67:
51:
191:") and indicated the blackmailer's financial motive, i.e. the bribe to be paid by the victim. It originated in criminal jargon. Literally, therefore, szmalcownik can be translated as a greasy-palmer. In English, the term is often used as a synonym of blackmailer, but in Polish works, based on the wartime parlance, a distinction is sometimes made between szmalcowniks, who acted more like one-time muggers, accosting their victims on the street and demanding a bribe, and the more dangerous blackmailers, who tracked their victims to their hiding places and demanded everything they had. The term is also sometimes described in English as a
33:
367:, "even in the relatively simple matter of suppressing the blackmailers and informants who plagued Jews on the Aryan side, the underground state could not be bothered." Overall, Jan Grabowski concludes, "engaging in blackmailing did not entail a significant risk... was not a priority , and the few sentences handed down by the underground courts usually involved not only Jews, but also Poles." According to Joseph Kermish, the underground's proclamations were left mostly "on paper", and the number of executions remained low;
322:) later that month, its representatives repeatedly appealed to the Underground State to act against blackmailers, but for the most part were told that "nothing could be done" because such acts would require a judicial process, which was said to be impossible to conduct during the occupation. Żegota's request for an explicit condemnation of anti-Jewish activities was answered seven months later, on 18 March 1943. The communist
79:
256:
and valuables, and after the victims were robbed of everything of value, they would often be turned in for the bounty. Many hiding Jews were easy to recognize by distinctive physical features, accents and vocabulary, culinary preferences, lack of knowledge about Polish
Christian customs, and even excessive purchase of food supplies. At the beginning of the German occupation, szmalcowniks were satisfied with a few hundred
331:
Executions carried out by the Polish underground were approved by an underground court, which was meant to ensure that no innocents would be killed by accident. Except for gang leaders, identifying individual blackmailers was difficult, as they were often anonymous; however, they were identified and
263:
The damage that szmalcowniks did to the Jewish community was substantial. By stripping Jews of assets they needed to survive, harassing rescuers, raising the overall level of insecurity and forcing hidden Jews to seek safer accommodations, blackmailers added substantially to the danger that Jews and
255:
From 1941 onwards, Jews who were found without a valid pass outside ghettos and camps were subject to the death penalty, as were any individuals aiding them. The
Germans issued monetary rewards (sometimes described as bounties) for turning in the hiding Jews. Szmalcowniks would extort Jews for money
375:
notes, however, that some 150 executions of informers that took place by April 1943, although not in response to blackmailing, had a positive effect on the phenomenon. According to him, "more death sentences than reported were being carried out". Marrus argues that while the executions did not
344:
in Warsaw executed one or more szmalcowniks in 1943. In early 1944, after Żegota lobbied to speed up the process, the
Directorate authorized executions at the discretion of local resistance authorities, and in 1943–1944 executions of szmalcowniks became more frequent.
207:
Szmalcowniks came from diverse backgrounds. About three-quarters were ethnic Poles, but members of the German, Ukrainian and
Lithuanian minorities – and in some cases even Jews – were also engaged in blackmailing. Most known szmalcowniks were men aged 25–40. Some were
272:) for bribing German soldiers, pretending to be Gestapo agents and forging identity papers. The penalties imposed usually ranged from a few months to a few years of imprisonment, although in some cases the Gestapo were known to carry out
267:
In some cases, szmalcownik gangs blackmailed each other, or even people working with
Gestapo agents, which would lead to the arrest of one group. Approximately 200 such szmalcowniks were prosecuted by the German Special Court in Warsaw
332:
punished much more often than street muggers, who were even more difficult to identify. Some executions required considerable planning, since carrying arms carried significant risks. The first execution of a szmalcownik by the
276:; for example, two szmalcowniks were executed for falsely accusing a German lawyer of being a Jew. In general, however, German authorities were not concerned with the activities of szmalcowniks, instead encouraging them.
260:, but after the death penalty for hiding Jews was introduced, the sums rose to several hundred thousand zlotys. The activities of szmalcowniks intensified during the era of the liquidation of the ghettos (1942–1944).
743:
73:
poster, September 1943, announcing death sentences carried out on collaborators, including Bogusław Jan Pilnik, sentenced for 'blackmailing, and delivering to German authorities, hiding Polish citizens of Jewish
794:
Uciekinierzy z gett po „stronie aryjskiej" na prowincji dystryktu warszawskiego − sposoby przetrwania
Barbara Engelking, Jacek Leociak, Dariusz Libionka (ed.) Prowincja. Noc. Życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie
163:
for szmalcowniks in occupied Poland, executing more than a dozen by the end of the war. The number and effect of these executions is disputed. A number of szmalcowniks were also tried in Poland after the war.
66:
220:, in addition to blackmailing. Recent research suggests that contrary to popular belief, szmalcowniks were not necessarily habitual criminals before the war; out of 200 individuals tried by
138:. By stripping Jews of their financial resources, blackmailers added substantially to the danger that Jews and their rescuers faced and increased their chances of being caught and killed.
235:
in all of the accounts by Jews hiding on the 'Aryan side' of Warsaw. The sheer number of mentions is a direct (though difficult to quantify) evidence of the prevalence of this practice."
340:(primarily active in the Warsaw Ghetto) announced that it had executed five Jewish collaborators. There is at least one documented incident in which communist resistance fighters of
247:) of about 28,000 and their gentile helpers, who numbered about 70,000–90,000, with the remaining few hundred thousand of the city's inhabitants remaining passive in this struggle.
371:
notes that "new research seems to indicate that
Underground trials and executions did not take place as often and nor were they as much of a deterrent as historians once thought".
168:
1371:
1351:
1023:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (red.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
131:
1210:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (ed.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
498:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (ed.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
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939:"Collaboration in a 'Land without a Quisling': Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II"
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estimates the total number of szmalcowniks in Warsaw at "as high as 3–4 thousand", targeting the Jewish community (in hiding on the "
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1169:
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eliminate the problem of blackmailers, they "reduced it so much" that it was no longer an issue of "primary importance" to Żegota.
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319:
1386:
472:
Gutman, Israel (2003). "Some Issues in Jewish-Polish Relations during the Second World War". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
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1321:
300:. One way in which it tried to hinder such activities was by publishing public condemnations in posters, leaflets and the
613:
Holocaust and Memory: The Experience of the Holocaust and Its Consequences, An Investigation Based on Personal Narratives
62:, of 13 May 1943, encouraging the inhabitants of Warsaw to hand over communist agents and Jews to the German authorities
1230:
Kassow, Samuel (2003). "Polish-Jewish Relations in the Writings of Emmanuel Ringelblum". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
364:
301:
135:
1089:
Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 : the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe
337:
32:
228:
1366:
1256:
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152:
42:(Information Bulletin), 2 September 1943, announcing death sentences carried out on collaborators, including a
701:
Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945: the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe
328:(Polish Committee of National Liberation) issued a similar decree more than a year later, on 31 August 1944.
269:
116:
85:
communiqué published in September 1943 warning that denunciation of Jews to the Nazis was a capital offence
368:
38:
1116:
Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Europe
857:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
724:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
517:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
348:
The extent and effectiveness of the countermeasures is subject to debate. Approximately 30% of the
296:
punishable by death, and attempted to counteract the activities of szmalcowniks and informers from
1361:
968:
919:
297:
236:
848:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 593
421:
304:, though these rarely addressed crimes against Jews specifically. The first announcement by the
167:
The phenomenon of blackmailing Jews during the Holocaust was not unique to Poland, and occurred
783:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, page 585
774:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, page 589
742:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, 583–602
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The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe. Volume 2
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353:
289:
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196:
109:
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890:"Why the Poles Collaborated So Little—And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris"
372:
341:
145:, some 3,000–4,000 people acted as blackmailers and informants. In the summer of 1942,
59:
1335:
392:, which however excluded individuals who were proven to have taken part in a murder.
360:
244:
192:
156:
151:, a Polish underground organization dedicated to aiding the Jews, requested that the
870:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 21–22.
257:
155:
intensify its efforts to stop the "blackmailer plague". In the summer of 1943, the
120:
312:
would be punishable by death was made on 17 September 1942. After the founding of
665:
443:
831:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 48.
757:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 17.
530:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 12.
217:
352:' executions in Warsaw were of szmalcowniks, but the exact number is unknown;
106:
1257:"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") In Occupied Poland"
964:
915:
998:
Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust
333:
264:
their Polish rescuers faced, and increased their risk of capture and death.
124:
17:
401:
384:
Some szmalcowniks were tried in Poland after the war. In 1956 the crime of
314:
147:
82:
1232:
Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath
474:
Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath
356:
estimated the number of szmalcowniks executed in Warsaw at under twenty.
972:
923:
582:
389:
293:
213:
548:
Wiktoria Sliwowska; Jakub Gutenbaum; Agnieszka Latała (13 May 1998).
224:
in Warsaw between 1940 and 1943, only 11 involved pre-war criminals.
142:
955:
938:
906:
889:
240:
112:
77:
49:
1059:. Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa, 2002, p. 82.
188:
127:
868:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
829:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
755:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
528:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
640:
Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature
1234:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 154.
1081:
1079:
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1073:
476:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 216.
693:
691:
689:
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605:
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Barbara Engelking; Dr Gunnar S Paulsson (1 January 2001).
195:, as the Germans offered financial rewards, described as
1212:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 123.
1025:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 121.
551:
The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak
500:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 123.
816:
Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
818:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, p. 266.
1164:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1983.
1143:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1983.
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
445:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945
336:took place on 4 March 1943, and the next day the
1188:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–415.
437:
435:
797:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2007, p. 363.
1185:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945
1001:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 256–257.
554:. Northwestern University Press. p. 329.
216:or other German officials, or with the Polish
1279:
1277:
8:
667:Pod wspólnym niebem: tematy polsko-żydowskie
1162:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944
1141:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944
1086:Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (2010).
698:Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (2010).
1284:Michael Robert Marrus (6 September 2011).
1046:. Londyn: Puls Publications, 1983, p. 43.
995:Joanna Drzewieniecki (30 November 2019).
954:
905:
422:"World War II in Russia's Foreign Policy"
65:
31:
412:
130:who were in hiding, or who blackmailed
1372:Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
298:the beginning of the German occupation
115:expression that originated during the
101:); in English, also sometimes spelled
1119:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 79.
306:Directorate of Underground Resistance
96:
71:Directorate of Underground Resistance
7:
1352:Local participation in the Holocaust
1290:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 530–.
1057:„Żegota" Rada Pomocy Żydom 1942–1945
577:
575:
573:
571:
467:
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448:. Yale University Press. p. 5.
325:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
179:The term comes from the German word
54:Announcement by the governor of the
1182:Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015).
670:. Towarzystwo "Więź". p. 346.
27:Polish collaborationist blackmailer
25:
1377:Polish war crimes in World War II
1347:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
320:Government Delegation for Poland
937:Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005).
616:. A&C Black. p. 303.
318:(Council to Aid Jews with the
1:
587:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny
1092:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–72.
1044:Los Żydów Warszawy 1939–1943
643:. Cornell University Press.
338:Jewish Fighting Organization
161:carrying out death sentences
442:Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002).
365:Emanuel Ringelblum Archives
199:, for turning in the Jews.
183:(Polish phonetic spelling:
123:and refers to a person who
1403:
1322:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
1113:R. Bennett (28 May 1999).
1055:Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert:
420:Dyner, Anna Maria (2020).
169:throughout occupied Europe
141:In the capital of Poland,
231:, "there are mentions of
1357:Polish words and phrases
1042:Władysław Bartoszewski:
704:. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
664:Jacek Borkowicz (1998).
637:Harold B. Segel (1996).
286:Polish Underground State
153:Polish Underground State
1342:The Holocaust in Poland
888:Connelly, John (2005).
270:Sondergericht Warschau
98:[ʂmalˈtsɔvɲik]
86:
75:
63:
47:
1387:Holocaust terminology
792:Małgorzata Melchior:
187:, literally meaning "
94:Polish pronunciation:
81:
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53:
39:Biuletyn Informacyjny
35:
1382:Polish war criminals
1316:4 March 2016 at the
369:Joanna Drzewieniecki
308:that crimes against
243:" side, outside the
132:Poles who aided Jews
1320:3 (12)/2013, p. 5,
1160:Tomasz Strzembosz:
1139:Tomasz Strzembosz:
363:, who analysed the
117:Holocaust in Poland
36:Polish underground
1208:Dariusz Libionka:
1021:Dariusz Libionka:
814:Teresa Prekerowa:
496:Dariusz Libionka:
388:was subject to an
350:Underground courts
274:summary executions
237:Gunnar S. Paulsson
87:
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1297:978-3-11-097043-2
1255:Kermish, Joseph.
1241:978-0-8135-3158-8
1195:978-1-107-01426-8
1126:978-0-230-50826-2
1099:978-0-313-38391-5
1008:978-0-7618-7167-5
803:978-83-7388-142-6
711:978-0-313-38391-5
623:978-0-7185-0159-4
561:978-0-8101-1511-8
483:978-0-8135-3158-8
455:978-0-300-09546-3
302:underground press
136:German occupation
46:named Jan Grabiec
16:(Redirected from
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107:pejorative
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