468:(MARC) working on Project Wizard. Wizard was based on a high performance missile, existing only on paper, able to intercept missiles travelling at up to 4,000 mph (6,400 km/h) at altitudes up to 500,000 ft (150 km). Wizard had also put considerable thought into the problem of early detection and communications needed for interceptions that lasted only minutes. The combination of the two teams, from Boeing and MARC, resulted in the new BOMARC name. At the time the Air Force considered missiles to be unmanned aircraft, and assigned the new missile the "F-99" name, considering its role to be the same as a
456:, the Boeing Electronic Analog Computer, was developed in 1949 in Seattle to aid calculations in the GAPA project. BEAC proved so useful that other divisions within the company started asking for time on the system. This led the Physical Research Unit to build further examples of improved models of BEAC for the Acoustics and Electrical Department, Aerodynamics, Power Plant, Mechanical Equipment and Structures Department. Given the success of the BEAC design, the company began to offer it commercially in 1950. Sales continued through the 1950s.
522:
31:
496:
There were three main models of the GAPA vehicle, and their layout differed considerably. All were "missile like" with four cropped-delta fins at the extreme rear of a cylindrical fuselage capped with an ogive nose cone. Aerodynamic lift for control was provided by a long wing running along the upper
305:
means that when shells reach their targets they are randomly distributed in space. This distribution is much larger than the lethal radius of the shells, so the chance that any one shell will successfully hit the target is very small. Successful anti-aircraft gunnery therefore requires as many rounds
508:
signal that is pointed directly at the target. This system allows a single powerful radar to act as both the tracking and guidance system. However, beam riding also means that the missile has to fly directly at its target, and therefore cannot "lead" it to a calculated intercept point. This means of
423:
determined that each branch of the armed forces would conduct missile development according to its mission and handed the Army control of all short-range air defences, whether missile or gun. GAPA was cancelled outright, and a new contract for a much longer-range weapon was created under MX-1599. To
313:
Flying faster means that the aircraft passes through the range of a gun more rapidly, reducing the number of rounds a particular gun can fire at that aircraft. Flying at higher altitudes has a similar effect, as it requires larger shells to reach those altitudes, and this typically results in slower
376:
was selected to build solid-fuel boosters, while Boeing tried a wide variety of engine designs for the upper stage. The first test shot of an unguided GAPA airframe design took place on 13 June 1946 from a 100 ft × 100 ft (30 m × 30 m) launch pad at the World War II
347:
had reached the same conclusion as their German counterparts; flak was simply no longer useful. Accordingly, in
February 1944 the Army Ground Forces sent the Army Service Forces (ASF) a request for information on the possibility of building a "major caliber anti-aircraft rocket torpedo". The ASF
322:
Of the many programs that resulted, the designs fell into two categories. One used a high-speed missile that flew directly up at the target. With enough speed the missile did not have to "lead" the target by a great amount, as the bomber moved only a short distance in the time between launch and
318:
basically double the speed and altitude of conventional designs, so limiting the number of shells that the chance of hitting the bomber essentially dropped to zero. As early as 1942, German flak commanders were keenly aware of the problem, and expecting to face jet bombers, they began a missile
351:
The introduction of German jet-powered bombers late in 1944 led to a re-evaluation of this policy, and on 26 January 1945 the Army Chief of
Ordnance issued a requirement for a new guided missile weapon system. Like the German efforts, the Army designs quickly fell into two groups, high-speed
487:
missile, which offered high supersonic speeds, intercept altitudes as high as 100,000 ft (30 km), and ranges on the order of 75 mi (121 km). Although Bomarc's range was much greater than
Hercules, the mission of protecting cities was adequately served, and Hercules was
497:
surface of the fuselage, only slightly wider that the body. The wing tapered to a point just behind the nose cone. The booster was about the same length as the missile, although slightly larger in diameter and featuring much larger cropped-delta fins.
257:, the first Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) in the 1947 tri-service designation system. By 1950, over 100 test rockets had been launched using a variety of configurations and power plants, with one launch in 1949 setting the altitude record for a
323:
interception. A second class used aircraft-like designs that were first boosted to altitude in front of the bombers, then flew at them on intercept courses at much lower speeds. These were essentially radio-guided drone versions of the
1677:
477:
396:. In early 1948 the USAF was "ready to buy complete GAPA missiles for test and training purposes, guidance components were not available", and of the planned $ 5.5 million for GAPA, only $ 3 million was provided in July 1948.
509:
guidance is generally inefficient as it requires the missile to continue maneuvering throughout the approach as the radar is moved to continue tracking the target. This can be significant in the case of high-speed aircraft.
419:(DoD) saw no need for two systems with similar performance, and inter-service fighting since the 1948 creation of the Air Force was a constant problem for the DoD. They eventually decided the matter in 1949 when the
411:
powered Model 602 first flew on 14 November 1947, and a liquid-fuel rocket Model 601 on 12 March 1948. By the end of the test program in 1950, 114 launches were carried out, with the last on 15 August 1950.
1667:
385:. These early "Model 600" designs were for aerodynamic testing only, and used solid fuel in both stages. Over the following two week period, a total of 38 launches were conducted, ending on 1 July.
372:
Although GAPA was based on similar principles as earlier German designs, it evolved into an entirely different concept; GAPA designs were long and thin and looked like missiles, not aircraft.
415:
By 1949 the performance of the competing Nike design had demonstrated capabilities similar to GAPA, at about 25 miles (40 kilometres), and was much closer to being ready for deployment. The
483:
Bomarc development dragged on, and by 1956, less than 25 test launches had taken place, many of them failures. By this point, the Army had begun early production of its greatly improved
985:
306:
to be fired as possible, increasing the chances that one of the rounds will get a "hit". German gunners estimated that an average of 2,800 shells were required to down a single
1123:
352:
line-of-sight weapons for short ranges, and airplane-like systems that flew at lower speeds but offered longer range. Eventually two such programs were selected;
1436:
392:
in
October, Boeing reported the range of the system at 30 miles (48 kilometres). The need for a 50-mile range, Mach 0.9 version was identified for the
348:
concluded that it was simply too early to tell if this was possible, and suggested concentrating on a program of general rocket development instead.
1054:
465:
277:
992:
464:
The new MX-1599 also ran into development and funding problems, and repeated early history when the project was joined by the team from the
911:
416:
100:
748:
1116:
1429:
837:
1101:
887:
1091:
888:
Buildings 107, 289, and 291 Demolition HABS/HAER Architectural
Assessment, Holloman Air Force Base, Otero County, New Mexico
343:
for much of the war and development of new anti-aircraft systems was not as urgent. Nevertheless, by the mid-war period the
30:
452:, Boeing Electro-Mechanical Analog Computer, which was used for various calculations and aerodynamic research. The second,
389:
1132:
1109:
246:
272:
system, and was eventually cancelled in favour of Nike for deployment. The GAPA work was later re-used by the Boeing and
1422:
904:
1414:
488:
dramatically simpler, cheaper and more reliable (Bomarc was estimated to be ready to fire 25% of the time or less).
991:(Report). Vol. ADC Historical Study No. 14. Historical Division, Office of information, HQ ADC. Archived from
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1445:
404:
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238:
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led development of an aircraft-like longer range system, GAPA, designated project MX-606.
340:
269:
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Boeing built two computers to aid with development of the GAPA effort. The first was the
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1038:
Directory of U.S. Military
Rockets and Missiles Appendix 1: Early Missiles and Drones
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473:
285:
281:
54:
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guidance, in which the missile attempts to keep itself centred in the middle of a
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307:
204:
35:
Final check of Model 601 prior to launching at
Holloman Air Force Base, c. 1949.
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1363:
1358:
1353:
1169:
1056:
The development of ballistic missiles in the United States Air Force 1944-1950
315:
526:
Alamogorda launch site map (p. 18) & "GAPA Model 601" on launcher (p. 20)
353:
928:
403:
was instructed to buy 70 test vehicles. Over 74 launches took place at the
356:, a world leader in radar, radio control and automated aiming systems (see
373:
344:
472:. This was later changed to "Interceptor Missile", IM-99. and finally
408:
361:
284:
for the Air Force. The Bomarc would end up competing with the Army's
258:
242:
1678:
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
478:
1963 United States Tri-Service missile and drone designation system
360:) won the contract for a short-range weapon known as Project Nike.
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firing rates for a variety of practical reasons. Aircraft using
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1105:
436:, which was being ended in favour of a more advanced system,
186:
1062:. USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Archived from
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717:
605:
603:
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Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States
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642:
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261:powered vehicle at 59,000 ft (18,000 m).
215:
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946:Federation of American Scientists (29 June 1999).
582:"Boeing: GAPA (Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft)"
424:keep GAPA development alive in the meantime, the
1135:missile and guided bomb designations, 1941–1947
1017:Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
407:beginning on 23 July 1947 (the 39th launch). A
191:1,500 mph (2,400 km/h; Mach 2.0)
1084:Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945
253:after 1948. It was given the reference number
1430:
1117:
933:. Redstone Arsenal: U.S. Army Missile Command
280:to develop a much longer-ranged missile, the
8:
319:development program to supplant their guns.
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1510:
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1124:
1110:
1102:
930:History of the Nike Hercules Weapon System
288:, and was deployed only in small numbers.
29:
18:
1448:rocket and missile designations 1947–1951
633:
621:
609:
986:History of Air Defense Weapons 1946–1962
813:
801:
777:
765:
735:
723:
708:
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684:
1013:"Boeing F-99/IM-69/IM-99/CIM-10 Bomarc"
561:
264:GAPA faced strong competition from the
972:
962:
905:GAPA: Holloman's First Missile Program
568:
511:
115:2,000 pounds (910 kg) w/o booster
984:McMullen, Richard (25 January 1980).
868:
648:
466:Michigan Aeronautical Research Center
278:Michigan Aeronautical Research Center
241:(SAM) developed in the late 1940s by
7:
912:Air Force Missile Development Center
789:
672:
660:
405:Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base
123:21 ft (6.4 m) w/o booster
914:: Historical Branch. IRIS 00169113
379:Wendover Bombing and Gunnery Range
14:
948:"Nike Ajax (SAM-A-7) (MIM-3, 3A)"
390:President's Air Policy Commission
520:
231:Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft
1086:. University Press of Kansas.
339:The western allies maintained
331:carrying very large warheads.
181:59,000 ft (18,000 m)
1:
1133:United States Army Air Forces
957:Los Pinetos Nike Missile Site
826:Small, James (17 June 2013).
247:United States Army Air Forces
749:"Rocket Trials Center Moved"
428:re-directed funding from an
394:"interim" air defense system
158:Booster: Solid-fueled rocket
1326:* Design Concepts not Built
903:Bushnell (25 August 1986).
832:Routledge. pp. 47–48.
829:The Analogue Alternative...
381:on the western edge of the
301:The inherent inaccuracy of
1694:
1082:Westerman, Edward (2001).
755:. 24 July 1947. p. 6.
107:Specifications (Model 603)
1040:. designation-systems.net
1019:. designation-systems.net
955:"Historical background".
519:
143:
51:Place of origin
28:
1032:Parsch, Andreas (2004).
1011:Parsch, Andreas (2002).
894:(Report). Archived from
131:10 in (250 mm)
1446:United States Air Force
1053:Rosenberg, Max (1964).
303:anti-aircraft artillery
251:United States Air Force
173:31 mi (50 km)
78:United States Air Force
430:anti-ballistic missile
239:surface-to-air missile
139:9 ft (2.7 m)
45:Surface-to-air missile
16:Surface-to-air missile
1034:"Boeing SAM-A-1 GAPA"
892:HAFB Report #1996-006
753:Eugene Register-Guard
421:Joint Chiefs of Staff
417:Department of Defense
383:Bonneville Salt Flats
927:Cagle, Mary (1973).
401:Air Materiel Command
399:At the end of 1948,
329:interceptor aircraft
325:Messerschmitt Me 163
237:) was a short-range
1069:on 16 February 2013
871:, pp. 144–148.
388:In a report to the
210:Active radar homing
1530:Surface-to-surface
908:(Scribd.com image)
898:on 12 August 2013.
266:United States Army
84:Production history
1653:
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1570:
1569:
1502:
1501:
1412:
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998:on 6 January 2014
816:, pp. 90–91.
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530:
358:Hendrik Wade Bode
327:rocket-propelled
227:
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155:Sustainer: Ramjet
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687:, pp. 1–2.
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335:US Army program
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249:, and then the
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66:In service
61:Service history
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634:Westerman 2001
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624:, p. 197.
622:Westerman 2001
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610:Rosenberg 1964
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545:SA-2 Guideline
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515:External image
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438:Project Wizard
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274:Project Wizard
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23:SAM-A-1 GAPA
20:
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1454:Air-launched
1312:
1142:Bomb gliders
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1055:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
1000:. Retrieved
993:the original
956:
935:. Retrieved
929:
916:. Retrieved
896:the original
891:
886:ACC (1996).
879:Bibliography
864:
855:
843:. Retrieved
828:
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780:, p. 3.
773:
768:, p. 2.
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276:team at the
270:Nike missile
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97:Manufacturer
74:Used by
1614:Rocket test
1582:Launch test
1170:Glide bombs
973:|work=
859:Parsch 2002
569:Parsch 2004
502:beam riding
492:Description
316:jet engines
308:Boeing B-17
297:German work
205:Beam riding
203:Midcourse:
167:Operational
1662:Categories
1461:Air-to-air
1093:0700614206
1073:1 February
1044:1 February
910:(Report).
869:Cagle 1973
649:Cagle 1973
592:31 January
586:boeing.com
551:References
500:GAPA used
208:Terminal:
1276:Jet bombs
1002:1 January
975:ignored (
965:cite book
937:1 January
918:11 August
790:HAER 1966
556:Citations
476:when the
432:program,
354:Bell Labs
69:1946-1950
845:9 August
673:ACC 1996
661:FAS 1999
534:See also
245:for the
219:platform
197:Guidance
136:Wingspan
128:Diameter
89:Designed
1641:RTV-A-5
1636:RTV-A-4
1631:RTV-A-3
1626:RTV-A-2
1621:RTV-A-1
1605:PTV-A-1
1589:LTV-A-1
1562:SSM-A-6
1557:SSM-A-5
1552:SSM-A-4
1547:SSM-A-3
1542:SSM-A-2
1537:SSM-A-1
1521:SAM-A-1
1494:ASM-A-2
1489:ASM-A-1
1473:AAM-A-2
1468:AAM-A-1
959:. 1966.
374:Aerojet
345:US Army
292:History
255:SAM-A-1
1673:Boeing
1090:
836:
588:. 2014
460:Bomarc
409:ramjet
362:Boeing
259:ramjet
243:Boeing
217:Launch
199:system
149:Engine
120:Length
101:Boeing
1404:VB-13
1399:VB-12
1394:VB-11
1389:VB-10
1321:JB-10
1317:JB-9*
1309:JB-7*
1306:JB-6*
1303:JB-5*
1248:GB-15
1243:GB-14
1238:GB-13
1233:GB-12
1228:GB-11
1223:GB-10
1067:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
1023:8 May
996:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
506:radar
450:BEMAC
169:range
1384:VB-9
1379:VB-8
1374:VB-7
1369:VB-6
1364:VB-5
1359:VB-4
1354:VB-3
1349:VB-2
1344:VB-1
1313:JB-8
1299:JB-4
1294:JB-3
1289:JB-2
1284:JB-1
1266:GT-1
1218:GB-9
1213:GB-8
1208:GB-7
1203:GB-6
1198:GB-5
1193:GB-4
1188:GB-3
1183:GB-2
1178:GB-1
1160:BG-3
1155:BG-2
1150:BG-1
1088:ISBN
1075:2014
1046:2014
1025:2014
1004:2014
977:help
939:2014
920:2013
847:2013
834:ISBN
651:, I.
594:2014
454:BEAC
368:GAPA
235:GAPA
229:The
112:Mass
92:1946
41:Type
268:'s
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