80:
survivable escort ships than had historically been the norm, around 12,000 tons, and for networking sensors and weapons together so that they could be used by the task force as a whole even if an individual ship had their radar disabled. Survivability also called for the bridge and Combat
Information Center to be combined and "buried" in the heart of the ship, and for the ship to use electric drive to distribute the engineering around the ship. This would provide more room for weapons as well as the scope for future weapons such as railguns and lasers. SCFRS suggested that the Navy should not replace the
333:
17:
459:
wait for the results of the
Quadrennial Defense Review, and a future shipbuilding review. After the House Appropriations Committee proposed a reduction in the DD-21 allocation in the FY2002 budget in late October 2001, on 1 November the Navy announced a less ambitious Future Surface Combatant program (FSC).
458:
The winner of the competition to design the DD-21 was due to be announced in March 2001, but the decision was put back twice as the new Bush administration reviewed defense spending. On March 1 it was announced that the decision would be made in May, and on May 31 it was announced that the Navy would
426:
cells on the DD-21, but the final number may have been 128 - some sketches show missiles being launched from fore and aft but the aft launchers appear to have been replaced by a second gun system and/or a helicopter pad. As well as LASM and
Tactical Tomahawk, the DD-21 would receive the Advanced Land
951:
The hyphenated "DD-21" is most commonly used, by analogy with SC-21 and standard hull numbers, but the "house style" of different departments may vary. For instance the DoD never uses hyphens in the hull numbers of ships on www.defenselink.mil, so the
Ticonderoga cruisers are referred to as CG 47 on
282:
In July 1996, five consortia were awarded $ 1 m to come up with some concepts. Three received follow-on contracts in
January 1997, but the Navy had lost enthusiasm for the project with Boorda's suicide in May 1996, and in April 1997 the Arsenal Ship was redesignated as the Maritime Fire Support
142:
While smaller caliber guns (and missiles) have been used for centuries in naval fire support, very large guns have special capabilities beyond that of medium range calibres. US battleships were re-activated three times after WWII specifically for NFS, and their 16 inch gunfire was used in every
254:
cells filled with land-attack missiles. This design was inspired by a RAND paper in that year, which suggested a land invasion could be halted by destroying 20% of its vehicles with precision munitions. This would take several days with aircraft, but a surface ship with large numbers of land-attack
74:
permitted a complete rethink of warship design. He established a steering group, Group Mike, to study the possibilities. Group Mike sponsored two studies in 1987: the Ship
Operational Characteristics Study (SOCS) and the Surface Combatant Force Requirement Study (SCFRS). Respectively, these studies
497:
of 80 cells, which allows both guns to be located forward of the deckhouse. This in turn allows the stern to be given over to helicopter facilities but means that the automated magazine can only contain 750 rounds, supplemented by an auxiliary store. The lead ship was finally commissioned in 2016,
463:
claims that DD-21 was terminated primarily for political reasons as the program was closely identified with the
Clinton administration, whereas Work views it as the culmination of a debate within the Navy about whether they should use in the littoral zone large capable ships like the DD-21 or more
328:
to preserve the industrial base. However, there would be a competition between the two yards to design DD-21 and to be the full-service contractor for the class, which would mean the winning team receiving 85% of the total program costs of around $ 70 billion. BIW partnered with
Lockheed Martin as
307:
In 1997, plans for the
Littoral Combatant (3B1) were revived under the SC-21 banner. It was initially renamed the Power Projection Ship, and then DD-21, Destroyer for the 21st century. Influenced by the Arsenal Ship, it would have a stealthy hull with a significant land attack capability. At first
274:
under
Section 845 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 1994 (Public Law 103-160), which allowed them to bypass much of the bureaucracy involved with defense procurement, enabling a prototype to be built by the end of 2000. The requirement was for a network-capable ship with around 500
79:
and estimate how many such ships were required by the fleet. Since it was expected at that time that the Navy would be fighting prolonged campaigns in the Norwegian Sea, SOCS put an emphasis on ships' continuing ability to fight after an initial Soviet attack. This in turn called for larger, more
1088:
For the shape of the DD-21 in early 2000 see the pictures in the Heller and Hamilton briefings. Although the text and other pictures make clear that two guns were planned for the ship, some sketches show only one gun. These may predate the decision to use electric drive which would have freed up
384:
class, albeit with differences in the weapons carried. Sources disagree on the displacement of the DD-21, and indeed it probably varied during the design process, but around 16,000 tons seems most likely. As of July 2001, 32 DD-21s were planned, with construction planned to start in FY05.
108:
In 1992 the CNO ordered a 21st-century Destroyer (DD-21) Technology Study. This led to a new program called Surface Combatant for the 21st century (SC-21), intended as a family of ships with a range of capabilities that would not necessarily fit old designations of "destroyers" and "cruisers".
181:
The SC-21 COEA had an unusually wide remit, and studied a variety of designs from 2,500 tons to 40,000 tons. There were three main "concepts". Concept 1 looked at possible upgrades to existing vessels, Concept 2 looked at variations of existing designs, and Concept 3 was for new
421:
of 24 rounds/minute, giving them the throw weight of two 6-gun 155 mm artillery batteries. Precision munitions make gunfire three times more effective than unguided shells, hence the DD-21 was said to have the destructive power of six batteries. The Navy's goal was to have 256
262:
cells - Option 3A6 was a minimal version of 13,400 tons with no self-defense capability, Option 3A5 was a 30,000 ton "goal ship" with many more survivability features. The latter Maritime Fire Support Ship became the basis of the Arsenal Ship championed by CNO
316:. It would also feature a revolutionary cross-layer active sonar. An Operational Requirements Document was signed in November 1997, and an Advanced Development Memorandum on 11 December. A Program Executive Office was established on 25 February 1998. As with the
416:
fore and aft, each with a separate magazine of 600-750 rounds. The guns would fire a 155 mm version of the ERGM which would double the payload and increase the range to 100 nautical miles (185 km). Together the two guns would give the ship a
364:
class. This was important, as one aim of the program was to reduce manning and operational costs by 70%, while providing scope for a follow-on cruiser class. On 4 July 2000 it was announced that the lead ship of the class would be named after Admiral
464:
numerous smaller ships like the "Streetfighter" concept. It did not help that the original plan called for the fifth ship to cost $ 750 m in FY96 dollars, but in the fourth quarter of 1999 alone the program cost went up from $ 3.2bn to $ 5.2bn.
283:
Demonstrator (MFSD), which would be a technology demonstrator for a revitalised SC-21 program. As a result, Congress cut funding to the project and it was finally canceled in October 1997. The Arsenal Ship concept was revived in 2002 by
638:) said that a draft of the MNS had been circulating since late 1993, but JROC had sent it back to the Navy in June to expand its scope to options other than destroyer/cruiser class ships. It was not until 15 October that
235:
fore and aft and two standard 5" guns on a conventional flared hull of around 9,400 tonnes. A bigger hull would be required to enclose everything in a stealthy shape, and to accommodate the much bigger AGS gun system.
90:
Both studies reported in 1989, but were almost immediately rendered obsolete by the conclusion of the Cold War. The sudden disappearance of its greatest threat raised the prospect of Navy budget cuts as part of the
379:
The ship's delivery schedule was delayed by a year following the decision in January 2000 to use electric drive in the ship. But by early 2000 a "tumblehome" design had emerged that resembles that of the eventual
1098:
O'Rourke (2004) page CRS-12 says that the DD-21 was reported as 16,000 tons, then cites John Young talking about plans for 17,000 tons. Polmar (2004) p146 says "15,000-17000 tons" was most
388:
Many of the weapons planned for the DD-21 were to be trialled in existing ships, increasing the land attack capability of the existing fleet in FY05 before the delivery of DD-21 in FY10. Rocket-boosted
446:. Procurement was to begin after the end of the DD-21 program, perhaps around 2015. Development work had not started before the program was terminated in November 2001; CG-21 was replaced by the
173:
between September–October 1994. The Defense Acquisition Board approved the project on 13 January 1995, allowing the program to proceed to Cost & Operational Effectiveness Analysis (COEA).
489:
class is similar to that of the DD-21, but the new design displaces 14,564 tons and unlike the DD-21, the deckhouse is flush to the sides of the hull. The central "block" of
258:
This design was apparently included in the SC-21 assessment as an afterthought - it was not included in the original list of concepts. Two designs were considered, both with 512
952:
that site, and DD-21 as DD 21. "DD 21" (but never "DD21") seems to have become more common after the end of SC-21, for instance the Heller briefing of June 2000 uses DD 21.
910:
1523:
498:
and the class was truncated to a total of three ships as the Navy's mission changed and the costs increased. The AGS is unusable, as the only munition it can fire, the
1240:
Hamilton p25 shows missiles launching from fore and aft, Heller p15 may show missile cells either side of the aft gun, but Heller p10 appears to show a helicopter pad
95:. Interest waned in big new designs like the SOCS ship; the Destroyer Variant (DDV) program of December 1991 was intended as a stopgap, the final development of the
1323:
1389:
126:
87:
for convoy escort duties, but concentrate on building front-line combatants that could be assigned to less demanding convoy duties in their later years.
217:
3C : Maritime Combatant, Armed Supertanker, Agile Maritime Patrol Ship, Small ASW Combatant, Focused Mission Local Area Combatant - 8-64
1399:
1058:
976:
547:
279:
and less than 50 personnel, for a cost of less than $ 520 m for the lead ship. A further five ships would be acquired at a later date.
308:
the plan was to install a twin-barreled Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS), developed from experiments on advanced projectiles for the
170:
250:
In a separate study in 1993, two French students had been assigned the design of a Large Capacity Missile Ship, a 20,000-tonner with 500
139:(NFS). The U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy maintained that destroyers would be adequate in this role, although there are dissenters.
789:
The Arsenal Ship Acquisition Process Experience Contrasting and Common Impressions from the Contractor Teams and Joint Program Office
797:
758:
81:
412:
Initially it was planned to use the Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS), but this was abandoned in favor of a more conventional
853:
916:
855:
Transformation and Transition: DARPA's Role in Fostering an Emerging Revolution in Military Affairs Volume 1 – Overall Assessment
1369:
267:. In fact he was so enthusiastic that the rest of the SC-21 program was suspended in favor of development of the Arsenal Ship.
691:
627:
427:
Attack Missile (ALAM), a new missile with a variety of warheads and a design range of up to 300 nautical miles (556 km).
270:
The Navy set up a joint venture with DARPA on March 18, 1996. The Arsenal Ship would be acquired as a prototype under DARPA's
900:
Friedman p445 says the ORD was signed in November 1997; Slide 9 of the Heller briefing says the ORD was dated 9 October 1997.
390:
223:
3D : Expeditionary Force Support Ship, Tailored Maritime Support Ship and other vessels with modular "mission packs".
96:
803:
Appendix F, Joint Memorandum—Arsenal Ship Program - the rest of the report is a good history of the Arsenal Ship program.
394:
995:
1332:
1130:
369:, who had died earlier that year. The name would be inherited by subsequent versions of the design, culminating in the
332:
578:
1481:
931:
329:
the combat system designer and integrator, forming the "Blue" team; Ingalls partnered Raytheon in the "Gold" team.
813:
1405:
494:
490:
440:
423:
402:
313:
296:
276:
271:
259:
251:
232:
218:
208:
201:
71:
472:
370:
21:
1340:
Good history of the debate over DD-21 versus Streefighter, and some of the thinking behind the DD-21 design
109:
Meanwhile, strategy papers such as "FORWARD...FROM THE SEA" were redefining the Navy's priorities towards
1435:- CRS Report RS21059, from around the time of cancellation, is a good review of DD-21 if you can find it.
158:
151:
136:
132:
50:" design of around 16,000 tons with two long-range guns and 128 missile tubes was selected as the
852:
Van Atta, Richard H.; Lippitz, Michael J.; Lupo, Jasper C.; Mahoney, Rob; Nunn, Jack H. (April 2003),
38:) was a research and development program started in 1994 intended to design land attack ships for the
1269:
468:
325:
284:
1271:
Navy DDG-1000 and DDG-51 Destroyer Programs: Background, Oversight Issues, and Options for Congress
413:
1350:
1288:
1073:
1028:
611:
348:
hull and possible developments of it, and it was decided to go ahead with a new hull to be called
117:
inland. It seemed, then, that land attack would be the most important mission for the new ships.
114:
67:
39:
1507:
1153:
Briefing to National Defense Industrial Association by Program Executive Officer Surface Strike.
360:. The new hull was judged to have more potential for stealth and reductions in manning than the
1458:
1447:
1395:
1054:
1048:
972:
966:
793:
754:
543:
537:
1493:
409:
SAMs into Land Attack Standard Missiles (LASM) with 150 nautical miles (278 km) range.
406:
398:
312:-class battleships, but this was dropped in favour of a conventional 5" gun and two 64-cell
144:
110:
1471:
321:
652:
1018:
Briefing to National Defense Industrial Association by the DD 21 deputy project manager.
862:
933:
Navy DD(X) and LCS Ship Acquisition Programs: Oversight Issues and Options for Congress
712:
Friedman pp432-440 has more details and sketches of several of the SC-21 concept ships.
675:
135:, there had been a Congress-mandated requirement relating to the Navy's capability for
92:
200:
3A : Power Projection Ship, Aviation Cruiser, Heavy Cruiser – most had 256
1517:
1044:
962:
787:
460:
397:
would have a range of 63 nautical miles (117 km), while the long-range Block IV
264:
1375:
748:
699:
633:
418:
366:
245:
43:
1075:
Integrated Power Systems, Electric Drive Selected For New Navy Destroyers (DD 21)
915:, Washington: Reuters (republished by Marinelink.com), 2001-06-01, archived from
1483:
The Arsenal Ship and the U.S. Navy: A Revolution in Military Affairs Perspective
1431:
Navy Zumwalt (DD-21) Class Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress
1331:, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, pp. 45–60, archived from
76:
42:. A wide variety of designs were created and extensively examined, including an
750:
The New calculus: analyzing airpower's changing role in joint theater campaigns
47:
1451:
1004:
1139:
102:
587:
1487:
937:
143:
major engagement of the U. S. from WWII to the Gulf War. The battleships
1112:
161:
in 2006, having been kept on in part to fill a naval fire support role.
16:
822:
1050:
The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet
968:
The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet
207:
3B : Littoral Combatant - Affordable multimission ship with 128
1119:
SEC Files 333-43619, -01, -02, -03; Accession Number 1021408-1-1525
320:-class, the construction of the DD-21 ships would be split between
1138:, Defense Technical Information Center, p. 15, archived from
786:
Leonard, Robert S.; Drezner, Jeffrey A.; Sommer, Geoffrey (1999),
677:
Surface Combatant 21 (SC-21) Acquisition Decision Memorandum (ADM)
499:
479:
447:
75:
sought to identify the operational characteristics required of an
1003:, Defense Technical Information Center, p. 4, archived from
478:, while the preliminary plans for CG-21 would be folded into the
292:
861:, Institute of Defense Analyses, pp. 32–33, archived from
471:; under FSC the DD-21 became the DD(X) which would become the
1227:
1225:
502:, has been cancelled and there are no plans to replace it.
1180:
Polmar (2001) p126; p481 goes into more detail on the VGAS
936:, Congressional Research Service, RL32109, archived from
255:
missiles could achieve the same effect almost instantly.
654:
Program Executive Office Ships - DDG1000 Program History
439:(CG-21) was announced in January 2000 to replace the 27
340:
class tumblehome hull is derived from that of the DD-21
66:
The origins of SC-21 lie in the realization by Admiral
1486:, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, archived from
1374:, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, 2007, archived from
169:
The SC-21 Mission Need Statement was approved by the
1030:
President Names New Ship Class After Admiral Zumwalt
912:
Navy Puts $ 30 Billion DD 21 Design Contract on Hold
821:, Contracts Management Office, DARPA, archived from
450:program, which was subsequently cancelled in 2010.
1496:available from FAS) Overview of the Arsenal Ship.
1325:Naval Transformation and the Littoral Combat Ship
733:
731:
729:
727:
1352:Selected Acquisition Reports From December 1999
887:
885:
883:
881:
847:
845:
843:
841:
564:
562:
560:
558:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
586:, Department of the Navy, 1994, archived from
539:U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History
1206:
1204:
815:Section 845 Other Transactions For Prototypes
8:
1277:, Congressional Research Service, p. 31
1290:Navy Delays DD 21 Source Selection Decision
1117:, United Defense Industries Inc, 2001-07-03
1107:
1105:
401:missile could be fired from existing Mk 41
344:The new design was compared to the current
989:
987:
747:Bowie, Christopher J; et al. (1993),
227:Option 3B1 was closest to what became the
127:United States Battleship retirement debate
1524:Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
781:
779:
542:, Naval Institute Press, pp. 431–3,
1476:has a number of articles about the DD-21
1355:, U.S. Department of Defense, 2000-04-13
1293:, U.S. Department of Defense, 2001-05-31
1078:, U.S. Department of Defense, 2000-01-06
1033:, U.S. Department of Defense, 2000-07-04
331:
46:with 500 cruise missiles. Eventually a "
15:
1364:
1362:
629:JROC To Weigh Anchor On New USN Warship
515:
1467:
1456:
1053:, Naval Institute Press, p. 142,
997:DD 21 Advanced Missile and Gun Systems
58:. The program ended in November 2001.
36:Surface Combatant for the 21st century
7:
1480:Driesbach, Dawn H. (December 1996),
1089:space for a second gun in the stern.
171:Joint Requirements Oversight Council
773:3A5 or 3B5? Friedman seems confused
482:ballistic missile defense cruiser.
27:was derived from the SC-21 program.
493:cells is replaced by a peripheral
405:. It was also planned to turn old
358:21st century Land Attack Destroyer
14:
1322:Work, Robert O. (February 2004),
1433:, Congressional Research Service
1129:Hamilton, Charles (2000-06-20),
674:Kaminski, Paul G. (1995-01-18),
437:21st century air defense cruiser
193:2B : further update of the
1268:O'Rourke, Ronald (2008-08-08),
930:O'Rourke, Ronald (2004-10-24),
467:Streetfighter evolved into the
391:Extended Range Guided Munitions
204:cells and amphibious capability
692:"JROC Head Approves SC-21 MNS"
231:class, with a pair of 64-cell
70:that new technologies such as
56:Destroyer for the 21st century
1:
157:were finally struck from the
698:, 1994-10-15, archived from
610:Novak, Robert (2005-12-06),
131:Since the retirement of the
20:The distinctive hull of the
1303:O'Rourke (2004) page CRS-13
1231:O'Rourke (2004) page CRS-10
272:Other Transaction Authority
1540:
1132:Naval Surface Fire Support
994:Heller, Jim (2000-06-21),
403:vertical launching systems
243:
124:
1391:Advanced Gun System (AGS)
971:, Naval Institute Press,
536:Friedman, Norman (2004),
1440:Surface Warfare Magazine
1371:DDG 1000 Flight I Design
642:reported final approval.
72:vertical launch missiles
186:2A : newbuilds of
121:Naval fire support role
613:Losing the Battleships
580:FORWARD...FROM THE SEA
341:
211:; similar to Improved
133:Iowa-class battleships
28:
1394:, BAe Systems, 2008,
696:Jane's Defence Weekly
657:, US Navy, 2008-10-09
335:
159:Naval Vessel Register
19:
753:, RAND Corporation,
702:on February 27, 2009
636:on February 27, 2009
469:Littoral Combat Ship
393:(ERGM) for existing
326:Ingalls Shipbuilding
681:Copy on FAS website
414:Advanced Gun System
115:amphibious assaults
113:and the support of
83:Oliver Hazard Perry
1510:at Global Security
1429:O'Rourke, Ronald,
1312:Polmar (2004) p133
1258:Polmar (2004) p138
1219:Polmar (2001) p143
342:
137:Naval Fire Support
68:Joseph Metcalf III
40:United States Navy
29:
1466:Missing or empty
1446:(3), March 2000,
1401:978-1-4235-4061-8
1114:10-K for 12/31/00
1060:978-1-55750-656-6
978:978-1-59114-685-8
568:Friedman, pp434-5
549:978-1-55750-442-5
399:Tactical Tomahawk
289:-class submarines
1531:
1491:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1434:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1404:, archived from
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1380:
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991:
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873:
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849:
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834:
833:
827:
820:
810:
804:
802:
783:
774:
771:
765:
764:
744:
738:
737:Friedman, p440-3
735:
722:
719:
713:
710:
704:
703:
688:
682:
680:
671:
665:
664:
663:
662:
649:
643:
637:
632:, archived from
624:
618:
617:
607:
601:
600:
599:
598:
592:
585:
575:
569:
566:
553:
552:
533:
485:The hull of the
407:Standard Missile
374:-class destroyer
285:converting four
165:Program approved
111:littoral warfare
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1499:
1490:on May 22, 2011
1479:
1465:
1455:
1438:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1383:
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1321:
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1161:
1157:
1148:
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1142:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
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1087:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
993:
992:
985:
979:
961:
960:
956:
950:
946:
940:on May 22, 2011
929:
928:
924:
909:
908:
904:
899:
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869:
865:
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621:
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590:
583:
577:
576:
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567:
556:
550:
535:
534:
517:
508:
476:class destroyer
456:
433:
322:Bath Iron Works
305:
248:
242:
179:
177:Concept designs
167:
129:
123:
64:
12:
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942:page CRS-11
763:, MR-149-AF
442:Ticonderoga
77:escort ship
1412:2008-10-26
1149:2008-10-26
1014:2008-10-26
872:2008-10-26
832:2008-10-18
661:2008-10-18
597:2008-10-26
506:References
395:5"/62 guns
190:Flight IIA
62:Background
48:tumblehome
1452:0145-1073
213:Spruances
154:Wisconsin
152:USS
145:USS
103:destroyer
1518:Category
1459:citation
1047:(2001),
965:(2004),
1099:likely.
487:Zumwalt
474:Zumwalt
382:Zumwalt
372:Zumwalt
356:), the
338:Zumwalt
299:tubes.
229:Zumwalt
23:Zumwalt
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461:Polmar
197:design
100:-class
54:, the
1508:SC-21
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866:(PDF)
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826:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
616:, CNN
591:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
511:Notes
500:LRLAP
480:CG(X)
448:CG(X)
431:CG-21
354:DD 21
350:DD-21
303:DD-21
293:SSGNs
291:into
195:Burke
52:DD-21
32:SC-21
25:class
1472:help
1448:ISSN
1396:ISBN
1055:ISBN
973:ISBN
794:ISBN
755:ISBN
544:ISBN
352:(or
336:The
324:and
310:Iowa
287:Ohio
150:and
147:Iowa
495:VLS
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