469:. The overall program was conducted in such secrecy that only 88 people were aware of its existence. Before the date of the SCORE launch, 53 of the 88 people had been told the program had been canceled and they were not to mention to anyone that it had ever existed. That left only 35 people who knew of the mission of Atlas 10B with the rest of the engineering crew, including the launch crew, under the impression that they were working solely on a test launch of the rocket. The night before launch, however, Rear Adm. John E. Clark, deputy director of ARPA, was asked at a news conference whether he could deny that Eisenhower's voice was on the recorder. He replied, "No", and news reports that day suggested the voice might well be the president's.
478:
communications purposes. No modulation was received on the carrier wave from experiment package no. 1. Voice and teletype messages were sent and returned in real-time, and also from experiment tape recorder no. 2. The tape recorder was loaded with new material 28 times and failure finally was due to battery depletion. The experiment receiver and transmitter operated on 150 and 132 MHz, respectively. The payload weighed 68 kilograms (150 lb), and was built into the fairing pods of the Atlas missile. Combined weight of the total on-orbit package was 3,980 kilograms (8,770 lb).
86:
545:. When the President learned this fact, hours before lift-off, he said he would like to provide the message. His tape-recording was hand-carried to Cape Canaveral, but by then the payload was locked and ready for launch. The ARPA program director decided to launch with the Army message, then erase it while in space, and upload the President's message to replace it. This effort was successful, and accordingly SCORE's transmitted message from space to Earth was as follows:
27:
534:
equipment included two tape recorders, each with a four-minute capacity. Any of four ground stations in the southern United States could command the satellite into playback mode to transmit the stored message or into record mode to receive and store a new message. These redundancies proved invaluable as one of the tape recorders malfunctioned and was rendered inoperable during the 12-day mission.
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This is the
President of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. My message is a simple one: Through this unique means I convey to you and to all mankind, America's wish for peace on Earth and goodwill
445:
was a 24.3 metres (80 ft) long, and 3.1 metres (10 ft) diameter Atlas missile used as a platform for the communications relay experiment. The spacecraft body served as antennae. This satellite was to demonstrate the feasibility and explore problems associated with, operation of a satellite
428:
SCORE's technical objectives were two-fold. In addition to showing that an Atlas missile was capable of satellite payload launch, the payload itself was a hundred times more massive than any previous US satellite. The program demonstrated the feasibility of transmitting messages through the upper
533:
The communications repeater installed on the missile received, amplified and retransmitted signals. Two redundant sets of equipment were mounted in the nose of the SCORE missile. Four antennas were mounted flush with the missile surface, two for transmission and two for reception. SCORE's other
477:
This first purpose-built communications satellite experiment consisted of 2 identical communications repeater terminals mounted in the guidance pods along the sides of the launch vehicle. The experiment was to test the feasibility and explore problems associated with using satellites for
425:(ARPA) headed by Roy Johnson, and proved that a small, highly focused and versatile research group with appropriate resources was an ideal method to achieve the scientific and technological advances necessary to succeed in the emerging global space race.
505:
ICBM shortly after the missile had made its first operational flight, the SCORE mission occurred just three weeks after the first successful Atlas test launch on 28 November 1958. SCORE was launched on 18 December 1958 into an orbit with a
554:
The broadcast signal for
Eisenhower's greeting was fairly weak, and only very sensitive radio receivers were able to detect it. Most Americans heard the message as it was rebroadcast on commercial news programs.
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433:
techniques, was a major scientific breakthrough which proved that active communications satellites could provide a means of transmitting messages from one point to any other on Earth.
379:), the first broadcast of a human voice from space, and the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via
454:. The performance was nominal with experiment operation for 12 days, planned orbit lifetime 20 days, actual orbit lifetime 34 days. The tracking beacon operated at 108 MHz.
418:(IGY). This proposal was rejected because it would redirect resources from the ICBM's development, and it was also feared that the rocket would not be ready in time for the IGY.
394:" as well as "Chatterbox". SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet Union as a highly functional response to the
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199:
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The SCORE communications package was designed and built by
Kenneth Masterman-Smith, a military communication research engineer, along with other personnel with the U.S.
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on
December 18, 1958, SCORE provided the second test of a communications relay system in space (the first having been provided by the
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atmosphere from one ground station to one or more ground stations. The result of the program, which used both real-time and
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414:(ICBM) as early as 1955, when the United States government was reviewing proposals for an orbital satellite during the
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The Atlas-B with SCORE on the launch pad; the rocket (without booster engines) constituted the satellite.
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communication system. It carried messages on a tape recorder which was used at one point to carry a
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of 101.4 minutes. Its batteries lasted 12 days and it reentered the atmosphere on 21 January 1959.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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904:"Eisenhower's Voice May Be Beamed to Earth Stations from Outer Space" UPI (December 17, 1958)
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541:(ARPA), SCORE was originally programmed to broadcast a voice message from Army Secretary
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733:"Today in History: December 18, Donald Trump is impeached for the first time"
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through an on-board tape recorder. The satellite was popularly dubbed "
966:, 1958-1974, Barber Associates, December 1975, pages III-23 to III-24.
1225:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
441:
The SCORE (Signal
Communication by Orbiting RElay) satellite of the
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422:
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SCORE, a six-month effort, was the first endeavor of the then-new
278:
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939:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
673:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
372:
976:
712:"SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment)"
876:
A Ball, a Dog, and a Monkey: 1957 — The Space Race Begins
410:
The Air Force had initially proposed using their Atlas
795:
The
Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications
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357:Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment
473:Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment
327:Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment
459:Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory
821:. Patterson Army Health Clinic. Archived from
1221:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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8:
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19:
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845:"12-18-1958 First Communication Satellite"
771:. Washington D.C.: geopress. p. 178.
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537:According to an official history of the
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714:. GlobalSecurity.org. 20 September 2006
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581:List of communications satellite firsts
514:of 1,484 kilometres (922 mi) from
359:) was the world's first purpose-built
964:The Advanced Research Projects Agency
847:. Engineering Pathway. Archived from
7:
706:
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510:of 185 kilometres (115 mi), an
953:Encyclopedia Astronautica - Atlas B
797:. CRC Press. 1992. pp. 75–77.
16:First ever communications satellite
1253:Spacecraft which reentered in 1959
412:Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
14:
1258:Advanced Research Projects Agency
539:Advanced Research Projects Agency
520:Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex
423:Advanced Research Projects Agency
934:
668:
629:
565:
1263:Satellites of the United States
880:. Simon and Schuster. p.
416:International Geophysical Year
363:. Launched aboard an American
96:
1:
918:"SCORE: Experiment 1958-006A"
652:"SCORE: Trajectory 1958-006A"
501:, which was launched by its
1243:Spacecraft launched in 1958
872:D'Antonio, Michael (2008).
1279:
843:Masterman-Smith, Michael.
613:"SCORE: Display 1958-006A"
1248:Communications satellites
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924:. NASA. 27 February 2020
906:Rome News-Tribune", p. 1
694:. Quest Space Quarterly.
658:. NASA. 27 February 2020
619:. NASA. 27 February 2020
361:communications satellite
344:The message recorded of
769:Opening Space Research
767:George Ludwig (2011).
552:
550:toward men everywhere.
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349:
689:"Pioneering Space II"
547:
489:
343:
248:Reference system
123:Spacecraft properties
1011:Orbital launches in
452:President Eisenhower
388:Dwight D. Eisenhower
922:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
741:. December 18, 2023
656:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
617:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
490:Atlas 10B SCORE at
65:Harvard designation
21:
573:Spaceflight portal
495:
448:Christmas greeting
350:
243:Orbital parameters
1230:
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891:978-0-7432-9432-4
543:Wilber M. Brucker
526:at 32.3°, with a
431:store and forward
392:The Talking Atlas
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313:18 December 1958
269:Perigee altitude
222:30 December 1958
174:18 December 1958
166:Start of mission
107:Mission duration
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819:"Project Score"
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381:shortwave radio
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230:21 January 1959
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941:public domain
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851:on 2011-07-10
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825:on 2011-07-22
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804:0-8247-2903-X
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1062:ISZ D-1 No.1
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948:
926:. Retrieved
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853:. Retrieved
849:the original
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
813:
794:
785:
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749:– via
745:December 18,
743:. Retrieved
736:
727:
716:. Retrieved
682:
660:. Retrieved
655:
621:. Retrieved
616:
586:Project Echo
553:
548:
536:
532:
503:R-7 Semyorka
496:
476:
456:
440:
427:
420:
409:
402:satellites.
391:
365:Atlas rocket
356:
352:
351:
219:Last contact
176:23:02:00 GMT
128:Manufacturer
41:Mission type
522:, Florida,
322:Instruments
289:Inclination
192:Launch site
171:Launch date
142:Launch mass
68:1958 Zeta 1
1237:Categories
1128:Explorer 5
1101:Explorer 4
1056:Explorer 3
1051:Vanguard 1
1045:Explorer 2
1032:Explorer 1
855:2010-12-16
829:2010-12-16
718:2010-12-16
592:References
467:New Jersey
461:(SRDL) at
437:Spacecraft
406:Background
346:Eisenhower
252:Geocentric
227:Decay date
1219:underline
1202:Pioneer 3
1189:Pioneer 2
1169:Pioneer 1
1114:Pioneer 0
1075:Sputnik 3
777:845256256
499:Sputnik 1
400:Sputnik 2
396:Sputnik 1
377:Pioneer 1
262:Low Earth
153:Batteries
132:U.S. Army
80:1958-006A
74:COSPAR ID
55:U.S. Army
1182:Beacon 1
928:30 April
662:30 April
623:30 April
559:See also
524:inclined
497:As with
145:3980 kg
51:Operator
1223:italics
1149:Pilot-6
1142:Pilot-5
1135:Pilot-4
1121:Pilot-3
1107:Pilot-2
1095:Pilot-1
791:"Darpa"
738:WTOP-FM
508:perigee
482:Mission
443:US ARMY
283:1484 km
185:Atlas-B
110:12 days
95:SATCAT
1020:1959 →
1005:← 1957
888:
801:
775:
528:period
512:apogee
299:Period
273:185 km
258:Regime
181:Rocket
1207:SCORE
692:(PDF)
516:LC-11
492:LC-11
450:from
383:from
353:SCORE
309:Epoch
293:32.3°
200:LC-11
150:Power
102:00010
20:SCORE
1013:1958
930:2020
886:ISBN
799:ISBN
773:OCLC
747:2023
664:2020
625:2020
398:and
373:NASA
369:USAF
136:ARPA
59:ARPA
882:236
518:at
375:'s
187:10B
97:no.
1239::
920:.
884:.
864:^
793:.
759:^
735:.
701:^
654:.
643:^
615:.
600:^
465:,
198:,
134:/
57:/
996:e
989:t
982:v
943:.
932:.
894:.
858:.
832:.
807:.
779:.
753:.
721:.
696:)
677:.
666:.
638:.
627:.
371:/
355:(
348:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
