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412:, and thus shutting down the reactor without use of the control rods. In the PWR, these neutron absorbing solutions are stored in pressurized tanks (called accumulators) that are attached to the primary coolant system via valves. A varying level of neutron absorbent is kept within the primary coolant at all times, and is increased using the accumulators in the event of a failure of all of the control rods to insert, which will promptly bring the reactor below the shutdown margin.
364:, the control rods are inserted up from underneath the reactor vessel. In this case a hydraulic control unit with a pressurized storage tank provides the force to rapidly insert the control rods upon any interruption of the electric current. In both the PWR and the BWR there are secondary systems (and often even tertiary systems) that will insert control rods in the event that primary rapid insertion does not promptly and fully actuate.
419:, which uses redundant battery-operated injection pumps, or, in the latest models, high pressure nitrogen gas to inject the neutron absorber solution into the reactor vessel against any pressure within. Because they may delay the restart of a reactor, these systems are only used to shut down the reactor if control rod insertion fails. This concern is especially significant in a BWR, where injection of liquid boron would cause
385:) are also used in rapid shutdown systems for heavy and light water reactors. Following a scram, if the reactor (or section(s) thereof) are not below the shutdown margin (that is, they could return to a critical state due to insertion of positive reactivity from cooling, poison decay, or other uncontrolled conditions), the operators can inject solutions containing neutron poisons directly into the reactor coolant.
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209:(AEC) report by Fermi, the AEC declassified information on the Chicago Pile. The report includes a section written by Wilson's team shortly after the Chicago Pile achieved a self-sustaining chain reaction on December 2, 1942. It includes a wiring schematic of the rod control circuitry with a clearly labeled "SCRAM" line (see image on the right and pages 37 and 48).
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with several members of his group," Nyer wrote. "The group had decided to have a big button to push to drive in both the control rods and the safety rod. What to label it? 'What do we do after we punch the button?,' someone asked. 'Scram out of here!,' Wilson said. Bill
Overbeck, another member of that group said, 'OK I'll label it SCRAM.'"
173:." The safety rods, needless to say, worked, the rope was not cut... I don't believe I have ever felt quite as foolish as I did then. ...I did not get the SCRAM story until many years after the fact. Then one day one of my fellows who had been on Zinn's construction crew called me Mr. Scram. I asked him, "How come?" And then the story.
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Not all of the heat in a nuclear reactor is generated by the chain reaction that a scram is designed to stop. For a reactor that is scrammed after holding a constant power level for an extended period (greater than 100 hrs), about 7% of the steady-state power will remain after initial shutdown due to
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the control rods are held above a reactor's core by electric motors against both their own weight and a powerful spring. A scram is designed to release the control rods from those motors and allows their weight and the spring to drive them into the reactor core, rapidly halting the nuclear reaction
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Other witnesses that day agreed with Libby's crediting "scram" to Wilson. Wellock wrote that Warren Nyer, a student who worked on assembling the pile, also attributed the word to Wilson: "The word arose in a discussion Dr. Wilson, who was head of the instrumentation and controls group, was having
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In most reactor designs, the routine shutdown procedure also uses a scram to insert the control rods, as it is the most reliable method of completely inserting the control rods, and prevents the possibility of accidentally withdrawing them during or after the shutdown.
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fission product decay that cannot be stopped. For a reactor that has not had a constant power history, the exact percentage is determined by the concentrations and half-lives of the individual fission products in the core at the time of the scram.
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The safety rods were coated with cadmium foil, and this metal absorbed so many neutrons that the chain reaction was stopped. Volney Wilson called these "scram" rods. He said that the pile had "scrammed," the rods had "scrammed" into the
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happened due to a fatally flawed shutdown system, after the AZ-5 shutdown system was initiated after a core overheat. RBMK reactors were subsequently either retrofitted to account for the flaw, or decommissioned.
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As a result, once the reactor has been scrammed, the reactor power will drop significantly almost instantaneously. A small fraction (about 0.65%) of neutrons in a typical power reactor comes from the
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by absorbing liberated neutrons. Another design uses electromagnets to hold the rods suspended, with any cut to the electric current resulting in an immediate and automatic control rod insertion.
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tied to a rope with a man with an axe standing next to it; cutting the rope would mean the rods would fall by gravity into the reactor core, shutting the reactor down. The axe man at the first
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decreases as the fission products decay, but it is large enough that failure to remove decay heat may cause the reactor core temperature to rise to dangerous levels and has caused
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The earliest references to "scram" among the
Chicago Pile team were also associated with Wilson's shutdown circuitry and not Hilberry. In a 1952
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afternoon, I was ushered to the balcony rail, handed a well sharpened fireman's axe and told, "If the safety rods fail to operate, cut that
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is
English-language slang for leaving quickly and urgently, and he cites this as the original and most likely accurate basis for the use of
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reactor could raise reactivity to dangerous levels before lowering it. This was noticed when it caused a power surge at the startup of
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of solid boron compounds on fuel cladding, which would prevent the reactor from restarting until the boron deposits were removed.
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that initiates the shutdown. In commercial reactor operations, this type of shutdown is often referred to as a "scram" at
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85:. In many cases, a scram is part of the routine shutdown procedure which serves to test the emergency shutdown system.
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a sustained reaction, which allows the insertion of neutron absorbers to affect the reactor quickly.
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636:""Scram!" - Reactor veteran recalls account of the birth of a key word in the nuclear vernacular"
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mass into the midst of the fissile material, to immediately terminate the fission reaction. In
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451:. On average, it takes about 13 μs for the neutrons to be slowed by the moderator enough to
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in Idaho. Sometimes the switch will have a flip cover to prevent inadvertent operation.
439:; that is, neutrons produced directly by a fission reaction. These neutrons move at a
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180:, who was present that day at the Chicago Pile, recalled that the term was coined by
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234:), which translates to "emergency protection of the 5th category" in English.
145:, which was built under the spectator seating at the University of Chicago's
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In any reactor, a scram is achieved by inserting large amounts of negative
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at Stagg Field, site of the first self-sustaining nuclear chain-reaction
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272: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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reaction. It is also the name that is given to the manually operated
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161:. In a letter to Raymond Murray (January 21, 1981), Hilberry wrote:
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706:(Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, January 4, 1952),
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Experimental
Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction, AECD-3269
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683:, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Blog, February 18, 2016.
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Due to flaws in its original control rod design, scramming an
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This article is about nuclear reactors. For other uses, see
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In the BWR, soluble neutron absorbers are found within the
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who led the team that designed the control rod circuitry:
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There is no definitive origin for the term. United States
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
558: – Safety mechanism to quickly shut down a system
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Control rod and SCRAM circuitry for the
Chicago Pile-1
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for performing a manual SCRAM on board the submarine
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that contain chemicals that absorb neutrons, such as
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1585:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
125:Scram is sometimes cited as being an acronym for
768:Duderstadt, James J.; Louis J. Hamilton (1976).
742:Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering
564: – Device for controlled nuclear reactions
477:Unit number 1, in 1983. On April 26, 1986, the
2288:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
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740:Shultis, J. Kenneth; Richard E. Faw (2002).
614:United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
552: – Problem in nuclear reactor start-up
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722:[Chapter 6. About pressing AZ-5].
576: – Soviet Russian sailor (1965–1986)
570: – Nuclear safety systems in the USA
332:Learn how and when to remove this message
443:, so they are likely to escape into the
371:SCRAM button in the control room of the
165:When I showed up on the balcony on that
137:when he oversaw the construction of the
61:effected by immediately terminating the
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27:Emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor
2215:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
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2220:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
610:"Putting the Axe to the 'Scram' Myth"
508:, including the nuclear accidents at
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580:, posthumously awarded the title of
270:adding citations to reliable sources
2225:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
708:https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4414200
681:"Putting the Axe to the Scram Myth"
634:Blackburn, Edwin (September 2000).
231:avariynaya zashhchita 5-y kategorii
43:Experimental Breeder Reactor I
1185:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
546: – 1979 film by James Bridges
25:
1208:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1107:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
112:historian Tom Wellock notes that
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2308:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
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133:. This was supposedly coined by
1397:Historical stockpiles and tests
776:. Wiley-Interscience. pp.
435:Most neutrons in a reactor are
257:needs additional citations for
2298:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1180:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
670:, Crane, Rusak & Co., 1979
582:Hero of the Russian Federation
225:аварийная защита 5-й категории
57:is an emergency shutdown of a
1:
2626:Nuclear technology portal
648:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
568:Nuclear reactor safety system
417:standby liquid control system
388:Neutron poison solutions are
207:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
139:world's first nuclear reactor
110:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2488:Field-reversed configuration
2098:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
608:Wellock, Tom (17 May 2011).
475:Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
462:of a fission product. These
2672:Nuclear safety and security
2445:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1392:States with nuclear weapons
230:
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2283:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1407:Tests in the United States
724:Za otvyetstvennuyu vlast'!
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381:Liquid neutron absorbers (
354:pressurized water reactors
222:), is an abbreviation for
127:safety control rod axe man
122:in the technical context.
79:pressurized water reactors
29:
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2408:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2303:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
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2110:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
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720:"Глава 6. О нажатии АЗ-5"
534:Nuclear technology portal
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2313:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
1929:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1265:Electron-beam processing
772:Nuclear Reactor Analysis
727:За ответственную власть!
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408:, causing a decrease in
212:The Russian name, AZ-5 (
2428:Organic nuclear reactor
1600:Nuclear power phase-out
1523:Nuclear decommissioning
1463:Reactor-grade plutonium
1213:Targeted alpha-particle
1092:Accidents and incidents
131:safety cut rope axe man
500:The power produced by
410:neutron multiplication
394:common household borax
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362:boiling water reactors
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71:boiling water reactors
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32:Scram (disambiguation)
1590:Anti-nuclear movement
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390:water-based solutions
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2498:Reversed field pinch
2293:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1777:Supercritical (SCWR)
1275:Gemstone irradiation
350:light-water reactors
266:improve this article
178:Leona Marshall Libby
41:SCRAM button at the
1663:Aqueous homogeneous
1458:Reprocessed uranium
1131:Safety and security
2577:Dense plasma focus
1492:Actinide chemistry
957:Isotope separation
854:Nuclear technology
668:The Uranium People
543:The China Syndrome
479:Chernobyl disaster
406:gadolinium nitrate
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744:. Marcel Dekker.
510:Three Mile Island
506:nuclear accidents
460:radioactive decay
398:sodium polyborate
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1597:
1595:Uranium mining
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1468:Minor actinide
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1165:Autoradiograph
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909:
899:
894:
889:
887:Atomic nucleus
884:
879:
874:
868:
866:
858:
857:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
821:
820:
808:
804:NRC Glossary:
800:
799:External links
797:
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793:
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711:
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487:
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254:
252:
245:
239:
236:
155:chain reaction
90:
87:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2544:electrostatic
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2326:
2324:
2323:Generation IV
2320:
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2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
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2273:Breeder (FBR)
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2259:
2250:
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2223:
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2018:
2011:
2006:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Nuclear power
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1555:Transmutation
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
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1511:
1509:
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1375:
1372:
1371:
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1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:high-altitude
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Proliferation
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
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1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Brachytherapy
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
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1168:
1166:
1163:
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1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
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1134:
1133:
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1129:
1125:
1122:
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1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
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1037:
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1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Cross section
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
990:
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
927:
925:
921:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
813:
809:
807:
803:
802:
798:
789:
787:0-471-22363-8
783:
779:
774:
773:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:0-8247-0834-2
747:
743:
736:
733:
725:
721:
715:
712:
709:
705:
699:
696:
692:
691:public domain
682:
679:Tom Wellock,
676:
673:
669:
664:
661:
649:
645:
641:
640:ORNL Reporter
637:
630:
627:
615:
611:
604:
601:
594:
589:
588:
583:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
535:
524:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
493:
485:
483:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
447:before being
446:
442:
441:high velocity
438:
430:
428:
424:
422:
421:precipitation
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
377:
376:
369:
365:
363:
358:
355:
351:
347:
336:
333:
325:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283: –
282:
278:
277:Find sources:
271:
267:
261:
260:
255:This section
253:
249:
244:
243:
237:
235:
232:
221:
210:
208:
203:
195:
190:
185:
183:
182:Volney Wilson
179:
174:
172:
168:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
116:
111:
103:
99:
95:
88:
86:
84:
83:CANDU reactor
80:
76:
73:, a "reactor
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2648:
2636:
2617:
2597:Pyroelectric
2551:Laser-driven
2331:Sodium (SFR)
2258:fast-neutron
2097:
1643:
1533:Reprocessing
1414:WMD treaties
1233:Radiosurgery
1203:Fast-neutron
1175:Scintigraphy
815:
812:Scram Switch
771:
741:
735:
723:
714:
703:
698:
675:
667:
663:
651:. Retrieved
643:
639:
629:
617:. Retrieved
603:
585:
542:
499:
495:
468:
463:
457:
434:
425:
414:
387:
380:
374:
359:
343:
328:
322:October 2022
319:
309:
302:
295:
288:
276:
264:Please help
259:verification
256:
211:
204:
200:
187:
176:
164:
135:Enrico Fermi
130:
126:
124:
119:
113:
107:
74:
54:
50:
48:
2508:Stellarator
2472:confinement
2366:Superphénix
2193:Molten-salt
2145:VHTR (HTGR)
1922:HW BLWR 250
1888:R4 Marviken
1817:Pressurized
1787:Heavy water
1771:many others
1700:Pressurized
1655:Light water
1357:underground
1315:Disarmament
1223:Tomotherapy
1218:Proton-beam
1082:Power plant
1044:Temperature
877:Engineering
814:" entry in
556:Kill switch
514:Fukushima I
171:manila rope
151:control rod
147:Stagg Field
102:Leó Szilárd
100:(left) and
67:kill switch
2666:Categories
2533:(acoustic)
2150:PBR (PBMR)
1538:Spent fuel
1528:Repository
1508:Fuel cycle
1475:Activation
1252:Processing
1119:Propulsion
1077:by country
1009:Activation
702:E. Fermi,
653:25 October
595:References
550:Iodine pit
502:decay heat
492:Decay heat
486:Decay heat
453:facilitate
402:boric acid
346:reactivity
292:newspapers
238:Mechanisms
2503:Spheromak
2202:Fluorides
1866:IPHWR-700
1861:IPHWR-540
1856:IPHWR-220
1645:Moderator
1325:Explosion
1300:Arms race
1087:Economics
1039:Reflector
1034:Radiation
1029:Generator
984:Plutonium
937:Deuterium
902:Radiation
872:Chemistry
445:moderator
89:Etymology
2638:Category
2592:Polywell
2523:Inertial
2480:Magnetic
2235:TMSR-LF1
2230:TMSR-500
2210:Fuji MSR
2170:THTR-300
2010:Graphite
1873:PHWR KWU
1839:ACR-1000
1767:IPWR-900
1750:ACPR1000
1745:HPR-1000
1735:CPR-1000
1710:APR-1400
1501:Disposal
1453:Actinide
1446:Products
1305:Delivery
1148:Medicine
977:depleted
972:enriched
942:Helium-3
907:ionizing
520:See also
449:captured
375:Savannah
220:Cyrillic
2650:Commons
2561:Z-pinch
2531:Bubble
2513:Tokamak
2376:FBR-600
2356:CFR-600
2351:BN-1200
2017:coolant
1944:Organic
1829:CANDU 9
1826:CANDU 6
1794:coolant
1755:ACP1000
1730:CAP1400
1668:Boiling
1633:Fission
1480:Fission
1424:Weapons
1364:Warfare
1347:Testing
1337:History
1330:effects
1285:Weapons
1195:Therapy
1170:RadBall
1157:Imaging
1049:Thermal
1014:Capture
1001:Neutron
989:Thorium
967:Uranium
932:Tritium
912:braking
892:Fission
882:Physics
865:Science
590:in 1986
306:scholar
281:"Scram"
63:fission
2461:Fusion
2421:Others
2361:Phénix
2346:BN-800
2341:BN-600
2336:BN-350
2165:HTR-PM
2160:HTR-10
2140:UHTREX
2105:Magnox
2100:(UNGG)
1993:Lucens
1988:KS 150
1725:ATMEA1
1705:AP1000
1688:Kerena
1568:Debate
1320:Ethics
1310:Design
1293:Topics
1124:rocket
1102:Fusion
1097:Policy
1059:Fusion
1019:Poison
897:Fusion
784:
748:
619:26 May
308:
301:
294:
287:
279:
141:. The
2582:Migma
2570:Other
2539:Fusor
2438:Piqua
2433:Arbus
2391:PRISM
2133:MHR-T
2128:GTMHR
2058:EGP-6
2053:AMB-X
2028:Water
1973:HWGCR
1912:HWLWR
1851:IPHWR
1822:CANDU
1683:ESBWR
1438:Waste
1402:Tests
1385:Lists
1369:Yield
1112:MMRTG
1069:Power
806:Scram
587:K-219
404:, or
313:JSTOR
299:books
218:, in
189:pile.
120:scram
115:scram
77:" at
55:SCRAM
51:scram
18:SCRAM
2398:Lead
2381:CEFR
2371:PFBR
2253:None
2063:RBMK
2048:AM-1
1978:EL-4
1952:WR-1
1934:AHWR
1878:MZFR
1846:CVTR
1835:AFCR
1762:VVER
1720:APWR
1715:APR+
1678:ABWR
1548:cask
1543:pool
1485:LLFP
1374:TNTe
1054:Fast
924:Fuel
782:ISBN
746:ISBN
655:2014
621:2015
512:and
471:RBMK
285:news
215:АЗ-5
157:was
143:core
75:trip
2470:by
2386:PFR
2177:PMR
2155:AVR
2077:Gas
2015:by
1983:KKN
1917:ATR
1832:EC6
1792:by
1740:EPR
1673:BWR
778:245
373:NS
360:In
268:by
129:or
53:or
2668::
2120:He
2086:CO
1962:CO
1883:R3
780:.
760:^
646:.
644:19
642:.
638:.
612:.
516:.
400:,
396:,
49:A
2260:)
2256:(
2088:2
2040:O
2038:2
2036:H
1964:2
1904:O
1902:2
1900:H
1809:O
1807:2
1805:D
846:e
839:t
832:v
810:"
790:.
754:.
729:.
693:.
657:.
623:.
335:)
329:(
324:)
320:(
310:·
303:·
296:·
289:·
262:.
228:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
