a "siphon gauge" and is not to be confused with a siphon pressure gauge.
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he examined pressure initialisation, flow, and pressure propagation within a siphon. He concluded: "Pressure, gravity and molecular cohesion can all be driving forces in the operation of siphons".
2827:, of the initial entry point of the siphon in the upper reservoir, does not affect the velocity of the siphon. No limit to the depth of the siphon start point is implied by Equation 2 as pressure
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gas siphons, siphons working despite bubbles, and the flying droplet siphon, where gases do not exert significant pulling forces, and liquids not in contact cannot exert a cohesive tension force.
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is atmospheric pressure. If the end of the siphon is below the surface, the height to the end of the siphon cannot be used; rather the height difference between the reservoirs should be used.
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in that there are ways the siphon can fail to function which require manual intervention to return to normal surge flow operation. A video demonstration of a self-starting siphon can be found
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incorporated a siphon in the cistern which would flush automatically on a regular cycle because there was a constant trickle of clean water being fed to the cistern by a slightly open valve.
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Tokoro, Kazuhiko; Chiba, Yasuhiro; Abe, Hiroyuki; Tanaka, Nobumasa; Yamataki, Akira; Kanno, Hiroshi (1994). "Importance of anti-siphon devices in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus".
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also exist. The two are unrelated in application. Siphoning can be used to remove fuel from tanks. With the cost of fuel increasing, it has been linked in several countries to the rise in
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usually have little tensile strength under typical siphon conditions, and therefore the liquid on the rising side cannot be pulled up in the way the chain is pulled up on the rising side.
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5023:"Arizona Administrative Code, Title 18. Environmental Quality, Chapter 9. Department Of Environmental Quality, Article 3. Aquifer Protection Permits, Part E. Type 4 General Permits"
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The velocity of the siphon is thus driven solely by the height difference between the surface of the upper reservoir and the drain point. The height of the intermediate high point,
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at the top of the siphon. Then atmospheric pressure was able to push the liquid from the upper reservoir, up into the reduced pressure at the top of the siphon, like in a
5240:
155:
Pascal's siphon, showing two beakers of mercury inside a container of water, demonstrating that a siphon works by atmospheric pressure, not that "nature abhors a vacuum"
4723:
2727:
132:
with gravity theory cannot explain siphons in vacuum, where there is no significant atmospheric pressure. But the cohesion tension with gravity theory cannot explain CO
4946:
1705:
2180:
338:
1678:
1647:
1621:
1594:
91:
through tubes. In a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted "U" shape, which causes a liquid to flow upward, above the surface of a
785:
hazard in the retaining wall. Siphon drainage is also used in draining unstable slopes, and siphon roof-water drainage systems have been in use since the 1960s.
274:
The chain model, where the section marked "B" pulls down because it is heavier than the section "A", is a flawed but useful analogy to the operation of a siphon.
5424:
1185:) is a pressurized bottle with a vent and a valve. It is not a siphon as pressure within the bottle drives the liquid up and out a tube. A special form was the
370: – and in these situations the chain model can be instructive. Further, in other settings water transport does occur due to tension, most significantly in
5112:
1727:
583:
In 2014, Hughes and Gurung (at the
Queensland University of Technology) ran a water siphon under varying air pressures ranging from sea level to 11.9 km (
314:
of the liquid to pull the liquid up and over the rise. While water has been found to have a significant tensile strength in some experiments (such as with the
1105:
Every potable water system that supplies a fixture or tank that is not subject to pressures above atmospheric shall be protected against back-siphonage by a
1416:
In speleology, a siphon or a sump is that part of a cave passage that lies under water and through which cavers have to dive to progress further into the
1046:
are required in such designs. The reason is that external faucets may be attached to hoses which may be immersed in an external body of water, such as a
6069:
4514:
2033:
1085:
The anti-siphon valve in medical shunts is preventing excess forward flow of liquid. In plumbing systems, the anti-siphon valve is preventing backflow.
5022:
653:
A siphon used in an automatic unattended device needs to be able to function reliably without failure. This is different from the common demonstration
1719:
and the velocity of the surface may be set to zero. Furthermore, the pressure at both the surface and the exit point C is atmospheric pressure. Thus:
1007:. Back siphonage is rare as it depends on submerged inlets at the outlet (home) end and these are uncommon. Back siphonage is not to be confused with
128:. It need not be one theory or the other that is correct, but rather both theories may be correct in different circumstances of ambient pressure. The
902:
a small amount of still hot water and steam remain in the bottom vessel and are kept heated, with this pressure keeping the water in the upper vessel
5713:
Gisolf, J.; Gisolf, A.; van
Lieshout, J. J.; Karemaker, J. M. (2005). "The siphon controversy: an integration of concepts and the brain as baffle".
3308:
This is the maximum height that a siphon will work. Substituting values will give approximately 10 m (33 feet) for water and, by definition of
1883:
271:
6054:
3130:
3025:
7405:
5455:
625:
from a motor vehicle's gasoline tank to an external tank. (Siphoning gasoline by mouth often results in the accidental swallowing of gasoline, or
961:
across valleys, for irrigation or gold mining. The Romans used inverted siphons of lead pipes to cross valleys that were too big to construct an
2838:. Both these facts imply the operator of the siphon may bottom skim or top skim the upper reservoir without impacting the siphon's performance.
337:
1135:. Trucks, with their large fuel tanks, are most vulnerable. The anti-siphon device prevents thieves from inserting a tube into the fuel tank.
793:
3999:
3908:
3382:
ASSE 1002/ASME A112.1002/CSA B125.12 on
Performance Requirements for Anti-Siphon Fill Valves (Ballcocks) for Gravity Water Closet Flush Tanks
3234:
1492:
7237:
5686:
5295:
4675:
286:
Even the falling lighter lower leg from C to D can cause the liquid of the heavier upper leg to flow up and over into the lower reservoir
5556:
3346:
1090:
995:
is a plumbing term applied to the reversal of normal water flow in a plumbing system due to sharply reduced or negative pressure on the
525:
5959:
3957:
2310:
As the siphon is a single system, the constant in all four equations is the same. Setting equations 1 and 4 equal to each other gives:
6232:
5497:
3478:
Ramette, Joshua J.; Ramette, Richard W. (July 2011). "Siphonic concepts examined: a carbon dioxide gas siphon and siphons in vacuum".
3223:
This means that the height of the intermediate high point is limited by pressure along the streamline being always greater than zero.
5627:
5338:
6557:
3936:
591:) altitude. They noted: "Flow remained more or less constant during ascension indicating that siphon flow is independent of ambient
4747:
3603:
54:
demonstrates that the effect of atmospheric pressure at the entrance is not canceled by the equal atmospheric pressure at the exit.
3991:
1011:; which is the reversed flow of water from the outlet end to the supply end caused by pressure occurring at the outlet end. Also,
736:
Siphoning is common in irrigated fields to transfer a controlled amount of water from a ditch, over the ditch wall, into furrows.
7287:
5062:
2452:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{C}^{2} \over 2}-gh_{C}+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }}
1223:
machine but will stop when the air in the priming pump is depleted. In a slightly differently configuration, it is also known as
5756:
Hicks, JW; Badeer, HS (February 1989). "Siphon mechanism in collapsible tubes: application to circulation of the giraffe head".
5528:
3782:
576:, A. McGuire, examined flow in siphons in 2012. Using the advanced general-purpose multiphysics simulation software package
4950:
3350:
continued to defend his view of the siphon in a late
September post at the Oxford blog. The 2015 definition by the OED is:
5791:
Seymour, RS; Johansen, K (1987). "Blood flow uphill and downhill: does a siphon facilitate circulation above the heart?".
4972:
463:
6038:
7390:
6848:
6187:
887:
another glass vessel is placed on top, open to the atmosphere – the top vessel is empty, the bottom is filled with water
5141:
924:
do not work in this way. These metering pumps are true siphon pumping devices which use siphons as their power source.
7011:
6813:
5387:
3392:
391:
5432:
1271:
when the fluid is air, this is an example of the misconception that air pressure is the operating force for siphons.
366:
In some situations siphons do function in the absence of atmospheric pressure and due to tensile strength – see
3001:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }}
2692:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }}
675:
of operating when the storage tank is not full, leading to loss of the liquid seal in lower parts of the mechanism.
6793:
6638:
6623:
3928:
3857:
3839:
3822:
3360:
1106:
1039:
5826:
Hicks, James W.; Munis, James R. (2005). "The siphon controversy counterpoint: the brain need not be "baffling"".
140:
6898:
5055:"What is back-siphonage and its causes? - Water FAQ Backflow Prevention - Water / Wastewater - Operations Centre"
3333:
573:
362:
able to push the liquid up. (The cars are not bound to each other, so they do not pull on each other, only push.)
196:
5264:"Seven-year clinical experience with the Codman Hakim programmable valve: a retrospective study of 583 patients"
713:
and floaties) from being transferred out of one container into a new container. Siphoning is thus useful in the
6628:
6267:
6192:
3635:
547:
4849:
4521:
4068:
2482:
950:
is not a siphon but a term applied to pipes that must dip below an obstruction to form a U-shaped flow path.
70:
7395:
6833:
6828:
6537:
6479:
6459:
6114:
5029:
1437:
1328:
1267:. The low pressure at the throat of the venturi is called a siphon when a second fluid is introduced, or an
806:
596:
562:
506:
397:
35:
4362:
4305:
3898:
3514:
7354:
7297:
7026:
6996:
6327:
6225:
242:
226:
63:
984:
which must be routed under rivers or other deep obstructions where the better term is "depressed sewer".
884:
a glass vessel is filled with water, then corked (so air-tight) with a siphon sticking vertically upwards
7339:
7292:
7048:
6991:
6976:
6448:
4786:
3987:
3406:
729:
357:
721:
construction). When the ends are opened, the water flows through the pipe into the sewer or the river.
4561:
4015:
7038:
6607:
6515:
6417:
5986:
5658:
5084:
4573:
4468:
4427:
4388:
4335:
4284:
4211:
4154:
3684:
3557:
3487:
3436:
3378:
The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) publishes the following Tri-Harmonized Standard:
3342:
3321:
626:
540:
521:
413:
386:
371:
263:
129:
6136:
4105:"Negative Pressure Generated by Octopus Suckers: A Study of the Tensile Strength of Water in Nature"
7369:
7227:
6868:
6464:
5398:
4320:
1846:
Apply
Bernoulli's equation to point A at the start of the siphon tube in the upper reservoir where
1224:
1078:
1008:
880:
brewer, which works as follows (designs vary; this is a standard design, omitting coffee grounds):
714:
600:
592:
194:
brothers of 9th-century
Baghdad invented a double-concentric siphon, which they described in their
2813:{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {max} }={\sqrt {2\left({P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }-gh_{B}\right)}}}
1219:
is not a siphon as it works as a gravity driven pressure pump, at first glance it appears to be a
717:
of wine and beer for this reason, since it can keep unwanted impurities out of the new container.
7323:
7222:
6981:
6946:
6843:
6823:
6718:
6693:
6494:
6387:
6257:
6182:
6002:
5945:
5474:
5218:
4874:
4599:
4351:
4178:
3503:
1338:
663:
180:
7144:
5299:
4562:"Experimental study on the anti-clogging ability of siphon drainage and engineering application"
3328:
between molecules, provided that the liquids are pure and degassed and surfaces are very clean.
1280:
which increases the efficiency of the system. One benefit to this drainage technique is reduced
321:
5504:
4667:
2282:{\displaystyle {v_{C}^{2} \over 2}-gh_{C}+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1458:
Let point A be the start point of siphon, immersed within the higher reservoir and at a depth −
7359:
7282:
6971:
6818:
6803:
6723:
6703:
6668:
6521:
6484:
6382:
6218:
5851:
5843:
5808:
5773:
5738:
5730:
5692:
5682:
5210:
4591:
4496:
4258:
4237:
4170:
4089:
4046:
3995:
3932:
3924:
3904:
3718:
3700:
3411:
3309:
1993:
Apply
Bernoulli's equation to point B at the intermediate high point of the siphon tube where
1392:
962:
844:
699:
467:
270:
5977:
Ganci, S; Yegorenkov, V (2008). "Historical and pedagogical aspects of a humble instrument".
5889:
5560:
4697:
4642:
1689:
1309:
reservoir falls below the intake of the siphon. Such self-priming siphons are useful in some
604:
apex of the siphon is above the vapour pressure of water, an exception being ionic liquids".
295:
on the taller side compared to the shorter side that matters. Rather it is the difference in
7364:
7129:
6938:
6888:
6713:
6633:
6592:
6552:
6312:
6277:
5994:
5963:
5835:
5800:
5765:
5722:
5674:
5275:
5202:
4581:
4486:
4476:
4435:
4396:
4343:
4292:
4227:
4219:
4202:
4162:
4116:
3746:
3708:
3692:
3650:
3565:
3495:
3325:
1624:
1371:
1368:
1268:
1240:
1220:
1205:
757:
566:
421:
311:
282:
5167:
4104:
7192:
7068:
7058:
6758:
6708:
6698:
6678:
6658:
6582:
6474:
6397:
6372:
6158:
5635:
5342:
3542:
3431:
3400:
3396:
1383:
1074:
1059:
933:
433:
429:
220:
166:
103:, then discharging at a level lower than the surface of the reservoir from which it came.
3451:
2539:, does not affect the velocity of the siphon. However, as the siphon is a single system,
1823:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1662:
1631:
1605:
1578:
1440:
may be applied to a siphon to derive its ideal flow rate and theoretical maximum height.
1359:
Some species are named after siphons because they resemble siphons in whole or in part.
705:
When certain liquids needs to be purified, siphoning can help prevent either the bottom (
5990:
5665:
5602:
4925:
4762:
4577:
4472:
4431:
4392:
4339:
4288:
4215:
4158:
3688:
3561:
3491:
938:
502:
by the compressive effect of the atmosphere on the opposite ends of the liquid column."
7400:
7232:
7202:
7197:
7149:
7083:
6913:
6908:
6733:
6728:
6572:
6510:
6454:
6402:
6337:
6282:
5581:
4538:
4491:
4456:
4232:
4197:
3713:
3672:
3654:
1248:
1236:
1020:
891:
802:
532:
495:
379:
170:
125:
116:
5614:
7384:
7349:
7313:
7182:
7119:
6788:
6688:
6597:
6489:
6469:
6297:
6292:
6006:
5998:
5869:
5804:
4997:
4899:
4603:
4355:
4347:
4182:
4166:
3507:
3499:
3421:
1264:
1070:
1051:
1031:
1012:
1000:
877:
861:
558:
487:
474:), which is the definition of standard pressure. This equals the maximal height of a
299:
from the reservoir surfaces to the top of the siphon, that determines the balance of
246:
162:
reliefs from 1500 BC depict siphons used to extract liquids from large storage jars.
159:
5769:
5532:
5222:
4618:
4297:
4272:
3870:
899:
atmospheric pressure, and pushes the water up the siphon tube into the upper vessel.
99:, but powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of
7242:
7159:
7099:
7078:
7073:
6986:
6961:
6903:
6883:
6873:
6858:
6798:
6783:
6753:
6738:
6673:
6653:
6602:
6547:
6412:
6392:
6322:
4560:
Yan, Xin; Zhan, Wei; Hu, Zhi; Wang, Lei; Yu, Yiqiang; Xiao, Danqiang (2022-12-01).
3416:
1281:
996:
826:
724:
491:
475:
204:
200:. The edition edited by Hill includes an analysis of the double-concentric siphon.
49:
5828:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
5715:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
4828:
3740:
2127:{\displaystyle {v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
4807:
3797:
119:, and then over. However, it has been demonstrated that siphons can operate in a
7187:
7164:
7139:
7124:
7016:
6893:
6878:
6863:
6808:
6778:
6773:
6763:
6748:
6743:
6663:
6648:
6422:
6362:
4586:
2841:
This equation for the velocity is the same as that of any object falling height
1417:
1411:
1388:
1378:
1244:
1177:
1063:
1047:
1016:
745:
455:
447:
208:
151:
31:
5839:
5726:
832:
Some toilets also use the siphon principle to obtain the actual flush from the
7247:
7134:
7114:
7001:
6966:
6928:
6923:
6768:
6643:
6407:
6367:
5941:
5914:
5696:
5460:
Proceedings of the 2014 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
4457:"Exploring the boundary between a siphon and barometer in a hypobaric chamber"
3851:
3833:
3816:
3578:
2555:
1970:{\displaystyle {v_{A}^{2} \over 2}-gd+{P_{A} \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1310:
1260:
1132:
1034:
often contain specific sections on back siphonage and especially for external
773:
740:
658:
5915:"Water Flowing Up 24 meters Not Magic, Just Science! Gravity of Life (Part3)"
5847:
5734:
4595:
4174:
3704:
3213:{\displaystyle h_{B}={P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho g}-{v_{B}^{2} \over 2g}.}
3100:{\displaystyle {P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over {\rho }}={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}}
2172:. Furthermore, the pressure at the exit point is atmospheric pressure. Thus:
450:) for an extended period of time and other controlled experiments to 10
7252:
7109:
7104:
7043:
6577:
6542:
6505:
6377:
6342:
6307:
6302:
6272:
5708:
5706:
5280:
5263:
5145:
3979:
3426:
1650:
1360:
1163:
1148:
972:
866:
798:
345:
Demonstration of siphoning tropical fruit punch with a flying-droplet siphon
250:
232:
216:
191:
112:
92:
5855:
5742:
5313:
4500:
4241:
3818:
Water Flowing Up 24 meters Not Magic, Just Science! Gravity of Life (Part3)
3722:
6205:
5812:
5777:
5678:
5479:
5239:(Press release). Spina Bifida Association of America. 2009. Archived from
5214:
4120:
3871:"Winemaking in Ancient Egypt : 2000 Years Before the Birth of Christ"
7318:
7006:
6352:
6332:
6287:
6262:
6241:
4973:"How To Retrieve An Item Dropped Down A Sink Drain - A Concord Carpenter"
2558:. The maximum velocity may be calculated by combining equations 1 and 3:
1716:
1681:
1597:
1465:
Let point B be the intermediate high point on the siphon tube at height +
1187:
1055:
977:
921:
814:
706:
622:
531:
The father and son researchers Ramette and Ramette successfully siphoned
517:
438:
174:
108:
1334:
There has been a debate if whether the siphon mechanism plays a role in
565:
stated that both a pressure differential within the siphon tube and the
143:
as a decent approximation to idealized, friction-free siphon operation.
7257:
7154:
7063:
6951:
6853:
6683:
6587:
6567:
6443:
5919:
5456:"Mini hydro-electric power plant with re-circulated water power source"
5206:
1708:
1654:
1443:
1342:
1256:
1094:
1004:
981:
833:
577:
513:
417:
100:
88:
7278:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
6106:
4481:
4440:
4415:
4400:
4223:
3696:
3570:
3298:{\displaystyle h_{B\mathrm {,max} }={P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho g}}
2150:
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point C where the siphon empties. Where
1567:{\displaystyle {v^{2} \over 2}+gy+{P \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1019:
where the water supply enters a building to prevent backflow into the
942:
Water seal under a sink. Inverted siphoning occurs below the line "A".
694:
466:, the maximal siphon height is approximately 10 m (33 feet); for
17:
7344:
7053:
7021:
6527:
6500:
6347:
3835:
Amazing Slow Motion Bead Chain Experiment | Slow Mo | Earth Unplugged
1375:
1089:
Sample building code regulations regarding "back siphonage" from the
1035:
551:
405:
315:
120:
76:
5617:, Christopher W. MacMinn & Gareth H. McKinley, 26 September 2004
890:
the bottom vessel is then heated; as the temperature increases, the
203:
Siphons were studied further in the 17th century, in the context of
4142:
310:
An occasional misunderstanding of siphons is that they rely on the
215:
of pumps (and siphons) and the apparent vacuum at the top of early
6956:
6918:
6562:
6532:
6089:"Physicist spots 99-year-old mistake in Oxford English Dictionary"
4374:
4372:
1455:
Let the surface of the upper reservoir be the reference elevation.
1442:
1364:
1335:
1252:
1162:
958:
954:
937:
865:
792:
752:
751:
723:
693:
546:
The research team of Boatwright, Puttick, and Licence, all at the
459:
451:
443:
375:
356:
333:
320:
281:
269:
150:
48:
40:
5667:
Postural changes in humans: effects of gravity on the circulation
5462:. Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. pp. 2145ff.
4850:"Aqua Clopedia, a picture dictionary of Roman aqueducts: Siphons"
3320:
Experiments have shown that siphons can operate in a vacuum, via
1204:
surface to be lubricated, this is not a siphon but an example of
953:
Large inverted siphons are used to convey water being carried in
7033:
6838:
6427:
6317:
6200:
6051:"AOL News, For 99 Years, Oxford English Dictionary Got It Wrong"
5473:
Kezerashvili, R. Ya.; Sapozhnikov, A. (2003). "Magic Fountain".
5363:
3581:(Press release). University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo. 19 January 2011.
1399:
710:
633:
613:
471:
241:, but this was subsequently disproved by later workers, notably
96:
41:
30:
This article is about the device. For the carbonation tool, see
6214:
4047:"Maximum height to which water can be raised by a suction pump"
3745:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p.
1448:
87:) is any of a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of
4875:"Inverted syphon of the roman aqueducts - Naked Science Forum"
4379:
Boatwright, Adrian L. (2011). "Can a Siphon Work In Vacuo?".
4069:"QUT physicist corrects Oxford English Dictionary (w/ Video)"
5948:
from the original on 2021-12-12 – via www.youtube.com.
6210:
4515:"Material Safety Data Sheet for MidGrade Unleaded Gasoline"
971:
are commonly called traps for their function in preventing
837:
165:
Physical evidence for the use of siphons by Greeks are the
5237:"Hydrocephalus and Shunts in the Person with Spina Bifida"
5529:"Syphonic Drainage by Fullflow : Syphonic Explained"
4196:
Boatwright, A.; Hughes, S.; Barry, J. (2 December 2015).
1147:
is the term sometimes applied to the simplest of mercury
1475:
Let point C be the drain point of the siphon at height −
4998:"Inverted Siphon. Depressed Sewer. Design Calculations"
4668:"Siphon spillway – automatically starting siphons"
3636:"Would a Siphon Flow in a Vacuum! Experimental Answers"
139:
All known published theories in modern times recognize
1073:, or excess fluid in the brain, may be treated with a
390:
the siphon, the hydrostatic pressure decreases (under
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3237:
3133:
3028:
2876:
2867:
Setting equations 1 and 3 equal to each other gives:
2730:
2567:
2485:
2319:
2183:
2036:
1886:
1730:
1692:
1665:
1634:
1608:
1581:
1495:
3671:
Boatwright, A.; Hughes, S.; Barry, J. (2015-12-02).
3395:
for details of an accident where a plumbing method (
569:
of the liquid are required for a siphon to operate.
7332:
7306:
7266:
7211:
7173:
7092:
6937:
6616:
6436:
6248:
4090:"The Pulley Analogy Does Not Work For Every Siphon"
3341:, published in 1911, states that a siphon works by
829:often have some siphon effect as the bowl empties.
5673:(Thesis). University of Amsterdam. pp. 7–12.
5605:. Chem.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved on 11 November 2010.
5551:
5549:
5492:
5490:
5454:Agbanlog, Rogelio Cabang; Chen, Guangming (2014).
5142:"Toiletology ... Anti-siphon needs an explanation"
3297:
3212:
3099:
3000:
2812:
2691:
2521:
2451:
2281:
2126:
1969:
1822:
1699:
1672:
1641:
1615:
1588:
1566:
616:has to be applied to start the liquid flowing and
612:A plain tube can be used as a siphon. An external
27:Device involving the flow of liquids through tubes
6039:QUT physicist corrects Oxford English Dictionary
5314:"Pressure gauge syphon - 910.15 - WIKA Australia"
3812:
3810:
1447:Example of a siphon with annotations to describe
211:), particularly with an eye to understanding the
6070:"Dictionary mistake goes unnoticed for 99 years"
5834:(2). American Physiological Society: R629–R632.
5721:(2). American Physiological Society: R627–R629.
5107:
5105:
3666:
3664:
524:were the focus of work in 2010 by Hughes at the
482:Modern research into the operation of the siphon
183:wrote extensively about siphons in the treatise
5942:"Siphon in a Vacuum - Periodic Table of Videos"
4455:Hughes, Stephen; Gurung, Som (April 22, 2014).
4038:
4036:
3403:) was partially responsible for gas explosions.
1367:. There are species of alga belonging to the
4947:"Drain Traps Are Protection Against Sewer Gas"
4900:"Siphons in Roman (and Hellenistic) aqueducts"
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
3984:The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)
3541:Richert, Alex; Binder, P.-M. (February 2011).
404:Once started, a siphon requires no additional
6226:
5085:"Drinking Water - Backflow and Backsiphonage"
4271:Potter, A.; Barnes, F.H. (1 September 1971).
3892:
3890:
3602:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
1038:(See the sample building code quote, below).
999:side, such as high demand on water supply by
8:
4084:
4082:
4016:"History Of Science And Technology In Islam"
1069:Anti-siphon valves are also used medically.
169:in Samos in the 6th century BC and usage by
5615:Tubeless Siphon and Die Swell Demonstration
4926:"Sewer Odors in Bathroom - Ask the Builder"
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
3734:
3732:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
236:
231:("nature abhors a vacuum"), which dates to
224:
6233:
6219:
6211:
5399:"Gravity or Siphon? - Don's Airbrush Tips"
4755:Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
1696:
1669:
1638:
1612:
1585:
539:Again in 2011, Richert and Binder (at the
6137:"On The Definition of "Siphon" - OUPblog"
5557:"Siphonic roof drainage comes out on top"
5478:
5279:
4787:"Siphon vs valve flush - Information Hub"
4585:
4539:"Siphons for Geosiphon Treatment Systems"
4490:
4480:
4439:
4296:
4231:
4143:"A practical example of a siphon at work"
3712:
3590:
3588:
3569:
3473:
3471:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3091:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3027:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2797:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2511:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2415:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2253:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1794:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1691:
1664:
1633:
1607:
1580:
1538:
1525:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1482:below the surface of the upper reservoir.
1472:above the surface of the upper reservoir.
1462:below the surface of the upper reservoir.
5498:"Siphonic Solutions design and contract"
5113:"Information about Public Water Systems"
3925:Water management in ancient Greek cities
1298:crest. This phenomenon is also called a
1255:(e.g. air), to produce low pressures to
683:sources, free of solids or precipitate.
385:In more detail, one can look at how the
7288:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
5659:"Effects of gravity on the circulation"
4829:"Siphon pump having a metering chamber"
4254:
4042:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3467:
2522:{\displaystyle v_{C}={\sqrt {2gh_{C}}}}
739:Large siphons may be used in municipal
432:in practical siphons is limited by the
6020:Nokes M. C. (1948). "Vacuum siphons".
5262:Zemack, Göran; Romner, Bertil (1999).
3950:"THE PNEUMATICS OF HERO OF ALEXANDRIA"
3897:Usher, Abbott Payson (15 April 2018).
1433:Explanation using Bernoulli's equation
1259:other fluids; a common example is the
1003:; it is not an actual siphon as it is
5144:. www.toiletology.com. Archived from
876:everyday illustration of this is the
490:investigated siphons working in both
7:
7238:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
5657:Gisolf, Janneke (25 February 2005).
4643:"Siphon roof water drainage systems"
3579:"Yanking the chain on siphon claims"
3374:Standards in engineering or industry
2174:
2027:
1877:
1721:
1625:gravitational acceleration downwards
679:to maintain intermittent operation.
6068:Calligeros, Marissa (10 May 2010).
3903:. Courier Corporation. p. 93.
3347:Queensland University of Technology
550:, succeeded in running a siphon in
526:Queensland University of Technology
425:
367:
212:
173:engineers in the 3rd century BC at
5870:"Flora da Bahia: Siphonocladaceae"
4666:Smith, W. B. (29 July 2005).
4520:. 28 November 2006. Archived from
4020:www.history-science-technology.com
3900:A History of Mechanical Inventions
3655:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1914.tb16014.x
3279:
3276:
3273:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3043:
3040:
3037:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1420:, but it is not an actual siphon.
1387:is a tropical plant in the family
219:. This was initially explained by
25:
6558:Push-to-pull compression fittings
4141:Hughes, Stephen W. (March 2010).
3869:Schieber, Frank (28 March 2011).
3450:Calvert, James B. (11 May 2000).
3364:currently describes a siphon as:
1381:which have tube-like structures.
1113:backflow by a backflow preventer.
851:Devices that are not true siphons
83: 'pipe, tube'; also spelled
5582:"Physics Demonstrations - Light"
5458:. In Guan, Y.; Liao, H. (eds.).
5174:. CLEANERS SUPERMARKET® Pty, Ltd
4746:Rao, Govinda N. S. (2008).
4361:
4304:
3576:Press release for this article:
3513:
1243:, is not a siphon but a form of
235:, and which Galileo restated as
6107:"On The Definition of "Siphon""
5770:10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.2.R567
4924:Carter, Tim (26 January 2017).
4678:from the original on 2015-06-02
4617:Admin, WJ Group (7 July 2015).
4319:Hughes, Stephen W. (May 2011).
4109:Journal of Experimental Biology
3595:McGuire, Adam (2 August 2012).
1127:Along with anti-siphon valves,
728:Siphon irrigation of cotton at
698:Siphoning beer after the first
7406:16th-century BC establishments
6087:Malkin, Bonnie (11 May 2010).
4198:"The height limit of a siphon"
4153:(2). IOP Publishing: 162–166.
3756:– via Internet Archive.
3673:"The height limit of a siphon"
3643:School Science and Mathematics
2906:
2900:
2597:
2591:
2349:
2343:
1760:
1754:
1:
5894:florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br
4808:"Improvement in siphon-pumps"
4698:"Lake Bonney refill underway"
4381:Journal of Chemical Education
645:Automatic intermittent siphon
637:to start the siphon process.
464:standard atmospheric pressure
7298:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
6849:Reduced pressure zone device
6188:The Periodic Table of Videos
6093:The Daily Telegraph (London)
5805:10.1016/0300-9629(87)90465-8
5168:"Toilet Blue Loo - Sweet Lu"
4761:(3): 915–930. Archived from
1123:Other anti-siphoning devices
797:Siphon spillways draining a
690:Applications and terminology
207:(and the recently developed
7293:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
7012:Instant hot water dispenser
6814:Piping and plumbing fitting
5979:European Journal of Physics
5296:"Part 4: Structural Design"
4587:10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101221
4416:"Siphoning—a weighty topic"
3853:Pouring and Siphoning a Gas
3634:Minor, Ralph Smith (1914).
3597:"On the Physics of Siphons"
3393:1992 Guadalajara explosions
2721:Maximum velocity of siphon:
1040:Backflow prevention devices
392:vertical pressure variation
7422:
6639:Backflow prevention device
6624:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
5999:10.1088/0143-0807/29/3/003
5890:"Flora brasiliensis, CRIA"
5840:10.1152/ajpregu.00810.2004
5727:10.1152/ajpregu.00709.2004
5423:Greenslade, Thomas B. Jr.
5364:"THE SIPHONING RAIN GAUGE"
4879:www.thenakedscientists.com
4348:10.1088/0031-9120/46/3/007
4167:10.1088/0031-9120/45/2/006
3929:Oxford University Press US
3781:Nokes, M. C. (1948).
3500:10.1088/0031-9120/46/4/006
1409:
1391:that is also known by the
931:
859:
69:
29:
6899:Thermostatic mixing valve
5584:. sprott.physics.wisc.edu
4977:www.aconcordcarpenter.com
4748:"Design of Volute Siphon"
4298:10.1088/0031-9120/6/5/005
4103:Smith, Andrew M. (1991).
3334:Oxford English Dictionary
3228:Maximum height of siphon:
3122:General height of siphon:
1239:siphon, also known as an
574:Humboldt State University
505:Potter and Barnes at the
197:Book of Ingenious Devices
167:Justice cup of Pythagoras
6629:Automatic bleeding valve
6268:Compatibility (chemical)
6193:University of Nottingham
3923:Dora P. Crouch (1993). "
2848:. This equation assumes
1432:
561:in 2011, J. Dooley from
548:University of Nottingham
6834:Pressure-balanced valve
6829:Pressure vacuum breaker
6538:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
6480:Drain-waste-vent system
6460:Chemical drain cleaners
6115:Oxford University Press
5281:10.3171/foc.1999.7.4.11
5172:www.cleaningshop.com.au
4904:www.romanaqueducts.info
4854:www.romanaqueducts.info
4414:Dooley, John W (2011).
3361:Encyclopædia Britannica
1700:{\displaystyle \rho \;}
1397:Siphonacanthus villosus
1329:Siphon (disambiguation)
1102:7.6.2.3.Back Siphonage
807:Traverse City, Michigan
563:Millersville University
507:University of Edinburgh
36:Siphon (disambiguation)
7355:Template:Public health
7027:water recycling shower
6997:Hot water storage tank
6328:Onsite sewage facility
6183:"A siphon in a vacuum"
5793:Comp Biochem Physiol A
5195:Child's Nervous System
3739:Michels, John (1902).
3371:
3356:
3299:
3214:
3101:
3002:
2814:
2693:
2523:
2453:
2283:
2128:
1971:
1824:
1701:
1674:
1643:
1617:
1590:
1568:
1486:Bernoulli's equation:
1451:
1352:
1275:Siphonic roof drainage
1211:
1168:
1129:anti-siphoning devices
943:
872:
810:
760:
733:
702:
608:Practical requirements
363:
346:
327:
287:
275:
243:Evangelista Torricelli
237:
225:
156:
55:
46:
34:. For other uses, see
7340:Fire sprinkler system
7049:Tankless water heater
6992:Garbage disposal unit
6977:Electric water boiler
6449:British Standard Pipe
6159:"Siphon - instrument"
4672:www.vl-irrigation.org
4566:Soils and Foundations
4121:10.1242/jeb.157.1.257
3988:Donald Routledge Hill
3796:: 233. Archived from
3790:School Science Review
3407:Communicating vessels
3366:
3352:
3316:Operation in a vacuum
3300:
3215:
3102:
3003:
2834:increases with depth
2815:
2694:
2524:
2454:
2284:
2129:
1972:
1825:
1702:
1675:
1644:
1618:
1591:
1569:
1446:
1347:
1166:
941:
869:
796:
755:
730:St George, Queensland
727:
697:
655:self-starting siphons
470:it is 76 cm (30
360:
344:
324:
285:
273:
154:
52:
44:
7039:Storage water heater
6608:Water heat recycling
6516:National Pipe Thread
6418:Water supply network
3543:"Siphons, Revisited"
3437:Water level (device)
3345:. Stephen Hughes of
3343:atmospheric pressure
3235:
3131:
3026:
2874:
2728:
2709:= 0 and solving for
2565:
2483:
2317:
2181:
2034:
1884:
1728:
1690:
1684:along the streamline
1663:
1632:
1606:
1600:along the streamline
1579:
1493:
1449:Bernoulli's equation
1438:Bernoulli's equation
597:Bernoulli's equation
541:University of Hawaii
414:atmospheric pressure
398:Bernoulli's equation
387:hydrostatic pressure
372:transpirational pull
264:hydrostatic pressure
238:resintenza del vacuo
141:Bernoulli’s equation
130:atmospheric pressure
7391:Egyptian inventions
7370:Template:Wastewater
7228:Hydrostatic testing
6869:Rooftop water tower
6465:Compression fitting
5991:2008EJPh...29..421G
5764:(2 Pt 2): R567–71.
5603:School of Chemistry
5268:Neurosurgical Focus
5122:. 21 September 2015
4953:on 23 November 2016
4578:2022SoFou..6201221Y
4473:2014NatSR...4E4741H
4432:2011PhT....64h..10D
4393:2011JChEd..88.1547B
4340:2011PhyEd..46..298H
4321:"The secret siphon"
4289:1971PhyEd...6..362P
4216:2015NatSR...516790B
4159:2010PhyEd..45..162H
3689:2015NatSR...516790B
3562:2011PhTea..49...78R
3550:The Physics Teacher
3492:2011PhyEd..46..412R
3399:, also known as an
3196:
3075:
2956:
2647:
2474:Velocity of siphon:
2399:
2200:
2053:
1903:
1673:{\displaystyle P\;}
1642:{\displaystyle y\;}
1616:{\displaystyle g\;}
1589:{\displaystyle v\;}
1181:or, archaically, a
1079:cerebrospinal fluid
601:Poiseuille equation
593:barometric pressure
420:of the liquid, and
7324:Waterborne disease
7223:Hydronic balancing
6982:Evaporative cooler
6947:Accessible bathtub
6844:Radiator (heating)
6824:Pressure regulator
6719:Double check valve
6694:Concentric reducer
6495:Garden Hose Thread
6388:Thermal insulation
6258:Air gap (plumbing)
5435:on 21 January 2020
5429:physics.kenyon.edu
5339:"Siphon barometer"
5207:10.1007/BF00301160
4704:. 26 November 2008
4461:Scientific Reports
3960:on 7 February 2020
3758:duane siphon 1902.
3677:Scientific Reports
3295:
3210:
3182:
3097:
3061:
2998:
2942:
2810:
2689:
2633:
2519:
2449:
2385:
2279:
2186:
2124:
2039:
1967:
1889:
1820:
1697:
1670:
1639:
1613:
1586:
1564:
1452:
1169:
1107:backflow preventer
1044:anti-siphon valves
944:
873:
811:
761:
756:A siphon used for
734:
703:
664:The Curiosity Show
364:
347:
328:
288:
276:
251:barometer: history
223:via the theory of
181:Hero of Alexandria
157:
56:
47:
7378:
7377:
7360:Template:Sewerage
7307:Health and safety
7283:NSF International
7093:Specialized tools
6972:Drinking fountain
6939:Plumbing fixtures
6819:Plug (sanitation)
6804:Nipple (plumbing)
6724:Eccentric reducer
6704:Coupling (piping)
6669:Chemigation valve
6522:Nominal Pipe Size
6485:Ductile iron pipe
6383:Thermal expansion
5960:"Siphon Concepts"
5480:physics/0310039v1
5425:"Hero's Fountain"
4619:"Siphon Draining"
4482:10.1038/srep04741
4441:10.1063/PT.3.1199
4401:10.1021/ed2001818
4387:(11): 1547–1550.
4328:Physics Education
4277:Physics Education
4224:10.1038/srep16790
4147:Physics Education
4001:978-90-277-0833-5
3910:978-0-4862-5593-4
3697:10.1038/srep16790
3571:10.1119/1.3543576
3480:Physics Education
3412:Concentric siphon
3310:standard pressure
3293:
3205:
3175:
3079:
3054:
2996:
2960:
2935:
2892:
2808:
2785:
2687:
2651:
2626:
2583:
2517:
2447:
2403:
2378:
2335:
2303:
2302:
2248:
2204:
2148:
2147:
2093:
2057:
1991:
1990:
1936:
1907:
1844:
1843:
1789:
1746:
1533:
1511:
1393:botanical synonym
1091:Canadian province
1027:Anti-siphon valve
1015:usually demand a
770:siphon rain gauge
764:Siphon rain gauge
342:
16:(Redirected from
7413:
7365:Template:Toilets
7130:Flare-nut wrench
6889:Submersible pump
6714:Dielectric union
6634:Automatic faucet
6593:Thread seal tape
6553:Plastic pipework
6313:Hydrostatic loop
6278:Drain (plumbing)
6235:
6228:
6221:
6212:
6196:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6053:. Archived from
6047:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5962:. Archived from
5956:
5950:
5949:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5688:978-90-901905-70
5672:
5663:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5634:. Archived from
5632:Grow.arizona.edu
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5559:. Archived from
5553:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5531:. Archived from
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5509:
5503:. Archived from
5502:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5431:. Archived from
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5403:sites.google.com
5395:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5341:. Archived from
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5302:on May 28, 2004.
5298:. Archived from
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5117:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5061:. Archived from
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5028:. Archived from
5027:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4949:. Archived from
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4752:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4589:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4268:
4262:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4138:
4125:
4124:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4065:
4050:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3986:. Translated by
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3956:. Archived from
3946:
3940:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3783:"Vacuum siphons"
3778:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3547:
3538:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3475:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3326:tensile strength
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3190:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3030:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2913:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2175:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2028:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1534:
1526:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1372:Siphonocladaceae
1251:of fast flowing
1225:Heron's fountain
1221:perpetual motion
1206:capillary action
1145:siphon barometer
1139:Siphon barometer
969:Inverted siphons
758:homebrewing beer
590:
588:
572:A researcher at
567:tensile strength
343:
312:tensile strength
240:
230:
80:
73:
45:Siphon principle
21:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7328:
7302:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7193:Pressure sensor
7175:
7169:
7145:Plumber's snake
7088:
7069:Water dispenser
7059:Washing machine
6933:
6759:Flushing trough
6709:Diaphragm valve
6699:Condensate pump
6679:Circulator pump
6659:Butterfly valve
6612:
6583:Solvent welding
6475:Crimp (joining)
6432:
6398:Trap (plumbing)
6373:Surface tension
6250:
6244:
6239:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6019:
6018:
6014:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5689:
5670:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5318:www.wika.com.au
5312:
5311:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5243:on 28 July 2011
5235:
5234:
5230:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
5002:www.lmnoeng.com
4996:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4651:
4649:
4647:www.ntotank.com
4641:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4360:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4253:
4249:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4053:
4041:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3764:
3751:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3522:
3512:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3432:Pythagorean cup
3401:inverted siphon
3389:
3376:
3337:(OED) entry on
3318:
3285:
3267:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3197:
3167:
3149:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3087:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3018:
2983:
2968:
2914:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2833:
2793:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2708:
2674:
2659:
2605:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2507:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2426:
2411:
2357:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2295:
2227:
2212:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2160:
2140:
2080:
2065:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2014:
2003:
1983:
1923:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1856:
1836:
1768:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1688:
1687:
1661:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1604:
1603:
1577:
1576:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1471:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1384:Ruellia villosa
1357:
1324:
1319:
1300:tubeless siphon
1291:
1277:
1233:
1214:
1197:
1175:(also called a
1161:
1141:
1125:
1060:washing machine
1029:
990:
948:inverted siphon
936:
934:Trap (plumbing)
930:
928:Inverted siphon
917:
864:
858:
853:
824:
791:
789:Siphon spillway
782:
780:Siphon drainage
766:
692:
647:
610:
586:
584:
484:
434:vapour pressure
412:In addition to
380:vascular plants
334:
259:
221:Galileo Galilei
149:
135:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7419:
7417:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7396:Fluid dynamics
7393:
7383:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7269:organizations
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7233:Leak detection
7230:
7225:
7219:
7217:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7203:Water metering
7200:
7198:Water detector
7195:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7150:Plumber wrench
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7084:Water softener
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6914:Vacuum ejector
6911:
6909:Vacuum breaker
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Faucet aerator
6731:
6729:Expansion tank
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6573:Sewage pumping
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6511:Leak detection
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6455:Cast iron pipe
6452:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6403:Venturi effect
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:Sanitary sewer
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6283:Drinking water
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6197:
6177:
6176:External links
6174:
6172:
6171:
6150:
6128:
6098:
6079:
6074:Brisbane Times
6060:
6057:on 2010-05-14.
6042:
6031:
6012:
5985:(3): 421–430.
5969:
5966:on 2012-10-09.
5951:
5933:
5906:
5881:
5861:
5818:
5783:
5758:Am. J. Physiol
5748:
5702:
5687:
5679:11245/1.239323
5649:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5573:
5545:
5520:
5486:
5465:
5446:
5415:
5390:
5380:
5368:www.axinum.com
5355:
5330:
5305:
5287:
5254:
5228:
5185:
5159:
5148:on 10 May 2010
5133:
5101:
5076:
5059:www.grimsby.ca
5045:
5014:
4989:
4964:
4938:
4916:
4891:
4866:
4841:
4820:
4799:
4778:
4738:
4715:
4702:www.abc.net.au
4689:
4658:
4634:
4609:
4552:
4530:
4527:on 2008-05-28.
4506:
4447:
4406:
4368:
4334:(3): 298–302.
4311:
4283:(5): 362–366.
4263:
4255:Calvert (2000)
4247:
4188:
4126:
4115:(1): 257–271.
4095:
4078:
4051:
4043:Calvert (2000)
4032:
4007:
4000:
3994:. p. 21.
3971:
3941:
3916:
3909:
3886:
3861:
3844:
3826:
3806:
3803:on 2013-07-29.
3762:
3728:
3660:
3649:(2): 152–155.
3619:
3584:
3520:
3486:(4): 412–416.
3466:
3464:
3463:
3452:"Hydrostatics"
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3372:
3317:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3291:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2860:
2859:Maximum height
2857:
2852:
2845:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2169:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1865:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1712:
1711:
1695:
1685:
1668:
1658:
1637:
1627:
1611:
1601:
1584:
1574:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1356:
1353:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1273:
1249:Venturi effect
1232:
1231:Venturi siphon
1229:
1217:Heron's siphon
1213:
1212:Heron's siphon
1210:
1196:
1193:
1167:Siphon bottles
1160:
1157:
1140:
1137:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1032:Building codes
1028:
1025:
1021:drinking water
1013:building codes
993:Back siphonage
989:
988:Back siphonage
986:
929:
926:
916:
913:
908:
907:
903:
900:
892:vapor pressure
888:
885:
860:Main article:
857:
854:
852:
849:
823:
820:
803:Boardman River
790:
787:
781:
778:
765:
762:
709:) or the top (
691:
688:
661:, courtesy of
646:
643:
609:
606:
533:carbon dioxide
520:and molecular
496:partial vacuum
483:
480:
426:maximal height
368:vacuum siphons
258:
255:
213:maximum height
148:
145:
133:
126:chain fountain
117:drinking straw
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7418:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:Template:HVAC
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7314:Plumbing code
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:and standards
7265:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:Control valve
7181:
7180:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7120:Drain cleaner
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:Hose coupling
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:Closet flange
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Threaded pipe
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:Flare fitting
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6470:Copper tubing
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6298:Grade (slope)
6296:
6294:
6293:Friction loss
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6139:. 21 May 2010
6138:
6132:
6129:
6117:. 21 May 2010
6116:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6035:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5799:(2): 167–70.
5798:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5638:on 2004-06-02
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5563:on 2014-09-10
5562:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5535:on 2015-01-05
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5510:on 2015-02-27
5506:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5416:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5345:on 2015-01-05
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5186:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5121:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5065:on 2018-04-15
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5035:on 2014-09-13
5031:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4927:
4920:
4917:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4768:on 2013-12-20
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4739:
4725:
4724:"Hm16036e.vp"
4719:
4716:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:(6): 101221.
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4541:. sti.srs.gov
4540:
4534:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:Physics Today
4417:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:0-19-507280-4
3934:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3609:on 2014-05-05
3605:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Jiggle syphon
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3289:
3286:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3150:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2444:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2250:
2245:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1791:
1786:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1582:
1575:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:capital costs
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:pressure head
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:siphon bottle
1165:
1159:Siphon bottle
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:which drains
1076:
1072:
1071:Hydrocephalus
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:swimming pool
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:fire-fighting
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
940:
935:
927:
925:
923:
914:
912:
904:
901:
898:
893:
889:
886:
883:
882:
881:
879:
878:siphon coffee
868:
863:
862:Siphon coffee
856:Siphon coffee
855:
850:
848:
846:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:
827:Flush toilets
821:
819:
816:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
763:
759:
754:
750:
747:
742:
737:
731:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
701:
696:
689:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
665:
660:
656:
651:
644:
642:
638:
636:
635:
628:
624:
619:
615:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:". They used
594:
581:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:Physics Today
555:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Malcolm Nokes
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
395:
393:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
355:
351:
332:
323:
319:
317:
313:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
284:
280:
272:
268:
265:
256:
254:
252:
248:
247:Blaise Pascal
244:
239:
234:
229:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:suction pumps
201:
199:
198:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
153:
146:
144:
142:
137:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
72:
68:
65:
64:Ancient Greek
61:
51:
43:
37:
33:
19:
7243:Pipe marking
7216:and services
7212:Professions,
7160:Strap wrench
7100:Basin wrench
7079:Water heater
7074:Water filter
6987:Flush toilet
6962:Dehumidifier
6904:Trench drain
6884:Street elbow
6874:Safety valve
6859:Relief valve
6799:Needle valve
6784:Grinder pump
6754:Flow limiter
6739:Float switch
6674:Chopper pump
6654:Booster pump
6603:Tube bending
6548:Pipe support
6413:Water hammer
6393:Thermosiphon
6357:
6323:Neutral axis
6199:
6186:
6162:. Retrieved
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6131:
6119:. Retrieved
6110:
6101:
6092:
6082:
6073:
6063:
6055:the original
6045:
6034:
6025:
6021:
6015:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5964:the original
5954:
5936:
5924:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5893:
5884:
5873:. Retrieved
5864:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5718:
5714:
5666:
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5636:the original
5631:
5622:
5610:
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5576:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5537:. Retrieved
5533:the original
5523:
5512:. Retrieved
5505:the original
5468:
5459:
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:the original
5428:
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5402:
5393:
5383:
5371:. Retrieved
5367:
5358:
5347:. Retrieved
5343:the original
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5317:
5308:
5300:the original
5290:
5274:(4): 941–8.
5271:
5267:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5231:
5201:(4): 236–8.
5198:
5194:
5188:
5176:. Retrieved
5171:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5146:the original
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5119:
5092:. Retrieved
5089:water.ky.gov
5088:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5063:the original
5058:
5048:
5037:. Retrieved
5030:the original
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
5001:
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4976:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4919:
4907:. Retrieved
4903:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4853:
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4823:
4811:. Retrieved
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4781:
4770:. Retrieved
4763:the original
4758:
4754:
4741:
4730:. Retrieved
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4671:
4661:
4650:. Retrieved
4646:
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4612:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4533:
4522:the original
4509:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4384:
4380:
4331:
4327:
4314:
4280:
4276:
4273:"The siphon"
4266:
4259:"The siphon"
4250:
4207:
4201:
4191:
4150:
4146:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4072:
4023:. Retrieved
4019:
4010:
3983:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3958:the original
3953:
3944:
3919:
3899:
3877:. Retrieved
3864:
3847:
3829:
3798:the original
3793:
3789:
3757:
3750:. Retrieved
3741:
3683:(1): 16790.
3680:
3676:
3646:
3642:
3611:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3553:
3549:
3483:
3479:
3455:. Retrieved
3417:Gravity feed
3377:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3319:
3307:
3227:
3222:
3121:
3111:
3110:Solving for
3109:
3013:
3010:
2866:
2862:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2823:The depth, −
2822:
2720:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2473:
2463:
2462:Solving for
2461:
2309:
2293:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1713:
1485:
1476:
1466:
1459:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1396:
1382:
1358:
1348:
1333:
1325:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1289:Self-siphons
1278:
1234:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1153:siphon gauge
1152:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1126:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1068:
1043:
1030:
997:water supply
992:
991:
968:
967:
952:
947:
945:
918:
909:
896:
874:
842:
840:until 2011.
831:
825:
822:Flush toilet
812:
783:
769:
767:
738:
735:
719:
715:fermentation
704:
700:fermentation
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
654:
652:
648:
639:
631:
617:
611:
582:
571:
556:
545:
538:
530:
512:
504:
499:
492:air pressure
485:
476:suction pump
411:
403:
396:
384:
365:
352:
348:
329:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
289:
277:
260:
249: – see
227:horror vacui
209:vacuum pumps
202:
195:
189:
184:
179:
164:
158:
138:
105:
84:
77:
74:
67:
59:
57:
7188:Flow sensor
7176:and control
7174:Measurement
7165:Tap and die
7140:Pipe wrench
7125:Driving cap
7017:Laundry tub
6894:Tap (valve)
6879:Sewage pump
6864:Riser clamp
6809:Pinch valve
6779:Grease trap
6774:Globe valve
6764:Flushometer
6749:Floor drain
6744:Float valve
6664:Check valve
6649:Bleed screw
6423:Water table
6363:Storm sewer
6249:Fundamental
6022:Am. J. Phys
5642:11 November
5053:Poo, Wing.
4467:(1): 4741.
1418:cave system
1412:sump (cave)
1389:Acanthaceae
1379:Chlorophyta
1339:circulation
1311:rain gauges
1295:self-siphon
1245:vacuum pump
1178:soda syphon
1064:check valve
1048:garden pond
1017:check valve
980:systems or
973:sewer gases
915:Siphon pump
746:vacuum pump
557:Writing in
552:high vacuum
32:soda siphon
7385:Categories
7248:Pipefitter
7135:Pipecutter
7115:Core drill
7002:Humidifier
6967:Dishwasher
6929:Zone valve
6924:Water tank
6769:Gate valve
6644:Ball valve
6617:Components
6437:Technology
6408:Wastewater
6368:Stormwater
5875:2021-11-19
5697:6893398534
5567:2015-01-05
5539:2015-01-05
5514:2015-01-05
5349:2015-01-05
5247:9 November
5039:2015-01-05
4772:2013-12-19
4732:2021-11-19
4652:2023-02-10
4628:2023-02-10
3954:himedo.net
3931:. p. 119.
3613:2014-05-05
3443:References
2556:cavitation
1361:Geosiphons
1313:and dams.
1261:carburetor
1247:using the
1201:siphon cup
1195:Siphon cup
1149:barometers
1133:fuel theft
932:See also:
801:along the
774:rain gauge
741:waterworks
627:aspirating
217:barometers
185:Pneumatica
95:, with no
62:(from
7267:Industry
7253:Pipelayer
7110:Borescope
7105:Blowtorch
7044:Sump pump
6578:Soldering
6543:Pipe dope
6506:Hydronics
6378:Tap water
6343:Sewer gas
6308:Heat trap
6303:Greywater
6273:Corrosion
6007:119563871
5848:0363-6119
5735:0363-6119
4604:252793321
4596:0038-0806
4426:(8): 10.
4356:122754077
4210:: 16790.
4183:122367587
4175:0031-9120
3980:Banu Musa
3705:2045-2322
3556:(2): 78.
3508:120194913
3457:8 October
3427:Marot jar
3287:ρ
3178:−
3169:ρ
3051:ρ
2994:ρ
2933:ρ
2788:−
2783:ρ
2685:ρ
2624:ρ
2445:ρ
2406:−
2376:ρ
2246:ρ
2207:−
2091:ρ
1934:ρ
1910:−
1787:ρ
1694:ρ
1651:elevation
1531:ρ
1317:In nature
1293:The term
1269:aspirator
922:Ram pumps
813:A siphon
809:, in 2017
799:reservoir
494:and in a
486:In 1948,
233:Aristotle
192:Banu Musa
113:barometer
93:reservoir
7333:See also
7319:Scalding
7007:Icemaker
6794:Manifold
6353:Sewerage
6333:Pressure
6288:Fuel gas
6263:Backflow
6251:concepts
6242:Plumbing
6164:15 April
6143:15 April
5946:Archived
5899:15 April
5856:16014454
5743:16014453
5628:"Siphon"
5439:15 April
5408:15 April
5373:15 April
5323:15 April
5223:25326092
5178:15 April
5126:15 April
5094:15 April
5069:15 April
5007:15 April
4982:15 April
4957:15 April
4931:15 April
4909:15 April
4884:15 April
4859:15 April
4834:15 April
4813:15 April
4792:15 April
4708:15 April
4682:15 April
4676:Archived
4623:WJ Group
4501:24751967
4242:26628323
4073:phys.org
4025:15 April
3992:Springer
3982:(1979).
3964:15 April
3752:15 April
3723:26628323
3387:See also
3322:cohesion
2702:Setting
2306:Velocity
1717:infinite
1707:= fluid
1682:pressure
1598:velocity
1596:= fluid
1188:gasogene
1056:aquarium
1042:such as
1023:system.
1009:backflow
982:culverts
978:sewerage
963:aqueduct
815:spillway
623:gasoline
599:and the
589: ft
522:cohesion
518:pressure
500:reversed
442:24
439:nucleate
301:pressure
175:Pergamon
160:Egyptian
109:pressure
7258:Plumber
7214:trades,
7155:Plunger
7064:Washlet
6952:Bathtub
6854:Reducer
6684:Cistern
6588:Swaging
6568:Sealant
6444:Brazing
6204:on the
6111:OUPblog
5987:Bibcode
5920:YouTube
5813:2890463
5778:2916707
5215:7923233
4574:Bibcode
4492:3994459
4469:Bibcode
4428:Bibcode
4389:Bibcode
4336:Bibcode
4285:Bibcode
4233:4667279
4212:Bibcode
4155:Bibcode
3879:6 March
3858:YouTube
3840:YouTube
3823:YouTube
3742:Science
3714:4667279
3685:Bibcode
3558:Bibcode
3488:Bibcode
1709:density
1655:gravity
1406:Geology
1374:in the
1355:Species
1343:giraffe
1322:Anatomy
1257:suction
1241:eductor
1237:venturi
1183:siphoid
1095:Ontario
1036:faucets
1005:suction
906:vessel.
897:exceeds
845:urinals
834:cistern
632:siphon
578:LS-DYNA
514:Gravity
468:mercury
458:). For
428:of the
422:gravity
418:density
374:in the
147:History
101:gravity
89:liquids
7345:Piping
7054:Urinal
7022:Shower
6528:O-ring
6501:Gasket
6358:Siphon
6348:Sewage
6206:siphon
6121:23 May
6028:: 254.
6005:
5926:30 Nov
5854:
5846:
5811:
5776:
5741:
5733:
5695:
5685:
5588:11 May
5221:
5213:
5152:11 May
5120:US EPA
4602:
4594:
4545:11 May
4499:
4489:
4354:
4240:
4230:
4203:Nature
4181:
4173:
3998:
3935:
3907:
3721:
3711:
3703:
3506:
3339:siphon
1424:Rivers
1376:phylum
1369:family
1263:. See
1253:fluids
959:flumes
955:canals
843:Early
472:inches
424:, the
416:, the
406:energy
316:z-tube
297:height
293:weight
257:Theory
121:vacuum
85:syphon
78:síphōn
60:siphon
18:Syphon
7401:Tools
6957:Bidet
6919:Valve
6563:Putty
6533:Oakum
6524:(NPS)
6518:(NPT)
6497:(GHT)
6451:(BSP)
6003:S2CID
5671:(PDF)
5662:(PDF)
5508:(PDF)
5501:(PDF)
5475:arXiv
5219:S2CID
5116:(PDF)
5033:(PDF)
5026:(PDF)
4766:(PDF)
4751:(PDF)
4727:(PDF)
4600:S2CID
4525:(PDF)
4518:(PDF)
4352:S2CID
4324:(PDF)
4179:S2CID
3874:(PDF)
3801:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3639:(PDF)
3607:(PDF)
3600:(PDF)
3546:(PDF)
3504:S2CID
3019:= 0:
1657:field
1365:fungi
1336:blood
1075:shunt
871:down.
805:near
772:is a
707:dregs
618:prime
460:water
430:crest
376:xylem
171:Greek
71:σίφων
66:
7034:Sink
6839:Pump
6428:Well
6318:Leak
6201:xkcd
6166:2018
6145:2018
6123:2010
5928:2014
5901:2018
5852:PMID
5844:ISSN
5809:PMID
5774:PMID
5739:PMID
5731:ISSN
5693:OCLC
5683:ISBN
5644:2010
5590:2010
5441:2018
5410:2018
5375:2018
5325:2018
5249:2010
5211:PMID
5180:2018
5154:2010
5128:2018
5096:2018
5071:2018
5009:2018
4984:2018
4959:2018
4933:2018
4911:2018
4886:2018
4861:2018
4836:2018
4815:2018
4794:2018
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