1133:, stated that the government was prepared to "sacrifice a million martyrs" (over a tenth of Syria's population at that time) in order to stamp out "the nation's enemies". On 7 July 1980, the government passed a law making membership in the Brotherhood punishable by death. Typically, however, the administration practiced indiscriminate, collective punishment: in August, the army executed 80 residents of a block of flats in response to an attack on soldiers stationed in Aleppo. In April 1981, the army executed about 400 of Hama's inhabitants, chosen among male loyalists over the age of 14. This was as a retribution after a failed terrorist attack on an Alawite village near
710:
2602:
52:
239:
2606:
312:
296:
1141:
905:, but failed to make a significant mark on the protests against the government. The Syrian uprising's core population of protesters came from a younger generation which had come of age in a Syria without significant Muslim Brotherhood presence. However, among the expatriated opposition, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood has come to be seen by some as the "dominant group" or "dominant force" in the opposition during the
2734:
1114:
Terrorist attacks then became a daily occurrence, particularly in Aleppo and other northern cities. The government tended to ascribe these attacks to the
Brotherhood, but as the armed resistance gained widespread popular support and more loosely defined armed groups appeared, especially in poor neighborhoods, it became difficult to determine the extent of the Brotherhood's involvement.
720:
1161:, rapidly taking control of the city; the military responded by bombing Hama (whose population was about 250,000) throughout the rest of the month, killing between 10,000 and 30,000 people. The tragedy of the Hama Massacre marked the defeat of the Brotherhood, and the militant Islamic movement in general, as a political force in Syria.
1288:– as well as the West – that they "have no intention of dominating a future Syrian political system" and have "played down" their "growing influence" in the Syrian opposition. The Syrian MB has assured outsiders that it is "going to great lengths to ensure" that its donated weapons "don't fall into the hands of extremists".
1198:, "said the Muslim Brotherhood wants a peaceful change of government in Damascus and the establishment of a 'civil, democratic state', not an Islamic republic." According to Bayanouni, the Syrian government admits having detained 30,000 people, giving a fair representation of the Brotherhood's strength.
1230:
which started in March 2011 began as a secular and nonviolent youth-led movement. Protesters, mostly formerly apolitical
Syrians in their twenties and thirties, came together on a local, grassroots basis and had affiliations to older political ideologies, calling instead for the release of prisoners
1113:
on cadets at the Aleppo
Artillery School, officially killing 83. Around this time, professor Yusef al-Yusef was assassinated in Aleppo. The Syrian government responded by sentencing to death about 15 prisoners, already accused of being Iraqi agents, for belonging to the Islamic resistance movement.
942:
were growing more violent and militant than the mainline
Brotherhood. In Syria, the entire organization was effected, as the internally divided leadership failed to contain the radicalization to the splinter groups. Even though the leadership publicly disavowed the radical elements, they were unable
1190:
law, as well as for Sunni uprisings against
Alawites. Al-Turk and others in the secular opposition are inclined to take this evolution seriously, as a sign of the Brotherhood's greater political maturity, and believe that the Brotherhood would now be willing to participate in a democratic system of
1148:
During a 50-day moratorium on the application of the 7 July law, over a thousand Muslim
Brothers surrendered to the authorities, hoping to escape the death penalty; information published about them in the official press may give some insight into the composition of the Brotherhood's membership at
1297:
newspaper in mid-2012, while the
Brotherhood did come to dominate the Syrian National Council, a body formed outside Syria, the Brotherhood appears to be more popular among exiles than in the uprising population inside Syria. "Activists from various parts of Syria have told me that, prior to the
1246:
In 2012, Brotherhood activists created the
Commission for Civilian Protection (CCP). The CCP is considered to be a front for the Brotherhood, tasked with helping armed units inside Syria connect with each other and with sponsors abroad. Its website lists numerous affiliated factions, distributed
1125:
In the days leading to 8 March 1980 (the seventeenth anniversary of the Ba'thist coup), nearly all Syrian cities were paralysed by strikes and protests, which developed into pitched battles with security forces. Many organisations, both religious and secular, were involved, including the Syrian
1126:
Muslim
Brotherhood. The government responded with overwhelming military force, sending in tens of thousands of troops, supported by tanks and helicopters. In and around Aleppo, hundreds of demonstrators were killed, and eight thousand were arrested. By April, the uprising had been crushed.
1064:
Syrian
Islamists – from the majority faith – did not have representation in the government. From the start, Islamic political groups, of which the Brotherhood was the most prominent, represented the strongest opposition to the government. The outlawing of Brotherhood in 1964 resulted in its
1213:
an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father
1268:
reported in August 2012 that the Muslim Brotherhood had established its own militia not affiliated to the FSA inside Syria, called "Armed Men of the Muslim Brotherhood", with presence in Damascus and other places like Homs or Idlib. Durou al-Thawra Commission
933:
Once the second most important branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Syrian Ikhwan had two wings – the relatively moderate Damascus wing and the militant Aleppo wing. Becoming more revolutionary and radical in the 1960s and 1970s, they aimed to overthrow the
1718:
Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood..
1173:, who initially signalled greater openness to political debate. In May 2001, encouraged by a new political climate, the Muslim Brotherhood published a statement in London rejecting political violence, and calling for a modern, democratic state. Many
1156:
In August, September and November 1981, the Brotherhood carried out three car-bomb attacks against government and military targets in Damascus, killing hundreds of people, according to the official press. On 2 February 1982, the Brotherhood led a
950:
and Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib, who were friends and colleagues of the founder of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna. In the first years of Syrian independence the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was part of the legal opposition, and in the
1184:, a secular opposition leader, considers it "the most credible" Syrian opposition group. The Brotherhood has continued to advocate a democratic political system; it has abandoned its calls for violent resistance and for the application of
1047:
However, it was not until the 1960s that the Syrian Brotherhood came to play a major role in politics, as part of a broad-based resistance movement, which developed into armed struggle, against the secular government. After the secular
3189:
1028:), which were to become the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist
898:, the Committees of Civil Society, the Kurdish Democratic Front, and the Movement of the Future, and calling for "peaceful, gradual," reform "founded on accord, and based on dialogue and recognition of the other".
2646:
1305:
The Syrian Brotherhood harshly condemned Iranian political intervention in Bahrain. This condemnation was formulated "politely," without any obvious insulting references to Shi'a. However, the effort failed.
1240:
215:
1239:, the main opposition umbrella outside Syria, but created a network of alliances with other SNC members, and created a controlling influence on the council's relief committee. Since the formation of the
2444:
Mohja Kahf, The Syrian Revolution Then and Now: A Young Nonviolent Movement and the Ensuing Armed Struggle," Special Report from Friends for a Non-Violent World, St. Paul, Minnesota, 28 February 2013
1121:
We reject all forms of despotism, out of respect for the very principles of Islam, and we don't demand the fall of Pharaoh so that another one can take his place. Religion is not imposed by force....
988:
in Syria in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49) and the Brotherhood was crushed, though it retained a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and had external headquarters in London and
1089:
sparked renewed agitation in Syria, and assassinations began to target members of the Syrian government and prominent Alawites; the Muslim Brotherhood later claimed responsibility for most of these.
2448:
2078:
2043:
3154:
1041:
1775:
AL-SALAFIYYA. .. In Damascus, many Jordanian students were influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood's Shaykh Mustapha al-Siba'i and 'Isam al-'Attar, both with a long history in al-Salafiyya.
1177:, including Muslim Brothers, were pardoned and released. However, this reform was short-lived; in the same year, the few political freedoms that had been granted were abruptly revoked.
1243:
in November, 2012, the Syrian National Council has taken a backseat to the Coalition, which is recognized as the external political body of oppositionists "leading" the revolution.
1169:
Having suppressed all opposition, Hafez al-Assad released some imprisoned members of the Brotherhood in the mid-1990s. After his death in 2000, Assad was succeeded by his son,
1801:
685:
634:
2719:
2751:
1563:
872:. The Muslim Brotherhood played a major role in dissent against the secular Ba'ath Party during the period 1976–1982, and membership in the Brotherhood in Syria became a
610:
2654:
1056:, the new administration drastically restricted political freedoms, and concentrated power in the hands of the military and awarded prominent positions to the country's
335:
1522:
1302:(Muslim and Christian), Kurds, and tribal groups "have been outside" the Brotherhood's influence "in the past", and Hassan believes will remain so in the future.
1255:. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood is believed to control, through funding, one-fourth to one-third of the disparate armed rebel brigades known collectively as the
887:, when thousands of armed insurgents and civilians were killed by the military the Brotherhood was effectively broken as an active political force inside Syria.
2901:
2500:
1227:
1077:, an Alawite, seized power; in 1973 violent demonstrations broke out again in response to a proposed constitution that did not require the president to be a
450:
3123:
758:
977:, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This conflict developed into an armed struggle in the late 1970s that climaxed in the
3194:
2110:
1021:
2756:
1608:
606:
3199:
3012:
2876:
2818:
1231:
of conscience, guarantees of democratic freedoms, and the fall of the Assad government. In August, 2011, expatriated Syrian oppositionists formed the
996:
platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. For many years the leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was
2543:
2445:
2085:
2050:
1273:) created in 2012 with assistance from the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood allegedly consisting of some 43 fighting units most of them in Idlib or Hama.
2829:
599:
918:
845:, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria was seen as one of several important political parties in the 1950s. When Syria unified with Egypt to form the
2712:
1318:
943:
to contain the radicalization of the group because were mostly in exile due to the brutality and violent repression of the Syrian government.
2697:
1711:
672:
482:
3079:
1527:
1202:
654:
650:
350:
345:
340:
2982:
2573:
3204:
3174:
3164:
3049:
2886:
2856:
2806:
2021:
902:
3159:
3074:
2921:
2871:
2770:
2743:
2728:
952:
592:
586:
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571:
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266:
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2705:
1768:
1740:
1651:
1625:
1539:
1517:
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554:
549:
544:
1247:
across Homs, Damascus, Idlib, and elsewhere; however, most of these groups are small and generally self-identify as members of the
2525:
3179:
3095:
3069:
2967:
2916:
2881:
2788:
2782:
2776:
1110:
406:
2420:
2896:
2764:
1252:
751:
3149:
3054:
3007:
2906:
1926:
861:. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was banned by the government of the Syrian Arab Republic starting after the 1963 coup by the
419:
444:
1968:
1036:. By 1954, the Syrian association led by Mustafa al-Siba'i offered assistance to its Egyptian sister organisation, which
2962:
731:
366:
141:
3184:
2997:
2911:
2812:
2800:
1476:
997:
858:
690:
377:
895:
3169:
3100:
2891:
1098:
884:
744:
627:
2446:
http://www.fnvw.org/vertical/Sites/%7B8182BD6D-7C3B-4C35-B7F8-F4FD486C7CBD%7D/uploads/Syria_Special_Report-web.pdf
1938:
Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991
1298:
uprising last year, the country had almost zero Brotherhood presence." "At least 70%" of Syria's population – non-
3105:
3064:
2957:
1235:
to seek international support for the uprising. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood officially held five seats in the
3059:
2992:
1487:
1457:
1405:
1364:
1195:
2128:
1355:– member of the Brotherhood's leadership and sits on the Syrian National Council's foreign affairs committee.
1180:
Although its leadership is in exile, the Brotherhood continues to enjoy considerable sympathy among Syrians.
901:
The Muslim Brotherhood was considered the main opposition group in Syria to the government on the eve of the
894:
of 2005, a statement of unity by Syrian opposition including the Arab nationalist National Democratic Rally,
849:, the disbanding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a political party was a condition of union, one complicated by
2977:
2861:
2794:
1865:
1344:
1340:
1322:
1236:
1232:
1053:
402:
390:
211:
74:
512:
2987:
2952:
2947:
2837:
2551:
1834:
1066:
785:
662:
175:
2942:
2926:
2504:
1994:
1029:
502:
495:
477:
355:
328:
517:
1352:
3002:
1383:
1033:
947:
891:
846:
677:
92:
1498:
1334:
64:
51:
2866:
2362:
1435:
1264:
1149:
that time. Most of those who gave themselves up were students under twenty-five years of age, from
424:
171:
2235:
709:
238:
2255:
1890:
1882:
1676:
1657:
1174:
1158:
1104:
1082:
1037:
985:
978:
880:
873:
850:
802:
530:
507:
470:
373:
271:
225:
192:
150:
1446:
1276:
At the same time Brotherhood leaders have been reaching out to reassure leaders in neighboring
970:-based resistance movement that opposed the secular Ba'ath Party, (since 1971 dominated by the
3128:
2848:
2474:
2104:
1922:
1809:
1764:
1736:
1707:
1647:
1416:
286:
261:
2628:
2394:
2247:
1874:
1761:
Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey
1639:
1631:
1256:
1248:
906:
695:
454:
1218:. He then allegedly claimed Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.
3118:
2452:
1688:
1206:
1170:
1130:
1009:
917:
776:
667:
383:
184:
166:
1049:
963:
869:
17:
2181:
1144:
Photograph showing destruction in the al-Kilani district of Hama following the massacre.
3028:
2972:
2478:
1394:
1376:
Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria have been:
1358:
1215:
1140:
1074:
1070:
724:
412:
395:
179:
2544:"The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point"
295:
3143:
2259:
1894:
1661:
1181:
810:
640:
2647:"جماعة الإخوان المسلمين "سورية" :-: إحتلال روسي سوف يدفعه الشعب السوري بالجهاد"
1293:
974:
842:
146:
59:
935:
1586:
2421:"Syria's Assad seems to suggest backing for Hamas negotiable, leaked cables say"
1861:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, 1945—1958: Founding, Social Origins, Ideology"
1061:
960:
939:
866:
822:
796:
714:
316:
311:
154:
1972:
956:
862:
838:
834:
826:
197:
161:
2182:"Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter"
1813:
1153:
and other large cities; others were schoolteachers, professors or engineers.
993:
830:
201:
966:
to power, it was banned. The Brotherhood played a major role in the mainly
2669:"الإخوان: جهاد "الدفع" في مواجهة الروس "فرض عين" اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل"
1635:
2668:
1150:
1086:
1024:
there, returned home and founded associations called "Muhammad's Youth" (
799:
157:
120:
1886:
1860:
1802:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt"
1643:
1032:
and the Brotherhood itself). The Brotherhood states its founder was Dr.
938:
government that controlled Syria. In Egypt, splinter groups inspired by
1285:
1057:
971:
921:
Shaykh Muhammad al-Hamid (1328 AH / 1910 C.E - 1389 AH / 1969 C.E), an
2574:"Syrians are torn between a despotic regime and a stagnant opposition"
1277:
1186:
1078:
989:
890:
The Muslim Brotherhood in exile was among the 250 signatories of the
814:
2251:
1878:
2363:"We would share power, says exiled leader of Syrian Islamist group"
2733:
1310:
1299:
1210:
1139:
1017:
1013:
967:
922:
916:
854:
806:
132:
127:
1241:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
216:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
3190:
National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
2236:"The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship"
1314:
1281:
1134:
946:
The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the mid-1940s by
926:
2701:
251:
2689:
1998:
1735:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7.
1731:
Sageman, Marc (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad".
1309:
The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement declaring
992:. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a
2629:"جماعة اخوان سوريا تستنفر المسلمين لرد "العدوان" الروسي""
2022:"How the Muslim Brotherhood Hijacked Syria's Revolution"
1349:
Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi – current head of Shura Council
1919:
Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East
1754:
1752:
1317:'ayn) upon all who are able to carry weapons after the
1194:
In a January 2006 interview, the Brotherhood's leader,
1109:
On 16 June 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood carried out an
1016:
as young Syrians, who had graduated from university in
2526:"Report on relative strength of armed rebels in Syria"
1946:
1944:
1763:. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 259.
1069:
spread throughout Syria's major cities, especially in
2603:"استنكار للتصريحات الإيرانية تجاه أشقائنا في البحرين"
2501:"Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria"
2499:
Ruth Sherlock & Richard Spencer (3 August 2013).
1073:, and were crushed by the military. In 1971, General
981:
of 1982, when thousands were killed by the military.
805:
organization. Its objective is the transformation of
790:
3088:
3042:
3021:
2935:
2847:
2828:
2742:
1913:
1911:
1065:radicalisation. In 1964 and 1965, strikes and mass
929:
and major early leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
245:
231:
221:
207:
191:
140:
116:
108:
100:
88:
80:
70:
58:
34:
2597:
2595:
955:it won ten seats. After the 1963 coup brought the
817:law through a gradual legal and political process.
2169:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
1706:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62, 65.
1581:
1579:
27:A branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood
3155:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war
2155:The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power
2129:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes"
1523:Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians
1382:Founder & first General leader (1945–1961):
1129:A newspaper article by the president's brother,
1117:In November 1979, a Brotherhood leaflet stated:
1962:
1960:
1627:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria by Dara Conduit
1607:Banned after the coup that brought the Secular
1497:12th G.L. & current leader (2014–present):
1226:Unlike the MB-led insurgency of 1976–1982, the
1619:
1617:
1000:, who lives as a political refugee in London.
984:Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a
2902:Movement for Justice and Development in Syria
2713:
752:
8:
2395:"Assad: Iran won't attack Israel with nukes"
1835:"More Divisions Among the Syrian Opposition"
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1468:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1427:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1228:civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War
39:
2073:
2071:
1105:Terrorism in Syria § Islamist uprising
1008:Towards the end of the 1930s, the ideas of
635:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates
2720:
2706:
2698:
2122:
2120:
759:
745:
281:
237:
50:
31:
2530:Syrian Revolution Commentary and Analysis
1325:'s call of the operation as a Holy War.
885:Islamist insurgency in Syria (1979–1982)
2830:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
1854:
1852:
1555:
1343:– deputy leader, vice president of the
600:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
306:
284:
3013:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
2877:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
2109:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2102:
1684:
1674:
1611:to power, but remained active in Syria
1319:Russian military intervention in Syria
1291:According to Hassan Hassan writing in
1467:9th G.L. (1991–1996): Hassan Howeidi
1426:5th G.L. (1981–1985): Hassan Howeidi
7:
3080:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party
1528:Belligerents in the Syrian civil war
3050:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
2887:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
2807:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
1502:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1428:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1387:
780:
40:
3075:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
2922:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
2872:Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement
2361:McCarthy, Rory (26 January 2006).
2127:Khaled Yacoub Oweis (6 May 2012).
1967:Tore Kjeilen (20 September 2000).
1859:Teitelbaum, Joshua (Spring 2011).
25:
3195:Organizations established in 1945
1971:. Lexicorient.com. Archived from
1704:Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam
1587:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria"
1518:List of Islamic political parties
1271:Shields of the Revolution Council
883:of 1982 in the wake of the wider
3200:Organizations of the Arab Spring
3096:Assyrian Democratic Organization
2882:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
2789:Syrian Communist Party (Unified)
2783:Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)
2732:
1997:. Annidaa-sy.org. Archived from
841:in Syria. Founded at the end of
718:
708:
310:
294:
2983:Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party
2897:Democratic Arab Socialist Union
2765:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2653:. 10 April 2015. Archived from
2234:Talhamy, Yvette (Autumn 2009).
1542:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
1253:Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
896:the Kurdish Democratic Alliance
792:al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn fī Sūrīya
317:Member State of the Arab League
2419:Meris Lutz (2 December 2010).
2171:, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 241.
1921:, Penguin Press, 2008, p.241.
1702:R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010).
1361:– former member, died in 2016
1081:. Syria's intervention in the
1:
2473:Lund, Aron (5 October 2012).
1733:UNDERSTANDING TERROR NETWORKS
1589:. Carnegie Middle East Center
1572:(in Arabic). 9 November 2014.
1544:. Cambridge University Press.
1222:2011–present Syrian civil war
131:(After the Rebels victory in
96:Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib
2963:League of Nationalist Action
1837:. Stratfor. 27 February 2012
1759:S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999).
1337:– current Brotherhood leader
953:1961 parliamentary elections
795:) is a Syrian branch of the
483:Supreme Constitutional Court
3034:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
2998:Socialist Cooperation Party
2813:Social Democratic Unionists
2801:Arab Democratic Union Party
2752:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1477:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
1367:– former Brotherhood leader
1313:against Russia obligatory (
1093:1976–82 Islamist insurgency
1085:in 1976 on the side of the
998:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
859:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
821:The party strongly opposes
791:
773:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
691:Status of the Golan Heights
607:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3226:
3205:Political parties in Syria
3175:Islamist uprising in Syria
3165:Islamic terrorism in Syria
2771:Arab Socialist Union Party
2744:National Progressive Front
2729:Political parties in Syria
1995:"النداء – موقع إعلان دمشق"
1159:major insurrection in Hama
1102:
1099:Islamist uprising in Syria
1096:
593:National Progressive Front
252:http://www.ikhwansyria.com
3160:Islamic political parties
3124:List of political parties
3114:
3106:Assyrian Democratic Party
3065:Kurdish Supreme Committee
2857:Democratic People's Party
781:الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا
257:
250:
236:
222:International affiliation
81:Head of the Shura Council
49:
41:الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا
37:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
18:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
3210:Syrian opposition groups
3060:Kurdish National Council
2993:Arab Liberation Movement
2777:Socialist Unionist Party
2673:اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل
2635:. اربيل. 4 October 2015.
1800:Sly, Liz (12 May 2012).
1564:
1488:Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh
1458:Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda
1406:Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda
1365:Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh
1196:Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni
1020:and participated in the
84:Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi
3180:Modern history of Syria
3070:Kurdish Future Movement
3022:Banned Islamist parties
2917:Kurdish Future Movement
2862:Syrian Turkmen Assembly
2819:Arab Socialist Movement
2795:National Covenant Party
2240:The Middle East Journal
1866:The Middle East Journal
1486:11th G.L. (2010–2014):
1481:علي صدر الدين البيانوني
1475:10th G.L. (1996–2010):
1345:Syrian National Council
1341:Mohammad Farouk Tayfour
1323:Russian Orthodox Church
1237:Syrian National Council
1233:Syrian National Council
1040:was then subjecting to
686:UN resolutions on Syria
212:Syrian National Council
193:Political position
75:Mohammad Farouk Tayfour
3055:Democratic Union Party
3008:Communist Labour Party
2988:Syrian Communist Party
2907:Democratic Union Party
1969:"Looklex encyclopedia"
1624:Conduit, Dara (2019).
1456:8th G.L. (1986–1991):
1445:7th G.L. (1985–1986):
1434:6th G.L. (1985–1985):
1415:4th G.L. (1976–1981):
1404:3rd G.L. (1973–1976):
1393:2nd G.L. (1961–1973):
1321:. They reiterated the
1203:leaked American cables
1145:
1123:
930:
663:Syrian nationality law
651:Diplomatic missions of
513:Subdistricts (Nahiyas)
336:Preamble and Chapter 1
176:Religious conservatism
3150:20th century in Syria
2927:Reform Party of Syria
2757:pan-Arab organization
1636:10.1017/9781108758321
1492:محمد رياض خالد الشقفة
1143:
1119:
1103:Further information:
920:
478:High Judicial Council
420:Deputy Prime Minister
3003:Arab Communist Party
2978:Arab Ba'ath Movement
2912:National Youth Party
2532:. 24 September 2013.
2215:Carré, 131–135, 156.
1540:Dara Conduit. 2019.
1054:coup of 8 March 1963
1038:Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser
892:Damascus Declaration
847:United Arab Republic
208:National affiliation
2968:Arab National Party
2867:Syrian Turkmen Bloc
2838:People's Will Party
2451:13 May 2013 at the
2024:. Foreignpolicy.com
1609:Syrian Ba'ath Party
1388:مُصطَفى السِّبَاعِي
1265:The Daily Telegraph
1205:, Syrian President
1175:political prisoners
909:as of spring 2012.
425:Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
172:Social conservatism
3185:Muslim Brotherhood
3101:Syriac Union Party
2892:Syriac Union Party
2657:on 5 October 2015.
2609:on 31 January 2016
2381:Dreams and Shadows
2153:Pargeter, Alison.
2001:on 5 December 2013
1952:Dreams and Shadows
1462:عبد الفتاح أبو غدة
1410:عبد الفتاح أبو غدة
1146:
1083:Lebanese civil war
1022:Muslim Brotherhood
931:
851:Gamal Abdel Nasser
803:Muslim Brotherhood
725:History portal
226:Muslim Brotherhood
151:Syrian nationalism
3170:Islamism in Syria
3137:
3136:
3129:Politics of Syria
2973:Arab Ba'ath Party
2675:. 4 October 2015.
2554:on 7 October 2013
2425:Los Angeles Times
2020:Rothkopf, David.
1713:978-0-230-10279-8
1417:Adnan Saad al-Din
1384:Mustafa al-Siba'i
1209:allegedly called
1042:severe repression
1034:Mustafa al-Siba'i
948:Mustafa al-Siba'i
789:
769:
768:
673:Visa requirements
628:Foreign relations
587:Political parties
537:Recent elections
445:People's Assembly
287:Politics of Syria
280:
279:
267:Political parties
262:Politics of Syria
93:Mustafa al-Siba'i
16:(Redirected from
3217:
3089:Assyrian parties
2737:
2736:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2605:. Archived from
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:. 23 August 2012
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
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2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
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2193:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2084:. Archived from
2083:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2049:. Archived from
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:on 13 April 2014
1964:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1856:
1847:
1846:
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1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1797:
1778:
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1756:
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1471:
1464:
1463:
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1442:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1353:Molham al-Droubi
1257:Free Syrian Army
1249:Free Syrian Army
907:Syrian civil war
794:
784:
782:
761:
754:
747:
723:
722:
721:
713:
712:
696:Syrian civil war
595:
457:
455:Hammouda Sabbagh
319:
315:
314:
298:
282:
241:
136:
125:
54:
43:
42:
32:
21:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3119:Portal:Politics
3110:
3084:
3043:Kurdish parties
3038:
3017:
2936:Defunct parties
2931:
2843:
2824:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2645:
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2640:
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2612:
2610:
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2593:
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2567:
2557:
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2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2475:"Holy Warriors"
2472:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:Wayback Machine
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
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2360:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:Carré, 148–151.
2305:
2301:
2297:Carré, 141–146.
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2252:10.3751/63.4.12
2233:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:Wright, Robin,
2166:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:"Archived copy"
2077:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1917:Wright, Robin,
1916:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1879:10.3751/65.2.12
1858:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1806:Washington Post
1799:
1798:
1781:
1771:
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1757:
1750:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1701:
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1696:
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1615:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1536:
1534:Further reading
1514:
1421:عدنان سعد الدين
1374:
1372:General leaders
1331:
1224:
1207:Bashar al Assad
1171:Bashar al-Assad
1167:
1131:Rifaat al-Assad
1107:
1101:
1095:
1026:Shabab Muhammad
1010:Hassan al-Banna
1006:
986:capital offence
923:Islamic scholar
915:
874:capital offence
853:'s conflict in
818:
765:
736:
732:Other countries
719:
717:
715:Asia portal
707:
701:
700:
682:
659:
647:
630:
620:
619:
614:
602:
591:
581:
565:Parliamentary:
559:
533:
523:
522:
498:
488:
487:
473:
463:
462:
449:
440:
432:
431:
384:Bashar al-Assad
369:
359:
358:
331:
321:
309:
308:
289:
276:
214:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:(some elements)
165:
164:(some elements)
160:
153:
149:
130:
126:
123:
95:
45:
44:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3029:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:People's Party
2955:
2953:National Union
2950:
2948:National Party
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
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2684:External links
2682:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2638:
2620:
2591:
2565:
2535:
2517:
2491:
2479:Foreign Policy
2465:
2456:
2437:
2411:
2393:Roee Nahmias.
2385:
2372:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2279:Carré , 135-7.
2272:
2246:(4): 561–580.
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2188:. 7 April 2012
2173:
2160:
2145:
2116:
2091:on 13 May 2013
2067:
2056:on 13 May 2013
2035:
2012:
1986:
1956:
1940:
1931:
1907:
1873:(2): 213–233.
1848:
1826:
1779:
1769:
1748:
1741:
1723:
1712:
1694:
1685:|website=
1652:
1613:
1600:
1575:
1565:محمد حكمت وليد
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:محمد حكمت وليد
1499:Mohammad Walid
1495:
1484:
1473:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1395:Issam al-Attar
1391:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1359:Muhammad Surur
1356:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1335:Mohammad Walid
1330:
1327:
1262:Despite that,
1223:
1220:
1216:Hafez al Assad
1166:
1163:
1097:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1075:Hafez al-Assad
1067:demonstrations
1005:
1002:
914:
911:
879:Following the
767:
766:
764:
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749:
741:
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413:Hussein Arnous
403:Prime Minister
400:
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396:Najah al-Attar
391:Vice President
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72:
68:
67:
65:Mohammad Walid
62:
56:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3208:
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3201:
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3102:
3099:
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3027:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
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2969:
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2946:
2944:
2943:National Bloc
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
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2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
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2873:
2870:
2868:
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2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:Unrepresented
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
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2778:
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2711:
2709:
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2703:
2700:
2691:
2690:Official Site
2688:
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2670:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2634:
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2569:
2566:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2506:
2505:The Telegraph
2502:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2463:source needed
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2383:, 2008, p.246
2382:
2376:
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2368:
2364:
2357:
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2327:
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2300:
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2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:. Saqi Books.
2156:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:, 2008, p.248
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
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71:Deputy leader
69:
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2399:ynetnews.com
2398:
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2367:The Guardian
2366:
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2342:ICG, 4, 7–8.
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2243:
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1440:منير الغضبان
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1294:The Guardian
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1191:government.
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1030:Robin Wright
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975:Assad family
964:Ba'ath Party
945:
932:
900:
889:
878:
870:Ba'ath Party
843:World War II
820:
813:governed by
772:
770:
706:
503:Governorates
496:Subdivisions
356:Human rights
329:Constitution
307:
147:Pan-Islamism
124:(Historical)
117:Headquarters
29:
2693:(in Arabic)
2651:إخوان سورية
2584:17 December
2510:26 December
2484:26 December
2430:12 December
2404:12 December
2351:ICG, 15, 17
2324:Carré, 159.
2315:Carré, 151.
2288:Carré, 139.
2044:"pp. 12-14"
2028:18 December
2005:18 December
1451:أديب الجاجي
1399:عصام العطار
961:pan-Arabist
940:Sayyid Qutb
867:pan-Arabist
823:Pan-Arabism
678:Visa policy
439:Legislature
3144:Categories
2613:25 January
1927:1594201110
1570:Al-Jazeera
1550:References
1060:minority.
957:secularist
863:secularist
839:secularism
835:liberalism
827:capitalism
639:Minister:
232:Party flag
198:Right-wing
162:Neo-Sufism
2260:144219075
2224:ICG, 3–4.
2192:5 January
2186:Ikhwanweb
2138:5 January
1979:25 August
1950:Wright,
1895:143746726
1841:4 January
1819:5 January
1814:0190-8286
1687:ignored (
1677:cite book
1662:201528149
1470:حسن هويدي
1447:Adib Gaja
1429:حسن هويدي
1087:Maronites
1052:military
1050:Ba'athist
994:reformist
936:Ba'athist
876:in 1980.
857:with the
831:communism
786:romanized
531:Elections
508:Districts
471:Judiciary
374:President
367:Executive
351:Chapter 4
346:Chapter 3
341:Chapter 2
272:Elections
202:far-right
2548:usma.edu
2449:Archived
2379:Wright,
2105:cite web
2095:29 April
2060:29 April
1900:15 April
1887:23012146
1512:See also
1151:Damascus
1012:reached
809:into an
800:Islamist
668:Passport
655:in Syria
518:Villages
167:Salafism
158:Islamism
142:Ideology
121:Damascus
89:Founders
2558:25 July
2333:ICG, 4.
2265:29 July
2133:Reuters
1667:25 July
1593:29 July
1286:Lebanon
1259:(FSA).
1251:or the
1187:shari'a
1058:Alawite
1004:Origins
972:Alawite
913:History
788::
451:Speaker
246:Website
101:Founded
2759:) (167
2258:
1925:
1893:
1885:
1812:
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1739:
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1650:
1300:Sunnis
1278:Jordan
1111:attack
1079:Muslim
990:Cyprus
837:, and
815:Sharia
777:Arabic
109:Banned
60:Leader
2633:Rudaw
2256:S2CID
2089:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
1891:S2CID
1883:JSTOR
1658:S2CID
1311:Jihad
1211:Hamas
1062:Sunni
1018:Cairo
1014:Syria
968:Sunni
925:from
855:Egypt
807:Syria
797:Sunni
185:Assad
183:Anti-
155:Sunni
133:Idlib
128:Idlib
2615:2016
2586:2013
2560:2014
2512:2013
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2432:2010
2406:2010
2267:2013
2194:2023
2140:2023
2111:link
2097:2013
2062:2013
2030:2013
2007:2013
1981:2012
1923:ISBN
1902:2021
1843:2014
1821:2023
1810:ISSN
1765:ISBN
1737:ISBN
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1689:help
1669:2019
1648:ISBN
1595:2012
1315:Fard
1284:and
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771:The
577:2024
572:2020
567:2016
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550:2014
545:2007
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104:1945
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