56:
40:
180:") and indicated the blackmailer's financial motive, i.e. the bribe to be paid by the victim. It originated in criminal jargon. Literally, therefore, szmalcownik can be translated as a greasy-palmer. In English, the term is often used as a synonym of blackmailer, but in Polish works, based on the wartime parlance, a distinction is sometimes made between szmalcowniks, who acted more like one-time muggers, accosting their victims on the street and demanding a bribe, and the more dangerous blackmailers, who tracked their victims to their hiding places and demanded everything they had. The term is also sometimes described in English as a
22:
356:, "even in the relatively simple matter of suppressing the blackmailers and informants who plagued Jews on the Aryan side, the underground state could not be bothered." Overall, Jan Grabowski concludes, "engaging in blackmailing did not entail a significant risk... was not a priority , and the few sentences handed down by the underground courts usually involved not only Jews, but also Poles." According to Joseph Kermish, the underground's proclamations were left mostly "on paper", and the number of executions remained low;
311:) later that month, its representatives repeatedly appealed to the Underground State to act against blackmailers, but for the most part were told that "nothing could be done" because such acts would require a judicial process, which was said to be impossible to conduct during the occupation. Żegota's request for an explicit condemnation of anti-Jewish activities was answered seven months later, on 18 March 1943. The communist
68:
245:
and valuables, and after the victims were robbed of everything of value, they would often be turned in for the bounty. Many hiding Jews were easy to recognize by distinctive physical features, accents and vocabulary, culinary preferences, lack of knowledge about Polish
Christian customs, and even excessive purchase of food supplies. At the beginning of the German occupation, szmalcowniks were satisfied with a few hundred
320:
Executions carried out by the Polish underground were approved by an underground court, which was meant to ensure that no innocents would be killed by accident. Except for gang leaders, identifying individual blackmailers was difficult, as they were often anonymous; however, they were identified and
252:
The damage that szmalcowniks did to the Jewish community was substantial. By stripping Jews of assets they needed to survive, harassing rescuers, raising the overall level of insecurity and forcing hidden Jews to seek safer accommodations, blackmailers added substantially to the danger that Jews and
244:
From 1941 onwards, Jews who were found without a valid pass outside ghettos and camps were subject to the death penalty, as were any individuals aiding them. The
Germans issued monetary rewards (sometimes described as bounties) for turning in the hiding Jews. Szmalcowniks would extort Jews for money
364:
notes, however, that some 150 executions of informers that took place by April 1943, although not in response to blackmailing, had a positive effect on the phenomenon. According to him, "more death sentences than reported were being carried out". Marrus argues that while the executions did not
333:
in Warsaw executed one or more szmalcowniks in 1943. In early 1944, after Żegota lobbied to speed up the process, the
Directorate authorized executions at the discretion of local resistance authorities, and in 1943–1944 executions of szmalcowniks became more frequent.
196:
Szmalcowniks came from diverse backgrounds. About three-quarters were ethnic Poles, but members of the German, Ukrainian and
Lithuanian minorities – and in some cases even Jews – were also engaged in blackmailing. Most known szmalcowniks were men aged 25–40. Some were
261:) for bribing German soldiers, pretending to be Gestapo agents and forging identity papers. The penalties imposed usually ranged from a few months to a few years of imprisonment, although in some cases the Gestapo were known to carry out
256:
In some cases, szmalcownik gangs blackmailed each other, or even people working with
Gestapo agents, which would lead to the arrest of one group. Approximately 200 such szmalcowniks were prosecuted by the German Special Court in Warsaw
321:
punished much more often than street muggers, who were even more difficult to identify. Some executions required considerable planning, since carrying arms carried significant risks. The first execution of a szmalcownik by the
265:; for example, two szmalcowniks were executed for falsely accusing a German lawyer of being a Jew. In general, however, German authorities were not concerned with the activities of szmalcowniks, instead encouraging them.
249:, but after the death penalty for hiding Jews was introduced, the sums rose to several hundred thousand zlotys. The activities of szmalcowniks intensified during the era of the liquidation of the ghettos (1942–1944).
732:
62:
poster, September 1943, announcing death sentences carried out on collaborators, including Bogusław Jan Pilnik, sentenced for 'blackmailing, and delivering to German authorities, hiding Polish citizens of Jewish
783:
Uciekinierzy z gett po „stronie aryjskiej" na prowincji dystryktu warszawskiego − sposoby przetrwania
Barbara Engelking, Jacek Leociak, Dariusz Libionka (ed.) Prowincja. Noc. Życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie
152:
for szmalcowniks in occupied Poland, executing more than a dozen by the end of the war. The number and effect of these executions is disputed. A number of szmalcowniks were also tried in Poland after the war.
55:
209:, in addition to blackmailing. Recent research suggests that contrary to popular belief, szmalcowniks were not necessarily habitual criminals before the war; out of 200 individuals tried by
127:. By stripping Jews of their financial resources, blackmailers added substantially to the danger that Jews and their rescuers faced and increased their chances of being caught and killed.
224:
in all of the accounts by Jews hiding on the 'Aryan side' of Warsaw. The sheer number of mentions is a direct (though difficult to quantify) evidence of the prevalence of this practice."
329:(primarily active in the Warsaw Ghetto) announced that it had executed five Jewish collaborators. There is at least one documented incident in which communist resistance fighters of
236:) of about 28,000 and their gentile helpers, who numbered about 70,000–90,000, with the remaining few hundred thousand of the city's inhabitants remaining passive in this struggle.
360:
notes that "new research seems to indicate that
Underground trials and executions did not take place as often and nor were they as much of a deterrent as historians once thought".
157:
1360:
1340:
1012:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (red.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
120:
1199:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (ed.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
487:
ZWZ-AK i
Delegatura Rządu RP wobec eksterminacji Żydów polskich Andrzej Żbikowski (ed.) Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945. Studia i materiały
1365:
1335:
39:
198:
1284:
1228:
1182:
1113:
1086:
995:
791:
698:
610:
548:
470:
442:
294:
59:
928:"Collaboration in a 'Land without a Quisling': Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II"
313:
1302:
228:
estimates the total number of szmalcowniks in Warsaw at "as high as 3–4 thousand", targeting the Jewish community (in hiding on the "
1345:
1206:
1158:
1137:
1019:
864:
825:
751:
664:
637:
524:
494:
365:
eliminate the problem of blackmailers, they "reduced it so much" that it was no longer an issue of "primary importance" to Żegota.
1330:
1053:
308:
1375:
461:
Gutman, Israel (2003). "Some Issues in Jewish-Polish Relations during the Second World War". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
1370:
1310:
289:. One way in which it tried to hinder such activities was by publishing public condemnations in posters, leaflets and the
602:
Holocaust and Memory: The Experience of the Holocaust and Its Consequences, An Investigation Based on Personal Narratives
51:, of 13 May 1943, encouraging the inhabitants of Warsaw to hand over communist agents and Jews to the German authorities
1219:
Kassow, Samuel (2003). "Polish-Jewish Relations in the Writings of Emmanuel Ringelblum". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
353:
290:
124:
1078:
Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 : the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe
326:
21:
217:
1355:
1245:
274:
141:
31:(Information Bulletin), 2 September 1943, announcing death sentences carried out on collaborators, including a
690:
Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945: the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe
317:(Polish Committee of National Liberation) issued a similar decree more than a year later, on 31 August 1944.
258:
105:
74:
communiqué published in September 1943 warning that denunciation of Jews to the Nazis was a capital offence
357:
27:
1105:
Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Europe
846:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
713:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
506:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 588–590
337:
The extent and effectiveness of the countermeasures is subject to debate. Approximately 30% of the
285:
punishable by death, and attempted to counteract the activities of szmalcowniks and informers from
1350:
957:
908:
286:
225:
837:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, pages 593
410:
293:, though these rarely addressed crimes against Jews specifically. The first announcement by the
156:
The phenomenon of blackmailing Jews during the Holocaust was not unique to Poland, and occurred
772:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, page 585
763:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, page 589
731:
Jan Grabowski Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939–1945 Przegląd Historyczny 99/4, 583–602
1299:
1280:
1274:
1224:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1154:
1133:
1109:
1082:
1049:
1015:
991:
985:
949:
900:
860:
821:
787:
747:
694:
660:
633:
627:
606:
600:
544:
538:
520:
490:
466:
438:
338:
262:
149:
1276:
The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe. Volume 2
1103:
1076:
688:
939:
890:
342:
278:
1306:
185:
98:
86:
44:
67:
879:"Why the Poles Collaborated So Little—And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris"
361:
330:
134:, some 3,000–4,000 people acted as blackmailers and informants. In the summer of 1942,
48:
1324:
381:, which however excluded individuals who were proven to have taken part in a murder.
349:
233:
181:
145:
140:, a Polish underground organization dedicated to aiding the Jews, requested that the
859:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 21–22.
246:
144:
intensify its efforts to stop the "blackmailer plague". In the summer of 1943, the
109:
301:
would be punishable by death was made on 17 September 1942. After the founding of
654:
432:
820:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 48.
746:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 17.
519:. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004, p. 12.
206:
341:' executions in Warsaw were of szmalcowniks, but the exact number is unknown;
95:
1246:"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") In Occupied Poland"
953:
904:
987:
Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust
322:
253:
their Polish rescuers faced, and increased their risk of capture and death.
113:
390:
373:
Some szmalcowniks were tried in Poland after the war. In 1956 the crime of
303:
136:
71:
1221:
Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath
463:
Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath
345:
estimated the number of szmalcowniks executed in Warsaw at under twenty.
961:
912:
571:
378:
282:
202:
537:
Wiktoria Sliwowska; Jakub Gutenbaum; Agnieszka Latała (13 May 1998).
213:
in Warsaw between 1940 and 1943, only 11 involved pre-war criminals.
131:
944:
927:
895:
878:
229:
101:
66:
38:
1048:. Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa, 2002, p. 82.
177:
116:
857:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
818:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
744:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
517:„Ja tego Żyda znam!” Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie 1939–1943
629:
Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature
1223:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 154.
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
465:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 216.
682:
680:
678:
676:
594:
592:
599:
Barbara Engelking; Dr Gunnar S Paulsson (1 January 2001).
184:, as the Germans offered financial rewards, described as
1201:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 123.
1014:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 121.
540:
The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak
489:. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2006, p. 123.
805:
Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
807:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, p. 266.
1153:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1983.
1132:. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1983.
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
434:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945
325:took place on 4 March 1943, and the next day the
1177:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–415.
426:
424:
786:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2007, p. 363.
1174:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945
990:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 256–257.
543:. Northwestern University Press. p. 329.
205:or other German officials, or with the Polish
1268:
1266:
8:
656:Pod wspólnym niebem: tematy polsko-żydowskie
1151:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944
1130:Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944
1075:Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (2010).
687:Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (2010).
1273:Michael Robert Marrus (6 September 2011).
1035:. Londyn: Puls Publications, 1983, p. 43.
984:Joanna Drzewieniecki (30 November 2019).
943:
894:
411:"World War II in Russia's Foreign Policy"
54:
20:
401:
119:who were in hiding, or who blackmailed
1361:Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
287:the beginning of the German occupation
104:expression that originated during the
90:); in English, also sometimes spelled
1108:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 79.
295:Directorate of Underground Resistance
85:
60:Directorate of Underground Resistance
7:
1341:Local participation in the Holocaust
1279:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 530–.
1046:„Żegota" Rada Pomocy Żydom 1942–1945
566:
564:
562:
560:
456:
454:
437:. Yale University Press. p. 5.
314:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
168:The term comes from the German word
43:Announcement by the governor of the
1171:Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015).
659:. Towarzystwo "Więź". p. 346.
16:Polish collaborationist blackmailer
14:
1366:Polish war crimes in World War II
1336:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
309:Government Delegation for Poland
926:Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005).
605:. A&C Black. p. 303.
307:(Council to Aid Jews with the
1:
576:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny
1081:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–72.
1033:Los Żydów Warszawy 1939–1943
632:. Cornell University Press.
327:Jewish Fighting Organization
150:carrying out death sentences
431:Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002).
354:Emanuel Ringelblum Archives
188:, for turning in the Jews.
172:(Polish phonetic spelling:
112:and refers to a person who
1392:
1311:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
1102:R. Bennett (28 May 1999).
1044:Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert:
409:Dyner, Anna Maria (2020).
158:throughout occupied Europe
130:In the capital of Poland,
220:, "there are mentions of
1346:Polish words and phrases
1031:Władysław Bartoszewski:
693:. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
653:Jacek Borkowicz (1998).
626:Harold B. Segel (1996).
275:Polish Underground State
142:Polish Underground State
1331:The Holocaust in Poland
877:Connelly, John (2005).
259:Sondergericht Warschau
87:[ʂmalˈtsɔvɲik]
75:
64:
52:
36:
1376:Holocaust terminology
781:Małgorzata Melchior:
176:, literally meaning "
83:Polish pronunciation:
70:
58:
42:
28:Biuletyn Informacyjny
24:
1371:Polish war criminals
1305:4 March 2016 at the
358:Joanna Drzewieniecki
297:that crimes against
232:" side, outside the
121:Poles who aided Jews
1309:3 (12)/2013, p. 5,
1149:Tomasz Strzembosz:
1128:Tomasz Strzembosz:
352:, who analysed the
106:Holocaust in Poland
25:Polish underground
1197:Dariusz Libionka:
1010:Dariusz Libionka:
803:Teresa Prekerowa:
485:Dariusz Libionka:
377:was subject to an
339:Underground courts
263:summary executions
226:Gunnar S. Paulsson
76:
65:
53:
37:
1286:978-3-11-097043-2
1244:Kermish, Joseph.
1230:978-0-8135-3158-8
1184:978-1-107-01426-8
1115:978-0-230-50826-2
1088:978-0-313-38391-5
997:978-0-7618-7167-5
792:978-83-7388-142-6
700:978-0-313-38391-5
612:978-0-7185-0159-4
550:978-0-8101-1511-8
472:978-0-8135-3158-8
444:978-0-300-09546-3
291:underground press
125:German occupation
35:named Jan Grabiec
1383:
1313:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
966:
965:
947:
923:
917:
916:
898:
874:
868:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
814:
808:
801:
795:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
755:
740:
734:
729:
714:
711:
705:
704:
684:
671:
670:
650:
644:
643:
623:
617:
616:
596:
587:
586:
584:
582:
572:"Szmalcownictwo"
568:
555:
554:
534:
528:
513:
507:
504:
498:
483:
477:
476:
458:
449:
448:
428:
419:
418:
406:
343:Dariusz Libionka
89:
84:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1356:Crime in Poland
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:Wayback Machine
1298:
1294:
1287:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1005:
998:
983:
982:
969:
945:10.2307/3649910
925:
924:
920:
896:10.2307/3649912
876:
875:
871:
855:Jan Grabowski:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
832:
816:Jan Grabowski:
815:
811:
802:
798:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
742:Jan Grabowski:
741:
737:
730:
717:
712:
708:
701:
686:
685:
674:
667:
652:
651:
647:
640:
625:
624:
620:
613:
598:
597:
590:
580:
578:
570:
569:
558:
551:
536:
535:
531:
515:Jan Grabowski:
514:
510:
505:
501:
484:
480:
473:
460:
459:
452:
445:
430:
429:
422:
408:
407:
403:
399:
387:
371:
271:
269:Countermeasures
242:
194:
166:
82:
45:Warsaw District
17:
12:
11:
5:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1292:
1285:
1262:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1190:
1183:
1163:
1142:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1087:
1058:
1037:
1024:
1003:
996:
967:
938:(4): 711–746.
918:
889:(4): 771–781.
869:
848:
839:
830:
809:
796:
774:
765:
756:
735:
715:
706:
699:
672:
665:
645:
638:
618:
611:
588:
556:
549:
529:
508:
499:
478:
471:
450:
443:
420:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
386:
383:
375:szmalcownictwo
370:
367:
362:Michael Marrus
331:Gwardia Ludowa
299:Jews and Poles
283:treasonous act
270:
267:
241:
238:
193:
190:
165:
162:
49:Ludwig Fischer
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:83-60464-01-4
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:83-06-00717-4
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:83-06-00717-4
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:83-60464-01-4
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
988:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
932:Slavic Review
929:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
883:Slavic Review
880:
873:
870:
866:
865:83-7388-058-5
862:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
827:
826:83-7388-058-5
823:
819:
813:
810:
806:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
753:
752:83-7388-058-5
749:
745:
739:
736:
733:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
716:
710:
707:
702:
696:
692:
691:
683:
681:
679:
677:
673:
668:
666:9788385124207
662:
658:
657:
649:
646:
641:
639:0-8014-8104-X
635:
631:
630:
622:
619:
614:
608:
604:
603:
595:
593:
589:
577:
573:
567:
565:
563:
561:
557:
552:
546:
542:
541:
533:
530:
526:
525:83-7388-058-5
522:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
496:
495:83-60464-01-4
492:
488:
482:
479:
474:
468:
464:
457:
455:
451:
446:
440:
436:
435:
427:
425:
421:
416:
415:PISM Bulletin
412:
405:
402:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
380:
376:
368:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Samuel Kassow
348:According to
346:
344:
340:
335:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:collaboration
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
254:
250:
248:
239:
237:
235:
234:Warsaw Ghetto
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Jan Grabowski
216:According to
214:
212:
211:German courts
208:
204:
200:
199:collaborating
191:
189:
187:
183:
182:bounty hunter
179:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
128:
126:
123:, during the
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
80:
73:
69:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
34:
30:
29:
23:
19:
1317:
1300:Biuletyn IPN
1295:
1275:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1150:
1145:
1129:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1077:
1054:83-91666-6-0
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1011:
1006:
986:
935:
931:
921:
886:
882:
872:
856:
851:
842:
833:
817:
812:
804:
799:
782:
777:
768:
759:
743:
738:
709:
689:
655:
648:
628:
621:
601:
579:. Retrieved
575:
539:
532:
516:
511:
502:
486:
481:
462:
433:
414:
404:
374:
372:
347:
336:
319:
312:
302:
298:
272:
255:
251:
243:
222:szmalcowniki
221:
215:
210:
195:
192:Demographics
173:
169:
167:
155:
135:
129:
110:World War II
92:shmaltsovnik
91:
78:
77:
32:
26:
18:
784:warszawskim
277:considered
207:Blue Police
114:blackmailed
79:Szmalcownik
33:szmalcownik
1325:Categories
1250:Yad Vashem
397:References
96:pejorative
63:ethnicity"
1351:Blackmail
954:0037-6779
905:0037-6779
369:Aftermath
323:Home Army
201:with the
164:Etymology
146:Home Army
1303:Archived
1161:. p. 416
1140:. p. 417
385:See also
186:bounties
1255:19 July
962:3649910
913:3649912
581:27 July
379:amnesty
240:Effects
203:Gestapo
170:Schmalz
94:) is a
1283:
1227:
1205:
1181:
1157:
1136:
1112:
1085:
1052:
1018:
994:
960:
952:
911:
903:
863:
824:
790:
750:
697:
663:
636:
609:
547:
523:
493:
469:
441:
391:Żagiew
304:Żegota
247:zlotys
174:szmalc
148:began
137:Żegota
132:Warsaw
99:Polish
72:Żegota
958:JSTOR
909:JSTOR
230:Aryan
102:slang
1281:ISBN
1257:2020
1225:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1016:ISBN
992:ISBN
950:ISSN
901:ISSN
861:ISBN
822:ISBN
788:ISBN
748:ISBN
695:ISBN
661:ISBN
634:ISBN
607:ISBN
583:2020
545:ISBN
521:ISBN
491:ISBN
467:ISBN
439:ISBN
273:The
178:lard
117:Jews
940:doi
891:doi
108:in
1327::
1265:^
1248:.
1061:^
970:^
956:.
948:.
936:64
934:.
930:.
907:.
899:.
887:64
885:.
881:.
718:^
675:^
591:^
574:.
559:^
453:^
423:^
413:.
281:a
160:.
47:,
1289:.
1259:.
1233:.
1209:.
1187:.
1118:.
1091:.
1056:.
1022:.
1000:.
964:.
942::
915:.
893::
867:.
828:.
794:.
754:.
703:.
669:.
642:.
615:.
585:.
553:.
527:.
497:.
475:.
447:.
417:.
257:(
81:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
