Syrian Armed Forces - Knowledge (XXG)

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worn camouflage uniforms. Air force officers had two uniforms for each season: a khaki and a light gray for summer and a dark blue and a light gray in winter. Naval officers wore white in summer and navy blue in winter while lower ranks wear the traditional bell bottoms and white blouse. The uniform for naval chief petty officers was a buttoned jacket, similar to that worn by American chief petty officers. Officers had a variety of headgear, including a service cap, garrison cap, and beret (linen in summer and wool in winter). The color of the beret varied by season and according to the officer's unit.

237: 1037:, human rights groups say that the majority of abuses have been committed by the Syrian government's forces, and UN investigations have concluded that the government's abuses are the greatest in both gravity and scale. The branches of the Syrian Armed Forces that have committed war crimes include at least the Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force and the Syrian Military Intelligence. However the Syrian authorities deny these accusations and claim that irregular armed groups with foreign support are behind the atrocities, including Al Qaeda linked Insurgents. 215: 385: 1805:

standard, although the highest is the equivalent of lieutenant general, a rank held in 1986 only by the commander in chief and the minister of defence. Navy officer rank insignia were gold stripes worn on the lower sleeve. The highest-ranking officer in Syria's navy is the equivalent of lieutenant general. Army and air force rank for warrant officers were indicated by gold stars on an olive green shield worn on the upper left arm. Lower noncommissioned ranks were indicated by upright and inverted chevrons worn on the upper left arm.

1542:, the Air Defence Command, within the Army Command but also composed of Air Force personnel, numbered approximately 60,000. In 1987 units included 20 air defense brigades (with approximately 95 SAM batteries) and two air defense regiments. The Air Defence Command had command access to interceptor aircraft and radar facilities. Air defenses included SA-5 long-range SAM batteries around Damascus and Aleppo, with additional SA-6 and SA-8 mobile SAM units deployed along Syria's side of the Lebanese border and in eastern Lebanon. 50: 1242:

retention system for those in compulsory service (conscript retention into service after the specified period has passed) and enacted new regulations, with citizens who have completed mandatory conscription being called up for reserve duty. By 2020, with the Syrian government regaining control over a large portion of Syrian territory, the General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces issued several demobilization decisions from service (retention and reserve) in batches.

1334: 1170: 62: 701:. By the end of 1945 the army numbered about 5,000 and the gendarmerie some 3,500. In April 1946 the last French officers were forced to leave Syria due to sustained resistance offensives; the Levantine Forces then became the regular armed forces of the newly independent state and grew rapidly to about 12,000 by the time of the 1948 Arab−Israeli War, the first of four Arab−Israeli wars involving Syria between 1948 and 1986. 748:—two military camps—seize control of the 70th Armored Brigade at al-Kiswah, the Military Academy in the city of Homs and the Damascus radio station. While the conspirators of the Military Committee were all young, their aim was not out of reach; the sitting regime had been slowly disintegrating and the traditional elite had lost effective political power over the country. A small group of military officers, including 409: 977: 445: 493: 373: 5641: 481: 361: 349: 5029: 191: 469: 457: 421: 397: 433: 1261:, where males are called (exclusively) to serve in the army when they reach the age of eighteen and until they reach the age of forty-two, but they are exempted from service as long as they are single to their mothers, or do not have another brother capable of taking care of their parents or have an obstacle, a health condition prevents them from performing the service. 1683: 4346: 1848: 869:(1975–90). Eventually the Syrians brought most of the nation under their control as part of a power struggle with Israel, which had occupied areas of southern Lebanon in 1978. In 1985, Israel began to withdraw from Lebanon, as a result of domestic opposition in Israel and international pressure. In the aftermath of this withdrawal, the 1357:(SAA) was the dominant military service, and as such controlled the senior-most posts in the armed forces and had the most manpower, approximately 80% of the combined services. In 1987 Joshua Sinai wrote that the major development in structural organization was the establishment of an additional divisional framework based on the 620:, reaching between 178,000 and 220,000 soldiers in the army, in addition to 80,000 to 100,000 irregular forces. By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000. Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military may have decreased by as much as 50,000. 1207:, the Syrian military consists of air, ground and naval forces. Active personnel were estimated as 295,000 in 2011, with an additional 314,000 reserves. Paramilitary forces were estimated at 108,000 in 2011. Estimates of the declining size of the armed forces over time include 141,400 as of June 2019. 906:

against Iraq. The 9th Armored Division served as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action. Syria's force numbered ~20,000 in strength (the sixth-largest contingent) and its involvement was justified domestically as an effort to defend Saudi Arabia. Syria's initial involvement

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style, although army combat clothing followed the older British model. Each uniform had two coats: a long one for dress and a short jacket for informal wear. Army officer uniforms were khaki in summer, olive in winter. Certain Army and Air Defense personnel (i.e., commandos and paratroops) may have

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was established following the procurement of a few naval craft from France. The initial personnel consisted of soldiers who had been sent to French academies of naval training. In 1985 the Navy consisted of approximately 4,000 regular and 2,500 reserve officers and men. The navy is under the army's

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missile boats), three old submarines, two submarine chasers, four mine warfare vessels, eight gunboats, six patrol craft, four missile corvettes (on order), three landing craft (on order), one torpedo recovery vessel and, as part of its coastal defense system, Sepal shore-based, anti-ship missiles

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Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011. By 2014, the number of defecting officers

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continued until they themselves were also forced out by widespread public protest and international pressure. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country. Syrian forces have been accused of involvement in the murder of

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In 1987, according to a Library of Congress Country Study on Syria, the rank insignia of Syrian commissioned officers were identical for both the army and air force. These were gold on a bright green shoulder board for the army and gold on a bright blue board for the air force. Officer ranks were

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Before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the obligatory military service period was being decreased over time. In 2005, it was reduced from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to a year and a half. Since the Syrian Civil War the Syrian government has implemented a

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to soldiers to remain effective in an environment affected by biological or chemical agents. This uniform consisted of a Russian-made Model ShMS-41 mask similar to those made in the Desert Storm conflict. Previous models of the ShMS used a hose, while the improved "ShmS-41" used a canister-style

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progressed and casualties mounted, more and more positions were opened to women. The National Defense Force allows female volunteers into its ranks, mainly in securing checkpoints. In 2013, the Republican Guard also formed a female section, an all-female tank battalion of 800 strong, nicknamed

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announced intentions to withdraw troops from Lebanon, extending their stay into the early months of 1979 at the Lebanese governments request. The Libyan troops were essentially abandoned and had to find their own way home (if at all), and the ADF thereby became a purely Syrian force (which did

1790:. It is difficult to assess how well equipped the Syrian Arab Army is. Although hundreds of hours of videos showing dead and captured Syrian soldiers filmed by rebels have been uploaded to social media, none show this equipment having been carried by or issued to frontline soldiers. 3797:"Changes to Syria's special forces this week: Recently appointed Mohamad Saftly moved to command 30th SRG Division. Replaced as head of Special Forces by Suhail Hassan. Suhail replaced as head of 25th Div by former senior Tiger commander, current 30th Div commander Saleh Abdullah" 685:, which had been established by the French during the 1930s. In 1938 the Troupes Spéciales numbered around 10,000 men and 306 officers (of whom 88 were French, mainly in the higher ranks). A majority of the Syrian troops were of rural background and minority ethnic origin, mainly 3719:"Lots of new senior appointments today: Mundhir Ibrahim replaces Ramadan as head of SAA Operations Authority (ex-head of 5th Corps & Idlib Sec Committee). Mohamed Saftly moves from 15th Div to command all Special Forces. Replaced by Suhail Fajr Hassan, fmr 67 Brig commander" 3823:"New appointments in the #Syrian_Army, Major General Hassan Ali Suleiman (from #Safita) was appointed as director of political department. This department was established in 1970 to guide members of armed forces ideologically and to instill in them loyalty toward the regime" 1151:

Charts estimated that the Syrian military had lost 111 warplanes since the beginning of the civil war, including reconnaissance and attack drones. The Syrians lost most of their warplanes during the first four years of the war, with losses significantly decreasing after the

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to fill top-tier military positions during the 1963–1965 period on the grounds of being opposed to Arab unity. This measure tipped the balance in favor of Alawite officers who staged a coup in 1966 and for the first time placed Damascus in the hands of the Alawites."

1380:. This reform reflected a broader trend of consolidation within the Army. Part of this included the recruitment and mass integration of reconciled rebels. Since 2018, the Syrian military renewed its fortification and the annual training to prepare for war against 3656: 791:

When Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1971, the army began to modernize and change. In the first 10 years of Assad's rule, the army increased by 162%, and by 264% by 2000. At one point, 70% of the country's GDP went only to the army. At the beginning of the

5147: 4984: 2977: 1702:— long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces – may have slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s, 1252:

are those who join its ranks voluntarily after they reach eighteen years of age, of all ranks, specializations, and both sexes. They are promoted according to the internal regulations and receive a salary and compensation in

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on 29 July 2011 (interview with Riad Al-Asaad - the founder and leader of the Free Syrian Army), and at the beginning of the conflict they depended on light weapons. The arming of the Free Syrian Army began in mid-2012.

847:, the Lebanese government failed to extend the ADF's mandate, thereby effectively ending its existence, although not the Syrian or Israeli military presence in Lebanon. Eventually the Syrian presence became known as the 676:

to police Syria's vast rural areas. This paramilitary force was used to combat criminals and political foes of the Mandate government. As with the Levantine Special Troops, French officers held the top posts, but as

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branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It was established in 1948 and saw combat in 1948, 1967, 1973 and in 1982 against Israel. It has seen combat against militant groups on Syrian soil from 2011 to 2012, during the

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reported that the regular army had reduced from 325,000 to 150,000 due to "mortality, desertions and deviations", but that this was supplemented by 60,000 Republican Guards and 50,000 Kurdish militias. In 2015,

3550: 3745:"The new appointments in the #Syrian_Army: Major general Mohsen Mahmoud Abbas as a head of Syrian Artillery and Missile forces. (From Harf al-Musaytirah, is a Syrian village in the #Qardaha_District)" 3343: 1519:

Latakia regional command. The fleet was based in the ports of Latakia, Baniyas, Minat al Bayda and Tartus. Among the 41 vessel fleet were two frigates, 22 missile attack craft (including ten advanced

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was named as commander of the Special Operations Forces (SOF) of the Syrian Army. In July 2024, the first phase of training began to build and form new SOF units in the SAA. The main aim is to create

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By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian military increased to 170,000. Also in 2023, the number of active paramilitary and reserve forces in the Syrian military decreased up to 50,000.

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In recent years Syria has relied on Russian arms purchases to obtain modern weapons. Purchases have included anti-tank and air defense systems. In early September 2008 the Syrian government ordered

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A Syrian-produced North Korean Type 68 rifle on sale in Yemen. We can notice the Syrian Defense Laboratories logo stamped on it, which we have seen in the past across Syria. (h/t @FighterXwar_ar).

3060: 1369:, but in the 2013 edition, in the midst of the war, the IISS estimated that army strength was 110,000. By the end of 2018, analysts estimated the SAA to have just 100,000 combat-ready troops. 2914: 6964: 1500:

throughout the country. In 2011, Russian sources reported 40,000 personnel in the Air Force, while Reuters reported 100,000. In 2022 the Air Force was reportedly estimated at 15,000 strong.

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switched from traditional Soviet-modeled conventional military forces into a force of smaller groups fighting in close-quarters guerrilla combat with an increasing role for junior officers.

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Despite shrinking by nearly half from the 2011 beginning of the civil war by 2014, the Armed Forces have become much more flexible and capable, especially in anti-guerilla warfare. Their

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The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military at age 18, but they are exempted from service if they do not have a brother who can take care of their parents. Since the

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Although some twenty-five orders and medals were authorized, generally only senior officers and warrant officers wear medal ribbons. The following were some important Syrian awards:

717:. Between 1948 and 1967 a series of coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the armed forces. In March 1949 the chief of staff, Gen. 4508: 612:, the enlisted members of the Syrian military have dropped by over half from a pre-civil war figure of 325,000 to 150,000 soldiers in the army in December 2014 due to casualties, 1153: 3436: 882:, as well as continued meddling in Lebanese affairs, and an international investigation into the Hariri killing and several subsequent bomb attacks has been launched by the UN. 641:

in mind. Although the unit's officers were originally all French, it was, in effect, the first indigenous modern Syrian army. In 1925 this force was expanded and designated the

6720: 3312: 1835: 1563:– since merged into the Syrian Arab Army as the 4th Armoured division and the Republican Guard as well as the 14th Airborne Division comprising five Special Forces regiments. 2881: 5933: 4380: 4062:قوات العمليات الخاصة (القوات الخاصة) في الجيش العربي السوري تبدأ أولى تدريباتها العسكرية بإشراف اللواء سهيل الحسن، أولى التدريبات تتضمن عمليات الإنزال الجوي من المروحيات. 2999: 733: 2828: 5017: 4406: 3252: 1981: 3124: 3038: 4322: 2316: 2302: 4189: 3335: 3148: 796:

of 1973 the Syrian Army launched an attack to seize the Golan Heights that was only narrowly repulsed by two vastly outnumbered Israeli brigades. Since 1973 the

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spent most of its time planning to take power through a conventional military coup. From the very beginning the Military Committee knew it had to capture

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At some later point in time, the Air Defence Command was upgraded into a separate Syrian Air Defense Force. In 2022, it was reported as 21,000 strong.

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camouflage fatigues along with combat boots, helmets and bulletproof vests. Headgear consisted of a red or orange beret. The Syrian military provides

1279: 919:. Total losses sustained were two dead and one wounded. There were indications the Syrian government had been prepared to double its force to 40,000. 3944: 2904: 6713: 5157: 1388:

invested major sums in rebuilding the Syrian military through force buildup and reorganization measures, including with new personnel appointments.

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Between 2015 and 2018, the Syrian military under the supervision of Ministry of Defense underwent major structural changes, with the cooperation of

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into a permanent base. Israel and the US oppose further arms sales to Syria due to fears that the weapons could fall under the control of Iran or

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estimated army regulars or professionals at 220,000, with an additional 280,000 reserves. That figure was unchanged in the 2011 edition of the

2123: 6974: 6441: 6019: 5897: 5217: 5139: 4874: 4844: 4818: 4792: 4773: 4699: 4588: 4374: 3573:"More casualties raise to 512 including 130 children, the number of citizens who have been killed since the start of the fiercest escalation" 2278: 1734: 6864: 6649: 6119: 5010: 4498: 3512: 1451: 1427: 4538: 2101: 1226:. A similar imbalance is seen in the officer corps, where some 80% of the officers are Alawites. The military's most elite divisions, the 4995: 1265:

There are also civilian employees and reserves in the ranks of the armed forces who are called to serve in times of war and emergencies.

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states totaling only around 5,000 troops. In late 1978, after the Arab League had extended the mandate of the Arab Deterrent Force, the

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In March 2012 the Syrian government issued new travel restrictions for military-aged males. Under the new restrictions, reported by

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Syria was invited into Lebanon by that country's president in 1976, to intervene on the side of the Lebanese government against

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asserted that the sale wouldn't upset the balance of power in the Middle East and were "in line with . . . international law."

5600: 4364: 3590: 6644: 6611: 6476: 6341: 5870: 5221: 5169: 4946: 4938: 4866: 4211: 3822: 3770: 3744: 3166:"Torture Archipelago: Arbitrary Arrests, Torture and Enforced Disappearances in Syria's Underground Prisons since March 2011" 1497: 2468: 2169: 997:, all males between 18–42 were banned from traveling outside the country. In a late June 2012 interview given by the FSA's 729:. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force. 6908: 6634: 5589: 5463: 5125: 5120: 3116: 2909: 1818: 1443: 1439: 1231: 899: 145: 873:

broke out, with Syria fighting their former Palestinian allies. Following the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990, the

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Russian sources give higher estimates. In 2011, 300,000 reserves were reported in addition to regular forces. In 2014,

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with a range of 300 km. In 2011, the Navy was estimated have 5,000 personnel. In 2022 it was estimated at 4,000.

1408: 1177: 829: 602: 206: 6606: 6411: 2064: 1730: 928: 658: 4233: 4150: 3009: 6959: 6796: 6055: 5853: 5690: 5286: 5246: 5201: 5042: 4638: 4621: 4012: 2876: 2724: 2676: 2628: 2541: 1566: 1134: 1023: 726: 4049:"انطلاق المرحلة الأولى من التدريبات في معسكر التدريب لبناء وتشكيل قوات العمليات الخاصة SOF في الجيش العربي السوري" 1457:

By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian Arab Army increased to 130,000. In April 2024, Major General

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The numbers in the Syrian armed forces have reduced considerably during the Civil War, although estimates vary.

785: 513: 244: 4281: 3771:"Syria has appointed #Brigadier_General Fadi Jihad Khaddour (From Baniyas) as chief staff of electronic warfare" 1030:

and Head of the 4th Army Division Maher Al Assad—brother of President Assad—were also injured in the explosion.

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Syria received significant financial aid from Persian Gulf Arab states as a result of its participation in the

1578: 1533: 1447: 1227: 582: 4109: 3692: 3274: 2946: 1733:, Syria's main arms supplier, were worth at least $ 4 billion. Syria has conducted research and produced 6874: 6639: 6576: 6471: 6391: 6376: 5834: 5824: 5685: 5670: 5570: 5524: 5089: 3403: 1799: 1750: 1584: 908: 753: 586: 525: 288: 149: 6776: 6629: 6561: 6556: 6511: 6501: 6481: 6461: 6416: 5711: 5706: 5620: 5375: 5291: 1725:. In 2005, Russia forgave Syria of three-fourths, or about $ 9.8 billion, of its $ 13.4 billion 912: 678: 665: 551: 311: 49: 3165: 2039: 6836: 6826: 6786: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6531: 6521: 6496: 6451: 6421: 6386: 6228: 6150: 6050: 5892: 5875: 5802: 5680: 5578: 5420: 5239: 4828: 3191: 3064: 1484: 1478: 890:

Engagements since 1979 have included the Muslim Brotherhood insurgency (1979–82), notably including the

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Syrian forces, still technically known as the Arab Deterrent Force, lingered in Lebanon throughout the

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territory of southwestern Syria has been under Israeli occupation. They then fought in the late 1960s

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approached, the ranks below major were gradually filled by Syrian officers who had graduated from the

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volunteer force, which would later become the Syrian army, was established in 1923 with the threat of

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Reports since the beginning of the war clarified the organisation of the army. In addition to the

6811: 6771: 6682: 6541: 6446: 6396: 6205: 6155: 6114: 5974: 5962: 5887: 5848: 5812: 5675: 5649: 5307: 4745: 3960: 3622: 3520: 2856: 2718: 2670: 2622: 2576: 2535: 2296: 1423: 891: 866: 669: 642: 598: 594: 183: 4930: 3649:"Officially...the Syrian Army Command issues demobilization decisions and these are the details" 1333: 1169: 161: 4530: 2097: 1454:. The 4th Armored Division became one of the Syrian government's most trusted security forces. 1222:. Alawites made up 12% of the pre-war Syrian population, but 70% of the career soldiers in the 6275: 6060: 5984: 5790: 5594: 5529: 5484: 5337: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4870: 4840: 4814: 4788: 4769: 4737: 4705: 4695: 4671: 4661: 4584: 4370: 3991: 2764: 2706: 2696: 2658: 2648: 2610: 2600: 2568: 2523: 2513: 2487: 2284: 2274: 1975: 1722: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1034: 721:, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. Gen. 718: 222: 4972: 4578: 4465: 815:

originally consisted of a Syrian core, up to 25,000 troops, with participation by some other

6299: 6280: 6215: 6097: 6033: 5997: 5767: 5626: 5519: 5499: 5494: 5440: 5312: 5274: 5075: 4989: 4729: 4438: 1814: 1778: 1659: 1598: 1493: 1354: 1328: 1196: 1027: 986: 946: 895: 870: 844: 840: 801: 781: 638: 609: 574: 282: 137: 133: 3365: 1345:. The soldier is wearing a Soviet-made Model ShMS nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask. 61: 6923: 6900: 6869: 6738: 6200: 6175: 6165: 6160: 5514: 5479: 5445: 5360: 4967: 4802: 3218: 3204: 3152: 2790: 1687: 1458: 1173: 999: 879: 562: 542: 301: 198: 128: 5922: 737: 4182:"Administrative Decisions on Local Defence Forces Personnel: Translation & Analysis" 1959: 6687: 6315: 6270: 6233: 6188: 5967: 5863: 5762: 5757: 5509: 5489: 5455: 5430: 4503: 4410: 4353:, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article) 2015:"IDENTIFYING MATERIEL MANUFACTURED IN THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK)" 1774: 1690:

standing guard as his unit prepares for the arrival of a visiting dignitary during the

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regiments. Evolution of the command structure, training and military system continued.

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Analysis of the syrian army air force and air defence threats in case of no-fly zone

3061:"Friends of Syria must use their influence to stop cycle of repression and violence" 1836:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war#Syrian armed and security forces

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takeover, the army came under the control of the Free French and was designated the

6070: 5731: 5542: 5184: 4836: 3586: 2851: 2695:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 198–201. 2647:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 192–197. 2599:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 196–197. 2512:. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 195–197. 2192:"عنوان السيرة الذاتية للعماد علي عبد الله أيوب نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء- وزير الدفاع" 1766: 1726: 1699: 1011: 654: 646: 264: 156: 4733: 2156:"Analysing the Online Arms Trade in Opposition-controlled Syria: July 2021 update" 1238:, are exclusively Alawite. Most of Syria's 300,000 conscripts in 2011 were Sunni. 4912: 2970:"Assad's brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb" 6237: 6009: 5992: 5435: 5395: 5327: 5322: 5068: 5061: 4918: 4833:

It Doesn't Take a Hero : The Autobiography of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf

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List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War § Syrian government and allies

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on Syria, service uniforms for Syrian military officers generally followed the

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holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces.

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debt. Russia wrote off the debt to renew arms sales with Syria. As of 2011,

1616: 1488: 1384:, while at the same time trying to increase its strategic independence. The 1129: 965: 934: 741: 450: 2268: 1682: 1191:(left), both Ba'athist leaders. Military-Ba'ath party nexus constructed by 5148:

National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

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James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies, ed. (2023).

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Soldiers of the Syrian Armed Forces are divided into two main categories:

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and the organization of ground formations into three corps. In 2010, the

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had reached approximately 170,000, from different ranks. They formed the

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line has been respected by both sides, with very few incidents until the

765: 761: 686: 498: 378: 169: 3921:"The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth" 3305:"Al-Qaida-linked group accused of torture in areas of Syria it controls" 2219:"Syria increasing efforts to build up military after substantial losses" 6170: 5196: 5188: 4114: 3004: 2580: 2556: 1338: 486: 366: 354: 241: 219: 4110:"Saudi Arabia confirms role in strikes against Islamic State in Syria" 3572: 6326: 5772: 5726: 5400: 5385: 4369:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. p. 30. 3693:"Chain of Command in the Syrian Military: Formal and Informal Tracks" 3396:"LifeNews изучил состояние сирийской армии на момент введения ВКС РФ" 2740:"LEGACY OF WAR; ISRAEL MAKES A BITTER DEAL, NEW BATTLE JOLTS LEBANON" 1711: 1703: 1625: 1607: 1520: 1381: 1373: 836: 745: 438: 195: 3245:"Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels" 1007:

said that about 20–30 Syrian officers defected to Turkey each day.

6913: 5640: 5390: 5262: 5033: 5028: 4656:(2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). 4212:"Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin" 1754: 1681: 1651: 1442:, were created by 2015. Units reporting to the Chief of Staff are 1215: 975: 820: 690: 390: 72: 5231: 4323:"Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria" 3395: 3032:"UPDATE 4-Syrian govt forces, rebels committing war crimes -U.N." 1851:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1426:

in 2011. New Special Forces units formed during the war included

5380: 3945:

The Syrian Civil War – Evolution of the Syrian Army’s Way of War

2905:"As Syria's war rages, Assad bans military-age men from leaving" 1663:"Lionesses of Defense", fighting within the limits of Damascus. 1377: 694: 474: 462: 426: 402: 6702: 6330: 5235: 4999: 3366:"Сколько людей и оружия по обе линии сирийского противостояния" 1958:

Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham (6 September 2023).

4499:"Assad Ouster Bid May Unleash 'Chaos in Mideast,' Russia Says" 4301:"The Special Assignments Battalion: Local Defence Forces Unit" 4037:اللواء سهيل الحسن قائداً للقوات الخاصة في الجيش العربي السوري. 1391:

By 2019, the Army's formations included three army corps (the

808: 4471:. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. 4151:"The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo" 2124:"War Gains: Bulgarian Arms Add Fuel to Middle East Conflicts" 672:(Troupes du Levant). French Mandate authorities maintained a 4466:"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures" 4234:"The 313 Battalion: A Syrian 'Islamic Resistance' Formation" 2138:"Chinese Air Defense System Spotted in Syria: Russian Media" 3613:"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months" 3117:"Syrian siege of Homs is genocidal, say trapped residents" 1587:– a part-time volunteer reserve component of the military. 6942:- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world 4560: 4558: 4556: 3459:"Infographic: Aircraft Lost During The Syrian Civil War" 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 3988:

Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict

2484:

Use of force: the practice of states since World War II

2469:"Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes" 1706:

missiles with a 500-kilometer range were procured from

4914:

Armed Forces in the Middle East: Politics and Strategy

4783:

International Institute for Strategic Studies (2010).

3847: 3845: 3843: 3486: 3484: 1960:"Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel" 1721:, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for 3866:"I noted 4 distinct phases of (attempted) rebuilding" 1934: 1932: 1930: 4975:

profiles of people and institutions provided by the

4434:"News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring" 3219:"Al-Assad denies responsibility for Syria crackdown" 2354: 2352: 2350: 1341:

assault rifle from his position in a foxhole during

980:

A Syrian soldier manning a checkpoint near Damascus.

556: 6899: 6883: 6855: 6737: 6658: 6620: 6362: 6214: 6132: 6090: 6032: 5983: 5789: 5750: 5699: 5648: 5569: 5552: 5454: 5346: 5300: 5273: 5183: 5138: 5101: 5041: 3146:"Syria: Despite Denials, More Cluster Bomb Attacks" 1048: 519: 509: 504: 342: 327: 320: 310: 300: 295: 281: 273: 263: 255: 250: 228: 204: 182: 175: 155: 127: 109: 91: 71: 30: 4858: 4366:Global security watch—Russia: A reference handbook 3990:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. 1773:Syrian Commando and Paratroop uniforms consist of 1214:In 2011, the majority of the Syrian military were 953:submarines from Russia. Russia's Foreign Minister 713:(against Israel) and were involved in a number of 6965:Military units and formations established in 1946 2829:"AFTER THE WAR; Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force" 1905:"Bashal al-Assad in uniform with rank of Marshal" 760:discharged many ranking Sunni officers, thereby, 4959:Center for Strategic and International Studies, 4925:, 2002. BESA studies in international security, 4921:and Thomas A. Kearney. London and Portland, OR: 4407:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4013:"The Growing Role of Reconciled Rebels in Syria" 2692:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2644:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2596:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 2509:The Current legal regulation of the use of force 1997:"CIA Suspects Chinese Firm of Syria Missile Aid" 6970:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war 4861:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 4807:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 3000:"Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack" 645:(Troupes Spéciales du Levant). In 1941, during 558:al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah 3543:"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong" 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3336:"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong" 1749:Syrian honor guard stands at attention during 1430:. In addition, new regular army units such as 1044:Syrian Armed Forces size during the Civil War 6714: 6342: 5247: 5011: 4884:Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). 4758:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4718:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4684:International Institute for Strategic Studies 4654:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3275:"Saudi Arabia plans to fund Syria rebel army" 1363:International Institute for Strategic Studies 332:Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center 8: 4282:"The Life of Farid Khattab of the 313 Force" 4253: 4251: 2787:"Retrait syrien total fin avril au plus tar" 1980:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1831:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War 1010:On 18 July 2012 the Syrian Defense Minister 929:Russia–Syria relations § Arms contracts 811:guerilla and Lebanese Christian forces. The 336:Établissement Industriel de la Défense (EID) 77: 66:Coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces 36: 2811: 2557:"Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?" 2213: 2211: 2209: 1218:, but most of the military leadership were 772:The Armed Forces were involved in the 1967 6721: 6707: 6699: 6349: 6335: 6327: 6138: 6038: 5795: 5658: 5654: 5279: 5254: 5240: 5232: 5018: 5004: 4996: 4299:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (9 February 2020). 3712: 3710: 3655:(in Arabic). 29 March 2020. Archived from 2765:"Assad announces Lebanon troop withdrawal" 2301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2170:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012" 1289:Army and Armed Forces Operations Authority 1275:General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces 764:says, "providing openings for hundreds of 60: 48: 4280:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (February 2020). 4214:. Middle East Institute. 21 February 2018 3513:"Syria's military: what does Assad have?" 3423: 3421: 3091:"Why the Syrian regime is killing babies" 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2319:. www.globalfirepower.com. Archived from 902:to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, ahead of the 898:(against Israel) and the dispatch of the 776:(against Israel). Since 1967 most of the 4258:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (18 March 2021). 2446:"Israel bombs Syria's Golan after blast" 2092: 1744: 1641: 1332: 1168: 1042: 1018:and the president's brother-in-law Gen. 5950:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 3914: 3912: 2852:"Russia confirms MiG jet sale to Syria" 2382: 2370: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 1870: 1026:in Damascus. Syrian intelligence chief 585:, and paramilitary forces, such as the 4990:Key Figures in Asad's Military Command 4531:"Syria not next on list, says Britain" 4180:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (3 May 2017). 3346:from the original on 22 September 2014 3200: 3189: 2716: 2668: 2620: 2533: 2294: 1973: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 732:In 1963 the Military Committee of the 709:The Syrian Armed Forces fought in the 27: 5958:Political status of the Golan Heights 5218:Syria and weapons of mass destruction 4992:– command structure developments 1976 4720:(2019). "The Military Balance 2019". 4686:(2022). "The Military Balance 2022". 4564: 4478:from the original on 20 November 2011 4446:from the original on 22 December 2011 4192:from the original on 28 February 2018 4084: 3890:Pesach Malovany (14 September 2018). 3691:Muhsen al-Mustafa (9 November 2021). 3285:from the original on 18 December 2016 3225:from the original on 24 December 2013 3127:from the original on 25 February 2017 2394: 2358: 2341: 2229:from the original on 30 December 2014 2104:from the original on 29 December 2017 1879:"SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR" 725:then held power until deposed in the 7: 4136: 4096: 4072: 3986:Harris, William (2018). "Glossary". 3967:from the original on 22 October 2014 3851: 3695:. Omran Center for strategic studies 3593:from the original on 21 January 2017 3490: 3469:from the original on 5 November 2018 3439:from the original on 22 October 2014 3429:"Syria army adapts to guerrilla war" 3406:from the original on 27 January 2016 3041:from the original on 20 October 2012 2938:סוריה: התקפה עזה על המשמר הרפובליקני 2872:"Russia defends arms sales to Syria" 1938: 1452:25th Special Mission Forces Division 1428:25th Special Mission Forces Division 1209:(50% shrinkage according to sources) 54:Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces 4634:My Russian SCHMS gas mask with hose 3097:from the original on 22 August 2013 2767:. www.theguardian.com. 5 March 2005 2426:from the original on 9 October 2017 2416:"Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis" 1915:from the original on 9 October 2017 1540:Library of Congress Country Studies 546: 78: 37: 6660:Dependencies and other territories 5153:Air Force Intelligence Directorate 4597:from the original on 22 April 2014 4541:from the original on 18 April 2014 4511:from the original on 27 April 2012 4321:Loveday Morris (22 January 2013). 4161:from the original on 26 March 2018 3547:The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon 3255:from the original on 2 August 2012 2884:from the original on 12 April 2011 2176:. 26 February 2021. Archived from 1881:. Institute for the Study of War. 1613:Shuhada Nubl wa al-Zahraa Regiment 1496:. Presently there are at least 15 1285:Air Force Intelligence Directorate 14: 5175:Military Intelligence Directorate 4583:. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. 4497:Meyer, Henry (7 September 2011). 4383:from the original on 29 July 2016 4011:Waters, Gregory (21 April 2018). 3376:from the original on 31 July 2016 3315:from the original on 22 July 2016 3178:from the original on 25 July 2012 3171:. Human Rights Watch. July 2012. 2980:from the original on 19 July 2012 2917:from the original on 22 June 2012 2850:Katz, Yaakov (3 September 2009). 2486:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 1885:from the original on 10 June 2013 1763:Library of Congress Country Study 1638:Role of women in the Armed Forces 1298:Special Operations Forces Command 1280:Military Intelligence Directorate 1165:Demographics and military service 1137:still reported the same figures. 943:Iskander tactical missile systems 338:Syrian Defense Laboratories (SDL) 16:Combined military forces of Syria 6884:Autonomous regional armed forces 6870:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5639: 5158:General Intelligence Directorate 5027: 3963:. 16 December 2011. p. 12. 3795:Gregory Waters (12 April 2024). 3717:Gregory Waters (28 March 2024). 3553:from the original on 8 July 2015 2738:Friedman, Thomas (26 May 1985). 2471:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. 1846: 1310:Military Engineering Directorate 491: 479: 467: 455: 443: 431: 419: 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 347: 235: 213: 189: 6857:States with limited recognition 6622:States with limited recognition 5207:Military Security Shield Forces 4949:. Syria chapter by Eyal Zisser. 4432:Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). 4403:"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database" 4260:"The Qamr Bani Hashim Division" 3892:"The Syrian Phoenix is Arising" 3864:Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). 3625:. 20 March 2011. Archived from 2968:Damien McElroy (18 July 2012). 1753:. The soldier is armed with an 1646:Female Syrian soldiers with an 1313:General Recruitment Directorate 1236:Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher 939:Pantsir S1E air-defence systems 39:القوات المسلحة العربية السورية 6668:British Indian Ocean Territory 5170:Political Security Directorate 4867:University of California Press 4577:Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). 3919:George Waters (18 July 2019). 3519:. 6 April 2011. Archived from 3008:. 18 July 2012. Archived from 2945:. 26 June 2012. Archived from 2903:David Enders (27 March 2012). 784:(against Israel) and the 1970 547:القوات المسلحة العربية السورية 87:("Homeland, Honor, Sincerity") 1: 5126:Syrian Special Mission Forces 5121:Syrian Public Security Police 4973:Syria's Army and Armed Forces 4890:. Federal Research Division, 4734:10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033 4236:. Aymenn Jawad. 30 March 2017 3821:Ayman Al-Das (24 June 2020). 3769:Ayman Al-Das (30 June 2021). 3067:. 5 July 2012. Archived from 2910:The Christian Science Monitor 2194:(in Arabic). pministry.gov.sy 1581:– since merged into the army. 1307:Military Judicial Directorate 1304:Political Guidance Department 754:March 1963 Syrian coup d'etat 146:Syrian Arab Air Defense Force 6975:1946 establishments in Syria 6098:Energy and mineral resources 5898:Supreme Constitutional Court 4961:Middle East Military Balance 4811:University of Nebraska Press 3743:Ayman Al-Das (27 May 2022). 2467:Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). 1995:Gertz, Bill (23 July 1996). 1673:Equipment of the Syrian Army 1667:Weapons, uniforms and awards 1622:Special Assigments Battalion 1420:15th Special Forces Division 1416:14th Special Forces Division 1349:In 1987 Joshua Sinai of the 1292:Artillery and Missile Forces 962:Russian naval base in Tartus 911:also rolled into the Allied 875:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 861:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 849:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 643:Special Troops of the Levant 629:From Mandate to Independence 6120:Water supply and sanitation 6020:Weapons of mass destruction 5923:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 3155:. HRW.org. 23 October 2012. 2789:(in French). Archived from 2414:Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). 1735:weapons of mass destruction 1195:constitute the backbone of 830:Palestinian Liberation Army 756:. Following the coup, Gen. 738:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 557: 245:Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim 115:; 53 years ago 97:; 78 years ago 6991: 6412:People's Republic of China 6015:Chief of the General Staff 5943:National Progressive Front 5615:independent First Republic 2877:United Press International 2555:Thompson, Eric V. (2002). 2019:Conflict Armament Research 1962:. INSS Tel Aviv University 1797: 1731:arms contracts with Russia 1670: 1631:Qamr Bani Hashim Battalion 1552: 1538:In 1986, according to the 1531: 1507: 1476: 1463:specialized military units 1326: 1301:Military Police Department 1269:Administrative Departments 1176:(centre) alongside Syrian 1014:, former defense minister 926: 858: 705:After the Second World War 230:Chief of the General Staff 18: 6937: 6293: 6141: 6041: 5798: 5661: 5657: 5637: 5282: 5215: 4785:The Military Balance 2010 4762:The Military Balance 2011 4149:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. 3957:"By All Means Necessary!" 2482:Weisburd, Arthur (1997). 2317:"Syria Military Strength" 2270:The Military Balance 2023 1864:Federal Research Division 1573:Palestine Liberation Army 1467:Special Operations Forces 1295:Electronic Warfare Forces 1234:, which are commanded by 1203:With its headquarters in 1094: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1051: 995:local Syrian news outlets 653:invasion that ousted the 514:Military history of Syria 306:$ 1.8 billion (2019) 59: 47: 38: 35: 5111:Law enforcement in Syria 5083:Syrian Air Defense Force 4347:"Syria's embrace of WMD" 3587:"Background Note: Syria" 3221:. CNN. 7 December 2011. 3151:18 December 2016 at the 2937: 2223:South China Morning Post 1761:In 1987, according to a 1628:Special Forces Battalion 1534:Syrian Air Defense Force 1528:Syrian Air Defence Force 1337:A Syrian soldier aims a 1058:Total: Army + Air Force 960:Russia aims to turn the 752:, seized control in the 583:Syrian Air Defense Force 535:Syrian Arab Armed Forces 31:Syrian Arab Armed Forces 19:Not to be confused with 6678:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5525:Principality of Antioch 5090:National Defence Forces 4966:29 October 2005 at the 4617:Soviet SCHMS Respirator 4363:Weitz, Richard (2010). 3589:. US State Department. 2941:(in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: 1800:Military ranks of Syria 1751:Operation Desert Shield 1585:National Defence Forces 1343:Operation Desert Shield 1186:Military Chief of Staff 1033:Since the start of the 909:Operation Desert Shield 734:Syrian Regional Command 727:1954 Syrian coup d'etat 639:Syrian Arab nationalism 587:National Defence Forces 526:Military ranks of Syria 150:National Defence Forces 6929:People's Defense Units 6066:International rankings 5712:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 5376:Middle Assyrian Empire 4887:A Country Study, Syria 4829:Schwarzkopf, H. Norman 4580:Armies of the Gulf War 4286:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi 3199:Cite journal requires 2723:: CS1 maint: others ( 2675:: CS1 maint: others ( 2627:: CS1 maint: others ( 2540:: CS1 maint: others ( 1859:Syria: A Country Study 1809:Awards and decorations 1758: 1695: 1655: 1498:Syrian air force bases 1403:), one assault corps ( 1346: 1200: 981: 913:Operation Desert Storm 659:Syria–Lebanon Campaign 657:from Syria during the 569:. They consist of the 5871:Government ministries 5421:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5163:Internal Branch - 251 4535:Sydney Morning Herald 3925:Middle East Institute 3465:. 18 September 2018. 3463:Statista Infographics 3065:Amnesty International 2880:. 29 September 2008. 1748: 1685: 1645: 1590:Local Defence Forces 1485:Syrian Arab Air Force 1479:Syrian Arab Air Force 1336: 1172: 979: 968:fighters in Lebanon. 927:Further information: 855:Occupation of Lebanon 839:invaded and occupied 823:, the Saudis and the 788:invasion of Jordan. 711:1948 Arab–Israeli War 683:Homs Military Academy 601:of the Armed Forces. 591:Constitution of Syria 142:Syrian Arab Air Force 84:Watan, Sharaf, Ikhlas 6842:United Arab Emirates 6597:United Arab Emirates 6183:(2011–present) 6079:Securities Exchange 5830:Council of Ministers 5585:Haj Fadel Government 5116:Ministry of Interior 4722:The Military Balance 4688:The Military Balance 4017:International Review 2448:. Al Jazeera English 2225:. 29 December 2014. 2001:The Washington Times 1909:thewhatandthewhy.com 1794:Rank insignia (1987) 1444:4th Armored Division 1440:8th Armored Division 1436:6th Armored Division 1432:2nd Armored Division 1316:Manpower Directorate 1232:4th Armored Division 1154:Russian intervention 900:9th Armored Division 825:United Arab Emirates 813:Arab Deterrent Force 567:Syrian Arab Republic 21:Syrian National Army 5859:Golan Heights claim 5416:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5411:Syro-Hittite states 5301:Prehistorical Syria 5056:Syrian Armed Forces 5051:Ministry of Defense 4892:Library of Congress 4413:on 25 November 2015 4118:. 23 September 2014 3435:. 22 October 2014. 3123:. 7 February 2012. 2839:on 11 October 2017. 2561:Middle East Journal 2126:. 21 December 2015. 1698:The breakup of the 1549:Paramilitary forces 1351:Library of Congress 1147:In September 2018, 1055:Air Force personnel 1045: 679:Syrian independence 603:Minister of Defense 589:. According to the 207:Minister of Defence 6729:Militaries of the 6357:Militaries of Asia 6110:Telecommunications 6103:Petroleum industry 5607:Mandatory Republic 5553:Early modern Syria 5308:Levantine corridor 5202:Popular Committees 3961:Human Rights Watch 3623:Xinhua News Agency 3402:. 1 October 2015. 3071:on 6 December 2012 2857:The Jerusalem Post 2814:, p. 467–469. 2385:, p. 457–458. 1779:woodland-patterned 1759: 1696: 1688:military policeman 1656: 1567:Struggle Companies 1465:comparable to the 1424:Human Rights Watch 1422:was identified by 1347: 1201: 1043: 982: 949:aircraft, and two 867:Lebanese civil war 599:Commander-in-chief 595:President of Syria 328:Domestic suppliers 184:Commander-in-chief 6960:Military of Syria 6947: 6946: 6696: 6695: 6324: 6323: 6289: 6288: 6128: 6127: 6028: 6027: 5917:Political parties 5854:Foreign relations 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5635: 5634: 5595:Syrian Federation 5530:County of Tripoli 5485:Ikhshidid dynasty 5338:Yarmukian culture 5229: 5228: 4876:978-0-520-06976-3 4846:978-0-553-56338-2 4820:978-0-8032-3733-9 4794:978-1-85743-557-3 4775:978-1-85743-606-8 4701:978-1-032-27900-8 4590:978-1-85532-277-6 4537:. 14 April 2003. 4376:978-0-313-35434-2 3334:Sylvia, Westall. 3251:. 1 August 2012. 2827:(27 March 1991). 2280:978-1-003-40022-6 2250:23 September 2014 2144:. 1 January 2020. 2098:"Trade Registers" 1723:military spending 1561:Defense Companies 1469:(SSO) in Russia. 1386:Syrian government 1126: 1125: 1035:conflict in Syria 1022:were killed in a 886:Other engagements 555: 531: 530: 343:Foreign suppliers 283:Reserve personnel 256:Military age 223:Ali Mahmoud Abbas 6982: 6901:Non-state actors 6739:Sovereign states 6723: 6716: 6709: 6700: 6673:Christmas Island 6364:Sovereign states 6351: 6344: 6337: 6328: 6309: 6302: 6184: 6139: 6082: 6081:(stock exchange) 6074: 6039: 5952: 5945: 5936: 5934:regional command 5925: 5796: 5768:Fertile Crescent 5659: 5655: 5643: 5520:County of Edessa 5500:Mirdasid dynasty 5495:Hamdanid dynasty 5474: 5441:Palmyrene Empire 5426:Achaemenid Syria 5313:Natufian culture 5280: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5076:Syrian Air Force 5071: 5064: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4997: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4880: 4864: 4850: 4824: 4803:Pollack, Kenneth 4798: 4779: 4753: 4713: 4679: 4641: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4439:The Moscow Times 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409:. Archived from 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4360: 4354: 4349:by Eyal Zisser, 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3953: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3688: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3281:. 22 June 2012. 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2835:. Archived from 2821: 2815: 2812:Schwarzkopf 1993 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2618: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2567:(1): 72–93, 76. 2552: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2411: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2264: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2180:on 5 March 2019. 2166: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2094: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1955: 1942: 1936: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1875: 1867: 1850: 1849: 1815:Order of Umayyad 1719:Persian Gulf War 1660:Syrian Civil War 1654:, December 2015. 1599:Lions of Hussein 1579:Republican Guard 1494:Syrian civil war 1473:Syrian Air Force 1448:Republican Guard 1367:Military Balance 1355:Syrian Arab Army 1329:Syrian Arab Army 1228:Republican Guard 1210: 1199:'s support base. 1197:Assad government 1178:Defence Minister 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1046: 1028:Hisham Bekhityar 987:Free Syrian Army 972:Syrian Civil War 896:1982 Lebanon War 871:War of the Camps 845:1982 Lebanon War 841:Southern Lebanon 802:Syrian civil war 782:War of Attrition 670:Levantine Forces 610:Syrian Civil War 575:Syrian Air Force 560: 550: 548: 505:Related articles 497: 495: 494: 485: 483: 482: 473: 471: 470: 461: 459: 458: 449: 447: 446: 437: 435: 434: 425: 423: 422: 413: 411: 410: 401: 399: 398: 389: 387: 386: 377: 375: 374: 365: 363: 362: 353: 351: 350: 274:Active personnel 240: 239: 238: 218: 217: 216: 209: 194: 193: 192: 138:Syrian Arab Navy 134:Syrian Arab Army 129:Service branches 123: 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3696: 3690: 3689: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3653:Snacksyrian.com 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3497: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3311:. 18 May 2012. 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3198: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3153:Wayback Machine 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3012:on 19 July 2012 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2974:Daily Telegraph 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:on 28 July 2013 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 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1506: 1481: 1475: 1459:Suhayl al-Hasan 1353:wrote that the 1331: 1325: 1271: 1208: 1174:Bashar al-Assad 1167: 1162: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1000:Asharq Al-Awsat 974: 931: 925: 888: 880:Rafiq al-Hariri 863: 857: 786:Black September 707: 631: 626: 563:military forces 492: 490: 489: 480: 478: 477: 468: 466: 465: 456: 454: 453: 444: 442: 441: 432: 430: 429: 420: 418: 417: 408: 406: 405: 396: 394: 393: 384: 382: 381: 372: 370: 369: 360: 358: 357: 348: 346: 337: 335: 236: 234: 214: 212: 205: 199:Bashar al-Assad 190: 188: 162:Hay'at al-Arkan 148: 144: 140: 136: 119: 117: 114: 101: 99: 96: 86: 82: 79:وطن، شرف، إخلاص 67: 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 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5527: 5522: 5512: 5510:Saljuqid Syria 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Zangid dynasty 5487: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5456:Medieval Syria 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5431:Seleucid Syria 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5292:Years in Syria 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4955: 4954:External links 4952: 4951: 4950: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4881: 4875: 4855:Seale, Patrick 4851: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4799: 4793: 4780: 4774: 4754: 4714: 4700: 4680: 4666: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4625: 4608: 4589: 4569: 4567:, p. 264. 4552: 4522: 4489: 4457: 4424: 4394: 4375: 4355: 4351:Globe and Mail 4339: 4313: 4291: 4272: 4247: 4225: 4203: 4172: 4141: 4139:, p. 371. 4129: 4101: 4099:, p. 370. 4089: 4087:, p. 237. 4077: 4075:, p. 369. 4065: 4054: 4040: 4029: 4003: 3996: 3978: 3948: 3937: 3908: 3896:Israel Defense 3882: 3856: 3854:, p. 368. 3839: 3813: 3787: 3761: 3735: 3706: 3670: 3659:on 21 May 2020 3640: 3604: 3578: 3564: 3534: 3495: 3493:, p. 330. 3480: 3450: 3433:The Daily Star 3417: 3387: 3357: 3340:The Daily Star 3326: 3296: 3266: 3236: 3210: 3201:|journal= 3157: 3138: 3108: 3082: 3052: 3023: 2991: 2960: 2928: 2895: 2863: 2842: 2833:New York Times 2825:Miller, Judith 2816: 2804: 2778: 2756: 2730: 2701: 2682: 2653: 2634: 2605: 2586: 2547: 2518: 2499: 2492: 2474: 2459: 2437: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2346: 2344:, p. 190. 2334: 2323:on 21 May 2020 2308: 2279: 2252: 2240: 2205: 2183: 2161: 2147: 2129: 2115: 2068: 2057: 2031: 2006: 1987: 1943: 1941:, p. 354. 1926: 1896: 1869: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1810: 1807: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1757:assault rifle. 1742: 1739: 1679: 1676: 1668: 1665: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1603:313th Regiment 1601: 1596: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1550: 1547: 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1359:special forces 1327:Main article: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1193:Hafez al-Assad 1189:Hasan Turkmani 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156:into the war. 1142:modus operandi 1124: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052:Army personnel 1050: 1016:Hasan Turkmani 973: 970: 924: 921: 887: 884: 859:Main article: 856: 853: 794:Yom Kippur War 750:Hafez al-Assad 723:Adib Shishakli 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Retrieved 1873: 1858: 1845: 1819:8 March 1963 1812: 1803: 1783:NBC uniforms 1772: 1767:British Army 1760: 1716: 1700:Soviet Union 1697: 1657: 1569:– dissolved. 1544: 1537: 1514:In 1950 the 1513: 1482: 1456: 1413: 1409:border guard 1390: 1371: 1366: 1348: 1264: 1259:The assigned 1258: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1213: 1202: 1184:(right) and 1146: 1141: 1139: 1127: 1039: 1032: 1012:Dawoud Rajha 1009: 998: 992: 983: 959: 932: 889: 864: 834: 828:include the 806: 790: 771: 731: 708: 663: 655:Vichy French 647:World War II 632: 607: 538: 534: 532: 265:Conscription 157:Headquarters 110:Current form 83: 25: 6582:Timor Leste 6537:Philippines 6477:South Korea 6472:North Korea 6372:Afghanistan 6046:Agriculture 6003:air defense 5963:Nationalism 5623:(1950–1963) 5562:(1516–1918) 5545:(1260–1516) 5539:(1174–1260) 5436:Roman Syria 5328:Abu Hureyra 5323:Uruk period 5069:Syrian Navy 5062:Syrian Army 4919:Barry Rubin 4515:8 September 4482:8 September 4450:8 September 4417:8 September 4240:29 February 4218:29 February 4122:25 December 3618:China Daily 3319:16 December 3289:16 December 3229:23 December 3131:16 December 3101:3 September 3093:. CNN.com. 3045:17 December 2233:29 December 2142:Islam Times 1966:25 November 1708:North Korea 1516:Syrian Navy 1510:Syrian Navy 1504:Syrian Navy 1323:Syrian Army 1224:Syrian Army 1024:bomb attack 1003:he claimed 917:Kuwait City 843:during the 817:Arab League 774:Six-Day War 699:Circassians 674:gendarmerie 651:Free French 579:Syrian Navy 571:Syrian Army 415:North Korea 316:4.5% (2020) 296:Expenditure 6954:Categories 6875:Somaliland 6797:Mauritania 6731:Arab world 6602:Uzbekistan 6572:Tajikistan 6487:Kyrgyzstan 6467:Kazakhstan 6392:Bangladesh 6382:Azerbaijan 6264:television 6146:Censorship 6073:(currency) 5905:Parliament 5864:Iskandaron 5808:Corruption 5371:Canaanites 4947:0714682454 4939:0714652555 4923:Frank Cass 4917:edited by 4724:. London: 4690:. London: 4565:Sinai 1987 4545:4 December 4387:12 October 4085:Sinai 1987 4022:30 October 3971:4 December 3473:27 January 3443:22 October 3075:19 January 2976:. London. 2395:Seale 1990 2359:Sinai 1987 2342:Sinai 1987 2289:1372013483 2273:. London. 2248:Daily Star 2198:23 January 1842:References 1788:Respirator 1727:Soviet-era 1671:See also: 1606:Tribes of 1553:See also: 1250:Volunteers 937:fighters, 798:cease-fire 664:After the 614:desertions 561:) are the 177:Leadership 6919:Hezbollah 6891:Peshmerga 6865:Palestine 6683:Hong Kong 6650:Palestine 6562:Sri Lanka 6557:Singapore 6437:Indonesia 6206:Squatting 6181:refugees 6156:Education 6115:Transport 6056:Companies 5998:Air force 5975:Terrorism 5888:Judiciary 5849:Elections 5813:President 5717:Euphrates 5707:Al-Jazira 5691:Volcanoes 5676:Districts 5650:Geography 5627:Civil war 5617:(1946–50) 5609:(1930–46) 5603:(1925–30) 5597:(1922–25) 4931:1368-9541 4766:Routledge 4750:219628874 4742:1479-9022 4726:Routledge 4710:0459-7222 4692:Routledge 4676:0459-7222 4658:Routledge 4504:Bloomberg 4137:IISS 2022 4097:IISS 2022 4073:IISS 2022 3852:IISS 2019 3633:6 October 3491:IISS 2011 3370:Газета.Ru 2719:cite book 2671:cite book 2623:cite book 2573:0026-3141 2536:cite book 2297:cite book 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