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558:, was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Goddard Space Flight Center. It collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015, exceeding its intended three year primary mission. Aquarius' mission was to demonstrate that accurate measurements of salinity could be made from space, and was the first spaceborne instrument to use both passive radiometers and active radar in the
606:“The Aquarius sensor collected three years and nine months of valuable data. It was truly a pioneering effort to determine how accurately we could measure ocean salinity from space and for the first time study large and small-scale interactions of the global water cycle.” Aquarius principal investigator Gary Lagerloef of Earth & Space Research, Seattle.
612:
Data from
Aquarius showed how extreme floods affect the seas and how low-salinity river plumes affect hurricane intensity. Aquarius data was important to the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), a year-long international field study of the oceanographic processes that sustain
602:
The
Aquarius instrument's surface salinity measurements contributed to a better understanding of ocean dynamics and advancing climate and ocean models, both from season to season and year to year. The models still are improving El Niño prediction. Aquarius global salinity maps show how freshwater
624:
On 7 June 2015 at 12:53:17 UTC, telemetry indicated a failure of the spacecraft's Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU), causing loss of onboard power regulation and attitude stabilization. While efforts were made to recover the spacecraft, the mission was declared over on 8 June.
551:). It carried five Earth observation instruments (NASA, CONAE, CSA, ASI), two space science instruments (CNES), a data collection instrument (CONAE), and a technology demonstration system (CONAE).
20:
519:. SAC-D was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 10 June 2011, with a planned mission life of five years. Due to a power system failure, the mission was ended on 8 June 2015.
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Aquarius provided information into the natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice, which influences ocean circulation, weather and climate.
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7320-10C on 10 June 2011 at 14:20:13 UTC. The launch was delayed from May 2010 because development of the spacecraft was taking longer than expected.
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plumes coming from the mouth of large rivers and the precipitation and evaporation over the oceans affect the salinity structure of the ocean.
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The
Aquarius instrument successfully achieved its science objectives and completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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and ocean circulation. Project scientists later derived a method of pulling soil moisture data from
Aquarius' radiometer.
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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the maximum surface salinities in the central subtropical North
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SAC-D was an international collaboration between the space agencies of
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1192:"International Spacecraft Carrying NASA's Aquarius Instrument Ends Operations"
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Collection of data provided by platforms on Earth. Compatible with
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Influence of Space
Radiation on Advanced Components-New Generation
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Influence of Space
Radiation on Advanced Components-New Generation
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891:"SAC-D (Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas-D)/Aquarius Mission"
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Part of CARMEN-1 mission; study of particles and debris in space
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1037:"Farewell Aquarius as SAC-D spacecraft concludes its mission"
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Measurement of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere
1002:"International ocean research observatory fails in orbit"
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2.7 × 5.0 m (8.9 × 16.4 ft)
1140:"NASA's 'Age of Aquarius' Dawns With California Launch"
19:
For the Senate Appropriations Committee - Defense, see
1190:
Brown, Dwayne; Gran, Rani; Buis, Alan (17 June 2015).
1163:"Ocean-watching satellite facing delays in Argentina"
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1115:Lagerloef, Gary; Torrusio, Sandra (18 June 2015).
1088:"Aquarius/SAC-D: Sea Surface Salinity from Space"
950:"ULA Delta II launches with the SAC-D spacecraft"
119:Final: 3 years, 11 months, 28 days
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806:Orbital System for an Active Detection of Debris
470:Orbital System for an Active Detection of Debris
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1035:Graham, William; Bergin, Chris (17 June 2015).
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706:imagery, determination of sea temperatures
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1138:Buis, Alan; Cole, Steve (10 June 2011).
770:Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmosphere
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454:Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmosphere
1618:Complejo Argentino de Acceso Al Espacio
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497:Satellite for Scientific Applications-D
1597:Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB)
493:Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas-D
1556:Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo
7:
1065:"Aquarius/SAC-D onboard instruments"
503:after its primary instrument, is an
1161:Clark, Stephen (26 December 2009).
794:Part of CARMEN-1 mission; study of
755:Technology demonstration involving
749:Technological Demonstration Package
446:Technological Demonstration Package
381:17 December 2015, 15:47:23 UTC
924:"Press Kit: Aquarius/SAC-D Launch"
554:The spacecraft's main instrument,
535:, with participation from Brazil (
14:
321:7,031.6 km (4,369.2 mi)
142:Small Satellite Standard Platform
16:Argentine Earth science satellite
948:Graham, William (10 June 2011).
853:Ocean Surface Topography Mission
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1000:Clark, Stephen (17 June 2015).
798:and its effects on electronics
693:New Infrared Sensor Technology
422:New Infrared Sensor Technology
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1:
351:654.7 km (406.8 mi)
341:652.2 km (405.3 mi)
160:1,350 kg (2,977 lb)
2551:Earth observation satellites
1602:Polo Espacial de Punta Indio
1428:Centauro (Alfa, Beta, Gamma)
38:Artist's impression of SAC-D
2541:Spacecraft launched in 2011
858:Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)
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1093:. NASA/University of Maine
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582:NASA launched SAC-D from
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1272:Argentina space program
897:. European Space Agency
714:High Sensitivity Camera
588:Space Launch Complex 2W
430:High Sensitivity Camera
732:Data Collection System
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438:Data Collection System
241:United Launch Alliance
197:10 June 2011, 14:20:13
1571:Las Palmas, Argentina
1119:. University of Maine
620:Failure of spacecraft
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296:Reference system
201:2011-06-10UTC14:20:13
132:Spacecraft properties
1678:Orbital launches in
1566:CELPA (Mar Chiquita)
724:, fires, and lights
675:Microwave Radiometer
414:Microwave Radiometer
1561:CELPA (El Chamical)
843:2011 in spaceflight
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981:. 17 December 2015
975:"Aquarius - Orbit"
835:Spaceflight portal
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291:Orbital parameters
263:Spacecraft failure
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929:. NASA. June 2011
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499:), also known as
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53:Earth observation
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2024:Globalstar M089
2020:Globalstar M081
2016:Globalstar M085
2012:Globalstar M091
2008:Globalstar M088
2004:Globalstar M083
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2420:Compass-IGSO5
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2233:GLONASS-M 742
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2193:IGS Optical 4
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2141:Shijian XI-04
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2058:Shijian XI-02
2056:
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2053:Compass-IGSO4
2051:
2049:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Tianlian I-02
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:Shijian XI-03
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:Soyuz TMA-02M
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1908:
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1841:Resourcesat-2
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1831:Compass-IGSO3
1829:
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1398:E/SABIA-Mar 1
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1279:Organisations
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1223:SAC-D website
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1218:
1217:SAC-D website
1215:
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1210:
1193:
1186:
1184:
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1168:
1164:
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1038:
1031:
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1025:
1023:
1019:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
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979:Heavens Above
976:
970:
967:
955:
951:
944:
941:
925:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
896:
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619:
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557:
552:
550:
547:) and Italy (
546:
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196:
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108:
104:
100:
96:
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82:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
2520:
2480:
2468:
2464:NigComSat-1R
2369:Soyuz TMA-22
2367:
2243:Eutelsat 16A
2174:Zhongxing-1A
2146:
2139:
2135:Ekspress-AM4
2110:NigeriaSat-X
2106:NigeriaSat-2
1982:
1936:
1929:
1888:
1825:Soyuz TMA-21
1823:
1783:
1755:
1748:
1542:Launch sites
1436:Orión (1, 2)
1414:Launch Fleet
1345:
1196:. Retrieved
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1095:. Retrieved
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
983:. Retrieved
978:
969:
957:. Retrieved
953:
943:
931:. Retrieved
899:. Retrieved
894:
740:Argos system
636:Abbreviation
623:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
581:
553:
526:
500:
496:
484:
483:
371:97.8 minutes
361:98.0 degrees
327:Eccentricity
268:Last contact
147:Manufacturer
107:conae.gov.ar
48:Mission type
2434:IGS Radar 3
2399:Kosmos 2478
2350:Fobos-Grunt
2345:Kosmos 2477
2341:Kosmos 2476
2337:Kosmos 2475
2256:VesselSat-1
2238:Intelsat 18
2229:Kosmos 2474
2179:Kosmos 2473
2126:AprizeSat-6
2122:AprizeSat-5
2097:Hai Yang 2A
1957:Kosmos 2472
1947:ChinaSat 10
1905:Telstar 14R
1789:Explorer-1
1768:Kosmos 2471
1738:Kosmos 2470
1712:Kounotori 2
1621: [
1512:Tronador II
1198:18 December
1123:18 December
1097:18 December
1071:18 December
1046:18 December
985:18 December
959:18 December
933:18 December
901:18 December
720:Imaging of
629:Instruments
564:water cycle
543:), France (
539:), Canada (
523:Description
395:Instruments
357:Inclination
271:8 June 2015
224:Launch site
194:Launch date
176:1,362 watts
157:Launch mass
2535:Categories
2482:Meridian 5
2363:Tian Xun-1
2321:Shenzhou 8
2286:AubieSat-1
2213:QuetzSat 1
2208:Tiangong-1
2184:Arabsat 5C
2087:JCSAT-110R
1879:Meridian 4
1549:Historical
1482:Tronador I
1402:F/ALSAT-2)
1300:Satellites
864:References
684:Radiometry
495:, meaning
300:Geocentric
275:2015-06-09
237:Contractor
228:Vandenberg
165:Dimensions
2476:Ziyuan-1C
2404:Yaogan 13
2393:Curiosity
2384:AsiaSat 7
2359:Yaogan 12
2354:Yinghuo-1
2158:September
2092:Paksat-1R
1989:Raffaello
1854:Yahsat 1A
1440:Canopus (
1432:Proson-M1
1421:Completed
1333:Pehuensat
1307:Completed
1172:6 January
667:research
590:aboard a
511:built by
509:satellite
505:Argentine
310:Low Earth
75:2011-024A
69:COSPAR ID
2413:December
2330:November
2267:ViaSat-1
2203:TacSat-4
2079:Astra 1N
2048:Spektr-R
2038:KazSat-2
1858:New Dawn
1845:YouthSat
1762:Leonardo
1731:February
1525:Projects
1500:ORBIT (I
1497:FAS 1500
1477:Gradicom
1457:Castor A
1350:Aquarius
1326:BugSat 1
1225:by INVAP
1219:by CONAE
895:eoPortal
821:See also
783:ICARE-NG
704:Infrared
665:salinity
654:Aquarius
645:Purpose
642:Operator
592:Delta II
556:Aquarius
501:Aquarius
459:ICARE-NG
405:Aquarius
331:0.000181
260:Disposal
219:7320-10C
217:Delta II
58:Operator
2459:ELISA 4
2455:ELISA 3
2451:ELISA 2
2447:ELISA 1
2429:Luch 5A
2304:M-Cubed
2222:October
2169:GRAIL-B
2165:GRAIL-A
2083:BSAT-3c
2043:USA-232
2029:GSAT-12
1984:STS-135
1962:USA-231
1942:Rasad 1
1890:STS-134
1884:USA-230
1836:USA-229
1808:USA-227
1803:USA-226
1793:KySat-1
1757:STS-133
1743:USA-225
1707:USA-224
1695:January
1590:Current
1503:II LSA)
1491:Planned
1377:ARSAT-3
1370:Planned
1313:ARSAT (
1291:CITEDEF
1231:by NASA
1146:10 June
1067:. CONAE
1011:18 June
848:Jason-1
722:aurorae
489:Spanish
273: (
199: (
102:Website
90:SATCAT
2425:Amos-5
2298:DICE-2
2292:DICE-1
2252:SRMSAT
2118:EduSAT
2102:Sich 2
2067:August
1993:PSSC-2
1895:AMS-02
1797:Hermes
1687:2012 →
1672:← 2010
1611:Future
1382:SAOCOM
1356:SAOCOM
1336:SAC (A
1194:. NASA
1142:. NASA
696:CONAE
663:Ocean
570:Launch
560:L band
401:
367:Period
306:Regime
231:SLC-2W
213:Rocket
205:
2310:RAX-2
2261:Jugnu
2188:SES-2
2130:BPA-2
2114:RASAT
2034:SES-3
1937:SAC-D
1899:ELC-3
1849:X-Sat
1817:April
1785:Glory
1777:March
1625:]
1532:VS-30
1507:T4000
1462:Tauro
1452:Rigel
1396:SAC (
1330:MuSat
1091:(PDF)
927:(PDF)
803:SODAD
752:CONAE
735:CONAE
717:CONAE
690:NIRST
679:CONAE
529:CONAE
517:CONAE
513:INVAP
485:SAC-D
467:SODAD
419:NIRST
377:Epoch
173:Power
151:INVAP
97:37673
62:CONAE
27:SAC-D
2443:SSOT
2074:Juno
1971:July
1923:June
1910:ST-2
1721:Kedr
1680:2011
1200:2015
1174:2010
1148:2011
1125:2015
1099:2015
1073:2015
1048:2015
1013:2015
987:2015
961:2015
935:2015
903:2015
810:CNES
790:CNES
767:ROSA
659:NASA
639:Name
545:CNES
537:INPE
533:NASA
531:and
451:ROSA
2281:NPP
2167:,
1872:May
1751:ATV
1393:2B)
774:ASI
757:GPS
746:TDP
729:DCS
711:HSC
699:CSA
672:MWR
586:'s
549:ASI
541:CSA
443:TDP
435:DCS
427:HSC
411:MWR
207:UTC
138:Bus
92:no.
2537::
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2502:,
2498:,
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2120:,
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2081:,
2036:,
2022:,
2018:,
2014:,
2010:,
2006:,
1991:,
1912:,
1897:,
1856:,
1847:,
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1791:,
1787:,
1623:es
1444:,
1390:2A
1386:1B
1360:1A
1182:^
1165:.
1107:^
1056:^
1039:.
1021:^
1004:.
977:.
952:.
911:^
893:.
872:^
491::
2395:)
2391:(
2085:/
1995:)
1987:(
1901:)
1893:(
1764:)
1760:(
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989:.
963:.
937:.
905:.
650:—
487:(
277:)
203:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
