2032:"At the beginning of this Introduction I have indicated how difficult it is to choose a general accepted name for the region this book deals with. In Europe we are used to the late Roman name 'Palestine,' and the designation 'Palestinian Archaeology' has a long history. According to Byzantine usage it included CisJordan and TransJordan and even Lebanon and Sinai. In modern times, however, the name 'Palestine' has exclusively become the political designation for a restricted area. Furthermore, in the period this book deals with a region called 'Palestine' did not yet exist. Also the ancient name 'Canaan' cannot be used as it refers to an older period in history. Designations as: 'The Land(s) of the Bible' or 'the Holy Land' evoke the suspicion of a theological bias. 'The Land of Israel' does not apply to the situation because it never included Lebanon or the greater part of modern Jordan. Therefore I have joined those who today advocate the designation 'Southern Levant.' Although I confess that it is an awkward name, it is at least strictly geographical." (
2010:"Nevertheless, despite such a well-reasoned basis for the identification of Levantine archaeology, the adoption of this term by many scholars has been, for the most part, simply the result of individual attempts to consider a wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus than that which is suggested by the use of terms like Canaan, Israel, or even Syria-Palestine. Regardless of the manner in which the term has come into common use, for a couple of additional reasons it seems clear that the Levant will remain the term of choice. In the first place scholars have shown a penchant for the term Levant, despite the fact that the term 'Syria-Palestine' has been advocated since the late 1970s. This is evident from the fact that no journal or series today has adopted a title that includes 'Syria-Palestine'. However, the journal
2396:. Thomas E. Levy, "The New Pragmatism", p. 8: "after 1994, it is possible to see an increase in the use of the less geographically specific and more political neutral words 'Levant' or 'Levantine' in scholarly citations.... It is important to highlight the pedigree of the term 'Syro-Palestinian' and its gradual replacement by the term 'Levant' or 'Levantine' because the latter is a more culturally and politically neutral term that more accurately reflects the tapestry of countries and peoples of the region, without assuming directionality of cultural influence.". Aaron A. Burke, "The Archaeology of the Levant in North America: The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology" p. 82
2193:: "The general limits ..., as defined here, begin at the Plain of 'Amuq in the north and extend south until the Wâdī al-Arish, along the northern coast of Sinai. ... The western coastline and the eastern deserts set the boundaries for the Levant ... The Euphrates and the area around Jebel el-Bishrī mark the eastern boundary of the northern Levant, as does the Syrian Desert beyond the Anti-Lebanon range's eastern hinterland and Mount Hermon. This boundary continues south in the form of the highlands and eastern desert regions of Transjordan."
68:
3044:(Féghali 1918; Freyha 1973) and the dialects spoken in the Anti-Lebanon (Arnold and Behnstedt 1993) but can be found in dictionaries from the entire Syro-Palestinian area (cf. Barbot 1961). The material collected by Féghali and Freyha shows that, unlike in the ʿarabiyya, most borrowings preserve the Aramaic phonology… The Aramaic vocabulary is likely to be the largest foreign element in the Arabic lexicon even if the exact extent is difficult to define.
213:
2019:
the fact that 'Syria-Palestine' was a Roman administrative division of the Levant created by
Hadrian (Millar 1993). The term 'Syria-Palestine' also carries political overtones that inadvertently evoke current efforts to establish a full-fledged Palestinian state. Scholars have recognized, therefore, that—for at least the time being—they can spare themselves further headaches by adopting the term Levant to identify this region" (
448:
1025:
231:
179:
426:
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459:
404:
165:
288:
262:
152:
139:
126:
109:
437:
415:
249:
193:
275:
1065:
3043:
The Arabic spoken in Syria and
Mesopotamia has replaced Aramaic dialects there and it can be assumed that a bilingual situation existed for a long time and that numerous Aramaic lexemes found their way into Arabic during this period. The presence of Aramaic lexemes is well studied in Lebanese Arabic
2018:
has also attracted a plethora of papers relating to the archaeology of this region. Furthermore, a search through any electronic database of titles reveals an overwhelming adoption of the term 'Levant' when compared to 'Syria-Palestine' for archaeological studies. Undoubtedly, this is mostly due to
1194:
While the usage of the term "Levant" in academia has been restricted to the fields of archeology and literature, there is a recent attempt to reclaim the notion of the Levant as a category of analysis in political and social sciences. Two academic journals were launched in the early 2010s using the
989:
The notion of the Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding. While the term "Levantine" originally referred to the
European residents of the eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional "native" and "minority" groups.
2451:
p. 24: "The word 'Levantine' in the title is used on purpose instead of the 'Middle East' or the 'Near East'.... I use 'Levantine' more than the two other designations, because this is the term being used more often nowadays by
Christian communities in the Middle East to describe their shared
1104:
Today, "Levant" is the term typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the history of the region. Scholars have adopted the term Levant to identify the region due to its being a "wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus" that does not have the "political overtones" of
2400:: "A number of factors account for the gradual emergence during the past two decades of what is now widely identified as Levantine archaeology in North America... a growing consensus regarding the appropriate terminology... archaeological field research in the Levant"
1704:
in
Palestine and Jordan. Each of these encompasses a spectrum of regional or urban/rural variations. In addition to the varieties normally grouped together as "Levantine", a number of other varieties and dialects of Arabic are spoken in the Levant area, such as
3326:
Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020).
708:. Some scholars mistakenly believed that it derives from the name of Lebanon. Today the term is often used in conjunction with prehistoric or ancient historical references. It has the same meaning as "Syria-Palestine" or
3169:
The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of
Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was
593:. In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of the Eastern Mediterranean with its islands; that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from
997:
in the 16th century, along with the first
English merchant adventurers in the region; English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s, and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("
388:
1724:, the two official languages are Turkish and Greek. The most used languages by population are Greek in the south followed by Turkish in the north. Two minority languages are recognized:
1052:). In 19th-century archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead of any one culture. The
2249:
Global Supply Chains: Evaluating
Regions on an EPIC Framework – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and Competence: "EPIC" Structure – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and Competence
5689:
2671:
1522:
was first introduced into the region. However, a Muslim majority in the Levant is presumed to have been reached by the 13th century. The majority of
Levantine Muslims are
840:
1798:
1223:
3131:
Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?‹ fragte der festgehaltene
Derwisch. >Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer< lachte einer der…
4803:
2749:
1331:
Cyprus, geographically distinct from the Levant, is included due to its proximity and natural resources (copper in particular), which induced close cultural ties.
774:
are now commonly used to describe the ancient and modern culture area formerly called Syro-Palestinian or Biblical: archaeologists now speak of the Levant and of
4798:
5674:
3545:
Julia Chatzipanagioti: Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 Vol. Eutin 2006.
2497:
1162:
3622:
1904:
843:
1053:
1732:, a hybrid of mostly medieval Arabic vernaculars with strong influence from contact with Turkish and Greek, spoken by approximately 1,000 people.
2783:
2439:
Michel Elias Andraos, "Levantine Catholic Communities in the Diaspora at the Intersection of Many Identities and Worlds", in Michael L. Budde,
5669:
3579:
3571:
3550:
3528:
3482:
3460:
3096:
3002:
2953:
2923:
5644:
5166:
1915:
882:'rising', referring to the rising of the sun in the east, or the point where the sun rises. The phrase is ultimately from the Latin word
4441:
2317:
2186:
3966:
3769:
4502:
30:
This article is about the historical geographical region in the Eastern Mediterranean. For Latin Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, see
5180:
3429:
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3221:
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3124:
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693:
511:
2668:
1778:
1566:
3026:
644:. Eventually the term was restricted to the Muslim countries of Syria-Palestine and Egypt. The term entered English in the late
1374:
31:
5634:
2448:
2418:
2393:
2371:: les pays, les régions qui sont au levant (par rapport à la France) et spécialt. les régions de la Méditerrranée orientale.
2149:
839:
5659:
4793:
3615:
1926:
1618:
1586:
1515:
1345:
4289:
5654:
5649:
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4481:
2613:
1200:
1171:
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Syria-Palestine. The term is also used for modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely
787:
2746:
5679:
5664:
4978:
4781:
2468:
1630:
1570:
1238:(OHAL; 2013), the definition of the Levant for the specific purposes of the book is synonymous to that of the Arabic "
704:
has come to be used more specifically to refer to modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, and the island of
4052:
3314:
Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.
1179:
Institute of Archaeology, the last of which has dated the connection between Cyprus and mainland Levant to the early
3420:
Burke, Aaron (2010), "The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology", in Levy, Thomas Evan (ed.),
2421:, p. 249: "Today, however, the discipline is often called Palestinian, Syro-Palestinian, or Levantine archaeology."
1351:
67:
35:
2501:
2472:
1614:
1578:
1176:
2885:
2350:"LEVANT, THE". "A general term formerly given to the E shores of the Mediterranean Sea from W Greece to Egypt".
5684:
5092:
3608:
1634:
1341:
766:
As a name for the contemporary region, several dictionaries consider Levant to be archaic today. Both the noun
46:
2969:
1183:. Archaeologists seeking a neutral orientation that is neither biblical nor national have used terms such as
4611:
4485:
4448:
4436:
1729:
1706:
570:
39:
3329:"A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years"
5349:
4788:
4776:
4129:
3882:
1932:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1582:
814:
724:
743:
in the east, and Sinai in the south (which can be fully included or not). Typically, it does not include
5227:
4941:
4596:
4467:
3956:
3834:
1910:
1555:
1184:
1150:
998:
775:
524:
368:
326:
218:
77:
1327:
The island of Cyprus is also included as a third subregion in the archaeological region of the Levant:
3559:
site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.
2780:
654:, meaning "rising", implying the rising of the Sun in the east, and is broadly equivalent to the term
5262:
4823:
4472:
3924:
3877:
3393:
1551:
1355:
1277:
520:
380:
334:
3144:
4818:
4771:
4766:
4635:
4618:
4606:
4584:
4457:
4304:
3887:
3666:
3650:
1762:
1735:
1721:
1714:
834:
3452:
3269:
5455:
5413:
5403:
5267:
5257:
4880:
4601:
4313:
4124:
4042:
4020:
3990:
3985:
3409:
1986:
1949:
1747:
1602:
1363:
1130:
1085:
936:
905:
847:
641:
447:
184:
2972:. The Gulf/2000 Project, School of International and Public Affairs of Columbia University. 2017
2915:
1307:
A distinction is made between the main subregions of the Levant, the northern and the southern:
2277:
Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil
1014:
5381:
5195:
5190:
5124:
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4961:
4890:
4761:
4452:
4299:
4171:
4144:
4092:
4032:
3973:
3914:
3904:
3824:
3814:
3661:
3575:
3567:
3546:
3524:
3520:
3478:
3456:
3425:
3358:
3303:
3275:
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3217:
3189:
3158:
3120:
3092:
2998:
2949:
2919:
2865:
2444:
2414:
2389:
2242:
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
2145:
1758:
1725:
1622:
1535:
1359:
818:
779:
752:
732:
546:
330:
76: Countries and regions of the Levant in its broad, historical meaning (equivalent to the
5005:
4563:
4400:
4210:
2992:
2943:
2314:
2183:
5474:
5445:
5440:
5418:
5376:
5099:
5087:
5065:
4914:
4863:
4843:
4833:
4744:
4539:
4529:
4284:
4139:
4117:
4102:
4015:
4010:
3715:
3516:
3474:
3401:
3348:
3340:
3150:
3088:
2840:
Frier, Bruce W. "Demography", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds.,
2772:
1855:
1673:
1251:
994:
947:
943:
798:
728:
482:
354:
350:
2859:
2826:
5629:
5564:
5534:
5423:
5391:
5366:
5015:
4988:
4983:
4946:
4897:
4667:
4395:
4353:
4186:
4181:
4000:
3961:
3951:
3909:
3846:
3841:
3819:
3799:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3757:
3381:
2903:
2787:
2753:
2675:
2321:
2190:
1892:
1826:
1664:
1626:
1590:
1574:
1320:
1316:
1188:
1093:
958:
760:
716:
670:
661:
610:
598:
346:
338:
3185:
Untersuchungen zum Spracherwerb zweisprachiger Kinder im Aramäerdorf Dschubbadin (Syrien)
3397:
2800:
2523:
2411:
The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect
5589:
5579:
5430:
5371:
5251:
5205:
5151:
5048:
4931:
4828:
4739:
4410:
4268:
4258:
4149:
4082:
3936:
3931:
3862:
3691:
3676:
3491:
Naim, Samia (2011), "Dialects of the Levant", in Weninger, Stefan; et al. (eds.),
3353:
3328:
2939:
2908:
2855:
1998:
1944:
1830:
1814:
1802:
1754:
1594:
1539:
1285:
1281:
1208:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1010:
1006:
1002:
736:
685:
681:
633:
628:
was used for Italian maritime commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean, including Greece,
550:
376:
342:
113:
2247:
Mandyam Srinivasan, Theodore Stank, Philippe-Pierre Dornier, Kenneth Petersen (2014),
5623:
5396:
5361:
5327:
5322:
5302:
5277:
5109:
5010:
4973:
4919:
4907:
4873:
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4630:
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4263:
4246:
4215:
4159:
4134:
4112:
4107:
4047:
4037:
3978:
3762:
3745:
1921:
1794:
1689:
1606:
1543:
1531:
1265:
1243:
1049:
810:
1280:'s highlands and eastern desert (also discussed at Syrian Desert, also known as the
5354:
5210:
5156:
5114:
5104:
5082:
5077:
4951:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4558:
4553:
4390:
4375:
4365:
4279:
4205:
4200:
4191:
4166:
3941:
3804:
3740:
3643:
3183:
3112:
2337:
The eastern part of the Mediterranean with the islands and neighbouring countries.
1834:
1688:), a variety of Arabic descended from the pre-Islamic Arabic dialects of Syria and
1598:
1312:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1260:
To the east: the eastern deserts, i.e. (from north to south) the Euphrates and the
794:
783:
645:
621:
617:
3384:(1974), "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II",
1743:
1668:
Map representing the distribution of the Arabic dialects in the area of the Levant
1064:
3510:
2691:
2609:
5608:
5484:
5282:
5185:
5119:
5055:
5033:
5000:
4956:
4936:
4813:
4756:
4751:
4712:
4544:
4534:
4416:
4348:
4332:
4087:
4027:
3899:
3809:
3750:
3703:
3681:
2861:
A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East
2558:
2254:
1870:
1865:
1806:
1774:
1523:
1255:
1146:
740:
697:
582:
538:
533:
3344:
5514:
5161:
4858:
4848:
4729:
4657:
4650:
4578:
4524:
4253:
4225:
4062:
3919:
3794:
3061:
2910:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
1782:
1645:
372:
364:
17:
2716:
Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp. 1244–1253.
5339:
5272:
5242:
5237:
5215:
5175:
5134:
5025:
4966:
4885:
4868:
4672:
4640:
4431:
4097:
4077:
4072:
4005:
3995:
3946:
3856:
3829:
3789:
3725:
3631:
1880:
1875:
1838:
1610:
1154:
1142:
806:
602:
578:
528:
452:
236:
222:
3362:
1226:, though there is disagreement as to whether this translation is accurate.
3256:
Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.
3154:
2776:
5539:
5524:
5504:
5469:
5408:
4995:
4717:
4549:
4512:
4490:
4328:
4294:
4275:
4196:
4067:
3730:
3686:
3671:
1822:
1810:
1790:
1786:
1739:
1710:
1547:
1180:
1040:, the term sometimes incorporated certain Mediterranean provinces of the
1018:
901:
876:' or 'Mediterranean lands east of Italy'. It is borrowed from the French
813:". The populations of the Levant share not only geographic position, but
748:
744:
629:
463:
441:
5584:
5559:
5554:
5529:
5509:
5494:
5435:
5344:
5312:
5287:
5232:
5146:
5043:
4734:
4662:
4517:
4370:
4323:
4318:
4231:
4176:
4154:
4057:
3698:
2864:. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 295–314.
2854:
Russell, Josiah C. (1985). "The Population of the Crusader States". In
2141:
1982:
1860:
1559:
1527:
1126:
1077:
851:
802:
756:
677:
656:
590:
562:
425:
170:
3574:, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages,
3413:
3056:
5574:
5479:
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5450:
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5317:
5297:
5292:
4902:
4853:
4838:
4722:
4707:
4697:
4625:
4426:
4380:
4241:
3872:
3735:
3720:
3512:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE
1994:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1649:
1511:
1236:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE
1158:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1089:
1081:
1069:
1045:
967:
705:
594:
586:
574:
558:
554:
542:
458:
430:
419:
403:
322:
293:
267:
157:
144:
131:
117:
50:
3592:
3556:
3119:(in German). Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Company KG. p. 151.
2259:
Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East
92: Countries and regions sometimes included in 21st-century usage
3405:
5601:
5594:
5569:
5549:
5544:
5519:
5499:
5334:
5307:
5222:
5200:
5141:
4924:
4507:
4497:
3894:
3708:
3600:
3422:
Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism
2386:
Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism
1990:
1663:
1653:
1519:
1292:
1134:
1110:
1097:
1073:
1063:
1023:
980:
972:
932:
838:
711:
637:
606:
566:
436:
414:
408:
254:
240:
198:
5129:
5070:
4808:
4360:
3635:
2679:
2219:
The Levant History and Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean,
1818:
1641:
1398:
1166:
1114:
888:, meaning 'lift, raise'. Similar etymologies are found in Greek
873:
869:
280:
3604:
3027:""Aramaic in Levantine Dialects" in "Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords""
2134:
The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
3566:, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages,
3451:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, p.
2842:
The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
2804:
2500:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from
889:
2994:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1393:
581:. Its overwhelming characteristic is that it represents the
1242:, 'the land of sham '", translating in Western parlance to
488:
2647:
3242:
Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)
3214:
Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)
2140:
can describe shared cultural products, such as Levantine
497:
2948:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
2844:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 827–54.
2524:"The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change"
1246:. OHAL defines the boundaries of the Levant as follows.
1141:
are sometimes considered Levant countries (compare with
1777:
studies, Levantines derive most of their ancestry from
3564:
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
3146:
Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective
2827:"Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution"
2648:"Council for British Research in the Levant homepage"
2266:
Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History
979:
meaning 'east', is literally "rising", deriving from
673:), meaning "the eastern place, where the Sun rises".
512:
500:
1683:
1017:
was founded for the same purpose. At this time, the
793:
The Levant has been described as the "crossroads of
503:
494:
485:
5024:
4577:
4409:
4224:
3855:
3642:
2205:
2060:
1738:is additionally spoken in three villages in Syria:
537:. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in
491:
387:
360:
318:
310:
302:
98:
86: Countries of the Levant in 20th-century usage
60:
3471:Towns in Ancient Israel and in the Southern Levant
2907:
2498:"Ancient Ashkelon – National Geographic Magazine"
2217:Pierre-Louis Gatier, E. Gubel, Philippe Marquis.
541:and other cultural contexts, it is equivalent to
3509:Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (2013).
3493:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
2801:"Isis, Isil, IS or Daesh? One group, many names"
2544:. Olive Branch Press. Northampton, MA. Page 249.
1753:Among diaspora communities based in the Levant,
1169:Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department,
4804:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
3495:, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, p. 921
3085:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
3031:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1918:(Referred to in current events as ISIL or ISIS)
1218:has been used in some translations of the term
3240:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993).
3212:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993).
2858:; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
2594:Balme, Maurice; Morwood, James. "Chapter 36".
2373:Le Nouveau Petit Robert de la langue française
2014:has been published since 1969 and since 1990,
1969:Total population by adding the populations of
1264:area for the northern Levant, followed by the
553:("Greater Syria"), which includes present-day
5690:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula
4799:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
3616:
2970:"Christian Population of Middle East in 2014"
2557:Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary.
2552:
2550:
2441:Scattered and Gathered: Catholics in Diaspora
1640:Other religious groups in the Levant include
1284:). In other words, Mesopotamia and the North
1157:). Several researchers include the island of
1032:and bearing a French stamp inscribed "Levant"
649:
8:
1700:in Lebanon, Syria, and parts of Turkey, and
1696:. Levantine Arabic is usually classified as
1677:
1384:
961:
877:
1939:Other places in the east of a larger region
931:, the portion of the Liguria coast east of
912:
883:
700:. This is probably the reason why the term
3623:
3609:
3601:
1383:
1163:Council for British Research in the Levant
1056:(1920–1946) was called the Levant states.
57:
3352:
2201:
2199:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1905:French post offices in the Ottoman Empire
1692:, but retains significant influence from
971:('east'). Most notably, "Orient" and its
648:from French. It derives from the Italian
531:and core territory of the political term
3274:(in German). Harrassowitz. p. 133.
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2264:David Thomas, Alexander Mallett (2012),
2178:
2113:
1060:Geography and modern-day use of the term
3521:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001
3302:(in German). Harrassowitz. p. 15.
2738:Anat Lapidot-Firilla, "Editor's Note",
2725:Sharon, Ilan "Biblical archaeology" in
2633:
2430:Steiner & Killebrew (2013). p. 1-2.
2230:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2081:
2056:
2049:
1962:
1068:Satellite view of the Levant including
399:
3216:(in German). Harassowitz. p. 42.
2886:"Syria Population - Our World in Data"
2583:Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
2464:
2462:
1268:east of the eastern hinterland of the
1009:was founded in 1581 to trade with the
763:(Asian Egypt) are sometimes included.
523:term referring to a large area in the
3447:Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009),
3244:(in German). Harassowitz. p. 5.
3143:Yaron Matras; Jeanette Sakel (2007).
2646:Sandra Rosendahl (28 November 2006).
2020:
1672:Most populations in the Levant speak
1222:as used by the organization known as
694:French mandate over Syria and Lebanon
669:
549:in western Asia: i.e. the historical
7:
5167:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
2764:Franck Salameh, "From the Editors",
2290:
2234:
2128:
2126:
2033:
1916:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1789:age Levant. Other Arabs include the
1510:The vast majority of Levantines are
1161:in Levantine studies, including the
786:of the Levant continue to be called
545:and a stretch of land bordering the
5675:Geography of the State of Palestine
4442:Northern Triangle temperate forests
3228:Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer
2799:Irshaid, Faisal (2 December 2015).
1678:
1565:Levantine Christian groups include
1385:Historical population of the Levant
1054:French mandate of Syria and Lebanon
962:
727:), the area that is bounded by the
720:
665:
27:Region in the Eastern Mediterranean
3333:American Journal of Human Genetics
2487:, Volume 42, Issue 1, p. 263, 1998
2475:Institute of Archaeology, May 2008
1929:, Catholic Europeans in the Levant
1546:). Islamic minorities include the
1298:To the west: the Mediterranean Sea
1272:range (whose southernmost part is
957:, ('the place of rising'), and in
25:
2991:Shoup, John A (31 October 2011).
1850:Overlapping regional designations
1021:was known as the "Upper Levant".
809:) terms as the "northwest of the
797:, the Eastern Mediterranean, and
3298:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006).
3268:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006).
2339:New Oxford Dictionary of English
1779:ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
1028:1909 postcard depicting Ottoman
904:'the direction of sunrise'), in
821:. They are often referred to as
481:
457:
446:
435:
424:
413:
402:
286:
273:
260:
247:
229:
211:
191:
177:
163:
150:
137:
124:
107:
66:
3300:Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen
3271:Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen
3188:(in German). LIT. p. 133.
1619:Levantines or Franco-Levantines
1375:Demographics of the Middle East
1315:marks the division between the
3967:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
3770:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
3597:(Handbook), HMSO, London, 1920
3473:, Peeters Publishers, p.
2945:A History of Islamic Societies
2669:Biblical and Levantine studies
2610:"Journal of Levantine Studies"
2454:al-maseeheyoun al-mashriqeyoun
1805:. Non-Arab minorities include
751:Mountains, or any part of the
747:(also called Asia Minor), the
1:
4794:Meghalaya subtropical forests
3515:. OUP Oxford. pp. 2, 9.
2542:The Arab Americans: A History
1927:Levantines (Latin Christians)
1516:Muslim conquest of the Levant
1346:History of the ancient Levant
855:
640:, that is, the lands east of
306:Narrow definition: 44,550,926
32:Levantines (Latin Christians)
5670:Geography of the Middle East
3374:General and cited references
2740:Journal of Levantine Studies
2696:Journal of Levantine Studies
2614:Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
2596:Oxford Latin Course Part III
2313:Steiner & Killebrew, p.
2182:Steiner & Killebrew, p.
2136:. p. 5: "... today the term
1230:In archaeology: a definition
1201:Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
1197:Journal of Levantine Studies
1172:Journal of Levantine Studies
872:, and originally meant 'the
731:of Turkey in the north, the
5645:Geography of Hatay Province
4979:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
3149:. De Gruyter. p. 185.
2727:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
2598:(2nd ed.). p. 19.
2485:Egyptian Journal of Geology
2144:or Levantine archaeology".
1684:
1631:Assyrian Church of the East
1380:Religious and ethnic groups
1224:ISIL, ISIS, and other names
993:The term became current in
5706:
3502:Oxford Dictionaries Online
3469:Geus, C. H. J. de (2003),
3345:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008
2132:Gasiorowski, Mark (2016).
1372:
1352:History of the Middle East
1349:
1339:
890:
832:
44:
29:
3504:, Oxford University Press
2914:. Da Capo Press. p.
2752:19 September 2020 at the
2540:Orfalea, Gregory (2006).
2341:, 2nd ed., revised, 2005.
1615:Armenian Apostolic Church
1503:
1411:—
1044:, as well as independent
1013:, and in 1670 the French
778:; food scholars speak of
692:was used to refer to the
65:
5093:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
4290:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
3182:Dr. Emna Labidi (2022).
3083:Versteegh, Kees (2011).
3033:. Brill Reference Online
2831:Corrected population M8.
2354:, revised 2nd ed., 2004.
2352:The Penguin Encyclopedia
2206:Oxford Dictionaries 2015
2061:Oxford Dictionaries 2015
1887:Subregional designations
1635:Chaldean Catholic Church
1342:Prehistory of the Levant
759:(in Asia Minor) and the
577:southwest of the middle
45:Not to be confused with
3449:Ancient Greece and Rome
2674:6 December 2013 at the
2456:, Levantine Christians"
2320:1 November 2022 at the
2189:1 November 2022 at the
1730:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
1707:Levantine Bedawi Arabic
1187:and archaeology of the
735:in the west, the north
571:Palestinian territories
521:historical geographical
40:Levant (disambiguation)
5350:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
4789:Western Coastal Plains
4777:Eastern Coastal Plains
4503:Philippine Archipelago
4482:Indonesian Archipelago
4130:Central Mountain Range
4053:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
3883:Northeastern Japan Arc
2890:www.ourworldindata.org
2786:28 August 2020 at the
2771::1:1-6 (Spring 2012),
2745::1:5-12 (Summer 2011)
1933:Wildlife of the Levant
1702:South Levantine Arabic
1698:North Levantine Arabic
1694:Western Middle Aramaic
1669:
1291:To the south: Wadi al-
1101:
1036:In early 19th-century
1033:
884:
878:
868:appears in English in
861:
650:
34:. For other uses, see
5635:Eastern Mediterranean
5228:Eastern Mediterranean
4942:Trans-Karakoram Tract
4468:Greater Sunda Islands
3957:Northeast China Plain
3835:Trans-Karakoram Tract
3667:Greater Middle East
3594:France and the Levant
3424:, London: Routledge,
3200:Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn
3155:10.1515/9783110199192
2777:10.6017/lev.v1i1.2154
2375:, (1993 revised ed.).
1911:History of the Levant
1667:
1613:mostly belong to the
1526:adhering to the four
1340:Further information:
1185:Levantine archaeology
1151:Eastern Mediterranean
1067:
1027:
1005:in 1579. The English
927:), in Italian (as in
842:
776:Levantine archaeology
525:Eastern Mediterranean
219:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
99:Countries and regions
78:Eastern Mediterranean
5660:Geography of Lebanon
4824:Little Rann of Kutch
4473:Lesser Sunda Islands
3925:Greater Central Asia
3878:Japanese Archipelago
2942:(13 October 2014) .
2766:The Levantine Review
2275:Jeff Lesser (1999),
1773:According to recent
1717:(in eastern Syria).
1518:in the 7th century,
1356:History of Palestine
1205:The Levantine Review
1048:(and especially the
817:, some customs, and
788:Levantine Christians
624:centuries, the term
519:) is an approximate
5655:Geography of Jordan
5650:Geography of Israel
5640:Geography of Cyprus
5030:(not to be confused
4819:Great Rann of Kutch
4772:Indo-Gangetic Plain
4767:Indus Valley Desert
4636:Indian subcontinent
4458:Peninsular Malaysia
4305:Kamchatka Peninsula
3888:Sakhalin Island Arc
3398:1974GeoRv..64..596S
3386:Geographical Review
3286:Aramäern in Ma'lūla
2504:on 28 February 2008
2016:Ägypten und Levante
1736:Western Neo-Aramaic
1722:languages of Cyprus
1715:Mesopotamian Arabic
1386:
1199:, published by the
1015:Compagnie du Levant
835:Names of the Levant
102:Narrow definition:
5680:Historical regions
5665:Geography of Syria
5456:Absheron Peninsula
5414:Caucasus Mountains
5404:Armenian Highlands
5382:Iranian Azerbaijan
5268:Jordan Rift Valley
4881:High-mountain Asia
4437:Mainland/Indochina
4125:Hamgyong Mountains
4043:Northern Silk Road
4021:Hengduan Mountains
3991:High-mountain Asia
3986:Liaodong Peninsula
3557:Levantine Heritage
3117:Märchen aus Malula
3057:"Jordan and Syria"
2856:Setton, Kenneth M.
2530:. 6 November 2011.
2469:The Ancient Levant
2409:William G. Dever,
2388:, Routledge, 2016
2384:Thomas Evan Levy,
1950:Riviera di Levante
1670:
1364:History of Lebanon
1250:To the north: the
1102:
1034:
929:Riviera di Levante
862:
848:Franco-Turkish War
846:commemorating the
770:and the adjective
684:to trade with the
205:Broad definition:
5617:
5616:
5196:Lower Mesopotamia
5191:Upper Mesopotamia
5125:Arabian Peninsula
5061:Mediterranean Sea
4962:Laccadive Islands
4891:Saltoro Mountains
4762:Indus River Delta
4453:Malay Archipelago
4300:Chukchi Peninsula
4172:Pearl River Delta
4145:Leizhou Peninsula
4033:Qinling Mountains
3974:North China Plain
3915:Mongolian Plateau
3905:Taklamakan Desert
3825:Taklamakan Desert
3815:Mongolian Plateau
3662:Roof of the World
3580:978-0-300-17264-5
3572:978-0-7195-6707-0
3551:978-3-9810674-2-2
3530:978-0-19-921297-2
3484:978-90-429-1269-4
3462:978-0-19-517072-6
3442:, Microsoft, 2009
3098:978-90-04-14976-2
3004:978-1-59884-362-0
2955:978-0-521-51430-9
2925:978-0-306-81728-1
2829:. pp. 29–31.
2240:Amy Chua (2004),
1957:Explanatory notes
1907:("Levant" stamps)
1765:are also spoken.
1629:belonging to the
1625:. There are also
1623:Roman Catholicism
1617:. There are also
1508:
1507:
1360:History of Israel
1092:and the Northern
780:Levantine cuisine
753:Arabian Peninsula
733:Mediterranean Sea
547:Mediterranean Sea
473:
472:
16:(Redirected from
5697:
5475:Taurus Mountains
5446:Lankaran Lowland
5441:Kur-Araz Lowland
5419:Greater Caucasus
5377:Fertile Crescent
5258:Palestine region
5181:Tigris–Euphrates
5100:Al-Faw Peninsula
5088:Strait of Hormuz
5066:Zagros Mountains
5037:
4915:Gulf of Khambhat
4864:Gilgit-Baltistan
4844:False Divi Point
4834:Coromandel Coast
4745:Pir Panjal Range
4590:
4530:Gulf of Thailand
4420:
4285:Russian Far East
4235:
4140:Suzuka Mountains
4016:Qilian Mountains
4011:Kunlun Mountains
3866:
3716:Greater Khorasan
3655:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3534:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3465:
3443:
3434:
3416:
3382:Braudel, Fernand
3367:
3366:
3356:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3115:(25 July 2011).
3109:
3103:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2913:
2904:Kennedy, Hugh N.
2900:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2762:
2756:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2466:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2382:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2311:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2228:
2222:
2221:Könemann, Page 7
2215:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2180:
2153:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2088:
2079:
2064:
2054:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1967:
1856:Fertile Crescent
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:Levantine Arabic
1579:Eastern Catholic
1571:Antiochian Greek
1400:
1395:
1387:
1252:Taurus Mountains
965:
964:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
893:
892:
887:
881:
860:
857:
799:Northeast Africa
784:Latin Christians
729:Taurus Mountains
726:
722:
672:
667:
653:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
462:
461:
451:
450:
440:
439:
429:
428:
418:
417:
407:
406:
292:
290:
289:
279:
277:
276:
266:
264:
263:
253:
251:
250:
235:
233:
232:
217:
215:
214:
197:
195:
194:
187:
183:
181:
180:
169:
167:
166:
156:
154:
153:
143:
141:
140:
130:
128:
127:
112:
111:
110:
91:
85:
75:
70:
58:
21:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5685:Regions of Asia
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5424:Lesser Caucasus
5392:Iranian Plateau
5367:Sinai Peninsula
5031:
5029:
5028:
5020:
5016:Tibetan Plateau
4989:Nicobar Islands
4984:Andaman Islands
4947:Wakhan Corridor
4898:Siachen Glacier
4668:Carnatic region
4586:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4396:Outer Manchuria
4229:
4228:
4220:
4187:Wakhan Corridor
4182:Altai Mountains
4001:Tibetan Plateau
3962:Outer Manchuria
3952:Northeast China
3910:Greater Khingan
3860:
3859:
3851:
3847:Tibetan Plateau
3842:Siachen Glacier
3820:Western Regions
3800:Wakhan Corridor
3785:Pamir Mountains
3780:Altai Mountains
3775:Iranian Plateau
3758:Eurasian Steppe
3647:
3646:
3638:
3629:
3589:
3562:Philip Mansel,
3542:
3540:Further reading
3537:
3531:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3485:
3468:
3463:
3446:
3437:
3432:
3419:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:. p. 541.
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3036:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2940:Lapidus, Ira M.
2938:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2825:Mutlu, Servet.
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2788:Wayback Machine
2763:
2759:
2754:Wayback Machine
2737:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2676:Wayback Machine
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2460:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2408:
2404:
2383:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2322:Wayback Machine
2312:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2255:Ayubi, Nazih N.
2237:, p. 921;
2233:, p. 247;
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2191:Wayback Machine
2181:
2156:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2091:
2080:
2067:
2059:, p. 247;
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2009:
2005:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1893:Southern Levant
1847:
1771:
1662:
1583:Syriac Catholic
1575:Syriac Orthodox
1556:Twelver Shiites
1552:Nizari Ismailis
1382:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1348:
1338:
1321:Southern Levant
1317:Northern Levant
1262:Jebel el-Bishrī
1232:
1207:, published by
1189:Southern Levant
1062:
924:
921:
918:
915:
858:
837:
831:
761:Sinai Peninsula
634:Syria-Palestine
611:Northern Africa
599:Southern Europe
551:region of Syria
514:
484:
480:
469:
466:
456:
455:
445:
444:
434:
433:
423:
422:
412:
411:
401:
398:
397:
298:
287:
285:
274:
272:
261:
259:
248:
246:
230:
228:
212:
210:
203:
192:
190:
178:
176:
175:
164:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
125:
123:
108:
106:
94:
93:
89:
87:
83:
81:
73:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5590:Biga Peninsula
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5431:South Caucasus
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Arabian Desert
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5211:Akkad (region)
5208:
5206:Nineveh Plains
5203:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5152:Eastern Arabia
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5049:Hanish Islands
5040:
5038:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Gulf of Mannar
4929:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Deccan Plateau
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4740:Kashmir Valley
4732:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4593:
4591:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:Ural Mountains
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4236:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4150:Gulf of Tonkin
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3937:Outer Mongolia
3934:
3932:Inner Mongolia
3929:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:Sea of Galilee
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Aralkum Desert
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:External links
3585:
3584:
3583:
3560:
3554:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3483:
3466:
3461:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3417:
3406:10.2307/213716
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3339:(1): 149–157.
3318:
3308:
3290:
3280:
3260:
3250:
3232:
3222:
3204:
3194:
3174:
3163:
3135:
3125:
3104:
3097:
3075:
3048:
3017:
3003:
2983:
2961:
2954:
2931:
2924:
2895:
2877:
2870:
2846:
2833:
2817:
2791:
2757:
2731:
2718:
2709:
2683:
2661:
2638:
2626:
2601:
2586:
2575:
2563:Dictionary.com
2546:
2533:
2515:
2489:
2477:
2458:
2432:
2423:
2402:
2377:
2356:
2343:
2326:
2295:
2293:, p. 921.
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2223:
2210:
2195:
2154:
2122:
2089:
2065:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2025:
2003:
1999:Hatay Province
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:Levante, Spain
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1846:
1843:
1803:Bedouin Arabic
1770:
1767:
1661:
1658:
1621:who adhere to
1595:Roman Catholic
1567:Greek Orthodox
1554:in Syria, and
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1286:Arabian Desert
1258:
1256:Plain of 'Amuq
1231:
1228:
1209:Boston College
1061:
1058:
1042:Ottoman Empire
1038:travel writing
1030:Constantinople
1011:Ottoman Empire
1007:Levant Company
1003:Ottoman Sultan
830:
827:
737:Arabian Desert
686:Ottoman Empire
682:Levant Company
471:
470:
468:
467:
395:
394:
393:
391:
389:Largest cities
385:
384:
362:
358:
357:
320:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
297:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
226:
223:United Kingdom
207:
202:
201:
188:
173:
160:
147:
134:
121:
114:Hatay Province
103:
100:
96:
95:
88:
82:
72:
71:
63:
62:
26:
24:
18:Syro-Palestine
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5702:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5397:Dasht-e Kavir
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Levantine Sea
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5328:Aram-Naharaim
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Syrian Desert
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Golan Heights
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:Gulf of Aqaba
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Tropical Asia
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Paropamisadae
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4920:Gulf of Kutch
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:Bay of Bengal
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4874:Shigar Valley
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Eastern Ghats
4681:
4679:
4678:Western Ghats
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Kangchenjunga
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Greater India
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4569:Tropical Asia
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:Sunda Islands
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Bering Strait
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Yenisey Basin
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Khatanga Gulf
4342:
4340:
4339:Baraba steppe
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Extreme North
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4247:Arctic Circle
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4216:Tropical Asia
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Yenisey Basin
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4160:Yangtze Delta
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Japanese Alps
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Loess Plateau
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Hexi Corridor
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Sichuan Basin
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:Yan Mountains
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
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3763:Kazakh Steppe
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3746:Kazakh Steppe
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3281:9783447053136
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3251:9783447033268
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2650:. Cbrl.org.uk
2649:
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2143:
2139:
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2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:, p. 247
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
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2100:
2098:
2096:
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2090:
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2070:
2066:
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2050:
2043:
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2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Levantine Sea
1920:
1917:
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1912:
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1901:
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1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:eastern Syria
1796:
1795:Syrian Desert
1792:
1788:
1784:
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1776:
1768:
1766:
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1760:
1756:
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1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:Hejazi Arabic
1686:
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1322:
1318:
1314:
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1308:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Syrian Desert
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:greater Syria
1241:
1240:bilad al-sham
1237:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
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1059:
1057:
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1050:Greek islands
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:capitulations
996:
991:
987:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:('east'), in
941:
938:
934:
930:
910:
907:
903:
900:
896:
886:
880:
875:
871:
867:
853:
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836:
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824:
820:
816:
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811:Arabian Plate
808:
804:
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796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
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746:
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738:
734:
730:
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Levant States
687:
683:
679:
674:
671:
663:
659:
658:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
607:Eastern Libya
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
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536:
535:
530:
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518:
517:
508:
478:
465:
460:
454:
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443:
438:
432:
427:
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416:
410:
405:
400:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
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370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
284:
282:
271:
269:
258:
256:
245:
242:
238:
227:
224:
220:
209:
208:
206:
200:
189:
186:
174:
172:
161:
159:
148:
146:
135:
133:
122:
119:
115:
105:
104:
101:
97:
79:
69:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5355:Bekaa valley
5252:Syria region
5247:
5157:South Arabia
5115:Gulf of Aden
5105:Gulf of Oman
5083:Pirate Coast
5078:Persian Gulf
5006:Asia–Pacific
4952:Wakhjir Pass
4757:Indus Valley
4703:Pashtunistan
4693:Ganges Delta
4688:Ganges Basin
4612:Northwestern
4587:Subcontinent
4564:Asia–Pacific
4559:Ring of Fire
4554:Pacific Asia
4401:Asia–Pacific
4391:Ring of Fire
4376:Sikhote-Alin
4366:Yenisey Gulf
4280:Pacific Asia
4211:Asia–Pacific
4206:Ring of Fire
4201:Pacific Asia
4192:Wakhjir Pass
4167:Yellow River
3942:China proper
3805:Wakhjir Pass
3741:Kazakhstania
3649:
3593:
3563:
3511:
3501:
3492:
3470:
3448:
3439:
3421:
3389:
3385:
3336:
3332:
3321:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3116:
3113:Rafik Schami
3107:
3084:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3042:
3035:. Retrieved
3030:
3025:Retsö, Jan.
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2997:. Abc-Clio.
2993:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2964:
2944:
2934:
2909:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2860:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2794:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2686:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2641:
2634:Braudel 1974
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2492:
2484:
2480:
2453:
2452:identity as
2440:
2435:
2426:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2286:
2276:
2269:
2268:. Volume 4 (
2265:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2231:Gagarin 2009
2226:
2218:
2213:
2137:
2133:
2118:Gagarin 2009
2082:
2057:Gagarin 2009
2052:
2036:, p. 6)
2028:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1965:
1938:
1937:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1849:
1848:
1801:, who speak
1797:, Naqab and
1772:
1752:
1734:
1719:
1671:
1639:
1564:
1514:. After the
1509:
1369:Demographics
1326:
1313:Litani River
1306:
1282:Badia region
1274:Mount Hermon
1270:Anti-Lebanon
1239:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1170:
1103:
1035:
1001:") with the
992:
988:
983:
976:
966:
954:
950:
939:
928:
922:morning land
908:
898:
894:
865:
863:
844:French medal
822:
795:Western Asia
792:
771:
767:
765:
709:
701:
689:
675:
655:
646:15th century
625:
615:
573:and most of
532:
476:
474:
204:
55:
5609:Alpide belt
5485:Paphlagonia
5283:Hula Valley
5263:Transjordan
5186:Mesopotamia
5120:Balochistan
5056:Caspian Sea
5034:Middle East
5001:Alpide belt
4957:Lakshadweep
4937:Palk Strait
4814:Bagar tract
4752:Thar Desert
4713:Balochistan
4545:Alpide belt
4535:East Indies
4417:East Indies
4349:Transbaikal
4333:Lake Baikal
4028:Tarim Basin
3900:Gobi Desert
3810:Mount Imeon
3751:Betpak-Dala
3704:Transoxiana
3682:Caspian Sea
2692:"About JLS"
2636:, p. .
1871:Middle East
1866:Mesopotamia
1807:Circassians
1775:ancient DNA
1278:Transjordan
1147:Middle East
859: 1920
741:Mesopotamia
698:World War I
688:. The name
680:set up the
583:land bridge
539:archaeology
534:Middle East
5624:Categories
5515:Cappadocia
5162:Hadhramaut
4859:Aksai Chin
4849:Hindi Belt
4730:Marathwada
4658:Hindu Kush
4651:Nanda Devi
4597:Subregions
4525:Leyte Gulf
4361:Amur Basin
4254:Inner Asia
4108:Ordos Loop
4063:Liangguang
3920:Inner Asia
3795:Badakhshan
3651:The 'stans
3500:"Levant",
3438:"Levant",
3392:(4): 596,
3062:Ethnologue
3037:7 February
2619:30 January
2508:17 October
2449:1532607091
2419:0802867014
2394:1134937466
2272:), p. 145;
2150:081334994X
2087:, "Levant"
2021:Burke 2010
1763:Circassian
1646:Samaritans
1607:Protestant
1373:See also:
1350:See also:
1303:Subregions
1195:word: the
909:Morgenland
833:See also:
823:Levantines
803:geological
801:", and in
782:; and the
725:/ʔaʃ.ʃaːm/
666:ٱلْمَشْرِق
657:al-Mashriq
527:region of
361:Time Zones
335:Circassian
303:Population
5340:Phoenicia
5273:Philistia
5243:Kurdistan
5238:Eber-Nari
5216:Babylonia
5176:Al-Sharat
5135:Al-Yamama
4967:Aminidivi
4886:Karakoram
4869:Baltistan
4673:Tamilakam
4641:Himalayas
4486:Nusantara
4432:Sundaland
4411:Southeast
4259:Northeast
4098:Zhongyuan
4078:Guanzhong
4073:Jianghuai
4006:Karakoram
3996:Himalayas
3947:Manchuria
3863:Northeast
3830:Karakoram
3790:Tian Shan
3726:Arachosia
3170:intimate…
2976:31 August
2781:full text
2747:full text
2729:Elsevier.
2369:Le Levant
2363:LEVANT, (
2291:Naim 2011
2270:1200–1350
2244:, p. 212;
2235:Naim 2011
2138:Levantine
2044:Citations
2034:Geus 2003
1987:Palestine
1881:West Asia
1876:Near East
1839:Armenians
1827:Assyrians
1744:Jubb'adin
1660:Languages
1627:Assyrians
1611:Armenians
1603:Nestorian
1496:3,198,951
1485:3,448,356
1474:3,231,874
1463:2,028,000
1452:2,700,000
1441:3,120,000
1430:4,127,000
1419:4,800,000
1408:4,300,000
1214:The word
1155:West Asia
1143:Near East
1131:Palestine
1086:Palestine
937:Hungarian
864:The term
829:Etymology
772:Levantine
676:In 1581,
603:Cyrenaica
579:Euphrates
529:West Asia
373:UTC+03:00
365:UTC+02:00
319:Languages
314:Levantine
237:Cyrenaica
185:Palestine
36:Levantine
5540:Lycaonia
5525:Corduene
5505:Bithynia
5490:Phasiane
5470:Anatolia
5409:Caucasus
4996:Maldives
4718:Gedrosia
4619:Southern
4607:Northern
4550:Far East
4513:Mindanao
4491:Wallacea
4449:Maritime
4329:Baikalia
4295:Beringia
4276:Far East
4197:Far East
4118:Shaanbei
4103:Shaannan
4093:Jiaozhou
4068:Jiangnan
3731:Khwarazm
3687:Dead Sea
3672:Aral Sea
3363:32470374
2906:(2007).
2784:Archived
2750:Archived
2672:Archived
2559:"Levant"
2528:BBC News
2413:, 2012,
2318:Archived
2257:(1996),
2187:Archived
1845:See also
1823:Turkmens
1811:Chechens
1791:Bedouins
1769:Genetics
1759:Armenian
1740:Maaloula
1726:Armenian
1711:Bedouins
1633:and the
1591:Maronite
1548:Alawites
1528:madhhabs
1319:and the
1295:in Sinai
1220:ash-Shām
1181:Iron Age
1175:and the
1019:Far East
986:'rise'.
906:Germanic
902:Anatolia
807:tectonic
755:proper.
749:Caucasus
745:Anatolia
630:Anatolia
585:between
464:Tel Aviv
442:Damascus
331:Armenian
5585:Sophene
5560:Pisidia
5555:Galatia
5530:Chaldia
5510:Cilicia
5495:Isauria
5436:Shirvan
5345:Retjenu
5313:Samaria
5288:Galilee
5233:Mashriq
5147:Tihamah
5044:Red Sea
4782:Kalinga
4735:Kashmir
4663:Bactria
4602:Eastern
4540:Nanyang
4518:Visayas
4324:Siberia
4319:Tartary
4232:Siberia
4155:Yangtze
4083:Huizhou
4058:Lingnan
3699:Tartary
3644:Central
3632:Regions
3440:Encarta
3394:Bibcode
3354:7332655
3068:21 July
2810:21 July
2568:27 July
2443:, 2017
2365:vieilli
2335:archaic
2333:LEVANT
2261:p. 108;
2251:, p. 3;
2142:cuisine
2083:Encarta
1983:Lebanon
1952:, Italy
1861:Mashriq
1781:of the
1720:Of the
1650:Yazidis
1587:Melkite
1560:Lebanon
1540:Hanbali
1536:Shafi'i
1512:Muslims
1504:Source:
1336:History
1276:), and
1254:or the
1127:Lebanon
1078:Lebanon
995:English
975:source
963:מִזְרָח
955:Llevant
951:Levante
948:Catalan
944:Spanish
916:
895:Anatolē
891:Ἀνατολή
852:Cilicia
819:history
815:cuisine
757:Cilicia
721:ٱلشَّام
678:England
651:levante
626:levante
616:In the
591:Eurasia
563:Lebanon
355:Turkish
351:Kurdish
327:Aramaic
311:Demonym
171:Lebanon
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5630:Levant
5602:Tuwana
5580:Speri
5575:Arzawa
5565:Pontus
5480:Aeolis
5461:Kartli
5451:Alborz
5387:Hauran
5318:Arabah
5298:Gilead
5293:Canaan
5248:Levant
4903:Bengal
4854:Ladakh
4839:Konkan
4723:Makran
4708:Punjab
4698:Guzgan
4626:Orient
4585:Indian
4427:Orient
4381:Kolyma
4242:Arctic
3873:Orient
3736:Sistan
3721:Ariana
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2702:18 May
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2654:5 July
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2447:
2417:
2392:
2148:
2012:Levant
1995:Turkey
1993:, and
1979:Jordan
1975:Israel
1971:Cyprus
1899:Others
1835:Nawars
1783:Bronze
1748:Bakhah
1728:, and
1713:) and
1605:, and
1544:Maliki
1532:Hanafi
1524:Sunnis
1477:+59.4%
1466:−24.9%
1455:−13.5%
1444:−24.4%
1433:−14.0%
1422:+11.6%
1362:, and
1216:Levant
1165:, the
1159:Cyprus
1139:Turkey
1137:, and
1123:Jordan
1119:Israel
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1090:Jordan
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1046:Greece
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959:Hebrew
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717:Arabic
706:Cyprus
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696:after
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5570:Mysia
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5520:Caria
5500:Ionia
5335:Negev
5308:Judea
5223:Suhum
5201:Sawad
5142:Hejaz
5032:with
4925:Halar
4579:South
4508:Luzon
4498:Timor
4226:North
3895:Korea
3709:Turan
3410:JSTOR
3089:Brill
2279:p. 45
1991:Syria
1831:Kurds
1815:Turks
1755:Greek
1654:Druze
1599:Latin
1520:Islam
1499:−7.2%
1488:+6.7%
1293:Arish
1135:Syria
1111:Egypt
1098:Egypt
1094:Sinai
1074:Syria
984:orior
981:Latin
973:Latin
940:Kelet
933:Genoa
712:Shaam
638:Egypt
567:Syria
409:Amman
343:Greek
255:Egypt
241:Libya
199:Syria
5323:Aram
5130:Najd
5071:Elam
5026:West
4809:Doab
4354:West
4264:Ural
3857:East
3636:Asia
3576:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3525:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3359:PMID
3304:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3070:2018
3039:2024
3012:2014
2999:ISBN
2978:2018
2950:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2812:2018
2704:2024
2680:UCLA
2656:2010
2621:2014
2570:2012
2510:2011
2445:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2085:2009
1837:and
1819:Jews
1787:Iron
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1685:Šāmī
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1471:1897
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1394:Pop.
1390:Year
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