1532:, pp. 44–45:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."
2357:
abandon it , particularly since their God seemed to have abandoned them. This may indeed be the best way to understand the assertion in
Christian writers , such as Justin Martyr in the mid-second century , that jews were forbidden after Bar Kokhba to live in their homeland. It would not have benefited the settlers in Aelia Capitolina to find the lands they were allotted in the new colony deprived of local workforce. Doubtless the could employ slave labour to some extent , particularly when slave prices were low in the aftermath of the war , but much farm work must have been done by descendants of the original Jewish inhabitants who had given up Jewish customs and elected to merge into the wider gentile population of the region.
1408:
villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses
Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
1336:
no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the
Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 AD, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
1789:, p. 19"While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of the Jews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus."
86:
2206:
Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time
Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian "Holy Land" became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.
2262:
destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron
Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."
1451:
destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron
Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
1517:. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land."
1813:
suggested the name change preceded the revolt; he writes "Hadrian was in those parts in 129 and 130. He abolished the name of
Jerusalem, refounding the place as a colony, Aelia Capitolina. That helped to provoke the rebellion. The supersession of the ethnical term by the geographical may also reflect
1335:
These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that
2327:
Indeed ,many must have reacted to the catastrophe with despair and total abandonment of
Judaism. Apostates from Judaism (aside from converts to Christianity) received little notice in antiquity from either Jewish or non-Jewish writers , but ambitious individuals are known to have turned pagan before
1902:
Once the troubles, which inflamed
Galilee under Trajan and the rest of the province fifteen years later had been controlled, Judaea became the province of Syria-Palaestina (or Palaestina) as it was known in official and literary documents. However, after this date, some authors continued to use the
637:
as the one responsible for the measure, though no direct evidence suggests exactly when the name change was implemented or by whom, and the renaming may even have taken place before the conclusion of the revolt. While the name Judaea bore an ethnic connotation to Jews, Syria-Palaestina had a strict
1960:
from the town of
Posideion, which was founded by Amphilocus son of Amphiaraus, on the border between Cilicia and Syria, beginning from this as far as Egypt —omitting Arabian territory (which was free of tax), came 350 talents. In this province there is the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria
1407:
Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985
1262:
When Judea was converted into a Roman province , Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly
2356:
Since the Roman State had always accepted without quibble the validity of apostasy from Judaism , as Tiberius Julius Alexander had demonstrated by the success of his public career in the first century , it might seen sensible for Jews to respond to roman hostility to their religion by choosing to
714:
resulted in severe devastation for Judaea's Jewish population, including significant loss of life, forced displacements, and widespread enslavement. The scale of suffering was immense, with ancient sources reporting extensive destruction and high casualty rates. It appears that at the end of the
2398:
Lichtenberger, Achim. "Jews and Pagans in Late Antique Judaea. The Case of the Beit Nattif Workshop." R. Raja (ed.), Contextualizing the Sacred in the Hellenistic and Roman Near East, Religious Identities in Local, Regional, and Imperial Settings (Contextualizing the Sacred 8; Turnhout) (2017):
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were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been
1450:
were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been
2159:
Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting
2205:
The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the
1765:
In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria
1717:
In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria
1606:
The division of Palestine into two provinces, Palestina Prima and Southern Palestine, later to be known as Palaestina Salutaris, took place in 357-358 In 409 we hear for the first time of the three provinces of Palestine: Palaestina Prima, Secunda and Tertia (the former
2160:
repercussions. However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority.
2328:
the war , and it stands to reason that many more did so after its disastrous conclusion. It is impossible to determine the number who joined the budding Christian movement and the number who disappeared into the polytheist majority.
691:, increasing the military importance of the province. Exactly when the legion was moved and the rank of the governor's post increased is a matter of debate - in any case, these events must have occurred before the governorship of
1683:
After the Bar Kokhba war, in the reign of Hadrian, the Roman province of Judaea was re-named Syria-Palaestina. Thus an appellation referring to an ethnic element associated with Jews was replaced by the purely geographic one:
646:
from AD 170-180, honoring the wife of a figure known as "Eroelius Klaros", who had the epithet "ruler of Judaea" ("υκίου Κλάρου, υπάτου, εμόνος Ιουδ"), decades after the recreation of Provincia Judaea as Syria-Palaestina.
1903:
former name. No doubt out of habit, as the memory of the revolt which was responsible for the banishment of the name faded and because in the ancient imagination, this territory was first and foremost that of the Jews.
1493:, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
771:
was populated by Roman veterans and migrants from western parts of the empire, who also occupied its surroundings, administrative centers, and main roads. According to Lichtenberger, archaeological evidence from
687:, a higher-ranking governor of consular rank now presided over the region. This in turn was probably due to the fact that in addition to the already existing legion in Caesarea, a second legion was stationed in
719:
had nearly been eradicated, but remained strong in other parts of Palestine. Jewish survivors faced harsh Roman punitive measures, including expulsion from Jerusalem and other areas, leading to a migration to
2705:
407:(132-136) erupted. Judea's countryside was devastated, and many were killed, displaced or sold into slavery. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt.
1624:
2700:
2218:
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and he quotes with approval Clemen et al., "This produces the paradox of truly historic significance that while Jewish Christianity was swallowed up in the Christian church, it preserved itself in
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According to Eitan Klein, after the revolt, Roman authorities confiscated lands in Judaea, leading to the resettlement of the region by a diverse population. Archaeological evidence shows that
2630:
511:) to secure the country against Arab incursions. The part of the Roman imperial border that now ran through Palestine was subsequently placed under its own supreme commander, the
2730:
2257:, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the
2785:
2715:
356:
in 6 AD, Judea came under direct Roman rule, during which time the Roman governor was given authority to punish by execution. The general population also began to be
1192:
2770:
487:. Presumably, it was small enough not to become dangerous as a potential starting point for usurpation attempts. Instead, Diocletian even integrated parts of
2790:
453:. The province retained its capital, Caesarea Maritima, and therefore remained distinct from Syria, which was located further north with its capital in
2313:
The Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple : Its Meaning and Its Consequences , in "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period"
1446:
Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the
704:
2735:
2720:
391:
During the 1st and 2nd centuries, Judaea became the epicenter of a series of unsuccessful large-scale Jewish rebellions against Rome, known as the
2780:
2611:
2524:
2462:
2423:
2231:
2152:
2143:
Goodblatt, David (2006). "The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638". In Steven Katz (ed.).
2124:
2092:
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2033:
1895:
1670:
1633:
1566:
1514:
1490:
1439:
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642:, continued to refer to the region as Judaea out of habit due to the prominent association with the Jews. This includes an inscription from
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survived, the significance of Jerusalem to Christians entered a period of decline, it having been destroyed and later refounded as the
692:
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2219:
A critical investigation of archaeological material assigned to Palestinian Jewish-Christians of the Roman and Byzantine periods
2274:"Jewish and Christian Communities in the Roman and Byzantine Gaulanitis : A Study of Evidence from Archaeological Surveys"
650:
Other scholars and commenters disagree with a punitive recent origin for the term, and point it has been used to refer to the
216:
202:
177:
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612:
431:
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The province was split into smaller ones during the fourth and fifth centuries. In 358, areas that had formerly belonged to
957:(in the 6th century), Syria Prima and Phoenice and Phoenice Lebanensis. All were included within the larger Eastern Roman (
891:
2750:
838:
683:
2755:
2710:
2598:. 1, Lokale Autonomie und Ordnungsmacht in den kaiserzeitlichen Provinzen (3). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag: 75–92.
2095:, pp. 237–264, here pp. 246–250 (where, however, the latest possible start year of governorship is seen as being 132).
906:
529:
395:. The Roman suppression of these revolts led to wide-scale destruction, a very high toll of life and enslavement. The
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populations. Many Jewish captives were sold into slavery across the Roman Empire, contributing to an increase in the
396:
2670:
Nicole Belayche, "Foundation myths in Roman Palestine. Traditions and reworking", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),
2594:
Cotton, Hannah M. (2009). Eck, Werner (ed.). "Some Aspects of the Roman Administration of Judaea/Syria-Palaestina".
1937:, for example, used the term in the 5th century BC when discussing the component parts of the fifth province of the
2745:
2740:
1588:
756:
400:
2795:
1369:"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"
363:
The Herodian kingdom was split into a tetrarchy in 6 AD, which was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with
549:
85:
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formed a majority in Palestine and Jerusalem through migration and conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews.
579:. Palaestina Prima included the heartland with the capital at Caesarea, while Palaestina Secunda extended to
1919:
1478:
1241:
1117:, p. 2: "After the revolt of Bar Cochba in 135, the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Palestinian Syria."
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910:
667:
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419:
380:
303:
290:
236:
182:
61:
2542:"Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti"
1746:
Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy".
392:
294:
849:
830:
760:
2499:
Whealey, J. (2008) "Eusebius and the Jewish Authors: His Citation Technique in an Apologetic Context" (
1933:
The term Syria-Palaestina was already in use in the Greco-Roman world at least five centuries earlier.
1980:(321). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 57–63.
1942:
588:
564:
553:
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462:
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Jüdische Geschichte in hellenistisch-römischer Zeit. Wege der Forschung: Vom alten zum neuen Schürer
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1008:
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532:(235–284) affected Syria Palaestina, but the fourth century brought an economic upswing due to the
357:
112:
2383:"The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period"
1047:
as the usual residence of the governor. Palaestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.
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Two legates and a procurator of Syria Palaestina Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 1977
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1997:
1989:
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1841:
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1541:
1398:
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576:
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suggests a persistence of non-conformist unorthodox Jewish groups that did not adhere to strict
1350:. "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen" (in German),
2674:(Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 167–188.
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953:
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In AD 300, Jews formed around a quarter of the population and lived in compact settlements in
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476:
423:
404:
376:
298:
274:
266:
98:
2514:
2413:
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still existed. It's claimed that the name was chosen as the new province was far larger than
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2188:
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1981:
1825:
1658:
1427:
1380:
1288:
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1061:
996:
942:
845:
790:
768:
572:
469:
415:
346:
331:
195:
1965:
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Haensch, Rudolf (2010). "The Roman Provincial Administration". In Catherine Hezser (ed.).
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in Jerusalem, which had existed since the time of Jesus. Traditionally it is believed the
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737:
729:
651:
634:
496:
427:
411:
353:
278:
2565:
1753:
1705:
2116:
A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
1555:
Orte und Landschaften der Bibel. Ein Handbuch und Studien-Reiseführer zum Heiligen Land.
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2409:
1314:
1247:
A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People: From the Time of the Patriarchs to the Present
1110:
1066:
1032:
1024:
990:
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618:
596:
560:
522:
488:
484:
307:
258:
253:
47:
2694:
2001:
1853:
1402:
895:
871:
575:. Around the year 400, it had been further split into a smaller Palaestina Prima and
1920:
The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations
1208:
History of the Catholic Church : from the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium
1887:
1729:
978:
809:
545:
72:
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In circa 390, Syria Palaestina was reorganised into several administrative units:
914:
2114:
1245:
1160:
360:. However, Jewish leaders retained broad discretion over affairs within Judaism.
2382:
1884:
Iudaea-Palaestina: The Pagan Cults in Roman Palestine (Second to Fourth Century)
1810:
982:
856:
773:
752:
678:
592:
372:
364:
2289:
2176:
410:
Following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, Jerusalem was rebuilt as a
17:
2603:
2192:
1385:
1368:
1347:
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based on inhabitants of the hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others).
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626:
480:
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2438:
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1394:
1300:
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of Aelia Capitolina. Christian interest resumed again with the pilgrimage of
2258:
1934:
1447:
1276:
1028:
899:
655:
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at large for centuries since Classical antiquity, when it was first used by
541:
458:
450:
327:
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between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD. The provincial capital was
1922:. Apendix A. 1. The Governors of Judaea and Syria Palaestina after A.D. 70.
1421:
1431:
625:
in the early 2nd century AD. The renaming is often presented as an act of
1941:: Phoenicia, Cyprus, "and that part of Syria which is called Palestine" (
787:
663:
383:, had been the "administrative capital" of the region beginning in 6 AD.
343:
2663:
2650:
Feldman, Louis H. (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine".
2232:
Continuity and change in the cultic topography of late antique Palestine
1601:
1097:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
2077:
Rom und die Provinz Iudaea/Syria Palaestina. Der Beitrag der Epigraphik
1993:
1969:
1004:
986:
970:
966:
834:
805:
797:
784:
744:
733:
728:. Some scholars suggest that a number of Jews may have forfeited their
721:
643:
580:
454:
442:
438:
323:
315:
277:. It forms part of timeline of the period in the region referred to as
2049:
Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Holman Reference Editorial Staff (2015).
1845:
2685:
1206:
1039:
included the Negev, southern Transjordan part of Arabia, and most of
974:
864:
639:
368:
319:
262:
1985:
1586:
Dan, Yaron (1982). "Palaestina Salutaris (Tertia) and Its Capital".
472:. Jews were forbidden to settle there or in the immediate vicinity.
1829:
1882:
Belayche, Nicole (2001). "Ways of Romanization from 135 onwards".
1464:
Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society
1133:
Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades | Britannica
1044:
1027:, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former
1000:
930:
783:, as well as remnants of semitic pagan groups related to those of
777:
725:
716:
688:
671:
659:
584:
568:
508:
504:
492:
434:
339:
311:
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which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth province
1698:"Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy"
677:
Despite this "Syria" in the name, Palestine was independent of
446:
2672:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
2177:"The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity"
1734:
Pillars of Smoke and Fire: The Holy Land in History and Thought
2147:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–430.
860:
855:
New pagan cities were founded in Judea at Eleutheropolis (now
638:
geographical meaning. Some authors in late antiquity, such as
2658:. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion: 1–23.
525:, which had existed for some time, was pushed further south.
422:
was renamed Syria Palaestina, a term occasionally used among
338:, but Roman Judaea encompassed a much larger territory than
1162:
The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine
681:, even to a greater extent than before, since instead of a
674:, and was resulted from the merger of Judaea with Galilee.
544:". In the course of late antiquity, with imperial support,
475:
While Syria was divided into several smaller provinces by
1953:
1553:
Keel, Othmar; Küchler, Max; Uehlinger, Christoph (1984).
247:
2706:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
1970:"Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast"
913:
as its first bishop, ceased to exist within the Empire.
732:
and assimilated into the Pagan and early Christian I.e.
548:
succeeded in asserting itself against both remnants of
747:
migrants from neighboring Levantine provinces such as
375:. The capital of Judaea was shifted from Jerusalem to
2701:
States and territories established in the 2nd century
2385:, in: E. Baruch, A. Levy-Reifer and A. Faust (eds.),
2342:
Rome and Jerusalem The Clash of Ancient Civilizations
1974:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2025:
The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History
1561:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttinge,
132:
122:
108:
94:
32:
629:disassociation in the aftermath of the AD 132-135
617:The name Syria-Palaestina was given to the former
571:as its capital. The remaining territory was named
326:and extended over parts of the former regions of
53:
1886:. Religion der Römischen Provinzen 1. Tübingen:
1816:Syme, Ronald (1962). "The Wrong Marcius Turbo".
90:Syria Palaestina within the Roman Empire in 210.
2519:. Christian Faith Publishing, Inc. p. 37.
2439:Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099)
2085:Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Kolloquien.
1749:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
1702:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
1620:Palaestina III: Römische und byzantinische Zeit
2389:, Vol. 16, Ramat-Gan, pp. 321-350 (in Hebrew).
2119:. Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15.
1507:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine
658:, and has been used by Jewish authors such as
401:destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple
2415:An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations
1777:Keel, Küchler & Uehlinger (1984), p. 279.
812:had gained further ground in the region, and
563:were transformed into a separate province of
342:. The name "Judaea" ultimately traces to the
8:
1752:. University of South Dakota. Archived from
1704:. University of South Dakota. Archived from
1525:
1523:
1462:Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili.
829:After the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135), which
2449:
2447:
2170:
2168:
2079:(in German). In: Aharon Oppenheimer (ed.):
465:but had been destroyed, was rebuilt as the
463:special religious significance for the Jews
35:
2731:390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
2418:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
1320:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea
84:
29:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1384:
1125:
1123:
763:and beyond, settled in the area. The new
265:, following the Roman suppression of the
27:Province of the Roman Empire (136–390 CE)
2786:Political entities in the Land of Israel
2372:, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.81
1814:Hadrian's decided opinions about Jews."
1655:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1644:
1642:
1529:
1501:
1499:
1474:
1472:
909:, which is claimed to have started with
2716:130s establishments in the Roman Empire
1786:
1663:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3500
1581:
1579:
1559:Geographisch-geschichtliche Landeskunde
1277:"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74"
1088:
703:The population of Syria-Palaestina was
503:from Aelia Capitolina to Aila (today's
93:
2138:
2136:
1798:
1696:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998).
1367:Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021).
1106:
1104:
2181:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1240:Barnavi, Élie; Eliav-Feldon, Miriam;
695:, who took office no later than 130.
252:
149:
145:
131:
121:
117:
103:
7:
2771:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
2344:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1023:consisted of the Galilee, the lower
894:waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in
534:Christianization of the Roman Empire
254:[syˈri.a(h)e̝pa.lɛsˈt̪i.ne̝]
2791:State of Palestine in the Roman era
2254:
2052:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
1871:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
1628:(DNP). Vol. 9, Metzler, Stuttgart,
269:, in what then became known as the
25:
2441:: "Epiphanius (died 403) says..."
1958:). "The full Herodotus quote is "
1636:, Sp. 160–162, here Sp. 162.
1618:>Pahlitzsch, Johannes (2000).
1031:, with the seat of government at
965:, together with the provinces of
483:, Syria Palaestina survived into
310:that incorporated the regions of
2145:The Cambridge History of Judaism
1015:, with the governor residing in
379:, which, according to historian
214:
200:
175:
2736:4th century in the Roman Empire
2721:3rd century in the Roman Empire
2278:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
2087:Vol. 44). Oldenbourg, München,
2022:Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27).
1275:Westwood, Ursula (2017-04-01).
1250:. Schocken Books. p. 246.
2570:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2501:Journal of Theological Studies
2478:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2315:. Cambridge University Press.
2028:. Cambridge University Press.
1649:Isaac, Benjamin (2015-12-22).
1483:A History of the Jewish People
1211:. Ignatius Press. p. 22.
1138:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
919:Islam: Past Present and Future
888:Jewish community of the Church
874:of Palaestina continued under
613:Timeline of the name Palestine
536:and the associated upswing in
491:into the province, namely the
426:for centuries to describe the
55:Ἐπαρχία Συρίας τῆς Παλαιστίνης
1:
2781:Provinces of the Roman Empire
2631:"When Palestine Meant Israel"
2540:Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998).
2370:The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136
2272:Dauphin, Claudine M. (1982).
1509:. Getty Publications, p. 33.
715:revolt, Jewish settlement in
403:. Two generations later, the
2055:. B&H Publishing Group.
1954:
1818:The Journal of Roman Studies
1485:, Harvard University Press,
1373:Journal of Roman Archaeology
684:legatus Augusti pro praetore
352:Following the deposition of
248:
33:Province of Syria Palaestina
2652:Hebrew Union College Annual
2635:Biblical Archaeology Review
2311:Goldenberg, Robert (1989).
1466:. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
1426:. BRILL. pp. 483–484.
1420:Mor, Menahem (2016-04-18).
1323:. Oxford University Press.
1115:The Early History of Israel
907:Jewish bishops in Jerusalem
530:Crisis of the Third Century
336:Herod's Tetrarchy of Judaea
2812:
2290:10.1179/peq.1982.114.2.129
1946:
1869:The invention of Palestine
1589:Israel Exploration Journal
793:in the late Roman period.
610:
433:Syria-Palaestina included
334:Judea. It was named after
288:
240:
54:
39:Provincia Syria Palaestina
2604:10.1524/9783486596014-007
2513:Götz, Ignacio L. (2021).
2193:10.1017/s0022046903007309
1386:10.1017/S1047759421000271
1281:Journal of Jewish Studies
1205:Hitchcock, James (2012).
1165:. OUP Oxford. p. 2.
886:The Romans destroyed the
154:
150:
146:
142:
118:
104:
83:
78:
70:
36:
2629:Jacobson, David (2001),
2566:"Arabia: Roman province"
2387:New Studies on Jerusalem
2340:Goodman, Martin (2008).
1867:Foster, Zachery (2017).
1423:The Second Jewish Revolt
808:. By the fifth century,
515:, who is known from the
399:(66-73) resulted in the
2776:Jordan in the Roman era
2761:Israel in the Roman era
1242:Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson
911:James, brother of Jesus
599:). Salutaris was named
521:. The border wall, the
381:Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson
291:Judaea (Roman province)
2453:Shahin, Mariam (2005)
1293:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017
759:, as well as from the
556:Paganism in the land.
397:First Jewish-Roman War
134:• Disestablished
2726:390 disestablishments
2381:Klein, Eitan (2010).
2217:Taylor, Joan (1990).
1505:Lewin, Ariel (2005).
1432:10.1163/9789004314634
1095:Bryce, Trevo (2009),
925:sought refuge in the
850:Constantine the Great
804:were concentrated in
710:The aftermath of the
693:Quintus Tineius Rufus
611:Further information:
479:, and later again by
289:Further information:
2075:Eck, Werner (1999).
1317:(15 November 2012).
921:, suggests that the
892:Jerusalem Christians
591:and its capital was
565:Palaestina Salutaris
552:as well as trending
538:Christian pilgrimage
2751:Classical Palestine
2641:(3), archived from
2284:(2): 129–130, 132.
2230:Bar, Doron (2008).
2175:Bar, Doron (2003).
1955:Suríē hē Palaistínē
1651:"Judaea-Palaestina"
1191:(Wars of the Jews)
1130:"Roman Palestine".
963:Diocese of the East
825:Roman Imperial cult
587:, and parts of the
249:Syría hē Palaistínē
124:• Established
113:Classical antiquity
2756:Historical regions
2711:135 establishments
2546:The New York Times
2516:The Unknowable God
2503:; Vol 59: 359-362)
2457:. Interlink Books
2455:Palestine: a Guide
1947:Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη
1915:Smallwood, E. Mary
1542:Notitia Dignitatum
1021:Palaestina Secunda
948:Palaestina Secunda
882:Early Christianity
705:of mixed character
577:Palaestina Secunda
518:Notitia Dignitatum
414:under the name of
261:formerly known as
257:) was the renamed
241:Συρία ἡ Παλαιστίνη
210:Palaestina Secunda
2746:Bar Kokhba revolt
2741:Ancient Near East
2613:978-3-486-59601-4
2526:978-1-0980-6016-9
2463:978-1-56656-557-8
2425:978-0-521-70562-2
2242:Miller, 1984, p.
2154:978-0-521-77248-8
2126:978-0-691-15007-9
2093:978-3-486-56414-3
2062:978-0-8054-9935-3
2035:978-1-107-05544-5
1968:(February 2001).
1952:
1939:Achaemenid Empire
1897:978-3-16-147153-7
1684:Syria-Palaestina.
1672:978-0-19-938113-5
1634:978-3-476-01479-5
1622:(in German). In:
1567:978-3-525-50166-5
1515:978-0-89236-800-6
1491:978-0-674-39731-6
1441:978-90-04-31463-4
1357:(2.13), pp. 1–21.
1352:Novum Testamentum
1330:978-0-19-955448-5
1257:978-0-8052-4127-3
1218:978-1-58617-664-8
1172:978-0-19-921643-7
1037:Palaestina Tertia
954:Palaestina Tertia
927:Arabian Peninsula
923:Jewish Christians
876:Septimius Severus
859:), Diopolis (now
712:Bar Kokhba revolt
631:Bar Kokhba revolt
601:Palaestina Tertia
501:Legio X Fretensis
477:Septimius Severus
405:Bar Kokhba revolt
393:Jewish-Roman Wars
377:Caesarea Maritima
299:Bar Kokhba revolt
295:Jewish–Roman wars
275:Caesarea Maritima
267:Bar Kokhba revolt
246:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
188:
187:
99:Caesarea Maritima
16:(Redirected from
2803:
2796:Syria Palaestina
2667:
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2107:
2096:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1957:
1951:romanized:
1950:
1948:
1931:
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1879:
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1610:
1609:
1596:(2/3): 134–135.
1583:
1574:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1503:
1494:
1479:Ben-Sasson, H.H.
1476:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1388:
1364:
1358:
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1338:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1202:
1196:
1188:De Bello Judaico
1183:
1177:
1176:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1062:Aelia Capitolina
997:Palaestina Prima
943:Palaestina Prima
848:, the mother of
769:Aelia Capitolina
573:Palaestina Prima
470:Aelia Capitolina
416:Aelia Capitolina
347:Kingdom of Judah
271:Palestine region
256:
251:
245:romanized:
244:
242:
233:Syria Palaestina
218:
217:
204:
203:
196:Palaestina Prima
192:
191:
179:
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172:
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156:
155:
88:
71:Province of the
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2622:Further reading
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2433:
2426:
2410:Kessler, Edward
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:191–211. Print.
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2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1986:10.2307/1357657
1966:Anson F. Rainey
1964:
1932:
1928:
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1909:
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1861:
1824:(1–2): 87–96 .
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1315:Taylor, Joan E.
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1111:de Vaux, Roland
1109:
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1090:
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1080:
1075:
1053:
939:
884:
827:
822:
738:Jewish diaspora
730:Jewish identity
701:
652:Southern Levant
635:Emperor Hadrian
615:
609:
513:dux Palaestinae
499:. He moved the
497:Sinai Peninsula
428:Southern Levant
389:
354:Herod Archelaus
301:
287:
279:Roman Palestine
215:
201:
176:
135:
125:
89:
66:
59:
52:
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28:
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18:Syria Palestina
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2680:External links
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2187:(3): 401–421.
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2111:Krämer, Gudrun
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2014:
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1890:. p. 51.
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1830:10.2307/297879
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1625:Der Neue Pauly
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1448:sikarikon laws
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937:Reorganization
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878:(193–211 AD).
846:Empress Helena
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633:, identifying
619:Roman province
608:
605:
603:or Salutaris.
561:Arabia Petraea
523:Limes Arabicus
489:Arabia Petraea
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2475:"Palestine".
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1756:on 2009-08-11
1755:
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1730:Sharon, Moshe
1726:
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1708:on 2009-08-11
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1544:, Chapter 34.
1543:
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1530:Jacobson 2001
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
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1484:
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1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1409:
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1396:
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1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
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1363:
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1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
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1316:
1310:
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1298:
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1278:
1271:
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1253:
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1243:
1236:
1233:
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1209:
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1198:
1194:
1190:
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1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
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1077:
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1068:
1065:
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1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:consisted of
998:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:(until 536),
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
949:
944:
936:
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932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
872:Hellenization
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
852:, c. 326–28.
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:believed the
832:
824:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
789:
786:
782:
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775:
770:
766:
762:
761:coastal plain
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
717:Judaea Proper
713:
708:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
606:
604:
602:
598:
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582:
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547:
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531:
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524:
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519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:, which held
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
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386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
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366:
361:
359:
358:taxed by Rome
355:
350:
348:
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341:
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333:
329:
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321:
317:
313:
309:
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296:
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284:
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276:
272:
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264:
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213:
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169:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
153:
141:
137:
127:
114:
111:
107:
100:
97:
87:
82:
77:
74:
69:
63:
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2671:
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2651:
2643:the original
2638:
2634:
2595:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2535:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2477:
2470:
2454:
2434:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2341:
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2180:
2158:
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2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2051:
2044:
2024:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1977:
1973:
1959:
1929:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1888:Mohr Siebeck
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1801:, p. 80
1794:
1787:Feldman 1990
1782:
1773:
1764:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1748:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1701:
1691:
1682:
1676:. Retrieved
1654:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1558:
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1537:
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1482:
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1284:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1246:
1235:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1181:
1161:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1132:
1114:
1096:
1091:
1057:Roman Judaea
1036:
1020:
995:
979:Euphratensis
958:
952:
946:
940:
918:
905:The line of
904:
885:
869:
854:
841:
828:
810:Christianity
795:
765:Roman colony
742:
709:
702:
699:Demographics
682:
676:
649:
616:
558:
546:Christianity
527:
516:
512:
474:
466:
424:Greco-Romans
412:Roman colony
409:
390:
362:
351:
302:
232:
231:
165:Succeeded by
164:
159:
73:Roman Empire
2596:Jahrhundert
1943:Ionic Greek
1811:Ronald Syme
1799:Cotton 2009
1766:Palaestina.
1718:Palaestina.
1348:Eck, Werner
1033:Scythopolis
983:Mesopotamia
857:Bayt Jibrin
774:Bayt Nattif
679:Roman Syria
597:Beit She'an
593:Scythopolis
589:Transjordan
554:Hellenistic
373:Trachonitis
365:Roman Syria
237:Koinē Greek
160:Preceded by
62:Koinē Greek
2695:Categories
2551:2007-08-11
1760:2014-08-24
1712:2014-08-24
1678:2022-07-08
1607:Salutaris)
1185:Josephus,
1073:References
831:Epiphanius
814:Christians
802:Samaritans
781:monotheism
481:Diocletian
285:Background
2485:12 August
2298:0031-0328
2201:0022-0469
2002:163534665
1935:Herodotus
1924:, p. 552.
1854:154240558
1838:0075-4358
1403:245512193
1395:1047-7594
1301:0022-2097
1227:796754060
1083:Citations
1029:Decapolis
959:Byzantine
915:Hans Küng
900:Decapolis
865:Nicopolis
785:Yahwahist
757:Phoenicia
656:Herodotus
542:Holy Land
459:Jerusalem
451:Philistia
367:annexing
328:Hasmonean
2664:23508170
2412:(2010).
2368:Powell,
2255:Mor 2016
2113:(2011).
1732:(1988).
1602:27925836
1557:Vol. 1:
1481:(1976).
1244:(1992).
1113:(1978),
1051:See also
1017:Caesarea
820:Religion
800:, while
788:Iron Age
778:Biblical
664:Josephus
627:punitive
540:to the "
495:and the
344:Iron Age
332:Herodian
2588:Sources
1994:1357657
1043:, with
1009:Paralia
1005:Samaria
987:Osroene
971:Cilicia
967:Isauria
898:in the
863:), and
842:colonia
835:Cenacle
806:Samaria
798:Galilee
745:gentile
734:Gentile
722:Galilee
644:Ephesos
581:Galilee
550:Semitic
467:colonia
455:Antioch
447:Idumaea
443:Galilee
439:Samaria
387:History
324:Galilee
316:Samaria
95:Capital
79:136–390
2662:
2610:
2575:18 May
2523:
2481:. 2007
2465:, p. 7
2461:
2422:
2348:
2319:
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2091:
2059:
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2007:20 May
2000:
1992:
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1852:
1846:297879
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1836:
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1225:
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1144:18 May
1140:. 2007
1013:Peraea
1007:, the
1001:Judaea
989:, and
975:Cyprus
951:, and
755:, and
749:Arabia
672:Judaea
668:Judaea
666:while
640:Jerome
623:Judaea
583:, the
449:, and
420:Judaea
418:, and
369:Iturea
340:Judaea
322:, and
320:Idumea
306:was a
304:Judaea
297:, and
263:Judaea
183:Judaea
58:
44:
2766:Judea
2660:JSTOR
1998:S2CID
1990:JSTOR
1850:S2CID
1842:JSTOR
1598:JSTOR
1569:, p.
1399:S2CID
1193:2.8.1
1078:Notes
1067:Shaam
1045:Petra
1041:Sinai
931:Islam
896:Pella
839:pagan
791:Judah
753:Syria
726:Golan
689:Legio
660:Philo
595:(now
585:Golan
569:Petra
567:with
509:Aqaba
505:Eilat
493:Negev
435:Judea
312:Judea
48:Latin
2608:ISBN
2577:2024
2521:ISBN
2487:2007
2459:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2294:ISSN
2197:ISSN
2149:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2030:ISBN
2009:2021
1892:ISBN
1834:ISSN
1667:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1391:ISSN
1325:ISBN
1297:ISSN
1252:ISBN
1223:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1167:ISBN
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1011:and
870:The
724:and
662:and
607:Name
528:The
371:and
330:and
2600:doi
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1982:doi
1978:321
1826:doi
1659:doi
1573:f.
1571:281
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