Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 - Knowledge (XXG)

424: 513: 3389: 501: 6565: 653: 54: 973: 893: 357:. When the comet passed Jupiter in the late 1960s or early 1970s, it happened to be near its aphelion, and found itself slightly within Jupiter's Hill sphere. Jupiter's gravity nudged the comet towards it. Because the comet's motion with respect to Jupiter was very small, it fell almost straight toward Jupiter, which is why it ended up on a Jove-centric orbit of very high eccentricity—that is to say, the ellipse was nearly flattened out. 7004: 5964: 3383: 3201: 775: 7066: 7090: 7015: 7042: 7078: 7054: 937:. A search of historical observations revealed that the spots were probably the most prominent transient features ever seen on the planet, and that although the Great Red Spot is notable for its striking color, no spots of the size and darkness of those caused by the SL9 impacts had ever been recorded before, or since. 1022:, Jupiter can capture objects relatively frequently, but the size of SL9 makes it a rarity: one post-impact study estimated that comets 0.3 km (0.19 mi) in diameter impact the planet once in approximately 500 years and those 1.6 km (1 mi) in diameter do so just once in every 6,000 years. 1102:, demonstrating that cometary impacts are indeed a serious threat to life on Earth. Astronomers have speculated that without Jupiter's immense gravity, extinction events might have been more frequent on Earth and complex life might not have been able to develop. This is part of the argument used in the 924:

probably occurred at much higher altitudes than previously expected, with even the largest fragments being destroyed when the pressure reached 250 kPa (36 psi), well above the expected depth of the water layer. The smaller fragments were probably destroyed before they even reached the cloud

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The discovery that the comet was likely to collide with Jupiter caused great excitement within the astronomical community and beyond, as astronomers had never before seen two significant Solar System bodies collide. Intense studies of the comet were undertaken, and as its orbit became more accurately

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More exciting for planetary astronomers was that the best orbital calculations suggested that the comet would pass within 45,000 km (28,000 mi) of the center of Jupiter, a distance smaller than the planet's radius, meaning that there was an extremely high probability that SL9 would collide

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were detected, with abundances consistent with what would be found in a cometary nucleus. Although a substantial amount of water was detected spectroscopically, it was not as much as predicted, meaning that either the water layer thought to exist below the clouds was thinner than predicted, or that

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Despite published predictions, astronomers had not expected to see the fireballs from the impacts and did not have any idea how visible the other atmospheric effects of the impacts would be from Earth. Observers soon saw a huge dark spot after the first impact; the spot was visible from Earth. This

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are strong enough to disrupt a body held together only by gravity. Although the comet had approached Jupiter closely before, the July 7 encounter seemed to be by far the closest, and the fragmentation of the comet is thought to have occurred at this time. Each fragment of the comet was denoted by a

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Several models were devised to compute the density and size of Shoemaker–Levy 9. Its average density was calculated to be about 0.5 g/cm (0.018 lb/cu in); the breakup of a much less dense comet would not have resembled the observed string of objects. The size of the parent comet was

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Counterintuitively, the atmospheric temperature dropped to normal levels much more quickly at the larger impact sites than at the smaller sites: at the larger impact sites, temperatures were elevated over a region 15,000 to 20,000 km (9,300 to 12,400 mi) wide, but dropped back to normal

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In 2009, it was shown that the presence of a smaller planet at Jupiter's position in the Solar System might increase the impact rate of comets on the Earth significantly. A planet of Jupiter's mass still seems to provide increased protection against asteroids, but the total effect on all orbital

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from images on March 19. An image of the comet on a Schmidt photographic plate taken on March 19 was identified on March 21 by M. Lindgren, in a project searching for comets near Jupiter. However, as his team were expecting comets to be inactive or at best exhibit a weak dust coma, and SL9 had a

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had acted to pull the comet apart. The comet was later observed as a series of fragments ranging up to 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter. These fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and 22, 1994 at a speed of approximately 60 km/s (37 mi/s) (Jupiter's

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On July 19, 2009, exactly 15 years after the SL9 impacts, a new black spot about the size of the Pacific Ocean appeared in Jupiter's southern hemisphere. Thermal infrared measurements showed the impact site was warm and spectroscopic analysis detected the production of excess hot ammonia and

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Tracing back the comet's orbital motion revealed that it had been orbiting Jupiter for some time. It is likely that it was captured from a solar orbit in the early 1970s, although the capture may have occurred as early as the mid-1960s. Several other observers found images of the comet in

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established, the possibility of a collision became a certainty. The collision would provide a unique opportunity for scientists to look inside Jupiter's atmosphere, as the collisions were expected to cause eruptions of material from the layers normally hidden beneath the clouds.

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Astronomers estimated that the visible fragments of SL9 ranged in size from a few hundred metres (around 1,000 ft) to two kilometres (1.2 mi) across, suggesting that the original comet may have had a nucleus up to 5 km (3.1 mi) across—somewhat larger than

469:, then at a distance of 1.6 AU (240 million km; 150 million mi) from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred. Jupiter's rapid rotation brought the impact sites into view for terrestrial observers a few minutes after the collisions. 904:

One of the surprises of the impacts was the small amount of water revealed compared to prior predictions. Before the impact, models of Jupiter's atmosphere had indicated that the break-up of the largest fragments would occur at atmospheric pressures of anywhere from 30

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The comet had apparently passed extremely close to Jupiter on July 7, 1992, just over 40,000 km (25,000 mi) above its cloud tops—a smaller distance than Jupiter's radius of 70,000 km (43,000 mi), and well within the orbit of Jupiter's innermost moon

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peculiar morphology, its true nature was not recognised until the official announcement 5 days later. No precovery images dating back to earlier than March 1993 have been found. Before the comet was captured by Jupiter, it was probably a short-period comet with an

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As predicted, the collisions generated enormous waves that swept across Jupiter at speeds of 450 m/s (1,500 ft/s) and were observed for over two hours after the largest impacts. The waves were thought to be travelling within a stable layer acting as a

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F) higher than the surroundings persisted for almost two weeks. Global stratospheric temperatures rose immediately after the impacts, then fell to below pre-impact temperatures 2–3 weeks afterwards, before rising slowly to normal temperatures.

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silica-rich dust in the upper regions of Jupiter's atmosphere. Scientists have concluded that another impact event had occurred, but this time a more compact and stronger object, probably a small undiscovered asteroid, was the cause.

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Over the next six days, 21 distinct impacts were observed, with the largest coming on July 18 at 07:33 UTC when fragment G struck Jupiter. This impact created a giant dark spot over 12,000 km or 7,500 mi (almost one

639:(600 times the world's nuclear arsenal). Two impacts 12 hours apart on July 19 created impact marks of similar size to that caused by fragment G, and impacts continued until July 22, when fragment W struck the planet. 2070:

Noll, K.S.; McGrath, MA; Trafton, LM; Atreya, SK; Caldwell, JJ; Weaver, HA; Yelle, RV; Barnet, C; Edgington, S (March 1995). "HST Spectroscopic Observations of Jupiter Following the Impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9".

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S). The amount of sulfur implied by the quantities of these compounds was much greater than the amount that would be expected in a small cometary nucleus, showing that material from within Jupiter was being revealed.

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The events of SL9's interaction with Jupiter greatly highlighted Jupiter's role in protecting the inner planets from both interstellar and in-system debris by acting as a "cosmic vacuum cleaner" for the Solar System

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persisted in the atmosphere for at least fourteen months after the collisions, with a considerable amount of ammonia being present in the stratosphere as opposed to its normal location in the troposphere.

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failed to detect anything with calculations, showing that the fireballs were just below the craft's limit of detection; no abnormal levels of UV radiation or radio signals were registered after the blast.

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Schenk, Paul M.; Asphaug, Erik; McKinnon, William B.; Melosh, H. J.; Weissman, Paul R. (June 1996). "Cometary Nuclei and Tidal Disruption: The Geologic Record of Crater Chains on Callisto and Ganymede".

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measured renewed heating, probably due to ejected material falling back onto the planet. Earth-based observers detected the fireball rising over the limb of the planet shortly after the initial impact.

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There is very strong evidence that comets have previously been fragmented and collided with Jupiter and its satellites. During the Voyager missions to the planet, planetary scientists identified 13

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Moreno, R.; Marten, A; Biraud, Y; Bézard, B; Lellouch, E; Paubert, G; Wild, W (June 2001). "Jovian Stratospheric Temperature during the Two Months Following the Impacts of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9".

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in 1993. Shoemaker–Levy 9 (SL9) had been captured by Jupiter and was orbiting the planet at the time. It was located on the night of March 24 in a photograph taken with the 46 cm (18 in)

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Observers hoped that the impacts would give them a first glimpse of Jupiter beneath the cloud tops, as lower material was exposed by the comet fragments punching through the upper atmosphere.

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Anticipation grew as the predicted date for the collisions approached, and astronomers trained terrestrial telescopes on Jupiter. Several space observatories did the same, including the

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Calculations showed that its unusual fragmented form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker–Levy 9 passed within Jupiter's

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Ohtsuka, Katsuhito; Ito, T.; Yoshikawa, M.; Asher, D. J.; Arakida, H. (October 2008). "Quasi-Hilda comet 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu. Another long temporary satellite capture by Jupiter".

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from Jupiter as seen from Earth, and that although this could be a line-of-sight effect, its apparent motion in the sky suggested that the comet was physically close to the planet.

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Bauske, Rainer; Combi, Michael R.; Clarke, John T. (November 1999). "Analysis of Midlatitude Auroral Emissions Observed during the Impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter".

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and subsequent dark spots were thought to have been caused by debris from the impacts, and were markedly asymmetric, forming crescent shapes in front of the direction of impact.

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moons did not lead back to a larger crater. The impact of SL9 strongly implied that the chains were due to trains of disrupted cometary fragments crashing into the satellites.

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Astronomers did not observe large amounts of water following the collisions, and later impact studies found that fragmentation and destruction of the cometary fragments in a

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emission at a wavelength of 21 cm (8.3 in) after the largest impacts, which peaked at 120% of the normal emission from the planet. This was thought to be due to

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The visible scars from the impacts could be seen on Jupiter for many months. They were extremely prominent, and observers described them as more easily visible than the

262:. It was their eleventh comet discovery overall including their discovery of two non-periodic comets, which use a different nomenclature. The discovery was announced in 7147: 762:

water cloud. However, other evidence seemed to indicate that the cometary fragments had not reached the water layer, and the waves were instead propagating within the

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The discovery image gave the first hint that comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was an unusual comet, as it appeared to show multiple nuclei in an elongated region about 50

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Proceedings of Space Telescope Science Institute Workshop, Baltimore, MD, May 9–12, 1995, IAU Colloquium 156: The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter

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Proceedings of the International Planetarium Society Conference held at the Astronaut Memorial Planetarium & Observatory, Cocoa, Florida, July 10–16, 1994

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probe, some 44 AU (6.6 billion km; 4.1 billion mi) from Jupiter and on its way out of the Solar System following its encounter with

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Solem, J. C. (1995). "Cometary breakup calculations based on a gravitationally-bound agglomeration model: The density and size of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9".

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calculated to be about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) in diameter. These predictions were among the few that were actually confirmed by subsequent observation.

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McGrath, M.A.; Yelle, R. V.; Betremieux, Y. (September 1996). "Long-term Chemical Evolution of the Jupiter Stratosphere Following the SL9 Impacts".

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observations, was pointed toward Jupiter from its location 2.6 AU (390 million km; 240 million mi) away, and the distant

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For Jupiter-interacting comets of greater than 1 km diameter, a Jupiter impact takes place every 500–1000 yr, and an Earth impact every 2–4 Myr.

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bodies within the Solar System is unclear. This and other recent models call into question the nature of Jupiter's influence on Earth impacts.

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Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was the ninth periodic comet (a comet whose orbital period is 200 years or less) discovered by the Shoemakers and Levy,

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Tancredi, G.; Lindgren, M.; Rickman, H. (November 1990). "Temporary Satellite Capture and Orbital Evolution of Comet P/Helin–Roman–Crockett".

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letter of the alphabet, from "fragment A" through to "fragment W", a practice already established from previously observed fragmented comets.

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with Jupiter in July 1994. Studies suggested that the train of nuclei would plow into Jupiter's atmosphere over a period of about five days.

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Hu, Zhong-Wei; Chu, Yi; Zhang, Kai-Jun (May 1996). "On Penetration Depth of the Shoemaker–Levy 9 Fragments into the Jovian Atmosphere".

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from the impact accelerated charged particles enough to cause auroral emission, a phenomenon more typically associated with fast-moving

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First Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 website that collected photos submitted from observatories around the world and from Galileo spacecraft

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Boslough, Mark B.; Crawford, David A.; Robinson, Allen C.; Trucano, Timothy G. (July 5, 1994). "Watching for Fireballs on Jupiter".

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often radiate from large craters, and are thought to be caused by secondary impacts of the original ejecta, but the chains on the

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worldwide. The collision provided new information about Jupiter and highlighted its possible role in reducing space debris in the

7152: 6397: 6107: 3320: 1003:, are known to have been temporarily captured by the planet. Cometary orbits around Jupiter are unstable, as they will be highly 917:), with some predictions that the comet would penetrate a layer of water and create a bluish shroud over that region of Jupiter. 255:. The comet was thus a serendipitous discovery, but one that quickly overshadowed the results from their main observing program. 77: 38: 4584: 4071: 3515: 3206: 154: 5841: 5008: 7137: 5441: 5127: 4534: 3525: 3274: 2931: 2281: 1285: 403:

would rise above the limb of Jupiter and into sunlight to be visible from Earth. Other suggested effects of the impacts were

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Greeley, R.; Klemaszewski, J.E.; Wagner, R.; the Galileo Imaging Team (2000). "Galileo views of the geology of Callisto".

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and the rate of cometary impacts on Jupiter is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,000 times higher than the rate on Earth.

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Olano, C. A. (August 1999). "Jupiter's Synchrotron Emission Induced by the Collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9".

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Weissman, P.R.; Carlson, R. W.; Hui, J.; Segura, M.; Smythe, W. D.; Baines, K. H.; Johnson, T. V.; Drossart, P.;

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Ingersoll, A. P.; Kanamori, H (April 1995). "Waves from the collisions of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter".

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objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by

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Simulation of the orbit of SL-9 showing the passage that fragmented the comet and the collision 2 years later

6554: 6549: 6385: 5792: 5363: 3787: 3704: 3547: 3410: 3405: 3258: 2472: 1411:"Comet P/Shoemaker–Levy's Collision with Jupiter: Covering HST's Planned Observations from Your Planetarium" 31: 5446: 5033: 4609: 4279: 4201: 3991: 3221: 826:. The cause of these emissions was difficult to establish due to a lack of knowledge of Jupiter's internal 227:) or 216,000 km/h (134,000 mph). The prominent scars from the impacts were more visible than the 6784: 6428: 6170: 6073: 5861: 5819: 5757: 5343: 5338: 5158: 5060: 3520: 3094: 1119: 455: 440: 192: 86: 4711: 4589: 4466: 4384: 4319: 4121: 4076: 3891: 1881: 610:(23,700 °C; 42,700 °F), compared to the typical Jovian cloud-top temperature of about 130 6527: 6484: 6392: 6303: 6185: 6180: 6162: 5787: 5752: 5481: 5423: 5373: 5353: 5233: 3723: 3684: 3614: 3589: 2718:

Roulston, M.S.; Ahrens, T (March 1997). "Impact Mechanics and Frequency of SL9-Type Events on Jupiter".

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Martin, Terry Z. (September 1996). "Shoemaker–Levy 9: Temperature, Diameter and Energy of Fireballs".

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Boehnhardt, H. (November 2004). "Split comets". In M. C. Festou, H. U. Keller and H. A. Weaver (ed.).

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Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Held in Houston, TX, March 14–18, 1994

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Bézard, B. (October 1997). "Long-term Response of Jupiter's Thermal Structure to the SL9 Impacts".

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Benner, L. A.; McKinnon, W. B. (March 1994). "Pre-Impact Orbital Evolution of P/Shoemaker–Levy 9".

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Interactive space simulator that includes accurate 3D simulation of the Shoemaker Levy 9 collision

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and of the geometry of the impact sites. One possible explanation was that upwardly accelerating

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slammed into Jupiter's southern hemisphere at about 60 km/s (35 mi/s). Instruments on

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The volume of space within which an object can be said to orbit Jupiter is defined by Jupiter's

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Downloadable gif Animation showing time course of impact and size relative to earthsize

2225: 1732: 934: 869:, and temperatures at the time of impact and afterwards were within the normal limits. 827: 823: 718: 636: 282: 228: 200: 3037:

Horner, J.; Jones, B. W. (2009). "Jupiter – friend or foe? II: the Centaurs Jupiter".

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Hockey, T.A. (1994). "The Shoemaker–Levy 9 Spots on Jupiter: Their Place in History".

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Some astronomers had suggested that the impacts might have a noticeable effect on the

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Frequently Asked Questions about the Collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter

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Frequently Asked Questions about the Collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter

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Frequently Asked Questions about the Collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter

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haze on the planet due to dust from the impacts, and an increase in the mass of the

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SL9 is not unique in having orbited Jupiter for a time; five comets, including

774: 688:), the first detection of either in Jupiter, and only the second detection of S 6863: 6856: 5905: 5767: 5565: 5471: 5388: 5323: 5112: 4706: 4599: 4569: 4549: 4519: 4244: 4221: 4151: 4146: 3996: 3986: 3966: 3881: 3876: 3866: 3851: 3826: 3659: 3542: 3415: 3367: 3357: 3254: 3070: 3015: 2982:

Horner, J.; Jones, B. W. (2008). "Jupiter – friend or foe? I: The asteroids".

2302: 1452: 1091: 1079:). The planet's strong gravitational influence attracts many small comets and 914: 835: 831: 793: 404: 343: 326: 252: 208: 177: 2257: 2249: 2045: 6955: 6935: 6891: 6884: 6621: 6448: 6443: 5797: 5777: 5772: 5681: 5659: 5642: 5513: 5486: 5456: 5333: 5318: 5298: 5263: 5223: 5028: 5003: 4998: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4938: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4888: 4877: 4852: 4499: 4477: 4404: 4399: 4379: 4364: 4359: 4334: 4289: 4156: 4051: 3911: 3841: 3679: 2903:. NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. August 22, 2005. Archived from 2788: 2092: 1165: 1087: 949:

levels within a week of the impact. At smaller sites, temperatures 10 K (10

873: 858: 846: 755: 737: 485: 451: 432: 396: 322: 270: 169: 168:

in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial

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was created from a revision of this article dated 14 April 2006

1080: 1037:, the origin of which was initially a mystery. Crater chains seen on the 861:. High resolution spectroscopic studies found that variations in the ion 804: 725: 673: 339: 302: 3269: 2415:

Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982

472:

Two other space probes made observations at the time of the impact: the

6500: 6312: 6216: 6205: 6195: 6175: 5978: 3821: 3239: 2952: 2517: 2148: 1012: 1004: 862: 854: 741: 697: 657: 490: 294: 165: 2392: 1710: 1422: 30:"Shoemaker–Levy" redirects here. For other Shoemaker–Levy comets, see 6423: 3149:

The Orbital Motion and Impact Circumstances of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

3092:

Grazier, Kevin R. (January 2016). "Jupiter: Cosmic Jekyll and Hyde".

2191: 1937: 1912: 1573: 1548: 1263: 714: 611: 607: 493:

in 1989, was programmed to look for radio emission in the 1–390

400: 3236:, curated by Ron Baalke, Jet Propulsion Laboratory software engineer 1239: 293:

Orbital studies of the new comet soon revealed that it was orbiting

7053: 2882: 2857: 2364:; Moyer, Elisabeth J.; Bouchez, Antonin H.; Spinrad, Hyron (1995). 814:

About an hour after fragment K entered Jupiter, observers recorded

807:—electrons with velocities near the speed of light—into the Jovian 784:

images, taken several seconds apart, showing the appearance of the

17: 3397: 3329: 3053: 2998: 2650: 1731:. Hubble Space Telescope Comet Team. July 23, 1994. Archived from 971: 850: 511: 447: 444: 431:(about 2.5 hours after R's impact). The black dot near the top is 422: 161: 60: 3233: 6297: 1038: 733: 729: 6473: 5982: 4883:

C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)

3768: 3302: 2901:"PIA01723: Space Radar Image of the Yucatan Impact Crater Site" 1725:"Hubble Ultraviolet Image of Multiple Comet Impacts on Jupiter" 497:

range and make observations with its ultraviolet spectrometer.

239:

While conducting a program of observations designed to uncover

3284: 494: 480: 298: 2438:

Noll, Keith S.; Weaver, Harold A.; Feldman, Paul D . (2006).

1822:

A Journey through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy

3187: 2839:"Mystery impact leaves Earth-size mark on Jupiter - CNN.com" 1063: 853:

of high-energy particles connecting Jupiter with the highly

399:. The most optimistic prediction was that large, asymmetric 4899:

C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)

1161:"Shoemaker–Levy 9: Comet's Impact Left Its Mark on Jupiter" 508:

from the first impact appearing over the limb of the planet

6469: 2366:"Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9: No Effect on the Io Plasma Torus" 305:(the point in the orbit farthest from the planet) of 0.33 3298: 3161:

Communication of Orbital Elements to Selden E. Ball, Jr.

745:

the cometary fragments did not penetrate deeply enough.

1886:

Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

1094:

period is generally thought to have been caused by the

1064:

Jupiter's role in protection of the inner Solar System

884:

also failed to detect any abnormal radio frequencies.

618:

A few minutes after the impact fireball was detected,

7030: 1137:, a near-Earth comet in the process of disintegrating 606:

that reached a peak temperature of about 24,000

3295:

at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node

822:

of the impact site with respect to Jupiter's strong

516:

Animation of Shoemaker-Levy 9's orbit around Jupiter

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The Collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 and Jupiter

1015:(the farthest point on the orbit from the planet). 818:emission near the impact region, as well as at the 721:were not detected, to the surprise of astronomers. 407:waves travelling across the planet, an increase in 138: 133: 123: 116: 108: 96: 76: 71: 2011:"What were some of the effects of the collisions?" 37:"SL9" redirects here. For the German airship, see 838:particles striking a planetary atmosphere near a 792:Radio observations revealed a sharp increase in 164:that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with 1784: 1782: 1780: 1286:"Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter" 1181:"Panoramic Picture of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9" 940:Spectroscopic observers found that ammonia and 3275:National Space Science Data Center information 3200: 6485: 5994: 3314: 2856:Nakamura, T.; Kurahashi, H. (February 1998). 2541:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 2044:Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (March 18, 1995). 1962:The Spectacular Swan Song of Shoemaker–Levy 9 1855:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 1691:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 8: 1646: 1644: 1480:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 46: 3270:Comet Shoemaker–Levy Collision with Jupiter 1825:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. 1684: 1682: 1376:"What will be the effect of the collision?" 1369: 1367: 1365: 1233: 1231: 1203: 1201: 325:images obtained before March 24, including 281:noted that the comet lay only about 4 65:(total of 21 fragments, taken in July 1994) 6794: 6699: 6578: 6492: 6478: 6470: 6020: 6001: 5987: 5979: 4837: 4554: 3794: 3783: 3765: 3337: 3321: 3307: 3299: 1653:"Can I see the effects with my telescope?" 1542: 1540: 1538: 1315: 1313: 1311: 52: 3293:Jupiter Impact Observing Campaign Archive 3052: 2997: 2881: 2787: 2649: 2463:Loders, Katharina; Fegley, Bruce (1998). 1936: 1756:"Periodic comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (1993e)" 1627:"Periodic Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e)" 1572: 1499: 788:of fragment W on the dark side of Jupiter 594:on July 16, 1994, when fragment A of the 279:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 4984:C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) 4959:C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) 4894:C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) 3217:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3147:Chodas P. W., and Yeomans D. K. (1996), 891: 773: 651: 590:The first impact occurred at 20:13 499: 187:The comet was discovered by astronomers 7148:Astronomical objects discovered in 1993 7037: 4994:C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) 3264:Jupiter Swallows Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 2413:Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). 1151: 329:from a photograph exposed on March 15, 1018:By far the most massive planet in the 45: 7123:Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker 4934:C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) 3040:International Journal of Astrobiology 2985:International Journal of Astrobiology 2122: 2120: 2118: 7: 3574:List of comets visited by spacecraft 3245:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Photo Gallery 896:A reddish, asymmetric ejecta pattern 696:. Other molecules detected included 586:described the impacts as following: 7118:Discoveries by Carolyn S. Shoemaker 6361:Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth 5019:C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) 2469:The Planetary Scientist's Companion 2402:from the original on July 18, 2018. 1819:Morison, Ian (September 25, 2014). 1343:Marsden, Brian G. (July 18, 1997). 504:Hubble Space Telescope images of a 342:just inside Jupiter's orbit, and a 6366:Asteroid close approaches to Earth 2046:"Comet Crash Impact Times Request" 2019:Stephen F. Austin State University 1799:National Space Science Data Center 1729:News Release Number: STScI-1994-35 1661:Stephen F. Austin State University 1384:Stephen F. Austin State University 1290:National Space Science Data Center 273:long and 10 arcseconds wide. 25: 5159:C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) 4939:C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) 1096:Cretaceous–Paleogene impact event 656:Brown spots mark impact sites on 7088: 7076: 7064: 7052: 7040: 7013: 7003: 7002: 6563: 6398:Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit 6108:2002 Eastern Mediterranean event 5963: 5962: 5009:C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) 3387: 3381: 3199: 1911:Weissman, Paul (July 14, 1994). 1159:Howell, E. (February 19, 2013). 1086:The extinction of the non-avian 27:Comet that collided with Jupiter 5103:C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) 4989:C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) 4979:C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) 4954:C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) 4929:C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) 4924:C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) 4919:C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) 4914:C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) 4909:C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) 4904:C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) 4873:C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) 4868:C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) 4863:C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) 4858:C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) 4853:X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) 3516:Observational history of comets 2465:"Jupiter, Rings and Satellites" 1754:Yeomans, D.K. (December 1993). 1292:. February 2005. Archived from 333:on March 17, and a team led by 231:and persisted for many months. 6710:Jupiter-crossing minor planets 5138:C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George) 5128:C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) 4535:P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS) 2932:Astrophysics and Space Science 2282:Astrophysics and Space Science 1960:Hammel, H.B. (December 1994). 1474:Lindgren, Mats (August 1996). 1345:"Eugene Shoemaker (1928–1997)" 1322:"Comet Shoemaker-Levy (1993e)" 672:in the Jovian spectrum due to 1: 6146:2012 United Kingdom meteoroid 5123:C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) 3605:C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) 2825:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00050-7 2623:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00139-2 2588:10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00068-8 2009:Bruton, Dan (February 1996). 1549:"Comet on target for Jupiter" 800:, caused by the injection of 382:Predictions for the collision 39:List of Schütte-Lanz airships 7128:Discoveries by David H. Levy 6459:Potentially hazardous object 5164:C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) 5086:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) 4686:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9) 4595:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 4087:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 2373:Geophysical Research Letters 1547:Chapman, C. R. (June 1993). 1449:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 1445:"D/1993 F2 Shoemaker–Levy 9" 643:Observations and discoveries 4655:226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 4027:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková 4007:41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák 3538:Extraterrestrial atmosphere 2805:Planetary and Space Science 2668:10.1051/0004-6361:200810321 2603:Planetary and Space Science 2568:Planetary and Space Science 1795:Lunar and Planetary Science 1602:University of Arizona Press 913:(from 0.3 to a few hundred 717:-bearing molecules such as 7169: 6911:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 6414:Asteroid impact prediction 6113:2007 Carancas impact event 5044:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) 5024:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) 4964:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) 4949:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) 3569:List of missions to comets 3240:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 FAQ 3164:Accessed February 21, 2006 2692:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2638:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2446:Cambridge University Press 1913:"The Big Fizzle is coming" 1210:Astronomy and Astrophysics 1067: 1052: 1007:and likely to be strongly 965: 47:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy) 36: 29: 6998: 6771:2016 Jupiter impact event 6766:2010 Jupiter impact event 6761:2009 Jupiter impact event 6561: 6507: 6419:Asteroid impact avoidance 6135:2009 Sulawesi superbolide 5958: 5329:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 5274:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) 4974:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) 4889:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) 4848:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) 4814:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 4182:76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 4137:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 3782: 3764: 3714:(Bernardinelli–Bernstein) 3379: 3336: 3071:10.1017/S1473550408004357 3016:10.1017/S1473550408004187 2417:. Springer. p. 449. 2050:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1651:Bruton, Dan (July 1994). 1374:Burton, Dan (July 1994). 1349:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1070:Asteroid impact avoidance 1055:2009 Jupiter impact event 1001:111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett 479:, primarily designed for 289:Comet with a Jovian orbit 144:1.8 km (1.1 mi) 51: 6321:Impact events on Jupiter 5034:C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) 4969:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) 4944:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) 4167:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3957:31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3947:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3620:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) 3259:Texas A&M University 2498:Earth, Moon, and Planets 2250:10.1126/science.11536723 2129:Earth, Moon, and Planets 1135:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1125:Impact events on Jupiter 1011:by the Sun's gravity at 968:Impact events on Jupiter 266:5725 on March 26, 1993. 134:Physical characteristics 7153:Predicted impact events 7020:Solar System portal 6092:Earth-grazing meteoroid 6086:Great Daylight Fireball 6056:Great Meteor Procession 5509:de Kock–Paraskevopoulos 5364:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 4565:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 3857:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 3705:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 3548:Small Solar System body 2945:1994Ap&SS.212...23W 2817:2000P&SS...48..829G 2705:1990A&A...239..375T 2660:2008A&A...489.1355O 2615:2001P&SS...49..473M 2580:1997P&SS...45.1251B 2510:1994EM&P...66....1H 2473:Oxford University Press 2303:10.1023/A:1002020013936 2295:1999Ap&SS.266..347O 2141:1996EM&P...73..147H 2093:10.1126/science.7871428 1791:"Ulysses and Voyager 2" 1625:Marsden, B. G. (1993). 1492:1996A&AS..118..293L 1320:Marsden, B. G. (1993). 1222:1995A&A...302..596S 1049:Impact of July 19, 2009 118:Orbital characteristics 59:Shoemaker–Levy 9, 32:List of periodic comets 6756:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 6429:Earth-grazing fireball 6327:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 5344:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) 5339:C/2013 US10 (Catalina) 5184:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) 5081:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) 5061:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) 4660:271P/van Houten–Lemmon 4620:107P/Wilson–Harrington 4615:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 4585:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 4461:4015 Wilson–Harrington 4305:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 4270:107P/Wilson–Harrington 4260:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 4072:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 3266:APOD: November 5, 2000 3255:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 3195: 3175:Listen to this article 2780:10.1006/icar.1996.0084 2742:10.1006/icar.1996.5636 2348:10.1006/icar.1999.6198 1451:. 1994. Archived from 1409:Landis, R. R. (1994). 1120:List of Jupiter events 997:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 988: 897: 789: 728:, emission from heavy 661: 660:'s southern hemisphere 616: 579: 509: 456:W. M. Keck Observatory 441:Hubble Space Telescope 436: 151:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 7138:Jupiter impact events 6304:Impact events on Mars 6186:2015 Kerala meteoroid 6181:2014 Ontario fireball 6163:Chelyabinsk meteorite 6130:Buzzard Coulee meteor 5862:Spacewatch–Rabinowitz 5424:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 5374:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 5354:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 5319:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) 5299:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) 5244:C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) 5234:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) 5214:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) 5179:C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) 5174:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) 5169:C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) 5004:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) 4650:206P/Barnard–Boattini 4172:74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 4082:56P/Slaughter–Burnham 3977:35P/Herschel–Rigollet 3724:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 3685:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 3615:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) 3590:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 3194: 3158:Chodas P. W. (2002), 3116:10.1089/ast.2015.1321 2452:on November 24, 2015. 1238:Solem, J. C. (1994). 1130:Atmosphere of Jupiter 1104:Rare Earth hypothesis 975: 895: 798:synchrotron radiation 777: 655: 588: 515: 503: 426: 63:on a collision course 6555:Jupiter's South Pole 6550:Jupiter's North Pole 6191:2015 Thailand bolide 6141:Sutter's Mill meteor 6010:Modern impact events 5842:Skjellerup–Maristany 5379:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua 5289:C/2009 R1 (McNaught) 5279:C/2007 W1 (Boattini) 5254:C/2006 P1 (McNaught) 5239:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) 5194:C/1999 F1 (Catalina) 5108:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) 4778:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 4766:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 4605:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 4162:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 4062:52P/Harrington–Abell 4037:47P/Ashbrook–Jackson 3932:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 3907:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 3226:More spoken articles 2927:Wetherill, George W. 2862:Astronomical Journal 1296:on February 19, 2013 1098:, which created the 962:Frequency of impacts 888:Post-impact analysis 6950:Io Volcano Observer 6171:Braunschweig meteor 6074:Sikhote-Alin meteor 5911:White–Ortiz–Bolelli 5414:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 5404:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 5384:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 5369:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 5359:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 5349:C/2014 E2 (Jacques) 5334:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) 5304:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) 5284:C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) 5259:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) 5204:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) 5098:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) 5071:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) 5056:C/1961 R1 (Humason) 5029:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) 4540:(300163) 2006 VW139 4410:332P/Ikeya–Murakami 4315:156P/Russell–LINEAR 4197:79P/du Toit–Hartley 4107:61P/Shajn–Schaldach 4092:58P/Jackson–Neujmin 4017:43P/Wolf–Harrington 3917:23P/Brorsen–Metcalf 3719:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 3695:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 3690:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) 3670:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 3640:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 3625:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 3108:2016AsBio..16...23G 3063:2009IJAsB...8...75H 3008:2008IJAsB...7..251H 2874:1998AJ....115..848N 2772:1996Icar..121..249S 2734:1997Icar..126..138R 2553:1996DPS....28.2241M 2385:1995GeoRL..22.1833B 2340:1999Icar..142..106B 2242:1995Sci...268.1879D 2236:(5219): 1879–1883. 2184:1995Natur.374..706I 2085:1995Sci...267.1307N 2079:(5202): 1307–1313. 1970:1994AAS...185.7201H 1929:1994Natur.370...94W 1898:1995LPI....26.1483W 1867:1996DPS....28.0814M 1789:Williams, David R. 1735:on December 5, 2017 1703:1994EOSTr..75..305B 1667:on December 9, 2012 1565:1993Natur.363..492C 1529:1994LPI....25...93B 1501:10.1051/aas:1996198 1390:on December 9, 2012 1256:1994Natur.370..349S 929:Longer-term effects 867:rotational velocity 694:astronomical object 435:transiting Jupiter. 401:ballistic fireballs 249:Palomar Observatory 205:Palomar Observatory 193:Eugene M. Shoemaker 155:formally designated 109:Discovery date 103:Palomar Observatory 98:Discovery site 48: 6512:Outline of Jupiter 6158:Chelyabinsk meteor 5847:Skorichenko–George 5442:Aarseth-Brewington 5394:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 5314:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) 5294:C/2010 X1 (Elenin) 5264:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) 5224:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) 5209:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) 5199:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) 5133:C/1989 X1 (Austin) 5118:C/1980 E1 (Bowell) 4999:C/1911 O1 (Brooks) 4702:D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 4610:80P/Peters–Hartley 4325:162P/Siding Spring 4202:80P/Peters–Hartley 4067:53P/Van Biesbroeck 3992:38P/Stephan–Oterma 3700:C/2015 G2 (MASTER) 3675:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) 3665:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) 3655:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 3635:C/2020 F5 (MASTER) 3595:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) 3196: 2953:10.1007/BF00984505 2518:10.1007/BF00612878 2149:10.1007/BF00114146 2025:on August 28, 2021 1090:at the end of the 989: 898: 790: 770:Other observations 662: 580: 510: 437: 413:Jovian ring system 307:astronomical units 241:near-Earth objects 182:inner Solar System 78:Discovered by 7028: 7027: 6973: 6972: 6779: 6778: 6691: 6690: 6467: 6466: 6454:Near-Earth object 6434:Meteor procession 6381:Meteor air bursts 6291: 6290: 6228:Winchcombe meteor 6222:2020 China bolide 6201:2017 China bolide 5976: 5975: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5561:IRAS–Araki–Alcock 5399:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 5269:C/2007 N3 (Lulin) 5076:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) 5066:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) 5039:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) 5014:C/1931 P1 (Ryves) 4823: 4822: 4750: 4749: 4712:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 4590:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 4467:7968 Elst–Pizarro 4385:273P/Pons–Gambart 4330:168P/Hergenrother 4320:161P/Hartley–IRAS 4280:109P/Swift–Tuttle 4122:64P/Swift–Gehrels 4077:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 3892:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 3760: 3759: 3747:Comets in fiction 3650:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) 3645:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 3600:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) 3526:Comet discoverers 3192: 2907:on August 8, 2016 2574:(10): 1251–1271. 2482:978-0-19-511694-6 2393:10.1029/95GL00904 2362:Brown, Michael E. 2178:(6524): 706–708. 1832:978-1-316-12380-5 1711:10.1029/94eo00965 1611:978-0-8165-2450-1 1559:(6429): 492–493. 1425:on August 8, 2008 1250:(6488): 349–351. 909:to a few tens of 724:As well as these 668:studies revealed 533: Fragment A 365:and the planet's 245:Schmidt telescope 201:Schmidt telescope 148: 147: 83:Carolyn Shoemaker 16:(Redirected from 7160: 7113:Destroyed comets 7093: 7092: 7091: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7036: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7006: 7005: 6913:(2023, en route) 6795: 6700: 6579: 6567: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6282: 6271: 6260: 6249: 6238: 6212:Kamchatka meteor 6123: 6080:Murchison meteor 6021: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5980: 5966: 5965: 5924: 5902: 5894:Tago-Sato-Kosaka 5721:McNaught–Russell 5409:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 5324:C/2012 S1 (ISON) 5309:C/2012 E2 (SWAN) 5249:C/2006 M4 (SWAN) 5229:C/2002 V1 (NEAT) 5219:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) 5189:C/1998 J1 (SOHO) 5154:C/1990 K1 (Levy) 5113:C/1975 V1 (West) 5094: 5052: 4838: 4555: 4310:153P/Ikeya–Zhang 4047:49P/Arend–Rigaux 3837:7P/Pons–Winnecke 3795: 3784: 3766: 3742:Antimatter comet 3630:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 3511:Naming of comets 3391: 3385: 3338: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3300: 3291:Shoemaker-Levy 9 3216: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3136: 3135: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3056: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3001: 2992:(3–4): 251–261. 2979: 2973: 2972: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789:2060/19970022199 2752: 2746: 2745: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2699:(1–2): 375–380. 2686: 2680: 2679: 2653: 2644:(3): 1355–1362. 2633: 2627: 2626: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2448:. Archived from 2435: 2429: 2428: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2379:(3): 1833–1835. 2370: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2192:10.1038/374706a0 2167: 2161: 2160: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2021:. Archived from 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1938:10.1038/370094a0 1908: 1902: 1901: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1786: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1663:. Archived from 1648: 1639: 1638: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1574:10.1038/363492a0 1544: 1533: 1532: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1421:. Archived from 1406: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1386:. Archived from 1371: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1317: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1264:10.1038/370349a0 1235: 1226: 1225: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1156: 1100:Chicxulub crater 981:chain of craters 942:carbon disulfide 922:meteor air burst 811:by the impacts. 706:hydrogen sulfide 682:carbon disulfide 670:absorption lines 648:Chemical studies 578: 577: Fragment W 576: 567: 566: Fragment N 565: 556: 555: Fragment G 554: 545: 544: Fragment D 543: 534: 532: 523: 521: 346:interior to the 297:rather than the 275:Brian G. Marsden 218:, and Jupiter's 87:Eugene Shoemaker 56: 49: 21: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7143:1994 in science 7103: 7102: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7014: 7012: 6994: 6969: 6924: 6899: 6879:Voyager program 6851:Pioneer program 6830:Galileo project 6824:Cassini–Huygens 6811: 6790: 6788: 6775: 6742: 6719: 6687: 6641: 6608: 6568: 6559: 6516: 6503: 6498: 6468: 6463: 6402: 6386:Meteorite falls 6349: 6306: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6122: 6118: 6096: 6012: 6007: 5977: 5972: 5942: 5918: 5896: 5434: 5428: 5419:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 5142: 5088: 5046: 4832: 4830: 4819: 4757: 4746: 4690: 4669: 4544: 4441: 4434: 4237: 4231: 4112:62P/Tsuchinshan 4102:60P/Tsuchinshan 4097:59P/Kearns–Kwee 3862:12P/Pons–Brooks 3799: 3789: 3778: 3771:Lists of comets 3756: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3610:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 3578: 3557: 3499: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3332: 3327: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3207:This audio file 3204: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3144: 3139: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3036: 3035: 3031: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2475:. p. 200. 2462: 2461: 2457: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2126: 2125: 2116: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1990:. July 17, 2017 1982: 1981: 1977: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1923:(6485): 94–95. 1910: 1909: 1905: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1604:. p. 301. 1595: 1594: 1590: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1373: 1372: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1116: 1077:Jupiter barrier 1072: 1066: 1057: 1051: 970: 964: 931: 890: 772: 751: 711: 703: 691: 687: 679: 674:diatomic sulfur 650: 645: 637:megatons of TNT 574: 573: 563: 562: 552: 551: 541: 540: 530: 529: 519: 518: 517: 421: 393:Comet Hyakutake 384: 369:, inside which 291: 260:thence its name 237: 225:escape velocity 89: 85: 67: 66: 64: 61:disrupted comet 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7166: 7164: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7010: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6939: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918:Europa Clipper 6914: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6876: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6848: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6715:Solar eclipses 6712: 6706: 6704: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6683:Pasiphae group 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6533:Great Red Spot 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6345:Jupiter impact 6341: 6339:Jupiter impact 6335: 6333:Jupiter impact 6329: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6219: 6217:2019 MO impact 6214: 6208: 6206:2018 LA impact 6203: 6198: 6196:WT1190F impact 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6176:2014 AA impact 6173: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6068:Chicora meteor 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5916:Wilson–Hubbard 5913: 5908: 5903: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783:311P/PanSTARRS 5780: 5775: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4835: 4829:Near-Parabolic 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4645:205P/Giacobini 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4530:358P/PANSTARRS 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4510:311P/PanSTARRS 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4488:60558 Echeclus 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4430:460P/PanSTARRS 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4395:311P/PanSTARRS 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4350:205P/Giacobini 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4057:51P/Harrington 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3962:32P/Comas Solà 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3922:24P/Schaumasse 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3752:Comet vintages 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3453:Near-parabolic 3445: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3431:Jupiter-family 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3219: 3205: 3198: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169:External links 3167: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3084: 3029: 2974: 2939:(1–2): 23–32. 2918: 2892: 2883:10.1086/300206 2848: 2830: 2811:(9): 829–853. 2795: 2747: 2728:(1): 138–147. 2710: 2681: 2628: 2609:(5): 473–486. 2593: 2558: 2531: 2488: 2481: 2455: 2430: 2423: 2405: 2353: 2334:(1): 106–115. 2316: 2289:(3): 347–369. 2271: 2213: 2162: 2135:(2): 147–155. 2114: 2062: 2036: 2001: 1975: 1952: 1903: 1872: 1845: 1831: 1811: 1776: 1746: 1716: 1678: 1640: 1617: 1610: 1588: 1534: 1507: 1486:(2): 293–301. 1466: 1455:on May 9, 2008 1436: 1401: 1361: 1335: 1307: 1277: 1227: 1216:(2): 596–608. 1197: 1185:HubbleSite.org 1172: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1115: 1112: 1065: 1062: 1053:Main article: 1050: 1047: 966:Main article: 963: 960: 935:Great Red Spot 930: 927: 889: 886: 828:magnetic field 824:magnetic field 778:A sequence of 771: 768: 750: 747: 719:sulfur dioxide 709: 701: 689: 685: 677: 649: 646: 644: 641: 633:Earth diameter 420: 417: 383: 380: 290: 287: 236: 233: 229:Great Red Spot 158:D/1993 F2 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 114: 113: 112:March 24, 1993 110: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 80: 74: 73: 69: 68: 58: 57: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7165: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7034: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Himalia group 6651: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:Magnetosphere 6538: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Meteor shower 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Minor planets 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6262: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152:Novato meteor 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825:Siding Spring 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4665:289P/Blanpain 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625:113P/Spitaler 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:27P/Crommelin 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515:324P/La Sagra 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494:118401 LINEAR 4492: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:289P/Blanpain 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345:178P/Hug–Bell 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:141P/Machholz 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:27P/Crommelin 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3463:Unknown-orbit 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3374: 3373:Meteor shower 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3208: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766:(2): 249–24. 2765: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2424:9780387493268 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1812: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033:and three on 1032: 1028: 1027:crater chains 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 961: 959: 956: 952: 946: 943: 938: 936: 928: 926: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 902: 894: 887: 885: 883: 882: 876: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 840:magnetic pole 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 809:magnetosphere 806: 803: 799: 795: 787: 783: 782: 776: 769: 767: 765: 761: 757: 748: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 707: 699: 695: 683: 675: 671: 667: 666:Spectroscopic 659: 654: 647: 642: 640: 638: 634: 628: 624: 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 587: 585: 571: 560: 549: 538: 527: 522: Jupiter 514: 507: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 487: 482: 478: 476: 470: 468: 464: 462: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 434: 430: 425: 418: 416: 414: 410: 409:stratospheric 406: 402: 398: 394: 388: 381: 379: 375: 372: 368: 364: 358: 356: 351: 349: 348:asteroid belt 345: 341: 336: 335:Eleanor Helin 332: 328: 324: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 288: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 234: 232: 230: 226: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 143: 141: 137: 132: 128: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 99: 95: 92: 88: 84: 81: 79: 75: 70: 62: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7100: 7095:Solar System 6961: 6941: 6916: 6890: 6883: 6871: 6862: 6855: 6845:New Horizons 6843: 6834: 6822: 6804: 6755: 6673:Ananke group 6326: 6062:Curuçá River 6044:Great Meteor 6038:Great Meteor 5655:C/2001 OG108 5447:Arend–Roland 4808:103P/Hartley 4798:(2005, 2011) 4784:19P/Borrelly 4732:75D/Kohoutek 4717:20D/Westphal 4685: 4640:177P/Barnard 4635:157P/Tritton 4630:122P/de Vico 4505:259P/Garradd 4340:177P/Barnard 4300:144P/Kushida 4285:122P/de Vico 4275:108P/Ciffréo 4265:103P/Hartley 4255:96P/Machholz 4187:77P/Longmore 4177:75D/Kohoutek 4032:46P/Wirtanen 4022:44P/Reinmuth 3952:30P/Reinmuth 3902:20D/Westphal 3897:19P/Borrelly 3495:Interstellar 3448:Non-periodic 3290: 3257:Dan Bruton, 3160: 3152: 3148: 3142:Bibliography 3102:(1): 23–38. 3099: 3095:Astrobiology 3093: 3087: 3047:(2): 75–80. 3044: 3038: 3032: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2936: 2930: 2921: 2909:. 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