1247:
1039:
963:
470:
1165:
1134:
1399:
1340:
1208:
707:
20 degrees away from the sun, and at least 2 degrees above horizon. Nevertheless, following a study of battlefield conditions and aircraft tactics in past conflicts where short-range air defences had been used, it was concluded that conditions allowing the use of such a homing system were common enough to make it a cost-effective design choice and a better trade-off than the only practical alternative available at the time, which was infrared homing restricted to rear-hemisphere engagements.
1235:
808:
703:.: фотоконтрастное наведение). The advantage of photocontrast homing method over traditional heat-seeking homing heads using PbS elements is that it negates the most serious drawback of early-generation IR-homing missiles: complete lack of front-aspect engagement capability against approaching jets. Even early cooled seeker heads had usually only limited forward hemisphere engagement abilities, often reducing to zero in case of jets approaching exactly towards the shooter.
1066:
1052:
1358:
820:
1287:
1079:
1301:
485:) had a zone of reliable target destruction from 900 to 4200 metres. Several western and also some Russian sources give much higher range estimates of 800 to 6500 m (0.5 to 4 miles); these may refer to maximum firing range against an approaching target and minimum against receding, which are obviously larger envelopes as the target only has to reach the intercept zone by the time the missile would reach it.
1182:
913:
1195:
1314:
1274:
1261:
1107:
1025:
57:
1372:
1327:
1120:
927:
886:
844:
1151:
976:
858:
1385:
1093:
1011:
990:
872:
780:
1221:
945:
728:
high as 8000 m (0.35 to 5 miles) in a number of western and also a few
Russian sources, whereas for example Petukhov & Shestov, Lappi, and a number Russian web sources give much more modest performance figures; considering the performance of similar systems, at least an intercept range of 8,000 m seems unlikely for such a small, high-drag missile design.
899:
800:
419:(NATO designation SA-7 "Grail") in the 1960s. At first, both missiles were intended to be man-portable systems, but as it became obvious that the Strela-2 would be far more compact, the development goals of Strela-1 were changed. Instead of a battalion-level man-portable system the new criteria called for a regimental vehicle-mounted SAM to support the
427:
larger diameter of the missile and a blunt seeker head spanning the full width of the missile. With all else being equal, the ability of an optical seeker to detect a target is directly proportional to its diameter, but on the other hand aerodynamic drag increases proportionally to the square of the diameter.
710:
The fact that Strela-1 would be supplemented by IR-homing Strela-2 and radar-controlled ZSU-23-4 self-propelled AA gun system may have influenced the decision in favour of such an unusual homing system. The main advantage of the choice was that it made Strela-1 the only ADA system in the Soviet tank
706:
The new photo-contrast seeker also had serious limits, which came in the form of rather strict meteorological conditions that had to be met to enable the seeker to detect and track the target. It could only engage targets against background conditions of either clear sky or solid overcast, at least
698:
The seeker head of 9M31, however, utilizes the PbS elements differently from usual. Taking advantage of the fact that the clear sky gives strong and constant background emission at below 2 micrometer range, peaking at visual light (0.4 to 0.7 micrometer) wavelengths at which PbS at a temperature of
443:
carries four ready-to fire missiles, but typically no missiles for reloading. Reloading is performed manually and usually takes approximately 5 minutes. The missile boxes are lowered for transport to lower the total height of the vehicle. The driver and commander have periscopes for viewing outside
426:
As a result of the change in role and more relaxed weight limits of a vehicle-mounted SAM, the design team made the 9M31 a much heavier missile, which permitted fewer design compromises than in the case of Strela-2 to achieve acceptable kinematic performance. The most notable difference is the much
430:
The Strela-1 also had a warhead more than twice as heavy as the Strela-2, a proximity fuze, and more effective control surface configuration to provide better maneuverability at the cost of increased drag. The result was a missile four times the weight of Strela-2, with only slightly longer reach,
727:
The new version introduced many incremental improvements in the performance characteristics of the missile: it had a slightly heavier warhead (increased from 2.6 kg to 3 kg), a more accurate guidance system to increase the probability of a hit, and extended range. Range is again reported to be as
670:
The warhead was primarily intended to impact the target directly, and had contact and magnetic fuzes, but also contained a back-up optical proximity fuze to detonate the warhead in case of a near miss. The missile also had an unusual safety mechanism in case of a miss; rather than a self-destruct
686:
on the tailfins are used. In contrast with the rollerons used on some IR guided air-to-air missiles which are spun by the airflow, 9M31 missile uses four wires which are wound on the rollerons' discs, with other end connected to the launch tube. On launch their wires crank the discs to speed.
456:) protection including overpressure. The missiles fold down to the sides of the turret which greatly reduces the height of the vehicle whilst travelling. Each vehicle weighs around 7 tonnes (7.7 short tons) and has a 104 kW (140 hp) engine and a central tire pressure control system.
694:
elements are commonly used to detect radiation at only short wavelengths of less than 2 micrometers. Only very hot objects emit strongly at such short wavelengths, limiting heat-seeking systems using uncooled PbS detector elements to rear-hemisphere engagements against jet targets, although
711:
or motor rifle regiment that could engage approaching targets out to a range of several kilometers – the ZSU being hampered by very short range, and Strela-2 by its limitation to tail-chase engagements of ground attack jets, after the jet had already delivered its attack.
763:
emitted from aircraft, giving the vehicle warning about incoming aircraft and aiding in the acquisition of the target aircraft with the optical system. Typical tactics call for the launch of two missiles against each target to improve the chance of destroying it.
719:
While the 9M31 was accepted to service after state trials in 1968, the trials committee also suggested improvements that should be incorporated into the weapon as soon as possible. As a result of these improvements, the 9M31M "Strela-1M" (US DoD designation
447:
Apart from the new turret, the other major change to the BRDM-2 chassis is the removal of the belly wheels (which are presumably to improve off-road performance). The driver and commander both have infra-red vision systems. The vehicle has standard
3975:
3970:
3356:
699:
295 kelvins still provides a response, the seeker head is used to track the absence of radiation when the target blocks the background. The method is called optical photocontrast homing (
3028:
2663:
1886:
2533:
3980:
2566:
3990:
2905:
2093:
682:
from its rear The main rocket ignites when the missile reaches the wire's end at a few metres distance, and is cut off from it. To achieve roll stabilization, the
1634:
3965:
1558:
1536:
1514:
1492:
695:
propeller-driven aircraft and helicopters can of course be engaged from any direction from which the exhaust or other very hot parts of the engine are visible.
671:
fuze, if the optical fuze didn't detect a target within 13–16 seconds, the warhead safety mechanism would be engaged to prevent its detonation upon impact.
736:
The Strela-1 was deployed in short-range air defense batteries of Soviet motor rifle and tank regiments. The battery consisted of a gun platoon of four
2526:
1404:
1627:
690:
The seeker head is an unusual construction, using uncooled lead sulphide (PbS) detector elements but with an unusual tracking mechanism. Uncooled
1417:
1728:"«Стрела-1» (9К31, SA-9, Gaskin), зенитный ракетный комплекс — ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ, Федеральный электронный справочник вооружения и военной техники"
1875:
1596:
1570:
1463:
1444:
3810:
2519:
2065:
1727:
152:
3557:
3335:
3321:
2086:
624:
4,200 metres (2.6 mi) (sometimes reported also as 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) for 9M31, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) for the 9M31M.)
478:
1548:
1526:
1504:
1482:
1044:
678:
motor, which is ignited a few meters from the launch tube. As the throw-out charge ejects the missile from its canister, it trails a
2436:
1213:
1239:
2046:
968:
2431:
2481:
2079:
1605:
Petukhov, Sergei I., Shestov I.V.: Istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi theniki PVO suhoputnyh voisk Rossii
132:
3985:
2496:
2486:
440:
62:
469:
2491:
488:
The missile is effective against targets receding at a maximum speed of 220 m/s, or approaching at 310 m/s.
2055:
3349:
2198:
2071:
117:
3690:
2620:
2325:
2109:
2511:
2898:
129:
2060:
3680:
3306:
3021:
2656:
2405:
954:
748:
507:
373:
74:
1252:
1174:
1143:
144:
3008:
2851:
3330:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3232:
3176:
3146:
3141:
3101:
3091:
3066:
2451:
3925:
3790:
2542:
1638:
807:
389:
45:
3262:
3247:
3237:
3201:
3126:
3116:
3096:
3056:
2561:
1584:
121:
1731:
136:
751:, and several more (usually three) without any radar system. The radar detection system is the
3930:
3820:
3563:
2984:
2292:
1623:
1592:
1566:
1544:
1522:
1500:
1478:
1459:
1440:
675:
609:
3940:
3935:
3904:
2997:
2846:
1234:
812:
700:
658:
356:
148:
3916:
2865:
3836:
3736:
3622:
3617:
3527:
3477:
2974:
2870:
2376:
2050:
2043:
1456:
Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial
Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017
1437:
Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial
Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994
819:
661:
370:
340:
759:
vehicle giving it 360 degree coverage. This system emits no radar energy but can detect
3772:
3731:
3695:
3665:
3645:
3632:
3627:
3552:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3492:
3482:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3106:
2646:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2580:
2470:
2302:
1422:
1071:
1057:
768:
743:
The Strela-1 platoon contains, in addition to a command vehicle, one TEL fitted with a
253:
3959:
3777:
3497:
3472:
3392:
3374:
3296:
3257:
3242:
3227:
3181:
3136:
3111:
3076:
2969:
2959:
2934:
2924:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2441:
2236:
1345:
744:
125:
3910:
3886:
3761:
3756:
3725:
3720:
3705:
3670:
3655:
3547:
3542:
3517:
3412:
3378:
3316:
2979:
2964:
2939:
2840:
2828:
2713:
2550:
2386:
2241:
2102:
1363:
1292:
1084:
377:
28:
664:
seeker. (sometimes reported also as IR seeker of 1–3 μm and/or 1–5 μm wavelength);
56:
3922:
3900:
3859:
3787:
3782:
3751:
3700:
3685:
3660:
3612:
3386:
3382:
3217:
3166:
3046:
2989:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2929:
2882:
2834:
2446:
2381:
2179:
1306:
760:
642:
412:
The missiles used in this system were developed alongside the ubiquitous Soviet
168:
1295:– Captured several vehicles in Angola and upgraded them, used for training only
3892:
3842:
3805:
3795:
3589:
3537:
3507:
3402:
3397:
3277:
3211:
3206:
3151:
3051:
2888:
2708:
2678:
2066:«Стрела-1» (9К31, SA-9, Gaskin), зенитный ракетный комплекс at «Oружие России»
1187:
918:
453:
449:
416:
3502:
3447:
3422:
3280:
3267:
3252:
3161:
3131:
3121:
3061:
2914:
2149:
2134:
1752:
1200:
779:
3710:
3675:
3650:
3222:
3081:
3071:
1319:
1279:
1266:
1112:
1030:
737:
683:
420:
140:
799:
395:
3895:
3800:
3487:
3156:
2876:
2553:
2287:
1377:
1332:
1125:
932:
891:
849:
828:
413:
404:
amphibious vehicle, mounting two pairs of ready-to-fire 9M31 missiles.
3853:
3607:
3467:
3442:
3437:
3171:
2818:
2546:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2297:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2216:
2106:
1226:
1156:
981:
950:
863:
632:
3,500 metres (11,500 ft) (some sources give also higher figures)
401:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
17:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3848:
3767:
3746:
3741:
3715:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3462:
2823:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2139:
1390:
1349:
1170:
1098:
1016:
995:
936:
904:
824:
818:
806:
798:
778:
468:
365:
196:
1087:– Passed on to the unified German state and retired shortly after
3830:
3640:
3637:
3583:
3573:
3457:
3452:
3325:
3191:
3002:
2919:
2856:
2672:
2630:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2123:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1139:
877:
756:
679:
381:
2515:
2468:
2403:
2323:
2196:
2121:
2075:
1876:"Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente"
691:
477:
According to a number of
Russian sources, the original 9M31 (
1963:
1961:
1959:
998:− 20 in 2002, an unknown number remain in service as of 2024
880:– 60 in 2002, an unknown number remain in service as of 2024
637:
321:
953:– 40 9K31 Strela-1 and 9K35 Strela-10 in service with the
767:
In Russia, the 9K31 Strela-1 system was superseded by the
3976:
Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union
2068:(includes a description of the seeker system in Russian)
740:
Shilkas, and a SAM platoon with four Strela-1 vehicles.
1407:– 100+ launchers in 1992. Passed on to successor states
1173:– 60 in 1992, unknown number operational prior to the
811:
Angolan 9K31 captured by South
African troops during
3971:
Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
2061:Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К31 "Стрела-1" at BRONIA
1060:– 80+ systems in 1992. Passed on to successor states
3819:
3572:
3365:
3348:
3305:
3190:
3037:
3020:
2897:
2655:
2560:
2250:
2209:
649:
636:
628:
616:
604:
587:
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
534:
526:
521:
513:
503:
496:
332:
320:
308:
300:
292:
284:
274:
262:
252:
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
202:
191:
183:
175:
163:
158:
113:
102:
94:
89:
81:
69:
39:
1837:
1722:
1720:
1711:
27:"SA-9" redirects here. For the Apollo flight, see
1439:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.
1458:. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.
755:and consists of four sensors mounted around the
369:) is a highly mobile, short-range, low altitude
1635:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2527:
2087:
1559:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1537:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1515:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1493:International Institute for Strategic Studies
8:
1366:– 430 in 1991. Passed on to successor states
3981:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
1473:Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F. (1992).
674:The missile is propelled by a single-stage
167:OKB-16 design bureau (now the Moscow-based
3991:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
3362:
3034:
2534:
2520:
2512:
2465:
2400:
2320:
2206:
2193:
2118:
2094:
2080:
2072:
1991:
1967:
1938:
1885:(in Italian). No. 4. pp. 50–59.
1591:(15th ed.). Janes Information Group.
1579:Lappi, Ahti: Ilmatorjunta kylmässä sodassa
1477:(5th ed.). Jane's Information Group.
1159:− Captured vehicles used for training only
493:
36:
444:the vehicle when the hatches are closed.
1753:"Anti-aircraft missile system Strela-1"
1615:
1589:Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003
431:but otherwise much better performance.
171:Design Bureau of Precision Engineering)
2044:Federation of American Scientists page
2027:
2003:
1418:1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down
1142:– All destroyed or scrapped after the
827:(licensed built 9K31 Strela-1 using a
1628:Iraqi Armed Forces on the Edge of War
1475:Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93
235:2.3 m (7.5 ft) (travelling)
7:
3966:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons
2015:
1979:
1950:
1921:
1909:
1861:
1849:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
376:system. Originally developed by the
328:10 km/h (6.2 mph) (water)
1543:. London: Routledge. p. 321.
1045:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
326:100 km/h (62 mph) (road)
25:
1214:Palestine Liberation Organization
1397:
1383:
1370:
1356:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1245:
1233:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1163:
1149:
1132:
1118:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1064:
1050:
1037:
1023:
1009:
988:
974:
969:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
961:
943:
925:
911:
897:
884:
870:
856:
842:
454:Nuclear, Biological and Chemical
304:290 litres (77 US gal)
258:5–14 mm (0.20–0.55 in)
243:3 (commander, gunner and driver)
55:
1892:from the original on 2018-06-12
984:− 12 9K31M Strela-1M as of 2024
153:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
107:
1519:The Military Balance 1991-1992
1497:The Military Balance 1989-1990
747:detection system similar to a
388:, it is commonly known by its
278:GAZ 41 V-8 water-cooled petrol
211:7,000 kg (15,000 lb)
203:Specifications (9K31 Strela-1)
1:
831:vehicle instead of a BRDM-2).
823:Missile launch of a Romanian
280:140 hp at 3,400 rpm
63:transporter erector launcher
2199:Armoured personnel carriers
1637:. p. 9. Archived from
724:) entered service in 1970.
551:1.803 m (5.92 ft)
400:. The system consists of a
288:20 hp/t (15 kW/t)
4007:
2326:Infantry fighting vehicles
2110:armoured fighting vehicles
1838:O'Halloran & Foss 2002
1712:O'Halloran & Foss 2002
939:, 48 in service as of 2024
935:− Produced locally as the
34:Vehicle-mounted SAM system
26:
3623:SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal
2477:
2464:
2412:
2399:
2332:
2319:
2205:
2192:
2130:
2117:
1883:Informazioni della Difesa
1874:Francesco Palmas (2012).
1563:The Military Balance 2024
1541:The Military Balance 2011
599:
559:120 mm (4.7 in)
514:Place of origin
364:
360:
316:750 km (470 mi)
296:0.43 m (1.4 ft)
247:
82:Place of origin
54:
1565:. Taylor & Francis.
567:36 mm (1.4 in)
227:2.4 m (7.9 ft)
130:South African Border War
583:3 kg (6.6 lb)
543:30 kg (66 lb)
219:5.8 m (19 ft)
1992:Cullen & Foss 1992
1968:Cullen & Foss 1992
1939:Cullen & Foss 1992
1583:O'Halloran, James C.;
955:Russian Naval Infantry
832:
816:
804:
796:
749:Radar Warning Receiver
508:Surface-to-air missile
491:Surface-to-air missile
474:
374:surface-to-air missile
179:Soviet state factories
3463:SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat
3157:SA-23 Gladiator/Giant
3102:SA-12 Gladiator/Giant
1624:Cordesman, Anthony H.
1521:. London: Brassey's.
1499:. London: Brassey's.
1255:− Passed on to Serbia
1253:Serbia and Montenegro
1175:2011 Libyan civil war
1144:2003 invasion of Iraq
822:
810:
802:
782:
535:Specifications (9M31)
472:
460:Missiles and guidance
293:Ground clearance
145:2003 invasion of Iraq
3986:KB Tochmash products
3883:SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729
3880:SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728
1585:Foss, Christopher F.
1454:Cooper, Tom (2018).
1435:Cooper, Tom (2017).
3843:SSC-2 Salish/Samlet
3747:SS-N-25 Switchblade
3553:SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B
1941:, pp. 134−136.
1864:, pp. 198−199.
1626:(7 February 2003).
722:SA-9B "Gaskin-Mod1"
580:Warhead weight
483:SA-9A "Gaskin-Mod0"
408:Development history
390:NATO reporting name
270:4 × 9M31 (or 9M31M)
46:NATO reporting name
2112:after World War II
2049:2016-08-08 at the
1644:on 9 February 2010
833:
817:
805:
797:
522:Production history
475:
301:Fuel capacity
159:Production history
122:Western Sahara War
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3742:SS-NX-24 Scorpion
3706:SS-N-19 Shipwreck
3656:SS-N-7 Starbright
3344:
3343:
2994:'Avtonomya' IR FF
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2460:
2459:
2395:
2394:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2188:
2187:
1598:978-0-7106-2437-6
1572:978-1-040-05115-3
1465:978-1-911628-18-7
1446:978-1-912174-23-2
676:solid-fuel rocket
668:
667:
610:Solid-fuel rocket
346:
345:
118:Arab–Israeli wars
49:
16:(Redirected from
3998:
3931:SSC-X-9 Stone AN
3889:Klub N/M 3M14/54
3871:SSC-X-5 Scorpion
3752:SS-N-26 Strobile
3711:SS-N-20 Sturgeon
3701:SS-N-18 Stingray
3691:SS-N-16 Stallion
3686:SS-N-15 Starfish
3633:SS-N-5 Sark/Serb
3618:SS-N-3c Shaddock
3564:SS-X-33 Stone AN
3548:SS-X-31 Sickle D
3503:SS-22 Scaleboard
3448:SS-12 Scaleboard
3363:
3273:SA-N-20 Gargoyle
3207:SA-N-2 Guideline
3035:
2998:Hermes A/M/K ATS
2871:AS-X-36 Stone AH
2835:AS-28 Strobile A
2543:NATO designation
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2466:
2401:
2321:
2207:
2194:
2119:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1724:
1715:
1709:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1620:
1602:
1576:
1554:
1532:
1510:
1488:
1469:
1450:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:Republika Srpska
1238:
1237:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1012:
994:
992:
991:
980:
978:
977:
967:
965:
964:
949:
947:
946:
931:
929:
928:
917:
915:
914:
907:– 200 as of 2024
903:
901:
900:
890:
888:
887:
876:
874:
873:
862:
860:
859:
848:
846:
845:
813:Operation Askari
793:
787:
659:Lead(II) sulfide
639:
499:
494:
473:The 9M31 missile
417:9K32M "Strela-2"
371:infra-red guided
368:
362:
323:
149:Syrian Civil War
73:Vehicle-mounted
59:
50:
43:
37:
21:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3866:SSC-4 Slingshot
3822:
3815:
3811:SS-NX-38 Canyon
3757:SS-N-27 Sizzler
3721:SS-N-22 Sunburn
3716:SS-N-21 Sampson
3671:SS-N-12 Sandbox
3608:SS-N-1 Scrubber
3575:
3568:
3543:SS-X-30 Satan 2
3367:
3354:
3351:
3340:
3308:
3301:
3263:SA-N-12 Grizzly
3248:SA-N-9 Gauntlet
3193:
3186:
3152:SA-22 Greyhound
3039:
3026:
3023:
3016:
2975:AT-13 Saxhorn-2
2903:
2900:
2893:
2829:AS-27 Sunburn A
2714:AS-8 Kokon AT-6
2661:
2658:
2651:
2564:
2556:
2540:
2510:
2501:
2473:
2471:Armoured trains
2456:
2408:
2391:
2328:
2307:
2246:
2201:
2184:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2056:Astronautix.com
2051:Wayback Machine
2040:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1599:
1587:, eds. (2002).
1582:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1513:
1507:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1431:
1414:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1357:
1355:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1246:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1162:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1131:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1090:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1008:
1005:
989:
987:
975:
973:
962:
960:
944:
942:
926:
924:
912:
910:
898:
896:
885:
883:
871:
869:
866:− 20 as of 2024
857:
855:
852:– 20 as of 2024
843:
841:
838:
795:
791:
789:
785:
777:
753:9S16 "Flat Box"
734:
717:
662:infrared homing
654:
652:
629:Flight altitude
621:
619:
600:
592:
590:
497:
492:
467:
462:
437:
410:
361:9К31 «Стрела-1»
341:infrared homing
337:
335:
327:
313:
311:
279:
267:
265:
248:
95:In service
90:Service history
65:
42:
40:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876:SSC-6 Sennight
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:SS-29 Sickle C
3535:
3530:
3528:SS-27 Sickle B
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:SS-19 Stiletto
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:SS-X-13 Savage
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3268:SA-N-14 Grouse
3265:
3260:
3258:SA-N-11 Grison
3255:
3253:SA-N-10 Grouse
3250:
3245:
3243:SA-N-8 Gremlin
3240:
3235:
3233:SA-N-6 Grumble
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:SA-20 Gargoyle
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:SA-15 Gauntlet
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:SA-2 Guideline
3049:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2990:AT-16 Scallion
2987:
2985:АТ-15 Springer
2982:
2980:АТ-14 Spriggan
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2866:Kh-74M2 "GZUR"
2863:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:AS-16 Kickback
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:AS-13 Kingbolt
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:14Kh 18Kh RV-1
2669:
2667:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:K-74M2 (R-73M)
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2303:SBA-60K2 Bulat
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 122.
1984:
1982:, p. 321.
1972:
1970:, p. 136.
1955:
1943:
1926:
1924:, p. 386.
1914:
1912:, p. 133.
1902:
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 131.
1842:
1840:, p. 138.
1830:
1828:, p. 372.
1818:
1816:, p. 267.
1806:
1794:
1792:, p. 428.
1782:
1780:, p. 472.
1770:
1768:, p. 343.
1758:
1744:
1716:
1714:, p. 147.
1655:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1555:
1550:978-1857436068
1549:
1533:
1528:978-0080413259
1527:
1511:
1506:978-0080375694
1505:
1489:
1484:978-0710609793
1483:
1470:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:9K35 Strela-10
1420:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1367:
1353:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1242:
1230:
1229:– 200+ in 2002
1216:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1160:
1146:
1129:
1115:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1072:Czech Republic
1061:
1058:Czechoslovakia
1047:
1034:
1020:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
985:
971:
958:
940:
922:
921:– 4 as of 2024
908:
894:
881:
867:
853:
837:
834:
803:Croatian 9K31.
790:
784:
776:
773:
769:9K35 Strela-10
733:
730:
716:
713:
666:
665:
657:photocontrast
655:
650:
647:
646:
640:
638:Maximum speed
634:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
617:
614:
613:
606:
602:
601:
597:
596:
593:
588:
585:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
524:
523:
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
490:
466:
463:
461:
458:
436:
433:
409:
406:
344:
343:
338:
333:
330:
329:
324:
322:Maximum speed
318:
317:
314:
309:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
268:
263:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
71:
67:
66:
60:
52:
51:
48:: SA-9 Gaskin)
41:9K31 Strela-1
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3856:Schuka KSShch
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:SS-N-23B Skif
3735:
3733:
3732:SS-N-23A Skif
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:SS-N-17 Snipe
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:SS-N-14 Silex
3679:
3677:
3676:SS-NX-13 Serb
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:SS-N-8 Sawfly
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:SS-28 Saber 2
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:SS-24 Scalpel
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:SS-17 Spanker
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:SS-15 Scrooge
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:SS-8B Sasin 2
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:SA-N-7 Gadfly
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:SA-N-3 Goblet
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:SA-21 Growler
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:SA-17 Grizzly
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:SA-14 Gremlin
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:SA-10 Grumble
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3013:Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:AT-12 Swinger
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:AT-10 Stabber
2958:
2956:
2955:AT-9 Spiral-2
2953:
2951:
2950:AT-8 Songster
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:AT-5 Spandrel
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:AS-37 BrahMos
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:AS-29 Sizzler
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:AS-X-19 Koala
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:AS-17 Krypton
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:AS-6 Kingfish
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:AS-3 Kangaroo
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:K-77M (R-77M)
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:VPK-3927 Volk
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:, p. 38.
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:, p. 47.
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1804:, p. 80.
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1734:on 2008-08-01
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:United States
1336:
1334:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1254:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
986:
983:
972:
970:
959:
956:
952:
941:
938:
934:
923:
920:
909:
906:
895:
893:
882:
879:
868:
865:
854:
851:
840:
839:
835:
830:
826:
821:
814:
809:
801:
788: Current
781:
774:
772:
770:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:passive radar
741:
739:
731:
729:
725:
723:
714:
712:
708:
704:
702:
696:
693:
688:
685:
681:
677:
672:
663:
660:
656:
648:
644:
641:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
611:
608:single-stage
607:
603:
598:
594:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
509:
506:
502:
495:
489:
486:
484:
480:
471:
464:
459:
457:
455:
451:
445:
442:
434:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
397:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
367:
358:
354:
353:
342:
339:
331:
325:
319:
315:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
273:
269:
261:
257:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:Iran–Iraq War
134:
131:
127:
126:Yugoslav wars
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
47:
38:
30:
19:
3941:Hermes K ATS
3936:Hermes M ATS
3905:SSC-5 Stooge
3837:SSC-1B Sepal
3726:SS-N-23 Skif
3666:SS-N-9 Siren
3518:SS-25 Sickle
3508:SS-23 Spider
3498:SS-21 Scarab
3473:SS-16 Sinner
3458:SS-13 Savage
3418:SS-7 Saddler
3413:SS-6 Sapwood
3398:SS-3 Shyster
3393:SS-2 Sibling
3375:SS-1 Scunner
3326:53T6 Gazelle
3317:ABM-1 Galosh
3297:Palash/Palma
3228:SA-N-5 Grail
3223:SA-N-4 Gecko
3162:SA-24 Grinch
3137:SA-19 Grison
3132:SA-18 Grouse
3122:SA-16 Gimlet
3107:SA-13 Gopher
3097:SA-11 Gadfly
3086:
3072:SA-6 Gainful
2965:AT-11 Sniper
2945:AT-7 Saxhorn
2920:AT-2 Swatter
2915:AT-1 Snapper
2847:Hermes A ATS
2819:AS-26 Kodiak
2786:Kh-59MK2S/69
2734:AS-12 Kegler
2729:AS-11 Kilter
2694:AS-4 Kitchen
2626:AA-11 Archer
2551:Soviet Union
2406:Armored cars
2387:Kurganets-25
2293:BTR Bumerang
2242:Kurganets-25
2030:, p. 16
2023:
2011:
2006:, p. 41
1999:
1987:
1975:
1946:
1917:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1882:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1618:
1588:
1562:
1540:
1518:
1496:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1429:Bibliography
1364:Soviet Union
1293:South Africa
1128:− 28 in 2002
1101:− 20 in 2002
1085:East Germany
1033:– 50 in 2002
794: Former
766:
752:
742:
735:
726:
721:
718:
709:
705:
697:
689:
673:
669:
595:RF Proximity
517:Soviet Union
487:
482:
481:designation
476:
446:
438:
429:
425:
411:
393:
385:
384:designation
378:Soviet Union
351:
349:
347:
285:Power/weight
176:Manufacturer
133:Lebanon wars
106:See list of
103:Used by
98:1968–present
85:Soviet Union
29:A-103 (SA-9)
3907:Bastion P/S
3651:SS-N-6 Serb
3628:SS-N-4 Sark
3613:SS-N-2 Styx
3560:/ HGV Yu-7#
3523:SS-26 Stone
3493:SS-20 Saber
3483:SS-18 Satan
3438:SS-10 Scrag
3403:SS-4 Sandal
3167:SA-29 Gizmo
3087:SA-9 Gaskin
3067:SA-5 Gammon
2940:AT-6 Spiral
2930:AT-4 Spigot
2925:AT-3 Sagger
2885:(Kh-72) ASM
2774:AS-20 Kayak
2764:AS-18 Kazoo
2744:AS-14 Kedge
2724:AS-10 Karen
2684:AS-2 Kipper
2679:AS-1 Kennel
2636:AA-13 Arrow
2631:AA-12 Adder
2621:AA-10 Alamo
2576:AA-1 Alkali
2549:and former
2447:T-98 Kombat
2382:T-15 Armata
2180:T-14 Armata
2028:Cooper 2018
2004:Cooper 2017
1393:− Around 24
1348:− Used for
1307:South Yemen
1019:− 4 in 2002
761:radio waves
618:Operational
530:9M31, 9M31M
363:; English:
310:Operational
169:KB Tochmash
3960:Categories
3860:SSC-3 Styx
3849:P-20 Sokol
3595:P-20 Sokol
3590:KS-1 Komet
3443:SS-11 Sego
3433:SS-9 Scarp
3423:SS-8 Sasin
3408:SS-5 Skean
3352:to-surface
3202:SA-N-1 Goa
3182:Sosna-R/RA
3082:SA-8 Gecko
3077:SA-7 Grail
3062:SA-4 Ganef
3047:SA-1 Guild
2889:BrahMos-II
2749:AS-15 Kent
2709:AS-7 Kerry
2659:to-surface
2611:AA-8 Aphid
2601:AA-6 Acrid
2581:AA-2 Atoll
2562:Air-to-air
2437:GAZ Vodnik
2298:BTR Krymsk
1896:2018-06-12
1738:2008-08-01
1633:(Report).
1610:References
1405:Yugoslavia
1188:Mozambique
957:as of 2024
919:Mauritania
783:Operators
732:Deployment
605:Propellant
589:Detonation
380:under the
3854:SSC-K P-1
3646:D-7 R-15M
3586:15Kh 17Kh
3379:SS-1 Scud
3357:full list
3309:ballistic
3281:Greyhound
3029:full list
2906:full list
2899:Anti-tank
2719:AS-9 Kyle
2699:AS-5 Kelt
2664:full list
2616:AA-9 Amos
2606:AA-7 Apex
2586:AA-3 Anab
2567:full list
2150:T-54/T-55
2016:IISS 1991
1980:IISS 2011
1951:IISS 1989
1922:IISS 2024
1910:IISS 2024
1862:IISS 2024
1850:IISS 2024
1826:IISS 2024
1814:IISS 2024
1802:IISS 2024
1790:IISS 2024
1778:IISS 2024
1766:IISS 2024
1352:exercises
1201:Nicaragua
775:Operators
684:rollerons
591:mechanism
108:operators
3923:SSC-X-15
3917:SSC-X-11
3911:SSC-7/12
3806:SS-NX-37
3788:SS-NX-34
3783:SS-NX-33
3768:SS-NX-28
3762:SS-N-30A
3558:Avangard
3350:Surface-
3212:SA-NX-2C
3057:SA-3 Goa
3022:Surface-
3005:Izd. 305
2859:Izd. 305
2798:Kh-38/36
2596:AA-5 Ash
2591:AA-4 Awl
2554:missiles
2432:GAZ Tigr
2047:Archived
1887:Archived
1561:(2024).
1539:(2011).
1517:(1991).
1495:(1989).
1412:See also
1320:Tanzania
1280:Slovakia
1267:Slovenia
1113:Ethiopia
1031:Bulgaria
738:ZSU-23-4
651:Guidance
564:Wingspan
556:Diameter
527:Variants
421:ZSU-23-4
352:Strela-1
334:Guidance
266:armament
192:Variants
184:Produced
164:Designer
141:Gulf War
3913:3M-80MV
3896:BrahMos
3845:AS/KS-1
3823:to-ship
3801:SS-N-36
3796:SS-N-35
3778:SS-N-32
3773:SS-N-29
3389:/-C/-D)
3366:Ground-
3278:SA-N-21
3038:Ground-
2873:(Kh-76)
2779:AS-X-21
2547:Russian
2482:Yenisei
2452:Typhoon
2288:BTR-152
2251:Wheeled
2210:Tracked
2107:Russian
1648:16 July
1378:Vietnam
1333:Ukraine
1126:Hungary
933:Romania
892:Croatia
850:Algeria
836:Current
829:TABC-79
575:Frag-HE
572:Warhead
435:Vehicle
414:MANPADS
357:Russian
3919:"GZUR"
3901:SSC-10
3893:SSC-13
3887:SSC-14
3862:Rubezh
3584:14KhK1
3574:Naval-
3383:Scud-A
3192:Naval-
3172:Morfey
3024:to-air
2901:guided
2883:Zirkon
2843:Club A
2647:KS-172
2497:Baikal
2427:GAZ-46
2422:BRDM-2
2417:BRDM-1
2283:BPM-97
2278:BTR-90
2273:BTR-80
2268:BTR-70
2263:BTR-60
2258:BTR-40
2217:BTR-50
2103:Soviet
1595:
1569:
1547:
1525:
1503:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1402:
1388:
1375:
1361:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1250:
1227:Poland
1224:
1211:
1198:
1185:
1168:
1157:Israel
1154:
1137:
1123:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1069:
1055:
1042:
1028:
1014:
1003:Former
993:
982:Serbia
979:
966:
951:Russia
948:
930:
916:
902:
889:
875:
864:Angola
861:
847:
792:
786:
653:system
548:Length
479:US DoD
402:BRDM-2
396:Gaskin
394:SA-9 "
336:system
275:Engine
254:Armour
232:Height
216:Length
195:9K31,
77:system
3839:Redut
3821:Ship-
3764:3M-14
3728:R29RM
3576:based
3368:based
3336:A-235
3331:S-500
3322:ABM-3
3307:Anti-
3292:Redut
3194:based
3177:S-350
3040:based
3009:Kh-50
2852:Kh-50
2837:Kh-61
2831:Kh-41
2824:Kh-90
2815:Kh-50
2813:AS-25
2808:Kh-45
2804:Kh-36
2802:AS-24
2796:AS-23
2792:Kh-32
2790:AS-4M
2784:AS-22
2487:Volga
2372:BTR-T
2367:BMD-4
2362:BMD-3
2357:BMD-2
2352:BMD-1
2347:BMP-3
2342:BMP-2
2337:BMP-1
2232:GT-MU
2227:BTR-D
2222:MT-LB
2140:PT-76
2124:Tanks
1890:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1391:Yemen
1350:OPFOR
1171:Libya
1099:Egypt
1017:Benin
996:Syria
937:CA-95
905:India
825:CA-95
715:9M31M
620:range
612:motor
498:9M31
439:Each
366:arrow
350:9K31
312:range
224:Width
197:CA-95
61:9K31
3926:Skif
3831:10Kh
3791:Skif
3641:D-6M
3603:P-47
3600:P-40
3003:LMUR
2857:LMUR
2673:10Kh
2657:Air-
2545:for
2492:Amur
2377:BMPT
2175:T-90
2170:T-80
2165:T-72
2160:T-64
2155:T-62
2145:T-44
2135:T-10
2105:and
1650:2015
1593:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1140:Iraq
878:Cuba
757:BRDM
680:wire
643:Mach
540:Mass
504:Type
465:9M31
386:9K31
382:GRAU
348:The
264:Main
240:Crew
208:Mass
187:1966
114:Wars
70:Type
18:SA-9
3638:D-6
3214:M-3
2237:PTS
701:Rus
692:PbS
645:1.8
450:NBC
441:TEL
75:SAM
3962::
3387:-B
3289:96
3286:9K
2879:AL
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1929:^
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