295:, an online classifieds service that had been accused of knowingly accepting ads which facilitated child sex trafficking, and filtered specific keywords in order to obfuscate it. The site had faced legal disputes, and a government investigation spearheaded by Portman. Portman argued that Section 230 was being used to "protect its unscrupulous business practices", and that Section 230 protections "were never intended to apply – and they should not apply – to companies that knowingly facilitate sex trafficking." Attempts to stop Backpage and similar sites via the court system failed, as the Courts affirmed these sites have protection via Section 230, and those seeking action failed to enjoin the U.S. Supreme Court to consider the matter.
513:, which ruled that section 230 immunity does not apply if an online service was directly involved in the creation of content that violates civil law. Exposure of websites to liability under state trafficking laws was also considered a contradiction of 230, as it was designed to help protect service providers from varying state civil laws. In late March 2018 and early April 2018, following the bill's passage but prior to its implementation, courts in Massachusetts and Florida made rulings affirming that Backpage was liable for facilitating sex trafficking, because its practice of intentionally removing keywords pertaining to minors made it a provider of content subject to liability, as opposed to an interactive computer service.
517:
law, and argued that it would "introduce new legal risk not just for internet services that do not knowingly and intentionally facilitate illegal conduct, but also create risk for an incredibly broad number of innocent businesses by expanding the notion of contributory liability." The
Internet Association pledged support for SESTA on November 3, 2017 after an agreement to clarify portions of it; in particular, the definition of "participation in a venture" was amended to replace "knowing conduct by an individual or entity, by any means, that assists, supports, or facilitates a violation" with just "knowingly assisting, supporting, or facilitating a violation".
47:
597:(R-CA) that included victim-centered provisions from SESTA. Like SESTA, the FOSTA-SESTA package would clarify that section 230 of the CDA does not prevent states and victims of sex trafficking from pursuing a course of action against interactive computer service providers, such as Backpage. Wagner said she believed that "nline trafficking is flourishing because there are no serious, legal consequences" for websites that profit from sex trafficking and that the "FOSTA-SESTA package will finally give prosecutors the tools they need to protect their communities and give victims a pathway to justice."
280:
731:
acting in reckless disregard of sex trafficking. As of March 2021, restitution had not been sought or awarded. According to DOJ officials, prosecutors have not brought more cases with charges under section 3 of FOSTA because the law is relatively new and prosecutors have had success using other criminal statutes. Finally, in
November 2020 one individual sought civil damages under a number of constitutional and statutory provisions, including section 3 of FOSTA. However, in March 2021, the court dismissed the case without awarding damages after it had granted defendants' motions to dismiss.
624:. Opponents have claimed the law does not directly address issues that contribute to sex trafficking, but instead has drastically limited the tools available for law enforcement to seek surviving victims of sex trade. The sex worker community has also been severely affected by the law, with sex workers losing access to online safety resources, facing financial hardship, and even going missing or dying because of the law. Similar consequences of the law's enactment have been reported internationally.
723:. Second, FOSTA was enacted. These events led many who controlled platforms in this market to relocate their platforms overseas. Additionally, with backpage.com no longer in the market, buyers and sellers moved to other online platforms, and the market became fragmented. From 2014 through 2020, the Department of Justice (DOJ) brought at least 11 criminal cases against those who control platforms in this market, including three cases against those who control backpage.com.
581:
where it does apply, prosecutors have found racketeering and money laundering charges successful, leading to FOSTA's limited use in criminal cases. Possible reasons given by the GAO for the infrequent use of FOSTA in civil cases include the "new and untested" nature of the civil remedy provision and the DOJ seizure of
Backpage.com, which occurred days before the law was signed and may have contributed to the dissolution of many commercial sex platforms.
560:, and other tech companies) voiced opposition to the bill. However, after coming to a compromise on the wording of one section, they withdrew their opposition. The proposed bill originally defined participation as "knowing conduct, by an individual or entity, by any means, that assists, supports or facilitates a violation of sex trafficking laws" and was amended to "knowingly assisting, supporting, or facilitating a violation".
833:
593:(R-MO) issued a press release stating that the bill she sponsored, H.R. 1865, the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA), would be put on the House floor the week of February 26, 2018. According to Wagner, the bill was expected to be considered with an amendment from representative
480:) had begun to reduce their services or shut down entirely due to the threat of liability under SESTA. Others have demonstrated how the platforms that still facilitate sex work have increased their prices and engaged in more exploitative practices, leaving sex workers with limited bargaining power. Social media
635:(the latter having been well known for having liberal policies regarding adult content) to restrict the posting of sexual content on their respective platforms have also been cited as examples of proactive censorship in the wake of the law, and a wider pattern of increased targeted censorship towards
378:
have pledged support for the bill; Oracle vice president
Kenneth Glueck stated that it would "establish some measure of accountability for those that cynically sell advertising but are unprepared to help curtail sex trafficking". Fox stated that "everyone that does business in this medium has a civic
306:
to state that it is policy to "ensure vigorous enforcement of
Federal criminal and civil law relating to sex trafficking", and that section 230 does not impair enforcement of "any State criminal prosecution or civil enforcement action targeting conduct that violates a Federal criminal law prohibiting
230:
SESTA was incorporated into the House version of the bill with the "Allow States and
Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act" (FOSTA) and the joint proposal was known as the "FOSTA-SESTA package". On February 27, 2018, the FOSTA-SESTA package was passed in the House of Representatives with a vote
495:
on voluntary moderation of websites (as encouraged by the "Good
Samaritan provision" of section 230, which states that providers are not liable on account of "any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be "), as
658:
On August 24, 2021, Wilhan
Martono, the previous owner of the now-defunct website CityxGuide, pleaded guilty to one count of promotion of prostitution and reckless disregard of sex trafficking, and one count of conspiracy to engage in interstate transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises and
226:
groups for weakening section 230 safe harbors, alleging that it would make providers become liable for any usage of their platforms that facilitates sex trafficking, knowingly if they moderate for such content, and with reckless disregard if they do not proactively take steps to prevent such usage.
726:
The current landscape of the online commercial sex market heightens already-existing challenges law enforcement face in gathering tips and evidence. Specifically, gathering tips and evidence to investigate and prosecute those who control or use online platforms has become more difficult due to the
694:
reversed the lower court ruling on the matter of standing and sent the case back to the lower court on
January 24, 2020. On March 29, 2022, Judge Richard J. Leon again dismissed the EFF's constitutional challenge against FOSTA, ruling that the EFF's arguments about FOSTA's unconstitutionality were
580:
reported that "Criminal restitution has not been sought and civil damages have not been awarded under section 3 of FOSTA". The report also found that only one civil case had sought damages under FOSTA, and that case was dismissed. Only crimes committed since FOSTA was signed can be prosecuted, and
516:
The
Internet Association stated that it would "support targeted amendments to the Communications Decency Act that would allow victims of sex trafficking crimes to seek justice against perpetrators", but initially criticized SESTA for using terms which were undefined or broadly-interpreted in case
57:
A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to clarify that section 230 of such Act does not prohibit the enforcement against providers and users of interactive computer services of Federal and State criminal and civil law relating to sexual exploitation of children or sex trafficking, and for
730:
Criminal restitution has not been sought and civil damages have not been awarded under section 3 of FOSTA. In June 2020, DOJ brought one case under the criminal provision established by section 3 of FOSTA for aggravated violations involving the promotion of prostitution of five or more people or
475:
that under SESTA, service providers would be required to proactively take action against sex trafficking activities, and would need a "team of lawyers" to evaluate all possible scenarios under state and federal law (which may be financially unfeasible for smaller companies). Online sex workers
825:
702:
of the United States District Court North District of Texas upheld the constitutionality of FOSTA, ruling that the statute is neither unconstitutionally overbroad nor unconstitutionally vague. His ruling was a response to a constitutional challenge brought by the defendant in the case of
1587:
695:
without merit. On April 25, 2022, the EFF filed a notice of appeal. But on July 07, 2023, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit rejected the EFF’s appeal and affirmed the district court’s ruling, agreeing that FOSTA-SESTA is not unconstitutionally overbroad or vague.
337:
stated that websites such as Backpage have become the "storefronts" for the modern-day slave trade and that the FOSTA-SESTA legislation will help prosecutors "crack down on websites that promote sex trafficking" as well as provide recourse for victims. Representative
424:
stated, "I continue to be deeply troubled that this bill’s approach will make it harder to catch dangerous criminals, that it will favor big tech companies at the expense of startups and that it will stifle innovation." The only other Senator to oppose the bill was
719:(GAO) to conduct a study three years after enactment. The GAO report found two events in April 2018 disrupted the landscape of the online commercial sex market. First, federal authorities seized the largest online platform for buying and selling commercial sex,
2607:
379:
responsibility to help stem illicit and illegal activity. While it is impossible to formulate laws to govern every possible situation, legislation is a rational and measured effort to deal with a tragic and pernicious problem that is global in scope."
2065:
1591:
2459:
1437:
1056:
330:
354:
The New Jersey Coalition Against Human Trafficking called the FOSTA-SESTA package a "groundbreaking bill" in the effort to bring justice to victims. The FOSTA-SESTA package is also supported by other members of advocacy groups such as
535:
Some have argued that SESTA incorrectly claims that most women providing sexual services are victimized, and that the law is simply designed to raise the barrier to entry for legitimate sex workers, while failing to protect victims.
271:
made it illegal to advertise sex trafficking, knowingly benefit financially from participation in a venture that advertises sex trafficking, and to engage in activities related to sex trafficking besides advertising, knowingly or in
773:
207:(which had been accused of facilitating child sex trafficking), and argued that Section 230 was protecting its "unscrupulous business practices" and was not designed to provide immunity to websites that facilitate sex trafficking.
469:, argue that the bill weakens the section 230 safe harbors, and places an unnecessary burden on internet companies and intermediaries that handle user-generated content or communications. EFF staff attorney Aaron Mackey told the
496:
even the mere discovery of sex trafficking content could constitute knowing conduct of participation in a venture, and that dismissing the risk could constitute reckless disregard. The Senate voted down a proposed amendment by
1017:
262:
for the actions of their users if they publish objectionable content (such as defamatory and obscene content). Section 230 has been considered a key piece of Internet legislation, as operators of online services that handle
1878:
1949:
2005:
1289:
2536:
2504:
2190:
1191:
864:
2599:
2095:
608:
ceased offering its "Personals" section within all US domains in response to the bill's passing, stating "Any tool or service can be misused. We can't take such risk without jeopardizing all our other services."
691:
1156:
2057:
1223:
509:
267:
are not liable for civil wrongs committed by their users, if the service was not directly involved in the offending content. These provisions do not apply to criminal or intellectual property law. The
2451:
3162:
408:, expressing concerns that provisions of the bill would make it even harder to prosecute sex traffickers. Additionally, he expressed concerns that certain provisions would violate the Constitution's
1429:
1040:
802:
1817:
894:
2285:
978:
2971:
765:
1848:
2255:
199:(which make online services immune from civil liability for the actions of their users) to exclude enforcement of federal or state sex trafficking laws from its immunity. Senate sponsor
646:
introduced a bill meant to study the FOSTA-SESTA package titled the SAFE SEX Workers Study Act. However, the bill died in the Senate committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
1125:
613:
personals website Pounced.org voluntarily shut down, citing increased liability under the bill, and the difficulty of monitoring all the listings on the site for a small organization.
2768:
1001:
2880:
2851:
3192:
1870:
2942:
1938:
1621:
1334:
268:
131:
1997:
2428:
1281:
2526:
2496:
2174:
1183:
2126:
919:
856:
288:
3182:
3167:
3157:
2087:
2909:
2677:
2825:
1086:
437:
SESTA has been criticized on free speech grounds and by advocacy groups due to concerns about disproportionate impact and disruptions to the lives of sex workers. Pro-
2035:
2707:
3177:
2481:
1407:
1148:
2397:
1975:
1373:
1207:
3187:
401:
127:
2799:
1467:
679:, the Woodhull Freedom Foundation, Eric Koszyk, and Alex Andrews. The lawsuit argued that FOSTA is unconstitutionally overbroad and unconstitutionally vague.
2646:
798:
150:
3152:
3116:
3081:
2221:
1729:
1670:
1809:
886:
2281:
1913:
970:
2964:
487:
In its original form, the bill defined "participation in a venture" as "knowing conduct by an individual or entity, by any means". The EFF and the
302:
to add a definition of "participation in a venture", as knowingly assisting, facilitating, or supporting sex trafficking. It amends section 230 of
291:, which showed an 846% increase in reports of suspected child sex trafficking to the organization from 2010 to 2015. He attributed this largely to
1840:
2247:
1253:
1109:
2760:
2873:
2847:
2738:
476:
argued that SESTA would harm their safety, as the platforms they utilize for offering and discussing sexual services (as an alternative to
184:
2367:
945:
2574:
446:
393:
2995:
2932:
2333:
303:
299:
1613:
1326:
1565:
568:
Several media sources have described FOSTA-SESTA as a failure which has "only put sex workers in danger and wasted taxpayer money".
2420:
3073:
716:
667:
On June 18, 2018, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the law (
659:
facilitating prostitution. Martono's plea is the first ever instance in which a defendant has pleaded guilty to violating FOSTA.
577:
462:
113:
2118:
1489:
909:
3042:
501:
727:
relocation of platforms overseas, platforms' use of complex payment systems, and the increased use of social media platforms.
2905:
2669:
2268:
FOSTA has failed at the goals publicly stated by most activists, attorneys general, and lawmakers who pushed for its passage.
454:
450:
2821:
1078:
342:(D-NY) stated her support for the FOSTA-SESTA package, believing that "Congress must act to clarify that Section 230 of the
3006:
2027:
1532:
222:, who supported the bill's goal to encourage proactive action against illegal sex trafficking. SESTA was criticized by pro-
2699:
1399:
655:
reported that opposition to the bill had resulted in sex workers gaining support from a minority of Democratic lawmakers.
491:
argued that any online service could theoretically be used to "facilitate" sex trafficking, and that the law would have a
1967:
3018:
2389:
1365:
67:
2234:
If SESTA/FOSTA was intended to protect people by making it easier to prosecute traffickers, it was a miserable failure.
442:
360:
329:
SESTA was co-sponsored by 27 Democratic and Republican senators; early supporters of the bill included members of the
279:
2791:
2058:"Court Shows SESTA Is Not Needed: Says Backpage Can Lose Its CDA 230 Protections If It Helped Create Illegal Content"
231:
of 388–25. On March 21, 2018, the FOSTA-SESTA package bill passed the Senate with a vote of 97–2, with only senators
1503:
1459:
484:
campaigns emerged to advocate against the bill for these reasons, such as #LetUsSurvive and #SurvivorsAgainstSESTA.
520:
It has been suggested that SESTA could be used as a model for future exclusions from Section 230 immunity, such as
343:
196:
2965:"Woodhull Freedom Foundation, et al. v. United States of America, et al. (Appeal 18-5298 from Case 1:18-cv-01552)"
504:
stated that SESTA was well-intentioned but could "create a trial lawyer bonanza of overly-broad civil lawsuits".
2452:"Police Realizing That SESTA/FOSTA Made Their Jobs Harder; Sex Traffickers Realizing It's Made Their Job Easier"
46:
3172:
2630:
2213:
1693:
1644:
82:
2360:"H.R.1865 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017"
258:
was established in 1996, making the providers of "interactive computer services" immune from liability under
1430:"DOJ Tells Congress SESTA/FOSTA Will Make It MORE DIFFICULT To Catch Traffickers; House Votes For It Anyway"
470:
397:
1905:
521:
264:
259:
2560:"'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics"
745:
507:
The EFF further argued that websites which knowingly facilitate sex trafficking were already liable per
3104:
2282:"Congress' awful anti-sex-trafficking law has only put sex workers in danger and wasted taxpayer money"
1041:"Senate launches bill to remove immunity for websites hosting illegal content, spurred by Backpage.com"
3108:
333:, which was chaired by Portman and led the aforementioned investigation into Backpage. Representative
1245:
650:
545:
500:, which would have clarified the law to ensure that moderation does not contribute to liability. The
488:
466:
211:
2996:
https://www.woodhullfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Memorandum-Decision-District-Court.pdf
2906:"Woodhull Freedom Foundation, et al. v. United States of America, et al. (Case 1:18-cv-01552 (RJL))"
2214:"The Real Story of the Bipartisan Anti–Sex Trafficking Bill That Failed Miserably on Its Own Terms"
477:
420:
Opposition to the bill was voiced by members of Congress as well. In an official statement Senator
676:
375:
273:
219:
3124:
2730:
1504:"Switter, one of the last online spaces friendly to sex workers, was just banned by its network"
3039:"United States v. Martono, Crim. Action No. 3:20-CR-00274-N-1 | Casetext Search + Citator"
2359:
1533:"A new law intended to curb sex trafficking threatens the future of the internet as we know it"
941:
766:"House passes anti-online sex trafficking bill, allows targeting of websites like Backpage.com"
105:
90:
2874:"Woodhull Freedom Foundation, et al. v. United States of America, et al. (Case 1:18-cv-01552)"
2638:
2475:
2182:
1871:"Alt-Right Twitter App Developers Sue Google After Gab.Ai App Is Kicked Out Of The Play Store"
1721:
1662:
1215:
1117:
1048:
1009:
525:
409:
255:
2559:
1789:
1760:
1711:
1701:
1652:
672:
643:
371:
215:
31:
1517:
1282:"Tech community fighting online sex trafficking bill over fears it will stifle innovation"
1184:"Internet Association Sells Out The Internet: Caves In And Will Now Support Revised SESTA"
699:
683:
621:
492:
458:
339:
188:
1782:"'I've Never Been So Exploited': The consequences of FOSTA-SESTA in Aotearoa New Zealand"
1557:
3007:
https://www.woodhullfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/056-Notice-of-Appeal-1.pdf
2334:"Internet sex trafficking law FOSTA-SESTA is almost never used, says government report"
1645:"The New Virtual Crackdown on Sex Workers' Rights: Perspectives from the United States"
1002:"Backpage.com shuts down adult services ads after relentless pressure from authorities"
687:
616:
The effectiveness of the bill has come into question, as it has purportedly endangered
3146:
2531:
1614:"Knowledge (XXG) warns that SESTA will strip away protections vital to its existence"
887:"A new bill to fight sex trafficking would destroy a core pillar of internet freedom"
405:
3038:
1588:"SWOP-USA stands in opposition of disguised internet censorship bill SESTA, S. 1963"
3133:
3128:
3112:
1841:"Sex Workers Fear for Their Future: How SESTA Is Putting Many Prostitutes in Peril"
720:
610:
594:
359:
Executive Director Carol Smolenski, Operation Texas Shield founder John Clark, and
334:
308:
240:
160:
2390:"Craigslist Just Nuked Its Personal Ads Section Because of a Sex-Trafficking Bill"
2248:"FOSTA's Failure: The 2018 Sex Trafficking Law Has Been Worse Than Useless So Far"
1998:"SESTA's Sponsors Falsely Claim That Fixing SESTA's Worst Problem Harms Hollywood"
971:"Stop SESTA: Amendments to Federal Criminal Sex Trafficking Law Sweep Too Broadly"
617:
438:
252:
223:
200:
192:
1753:"Erased: The impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the removal of Backpage on sex workers"
740:
605:
590:
180:
109:
2642:
2186:
2175:"Internet companies drop opposition to bill targeting online sex trafficking"
1725:
1666:
1400:"21st Century Fox Backs Sex Trafficking Bill Opposed by Major Internet Firms"
1219:
1121:
1052:
1013:
2307:
2088:"Yet Another Court Says Victims Don't Need SESTA/FOSTA To Go After Backpage"
1706:
1657:
557:
529:
497:
426:
421:
236:
232:
2848:"EFF Sues to Invalidate FOSTA, an Unconstitutional Internet Censorship Law"
2148:
1794:
1781:
1765:
1752:
1490:"Cloudflare Just Banned a Social Media Refuge for Thousands of Sex Workers"
465:(which described SESTA as a "disguised internet censorship bill"), and the
3077:
1327:"Wagner Trafficking Bill Headed To House Floor - Congresswoman Ann Wagner"
3137:
3023:
2937:
857:"DOJ Seizes Backpage.com Weeks After Congress Passes Sex Trafficking Law"
628:
549:
292:
204:
117:
203:
had previously led an investigation into the online classifieds service
1716:
1152:
799:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 2nd Session"
686:
dismissed the EFF's constitutional challenge against FOSTA for lack of
481:
140:
283:
President Trump signing the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act into law
3119:
2600:"Australian sex workers have had a devastating few weeks. Here's why"
1460:"Wyden Issues Warning About SESTA | U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon"
914:
632:
553:
17:
3105:
Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017
2761:"New bill calls for examination of anti-trafficking FOSTA-SESTA law"
1939:"Testimony of Abigail Slater, General Counsel, Internet Association"
1208:"Major tech-industry group drops opposition to sex trafficking bill"
187:
law to make it illegal to knowingly assist, facilitate, or support
175:(Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act) and
1108:
Washington, Olivia Solon Sabrina Siddiqui in (September 7, 2017).
627:
A number of policy changes enacted by the popular social networks
356:
2933:"Court reinstates lawsuit challenging online sex trafficking law"
2731:"S.3165 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): SAFE SEX Workers Study Act"
510:
Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC
2670:"Facebook's Sexual Solicitation Policy is a Honeypot for Trolls"
1643:
Peterson, Meghan; Robinson, Bella; Shih, Elena (April 2, 2019).
1149:"U.S. Supreme Court will not examine tech industry legal shield"
636:
183:
which became law on April 11, 2018. They clarify the country's
1968:"The Sex Trafficking Fight Could Take Down a Bedrock Tech Law"
1366:"Sex trafficking bill is turning into a proxy war over Google"
179:(Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act) are U.S. Senate and House
2527:"New Law Forces Sex-Trafficking Victims to Streets, Dark Web"
2497:"New Law Forces Sex-Trafficking Victims to Streets, Dark Web"
2119:"How FOSTA Could Give Hollywood the Filters It's Long Wanted"
826:"Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Trafficking"
298:
The Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act amends Section 1591 of
239:
voting against it. The bill was signed into law by President
2822:"U.S. Attorney Seeking Victims Advertised on CityXGuide.com"
3019:"Appeals court upholds but narrows sex-trafficking statute"
2631:"Tumblr's Porn Ban Reveals Who Controls What We See Online"
707:, a criminal matter relating to the seizure of CityxGuide.
307:", nor "impair the enforcement or limit the application of
30:"SESTA" redirects here. For the ancient episcopal see, see
3078:
Sex Trafficking: Online Platforms and Federal Prosecutions
2308:
Sex Trafficking: Online Platforms and Federal Prosecutions
210:
SESTA received bipartisan support from U.S. senators, the
2700:"The Dangerous Trend of LGBTQ Censorship on the Internet"
1110:"Why is Silicon Valley fighting a sex trafficking bill?"
910:"Section 230 Of The Communications Decency Act Turns 20"
2450:
Mon, May 14th 2018 6:25am-Mike Masnick (May 14, 2018).
2028:"Senate passes controversial anti-sex trafficking bill"
3163:
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
1246:"S.1693 - Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act of 2017"
1810:"How a New Senate Bill Will Screw Over Sex Workers"
1393:
1391:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
269:
Stop Advertising Victims of Exploitation (SAVE) Act
88:
78:
73:
62:
53:
620:and has been ineffective in catching and stopping
289:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
2567:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law
2421:"Furry Dating Site Shuts Down Because of FOSTA"
1933:
1931:
1751:Blunt, Danielle; Wolf, Ariel (April 27, 2020).
1590:. Sex Workers Outreach Project. Archived from
276:of the fact that sex trafficking is involved.
3193:Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
309:section 1595 of title 18, United States Code.
8:
1900:
1898:
1896:
346:was never meant to shield sex traffickers."
287:In an op-ed, Portman cited numbers from the
39:
2480:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
669:Woodhull Freedom Foundation, et al. v. U.S.
2149:"SESTA/FOSTA or America's False Flag War"
1793:
1764:
1715:
1705:
1694:"'Sex Trafficking' as Epistemic Violence"
1656:
402:Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee
3183:Forced prostitution in the United States
3168:Acts of the 115th United States Congress
3158:Internet censorship in the United States
2246:Nolan Brown, Elizabeth (June 30, 2021).
331:Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
278:
2912:from the original on September 26, 2018
2792:"Sex workers gain foothold in Congress"
2288:from the original on September 28, 2021
2258:from the original on September 28, 2021
2224:from the original on September 28, 2021
1978:from the original on September 20, 2017
1955:from the original on September 30, 2017
1906:"Stop SESTA: Section 230 is Not Broken"
1881:from the original on September 20, 2017
1692:Chapman-Schmidt, Ben (April 29, 2019).
1376:from the original on September 21, 2017
1292:from the original on September 19, 2017
1256:from the original on September 20, 2017
1089:from the original on September 21, 2017
981:from the original on September 19, 2017
922:from the original on September 20, 2017
897:from the original on September 20, 2017
756:
572:Government Accountability Office report
441:and pro-Internet groups, including the
27:US communications/sex trafficking bills
3178:Human trafficking in the United States
2977:from the original on February 11, 2021
2710:from the original on December 11, 2018
2680:from the original on December 10, 2018
2473:
1410:from the original on December 18, 2017
1337:from the original on February 23, 2018
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1206:Tsukayama, Hayley (November 3, 2017).
1128:from the original on December 12, 2017
1059:from the original on December 21, 2020
38:
3188:Prostitution law in the United States
3045:from the original on February 2, 2021
2945:from the original on January 27, 2020
2886:from the original on January 11, 2021
2828:from the original on November 2, 2021
2729:Warren, Elizabeth (January 8, 2020).
2649:from the original on December 8, 2018
2629:Martineau, Paris (December 4, 2018).
2539:from the original on December 7, 2018
2507:from the original on December 7, 2018
2212:Gira Grant, Melissa (June 23, 2021).
1916:from the original on February 4, 2022
1275:
1273:
1271:
1226:from the original on November 4, 2017
1194:from the original on November 4, 2017
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:from the original on October 22, 2020
1020:from the original on January 10, 2017
692:Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
589:On February 21, 2018, representative
7:
965:
963:
793:
791:
2668:Harmon, Elliot (December 7, 2018).
2431:from the original on April 28, 2018
2400:from the original on March 24, 2018
2193:from the original on April 10, 2018
2129:from the original on March 24, 2018
2038:from the original on March 24, 2018
2008:from the original on March 24, 2018
1820:from the original on March 24, 2018
1568:from the original on March 24, 2018
1492:. Vice Motherboard. April 19, 2018.
1470:from the original on March 27, 2018
1440:from the original on March 26, 2018
1398:Johnson, Ted (September 13, 2017).
1000:Hawkins, Derek (January 10, 2017).
836:from the original on April 12, 2018
805:from the original on April 13, 2018
746:Online dating service safety issues
447:Center for Democracy and Technology
137:Passed the House of Representatives
132:House Energy and Commerce Committee
104:in the House of Representatives as
2802:from the original on June 24, 2021
2771:from the original on June 24, 2021
2741:from the original on June 24, 2021
2580:from the original on July 27, 2020
2370:from the original on April 8, 2018
2280:Markowicz, Karol (July 14, 2019).
2098:from the original on April 7, 2018
2068:from the original on April 7, 2018
1851:from the original on April 7, 2018
1624:from the original on March 9, 2018
1079:"Holding Backpage.com accountable"
867:from the original on April 8, 2018
824:Dias, Elizabeth (April 11, 2018).
776:from the original on April 7, 2018
764:Jackman, Tom (February 27, 2018).
524:(especially with its support from
304:Title 47 of the United States Code
300:Title 18 of the United States Code
25:
3153:Internet law in the United States
3134:Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act
2854:from the original on July 5, 2018
2610:from the original on May 18, 2018
2462:from the original on May 18, 2018
2173:Jackman, Tom (November 7, 2017).
1780:Tichenor, Erin (April 27, 2020).
1732:from the original on July 3, 2019
1673:from the original on July 3, 2019
1147:Chung, Andrew (January 9, 2017).
948:from the original on May 20, 2014
363:Executive Director Timothy Head.
2931:Fingas, Jon (January 26, 2020).
2332:Robertson, Adi (June 24, 2021).
1839:Zimmerman, Amy (April 4, 2018).
1520:. Assembly four. April 18, 2018.
717:Government Accountability Office
578:Government Accountability Office
45:
3120:Statute Compilations collection
2419:Samantha Cole (April 2, 2018).
1039:Jackman, Tom (August 1, 2017).
502:Consumer Technology Association
214:, as well as companies such as
2790:Vella, Lauren (May 30, 2021).
2674:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2358:Ann, Wagner (March 21, 2018).
2123:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2117:Mullin, Joe (March 16, 2018).
1910:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1562:American Civil Liberties Union
975:Electronic Frontier Foundation
451:Electronic Frontier Foundation
412:and thus be unconstitutional.
1:
855:Larry Magid (April 6, 2018).
682:On September 24, 2018, Judge
396:, Assistant-Attorney General
361:Faith & Freedom Coalition
2495:Q, Siouxsie (May 25, 2018).
1558:"ACLU letter opposing SESTA"
1531:Romano, Aja (July 2, 2018).
1518:"Cloudflare and FOSTA/SESTA"
1506:. The Verge. April 19, 2018.
576:A June 2021 report from the
463:Sex Workers Outreach Project
68:115th United States Congress
690:. On the EFF's appeal, the
443:Woodhull Freedom Foundation
139:on February 27, 2018 (
3209:
944:. United States Congress.
698:On January 5, 2021, Judge
394:U.S. Department of Justice
388:U.S. Department of Justice
344:Communications Decency Act
197:Communications Decency Act
29:
741:Cloudflare § Switter
642:In January 2020, Senator
392:Writing on behalf of the
128:House Judiciary Committee
97:
44:
2396:. Vice. March 23, 2018.
801:. United States Senate.
705:United States v. Martono
546:The Internet Association
193:Section 230 safe harbors
149:on March 21, 2018 (
1786:Anti-Trafficking Review
1757:Anti-Trafficking Review
1707:10.14197/atr.2012191211
1698:Anti-Trafficking Review
1658:10.14197/atr.2012191212
1649:Anti-Trafficking Review
124:Committee consideration
1795:10.14197/atr.201220147
1766:10.14197/atr.201220148
522:copyright infringement
284:
265:user-generated content
1912:. September 6, 2017.
1333:. February 21, 2018.
977:. September 8, 2017.
942:"H.R. 4225 - Summary"
715:The law required the
282:
3115:) as amended in the
2706:. December 6, 2018.
1946:Internet Association
1464:www.wyden.senate.gov
671:), on behalf of the
489:Internet Association
467:Wikimedia Foundation
410:ex post facto clause
212:Internet Association
2313:(Report). June 2021
1594:on October 24, 2017
1286:Washington Examiner
1085:. August 20, 2017.
770:The Washington Post
585:FOSTA-SESTA package
478:street prostitution
472:Washington Examiner
243:on April 11, 2018.
91:Legislative history
41:
830:The New York Times
677:Human Rights Watch
548:(which represents
526:major film studios
376:Oracle Corporation
285:
274:reckless disregard
120:) on April 3, 2017
2850:. June 28, 2018.
170:
169:
163:on April 11, 2018
147:Passed the Senate
16:(Redirected from
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673:Internet Archive
663:Legal challenges
644:Elizabeth Warren
372:21st Century Fox
216:21st Century Fox
191:, and amend the
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32:Diocese of Sesta
21:
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3173:Sex trafficking
3143:
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3063:§ 8 "GAO STUDY"
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3027:. July 7, 2023.
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2179:Washington Post
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2153:sexworkguide.eu
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1845:The Daily Beast
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700:David C. Godbey
684:Richard J. Leon
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493:chilling effect
459:Engine Advocacy
435:
433:Advocacy groups
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350:Advocacy groups
340:Carolyn Maloney
327:
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189:sex trafficking
185:sex trafficking
166:
157:Signed into law
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63:Enacted by
58:other purposes.
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