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radar with a 3-metre dish, providing a resolution of about 50 centimetres over a frame size of 5.5 km on a side ("spotlight mode", in which the satellite rotates to keep the dish pointed at a single target) or about 1 metre over a frame size of 8 km Ă 60 km ("stripmap mode",
216:
SAR imaging modes provided: stripmap and spotlight. Stripmap imaging involves antenna pointing into a fixed direction (normally in cross-track). Internally, these modes are referred to as âStrip-SARâ and âSlip-SARâ. Strip-SAR observations are conducted in the nadir direction. In Slip-SAR mode, the
187:
Prior to an image acquisition, the satellite rolls in an appropriate position and stabilizes its attitude. Then, the SAR image is acquired. After that, the satellite rolls back into its standby attitude and continues to charge its batteries, preparing itself for the next SAR image acquisition.
109:
on 19 December 2006, about a year after the intended launch date; four more satellites were launched at roughly six-month intervals, and the entire system achieved full operational readiness on 22 July 2008. The constellation is planned for 10 years of operational life.
224:
Satellite operations permit âspotlight imagingâ of a scene. This involves rotation of the entire spacecraft about a target area to increase the integration time of the scene (the SAR beacon is pointable). In SAR-Lupe terminology, spotlight imaging is referred to as
220:
Spatial resolution of SAR data: 0.5 m in spotlight mode for a scene of about 5.5 km Ă 5.5 km in size; a stripmap scene has a size of 60 km Ă 8 km. It can provide NESZ (noise equivalent sigma naught) range up to
500:
A replacement of SAR-Lupe, called SARah, entered service starting from 2022. It will consist of 2 radar satellites and one optical satellite. The SARah satellites are bigger and more capable than those of SAR-Lupe. SARah-1, a
118:
in which the satellite maintains a fixed orientation over the Earth, and the radar image is formed simply by the satellite's motion along its orbit). Response time for imaging of a given area is 10 hours or less.
834:
234:
The following additional products can also be generated: a) elevation models from multipass interferometric products, b) multipass stereo products, c) change detection products, d) products with enhanced radiometric
183:(TWT) transmitter, illuminated by a feed horn on a deployable boom. The highly efficient TWT and a low-loss high-gain antenna are providing good power potential for radar with efficient DC power utilization.
655:
98:
SAR-Lupe's "high-resolution" images can be acquired day or night through all weather conditions. The satellites are able to provide up-to-date imagery from almost all regions of the world.
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820:
1555:
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instead of an active beam-steering antenna represented a major cost saving in the development of the instrument. SAR-Lupe uses a single-beam offset reflector antenna and a
69:, which are controlled by a ground station responsible for controlling the system and analysing the retrieved data. A large data archive of images will be kept in a former
213:
The modular interface design of the ground segment permits also future integration into an international reconnaissance network (mutual utilization of the system, etc.).
210:
The mean response time of the system is in the range of 10 hours. System availability is provided by the distribution of the satellites in their orbital planes.
659:
513:, were launched on Falcon 9 on 24 December 2023. Both satellites experienced antenna deployment failures after launch, rendering them inoperable. As a result,
1545:
1535:
755:
711:
1540:
141:, whose orbit is reasonably close to the one the satellite will eventually be in. One-metre resolution at the ISS was apparently achieved.
781:
231:
The main image products are: 1) stripmap scenes of size 60 km Ă 8 km, and 2) square scenes of 5.5 km Ă 5.5 km in size.
1510:
795:
217:
entire spacecraft is rotated into the direction of the target to increase the integration time and therefore the in-track resolution.
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XSAR of SAR-Lupe is observing in X-band (center frequency of 9.65 GHz corresponding to a wavelength of 3.1 cm).
902:
897:
138:
925:
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optical reconnaissance satellite will operate jointly. Other EU countries have been invited to join as well, and
1420:
1233:
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1081:
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54:
50:
570:
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Use of a parabolic SAR reflector antenna of 3.3 m Ă 2.7 m size. The choice of using a single-beam
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on 18 June 2022. SARah-2 and SARah-3, passive-antenna synthetic aperture radar satellites built by
287:
176:
119:
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The five satellites operate in three 500-kilometre orbits in planes roughly 60° apart. They use an
102:
656:"Successful Launch Of Sar-lupe Satellite, With Thales Alenia Space's SAR Sensor Electronics Units"
930:
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The testing of SAR-Lupe involved an inverse procedure, in which the satellite, mounted in a
58:
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Automated monitoring and control of the constellation via a ground control station.
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officials state that OHB is responsible for building two replacement satellites.
1371:
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756:"Two of the German military's new spy satellites appear to have failed in orbit"
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An onboard image storage capability of 128 Gbit (EOL) is provided.
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system and is used for military purposes. SAR is an abbreviation for
17:
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LEOP (launch and early orbit phase) support is provided by DLR/GSOC.
30:
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1404:
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1255:
1222:
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1007:
1002:
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The SAR-Lupe satellites are the first German military satellites.
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29:
796:"Russian carrier rocket takes into space German intelligence sat"
1165:
465:
438:
411:
87:
61:. The SAR-Lupe program consists of five identical (770 kg)
816:
152:
was signed, under which the SAR-Lupe satellites and the French
86:. The total price of the satellites was over 250 million
535:, a system of four military and civil SAR-satellites of Italy
712:"SARah: Bundeswehr will drei neue Spionagesatelliten kaufen"
122:
provided the core of the synthetic-aperture radar sensors.
563:
34:
A model of a SAR-Lupe satellite on top of a
Russian
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1080:
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788:Germanyâs SAR-Lupe constellation puts Europe ahead
847:(excluding China, Russia and the United States)
807:German Earth-observing radar satellite launched
192:Number of scenes of area of interest: â„ 30/day.
27:German military reconnaissance satellite system
204:Automated data reception and image processing.
65:, developed by the German aeronautics company
828:
658:(Press release). July 3, 2007. Archived from
144:On 30 July 2002 a cooperation treaty between
8:
77:
730:"Deutsche Lastentransporte in den Weltraum"
567:(ZNBw), Max-Planck-Str. 17, 53501 Gelsdorf
1556:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
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782:SAR-Lupe Constellation, eoPortal Directory
631:"Radar reconnaissance spacecraft launched"
82:(Strategic Reconnaissance Command) of the
692:LSE Space Engineering & Operations AG
491:LSE Space Engineering & Operations AG
610:
608:
606:
604:
243:
798:. Itar-Tass. 2007-11-01. Archived from
556:
172:Global observation coverage capability.
101:The first satellite was launched from
7:
195:System response time: < 36 hours.
1546:Synthetic aperture radar satellites
541:, a civilian German radar satellite
710:Nassauer, Otfried (26 June 2013).
25:
1536:Imaging reconnaissance satellites
160:has shown considerable interest.
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1221:
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1006:
958:
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137:on Earth, was used to image the
79:Kommando Strategische AufklÀrung
629:Stephen Clark (July 22, 2008).
545:European Union Satellite Centre
529:, two Argentine SAR-satellites.
1541:Military satellites of Germany
1:
735:(in German). January 21, 2019
754:Berger, Eric (2 July 2024).
139:International Space Station
57:, and "Lupe" is German for
1572:
845:reconnaissance satellites
198:System availability: 95%.
1551:Satellite constellations
681:OHB-System AG (SAR-Lupe)
616:"SAR-Lupe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5"
177:offset reflector antenna
55:synthetic-aperture radar
51:reconnaissance satellite
505:satellite, launched on
893:Pléiades Neo 3 & 4
78:
39:
33:
888:Pléiades IA & IB
503:phased-array-antenna
181:travelling-wave tube
582: /
120:Thales Alenia Space
1199:Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2)
883:HĂ©lios 2A & 2B
878:HĂ©lios IA & IB
697:2006-10-24 at the
586:50.5683°N 7.0363°E
485:Prime contractor:
40:
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949:
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477:
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462:Falcon 9 Block 5
435:Falcon 9 Block 5
76:belonging to the
16:(Redirected from
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507:Falcon 9 Block 5
459:
458:24 December 2023
432:
431:24 December 2023
407:Falcon 9 Block 5
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276:19 December 2006
244:
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59:magnifying glass
21:
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1194:Ofeq-8 (TecSAR)
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1005:
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790:, C4ISR Journal
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709:
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699:Wayback Machine
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635:Spaceflight Now
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591:50.5683; 7.0363
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523:
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328:1 November 2007
327:
303:
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242:
221:â19.91 dB.
166:
164:Radar component
128:
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1569:
1567:
1559:
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1487:United Kingdom
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802:on 2007-12-18.
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662:on May 6, 2014
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264:Launch status
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94:Specifications
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352:27 March 2008
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1242:COSMO-SkyMed
978:
800:the original
787:
765:. Retrieved
761:Ars Technica
759:
749:
737:. Retrieved
724:
715:
705:
687:
676:
664:. Retrieved
660:the original
650:
638:. Retrieved
634:
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559:
533:COSMO-SkyMed
499:
402:18 June 2022
378:22 July 2008
261:Launch site
186:
167:
143:
132:
129:
112:
100:
97:
42:
41:
1511:Carbonite-2
1421:Radar IMINT
1367:South Korea
1234:Radar IMINT
1186:Radar IMINT
1082:Radar IMINT
1062:Cartosat-2F
1057:Cartosat-2E
1052:Cartosat-2D
1047:Cartosat-2C
1042:Cartosat-2B
1037:Cartosat-2A
971:Radar IMINT
941:CERES (Ă 3)
739:October 24,
716:Der Spiegel
589: /
480:Contractors
371:SAR-Lupe-5
345:SAR-Lupe-4
321:SAR-Lupe-3
304:2 July 2007
297:SAR-Lupe-2
269:SAR-Lupe-1
235:resolution.
225:âSlip-SARâ.
1530:Categories
1105:RISAT-2BR1
1072:Microsat-R
1067:Cartosat-3
1032:Cartosat-2
1027:Cartosat-1
984:TerraSAR-X
926:Clémentine
574:50°34âČ06âłN
565:Bundeswehr
551:References
539:TerraSAR-X
515:Bundeswehr
487:OHB-System
466:Vandenberg
454:2023-204_
439:Vandenberg
427:2023-204_
412:Vandenberg
398:2022-063A
382:Cosmos-3M
374:2008-036A
356:Cosmos-3M
348:2008-014A
332:Cosmos-3M
324:2007-053A
308:Cosmos-3M
300:2007-030A
272:2006-060A
247:Satellite
84:Bundeswehr
67:OHB-System
63:satellites
1473:GöktĂŒrk-3
1468:GöktĂŒrk-2
1463:GöktĂŒrk-1
1391:ANASIS-II
577:7°02âČ11âłE
387:Plesetsk
363:Plesetsk
337:Plesetsk
313:Plesetsk
281:Cosmos-3M
49:'s first
36:Kosmos-3M
1329:Pakistan
1315:IGS 8A/B
1295:IGS 4A/B
1285:IGS 2A/B
1280:IGS 1A/B
1110:RISAT-1A
1100:RISAT-2B
989:TanDEM-X
979:SAR-Lupe
695:Archived
521:See also
473:Success
451:SARah-3
446:Success
424:SARah-2
419:Success
395:SARah-1
390:Success
366:Success
340:Success
316:Success
292:Success
288:Plesetsk
240:Launches
103:Plesetsk
71:Cold War
43:SAR-Lupe
1204:Ofeq-11
1095:RISAT-2
1090:RISAT-1
955:Germany
250:COSPAR
146:Germany
126:History
47:Germany
1439:Turkey
1353:PRSS-I
1310:IGS 7A
1305:IGS 6A
1300:IGS 5A
1290:IGS 3A
1176:Ofeq-9
1171:Ofeq-7
1166:Ofeq-5
1142:Israel
1128:EMISAT
1120:SIGINT
931:Essaim
921:Cerise
913:SIGINT
854:France
843:Earth
767:3 July
666:May 6,
640:May 6,
527:SAOCOM
511:OHB SE
496:Future
469:SLC-4E
442:SLC-4E
415:SLC-4E
154:Helios
150:France
135:radome
115:X-band
107:Russia
74:bunker
38:rocket
1503:IMINT
1455:IMINT
1405:Spain
1383:IMINT
1345:IMINT
1272:IMINT
1256:Japan
1218:Italy
1158:IMINT
1019:IMINT
1003:India
936:Elisa
903:CSO-2
898:CSO-1
870:IMINT
733:(PDF)
253:Date
158:Italy
18:SARah
769:2024
741:2020
668:2014
642:2014
148:and
88:Euro
1427:Paz
105:in
45:is
1532::
758:.
714:.
633:.
603:^
90:.
836:e
829:t
822:v
771:.
743:.
718:.
670:.
644:.
618:.
598:.
20:)
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