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material used for the telescope assembly. The mount includes a system of bearings in pressurized oil to isolate the instrument from vibration. Tracking was achieved through a system of gyroscopes, high-speed cameras, and magnetic torque motors to compensate for motion, including vibrations from airflow and the aircraft engines. The telescope cabin was cooled prior to aircraft takeoff to ensure that the telescope matched the external temperature it would experience at altitude to prevent thermally induced shape changes. Prior to landing, the compartment was flooded with nitrogen gas to prevent condensation of moisture on the chilled optics and instruments.
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competitive application process. NASA and DLR (German Space Agency) selected educators who came from a variety of backgrounds, and their institutions included a school for the deaf, an alternative education site (developmentally challenged), highly underserved student populations, rural schools, and a Native
American school. Since the "Pilot" cycle the AAA program has flown over 20 teams and was now in its Cycle 5 phase.
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687:. Boeing developed the SP or "Special Performance" version of the 747 for ultra long range flights, modifying the design of the 747-100 by removing sections of the fuselage and heavily modifying others to reduce weight, thus allowing the 747SP to fly higher, faster and farther non-stop than any other 747 model of the time.
854:. It was agreed that Germany would contribute 20% of the total cost and provide the telescope. However, the reunification of Germany and budget cuts at NASA led to a five-year slide in the project. NASA then contracted the work out to the Universities Space Research Association (USRA), and in 1996, NASA and the
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The "SOFIA Six" were the first set of educators selected in the United States to participate in SOFIA's AAA "Pilot" program, and flew during the summer of 2011. Germany had a separate application process, but also flew two teachers that summer. Educator teams plus alternates were selected in a highly
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DLR was responsible for the entire telescope assembly and design, along with two of the nine scientific instruments used with the telescope; NASA was responsible for the aircraft. The manufacturing of the telescope was subcontracted to the
European industry. The telescope was German-made; the primary
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The open cavity housing the telescope was exposed to high-speed turbulent winds. In addition, the vibrations and motions of the aircraft introduce observing difficulties. The telescope was designed to be very lightweight, with a honeycomb shape milled into the back of the mirror and polymer composite
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is located at a science instruments suite in the pressurized, center section of the fuselage, requiring part of the telescope to pass through the pressure bulkhead. In the center of the aircraft was the mission control and science operations section, while the forward section hosts the education and
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Commencing work in 1998, Raytheon designed and installed a 5.5 m (18 ft) tall (arc length) by 4.1 m (13.5 ft) wide door in the aft left side of the aircraft's fuselage that could be opened in-flight to give the telescope access to the sky. The telescope was mounted in the aft end
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with various spectral ranges. During its time in service, SOFIA's telescope was by far the largest placed in an aircraft. For each mission one interchangeable science instrument was attached to the telescope. Two groups of general-purpose instruments were available. In addition, an investigator can
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at altitudes of about 12 kilometres (41,000 ft). SOFIA's flight capability allowed it to rise above almost all of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere, which blocks some infrared wavelengths from reaching the ground. At the aircraft's cruising altitude, 85% of the full infrared range was
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In
February 2006, after cost increases from $ 185 million to $ 330 million, NASA placed the project "under review" and suspended funding by removing the project from its budget. On June 15, 2006, SOFIA passed the review when NASA concluded that there were no insurmountable technical or
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purchased the plane from Pan Am on
February 13, 1986, and the aircraft received a new aircraft registration, N145UA. The aircraft also received a new livery without Lindbergh's name. The aircraft remained in service until December 1995, when United Airlines placed it into storage near Las Vegas.
1788:"The @SOFIAtelescope just embarked on its last flight. On behalf of our team, I am grateful to the dedicated scientists and engineers, including many from @DLR_en, who have contributed important science results and have done so safely. Follow along at https://flightaware.com/live/flight/NASA747"
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The maiden flight of SOFIA took place on April 26, 2007, at the L-3 Integrated
Systems' (L-3 IS) Waco, Texas facility. After a brief test program in Waco to partially expand the flight envelope and perform post-maintenance checks, the aircraft was moved on May 31, 2007, to NASA's
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On April 28, 2022, the project announced it was retiring the aircraft as of
September 30, 2022. Its 921st and last mission was over the North Pacific Ocean off the coast of California, taking off from Palmdale and returning there to land 7 hours and 57 minutes later at 04:41
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Since 2011, SOFIA missions were chosen amongst several proposals. Successful missions were scheduled according to yearly cycles, with the first cycle corresponding to 2013. During each cycle, the aircraft and instruments were shared between a few different missions.
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from 0.3 to 1.1 μm. The main instruments were FLITECAM, a near-infrared camera covering 1–5 μm; FORCAST, covering the mid-infrared range of 5–40 μm; and HAWC, which spans the far-infrared in the range 42–210 μm. The other four instruments include an optical
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also entered bankruptcy protection and withdrew from the project as operator of the aircraft. The telescope was transported from
Germany to the United States where it was installed in the airframe in 2004 and initial observations were made from the ground.
725:(USRA) purchased the aircraft from United for use as an airborne observatory. On October 27, 1997, NASA purchased the aircraft from USRA. NASA conducted a series of "baseline" flight tests that year, prior to any heavy modification of the aircraft by
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925:. The first phase of loads and flight testing was used to check the aircraft characteristics with the external telescope cavity door closed. This phase was successfully completed by January 2008 at NASA- Armstrong Flight Research Center.
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The astrophysics decadal survey for the 2020s recommended that NASA end SOFIA operations by 2023. "The survey committee has significant concerns about SOFIA, given its high cost and modest scientific productivity," the report stated.
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Boeing assigned serial number 21441 to the airframe that would eventually become SOFIA; it was the 306th 747 to be built. The first flight of this aircraft was on April 25, 1977, and Boeing delivered the aircraft to
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SOFIA was designed from the beginning to support a robust public education and outreach effort that can, during the planned 20-year mission lifetime, directly involve more than a thousand educators of all types —
889:, Germany. These consisted of the primary mirror assembly, the main optical support and the suspension assembly. After successful integration tests were made to check the system, the components were shipped to
2521:"There's Water and Ice on the Moon, and in More Places Than NASA Once Thought – Future astronauts seeking water on the moon may not need to go into the most treacherous craters in its polar regions to find it"
940:'s formation escaping through its cloud cover. Initial "routine" science observation flights began in December 2010 and the observatory was slated for full capability by 2014 with about 100 flights per year.
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teachers, science museum and planetarium educators, and public outreach specialists — as partners with the scientist, and reach hundreds of thousands of people across the nation through these educators.
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On
December 18, 2009, the SOFIA aircraft performed the first test flight in which the telescope door was fully opened. This phase lasted for two minutes of the 79-minute flight. SOFIA's telescope saw
515:(CSEM). A reflective surface coating was reapplied to the primary mirror 1–2 times per year, first at a contract facility in Louisiana, until the consortium established its own coating facility at
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for observations of
Jupiter and nebulae. In 1969, planning began for mounting a 910 mm (36 in) telescope on an airborne platform. The goal was to perform astronomy from the
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Boeing also built the 747-100SP (special performance), which had a shortened fuselage and was designed to fly higher, faster and farther non-stop than any 747 model of its time.
741:). To ensure successful modification, Raytheon purchased a section from another 747SP, registration number N141UA, which was being scrapped in early 1998 to use as a full-size
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Group in France, reduced the weight by milling honeycomb-shaped pockets out of the back. They finished polishing the mirror on
December 14, 1999, achieving an accuracy of 8.5
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livery, a black square has been painted on the aft fuselage to indicate the location of the door that would be opened in flight to allow the telescope access to the sky.
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Sofia has been used also for Astrobiology missions, focusing amongst other goals on the observation of new planetary systems and the detection of complex molecules.
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in the mid-infrared helped determine the large asteroid/dwarf planet was coated with a layer of asteroid dust from other bodies. In July 2017, SOFIA observed a star
843:, was dedicated on May 21, 1975. The telescope was instrumental in numerous scientific studies, including the discovery of the ring system around the planet Uranus.
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available. The aircraft could also travel above almost any point on the Earth's surface, allowing observation from the northern and southern hemispheres.
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also design and build a special purpose instrument. On April 17, 2012, two upgrades to HAWC were selected by NASA to increase the field of view with new
423:, which has an oversized, 2.7 m (8.9 ft) diameter primary mirror, as was common with most large infrared telescopes. The optical system uses a
312:. NASA awarded the contract for the development of the aircraft, operation of the observatory and management of the American part of the project to the
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and other stellar objects. While SOFIA aircraft operations were managed by the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, California, the NASA
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aircraft. They arrived on September 4, 2002. SOFIA completed its first ground-based "on-sky" test on August 18–19, 2004 by taking an image of the star
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The project was further delayed in 2001 when three subcontractors tasked with development of the telescope door went out of business in succession.
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in Mountain View, California, was home to the SOFIA Science Center which managed mission planning for the program. On June 29, 2015, the
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2493:"Pair of studies confirm there is water on the moon – New research confirms what scientists had theorized for years — the moon is wet"
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Science flights have now concluded, after the landing of the 921st and last flight in the early morning of September 29, 2022. The
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public outreach area. The open fuselage has no significant influence on the aerodynamics and flight qualities of the airplane.
954:
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699:, N536PA and Pan Am placed the aircraft into commercial passenger service. Pan Am named the aircraft in honor of aviator
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on May 20, 1977, the 50th anniversary of the beginning of her husband's historic flight from New York to Paris in 1927.
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The final flight of the aircraft occurred on December 13, 2022, when the aircraft departed from Palmdale and landed at
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Reinacher, Andreas; Graf, Friederike; Greiner, Benjamin; et al. (2018). "The SOFIA Telescope in Full Operation".
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where it can be analyzed. An optical mirror located behind the tertiary mirror was used for a camera guidance system.
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324:) managed the German parts of the project which were primarily science-and telescope-related. SOFIA's telescope saw
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in Mainz, Germany with lightweight improvements, with grinding and polishing completed by the French company
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885:, with polishing completed by May 2000. During 2002, the main components of the telescope were assembled in
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1818:"NASA747 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Flight Tracking and History 28-Sep-2022 (KPMD-KPMD)"
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by several independent spacecraft, including the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA).
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2.5-meter (98-inch) Bent Cassegrain with chopping secondary mirror and flat folding tertiary, Nasmyth focus
3100:
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332:. During 10-hour, overnight flights, it observed celestial magnetic fields, star-forming regions, comets,
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761:, on May 21, 2007, the 80th anniversary of the completion of Charles Lindbergh's trans-Atlantic flight.
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The proposal for a larger aircraft-mounted telescope was officially presented in 1984 and called for a
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2017:
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Proceedings of the Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars to Dust
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Observing flights were flown three or four nights a week. The SOFIA Observatory was based at NASA's
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2347:"Don't Judge an Asteroid by its Cover: Mid-infrared Data from SOFIA Shows Ceres' True Composition"
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1974:
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1947:
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1323:. Munich, Germany: SPIE — The International Society for Optical Engineering. pp. 276–281.
1992:
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as low as 1.3, while the resulting optical layout has an f-number of 19.7. A flat, tertiary,
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to carry a three-meter telescope. The preliminary system concept was published in 1987 in a
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At NASA's invitation, Lindbergh's grandson, Erik Lindbergh, re-christened the aircraft as
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Erickson, E. F.; Davidson, J. A. (July 1994). "SOFIA: The future of airborne astronomy".
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secondary. In order to fit the telescope into the fuselage, the primary was shaped to an
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The SOFIA telescope's primary mirror was 2.5 meters in diameter and was manufactured of
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511:-REOSC. The secondary silicon carbide-based mirror mechanism was manufactured by the
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2039:
Casey, Sean C. (2004). "The SOFIA program: astronomers return to the stratosphere".
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The first use of an aircraft for performing infrared observations was in 1965 when
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881:(nm) over the optical surface. The hyperbola-shaped secondary mirror was made of
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while ground based observatories failed this observation, preparing the probe
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2614:"Nichelle Nichols, Star Trek's 'Uhura,' Will Fly on NASA's SOFIA Observatory"
1426:
Keller, Luke; Jurgen Wolf (October 2010). "NASA's New Airborne Observatory".
1360:
Krabbe, Alfred; Casey, Sean C. (July 2002). "First Light SOFIA Instruments".
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1927:. Mountain View, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 707–773.
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that could be opened in flight to allow a 2.5 m (8.2 ft) diameter
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1739:"SOFIA Upgrades: Integrating Telescope Onboard Command and Control Systems"
1558:"SOFIA: NASA's flying infrared observatory prepares for its final take-off"
1518:"Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy 308911 SOFIA Quick Facts"
2685:
NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: SOFIA's Window Seat (February 25, 2006)
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flight-deck upgrade along with new avionics systems and software updates.
659:
The SOFIA aircraft pictured during a test flight in 1998. Still mostly in
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1979:
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and surfaces; to investigate the structure, evolution and composition of
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The primary science objectives of SOFIA were to study the composition of
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used to carry the telescope has been preserved and put on display at the
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mission support aircraft shadows SOFIA during a functional check flight.
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1394:"NASA – NASA Selects Science Instrument Upgrade for Flying Observatory"
1112:
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858:(DLR) signed a memorandum of understanding to build and operate SOFIA.
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1948:"Kuiper Airborne Observatory Marks 30th Anniversary of its Dedication"
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near the airplane's tail, and initially carried nine instruments for
333:
17:
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1362:
Proceedings, SPIE conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing X
257:
Location of Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
205:
3006:
2291:"SOFIA in the Right Place at the Right Time for Pluto Observations"
1111:
for the first time in 40 years. In early 2017, its observations of
1713:"NASA's SOFIA to be Rededicated on Historic Lindbergh Anniversary"
1527:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2010. p. 1.
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2014:"REOSC Delivers the Best Astronomical Mirror in the World to ESO"
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The telescope looked out of a large door in the port side of the
163:
ground: 702 m (2,303 ft); airborne: 13.7 km (45,000 ft)
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2324:"Flying Observatory Detects Atomic Oxygen in Martian Atmosphere"
2295:
1874:"NASA's Retired SOFIA Aircraft Finds New Home at Arizona Museum"
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Proceedings of SPIE: Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation
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1973:. Vol. 12. Berlin: Wissenschaft und Technik. p. 107.
1715:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
913:
programmatic challenges to the continued development of SOFIA.
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of the fuselage behind a pressurized bulkhead. The telescope's
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1580:
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27:
Infrared telescope system mounted on a converted Boeing 747 SP
2264:"Astrophysics decadal survey recommends NASA terminate SOFIA"
1700:(Interview). Interviewed by Markus Völter. Omega Tau Podcast.
195:
190:
2557:. Universities Science Research Association. Archived from
1698:"Omega Tau Podcast Episode 190 – SOFIA Part 2, The Flights"
491:
detector arrays and to add the capability of measuring the
415:
The NASA logo reflected in SOFIAs 2.5-meter primary mirror.
399:, California, while the SOFIA Science Center was based in
371:
that had been modified to include a large door in the aft
200:
2289:
Veronico, Nicholas A.; Squires, Kate K. (June 29, 2015).
1971:
SOFIA : astronomy and technology in the 21st century
443:
was used to deflect the infrared part of the beam to the
2690:
Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
2172:"SOFIA Airborne Observatory Completes First Test Flight"
43:
Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
2699:
SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy
679:
SOFIA conducts a night checkout flight over California.
2397:"Molecular water detected on the sunlit Moon by SOFIA"
2200:
Hautaluoma, Grey; Hagenauer, Beth (January 16, 2008).
1465:
1463:
1454:"New Facility to Improve Airborne Telescope's Clarity"
2983:
2076:"NASA Airborne Observatory Sees Stars For First Time"
1364:. Seattle, USA: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.
995:
The HAWC+ instrument mounted to the SOFIA telescope.
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379:access to the sky. This telescope was designed for
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83:
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2491:Guarino, Ben; Achenbach, Joel (October 26, 2020).
1711:Hautaluoma, Grey; Hagenauer, Beth (May 11, 2007).
1544:Manufacturer's serial number:21441 Line number:306
1512:
1510:
1508:
703:. At the invitation of Pan Am, Lindbergh's widow,
555:Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy,
2545:
2543:
2395:Honniball, C.I.; et al. (October 26, 2020).
316:(USRA) in 1996. The DSI (German SOFIA Institute;
1761:"NASA, Partner Decide to Conclude SOFIA Mission"
1745:. www.nasa.gov. December 3, 2012. Archived from
1319:Krabbe, Alfred (March 2007). "SOFIA telescope".
1136:In October 2020, astronomers reported detecting
695:on May 6, 1977. The aircraft received its first
513:Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology
328:on May 26, 2010. SOFIA was the successor to the
294:Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy
2170:Martin, Lance; Backman, Dana (April 26, 2007).
2103:"NASA leaves jumbo-jet telescope on the runway"
2016:. European Southern Observatory. Archived from
2692:, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at
2748:
2443:Hayne, P.O.; et al. (October 26, 2020).
2195:
2193:
2121:"NASA Astronomical Observatory Passes Hurdle"
1289:Malacara, Daniel; Thompson, Brian J. (2001).
764:During December 2012 the aircraft received a
731:Raytheon Intelligence and Information Systems
54:SOFIA with the telescope door open in flight.
8:
1148:Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors Program (AAA)
42:
30:"SOFIA" redirects here. For other uses, see
2246:"Cycle 7 Current Schedule and Flight Plans"
431:primary mirror and a remotely configurable
2755:
2741:
2733:
2345:Veronico, Nicholas A. (January 19, 2016).
2252:. Universities Space Research Association.
2202:"SOFIA Completes Closed-Door Test Flights"
932:on May 26, 2010, returning images showing
526:
220:
74:
60:
48:
41:
1978:
1786:Zurbuchen, Thomas (September 28, 2022).
1369:
1328:
1174:flew aboard SOFIA on September 17, 2015.
1097:ejecta producing planet-forming material.
495:of dust emission from celestial sources.
2074:Mewhinney, Michael (September 9, 2004).
1314:
1312:
1310:
865:, a glass-ceramic composite produced by
2990:
2972:Jumbo: The Plane that Changed the World
1969:Titz, Ruth; Roeser, Hans-Peter (1998).
1556:Kulkarni, Sumeet (September 28, 2022).
1247:Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation
1224:Universities Space Research Association
1211:
950:
873:. REOSC, the optical department of the
795:, where it has been placed on display.
723:Universities Space Research Association
314:Universities Space Research Association
2174:. SOFIA Science Center. Archived from
2137:NASA Headquarters press release 06-240
2078:. SOFIA Science Center. Archived from
1055:passed between a distant star and the
419:SOFIA uses a 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
2372:Voytek, Mary A. (November 15, 2019).
1534:from the original on October 28, 2009
1059:producing a shadow on the Earth near
367:, a factory shortened version of the
116:(for about 2 months around June/July)
7:
2612:Howell, Elizabeth (August 6, 2016).
1899:"N747NA Flight Tracking and History"
1013:Scientific research and observations
2519:Chang, Kenneth (October 26, 2020).
2228:"SOFIA Sees Jupiter's Ancient Heat"
2101:McKee, Maggie (February 13, 2006).
1184:List of largest infrared telescopes
1007:SOFIA Primary Mirror Assembly (PMA)
839:radiation. This project, named the
819:to study Venus. Three years later,
308:(DLR) to construct and maintain an
2593:. SOFIA Science Center. April 2017
1872:Fisher, Alise (December 8, 2022).
1040:; and to explore the formation of
683:The SOFIA aircraft was a modified
114:Christchurch International Airport
25:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2551:"Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors"
1946:Mewhinney, Mike (May 24, 2005).
1083:
1074:
1063:that allowed SOFIA to study the
1000:
988:
972:
953:
919:Armstrong Flight Research Center
535:
403:, in Mountain View, California.
393:Armstrong Flight Research Center
268:
247:
240:
2322:Bell, Kassandra (May 6, 2016).
2123:. June 15, 2006. Archived from
1696:Beall, Ace (December 8, 2015).
1671:"21023 / 268 - Production List"
1612:. The Boeing Co. Archived from
1291:Handbook of Optical Engineering
831:, where there was a much lower
300:) was a 80/20 joint project of
2445:"Micro cold traps on the Moon"
2147:Berger, Brian (May 30, 2006).
1658:2/13/1986 N536PA United Bought
1103:In early 2016, SOFIA detected
1:
2728:Dryden Flight Research Center
2719:Dryden Flight Research Center
2374:"SOFIA missions astrobiology"
2149:"NASA Expected To Save SOFIA"
1642:"History for airframe #21441"
1140:on the sunlit surface of the
817:Galileo Airborne Observatory
785:Davis–Monthan Air Force Base
2012:Staff (December 14, 1999).
1851:Pima Air & Space Museum
1189:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
841:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
789:Pima Air & Space Museum
639:Pima Air & Space Museum
349:Pima Air & Space Museum
330:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
3122:
2591:"SOFIA Science Newsletter"
2415:10.1038/s41550-020-01222-x
2153:Space News Business Report
2041:Advances in Space Research
1293:. CRC Press. p. 246.
835:from water-vapor-absorbed
707:, christened the aircraft
693:Pan American World Airways
29:
2815:Government & military
2463:10.1038/s41550-020-1198-9
2061:10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.026
1606:"The Boeing 747 Classics"
1268:10.1142/S225117171840007X
534:
397:Palmdale Regional Airport
279:
266:
235:
219:
59:
47:
3076:Astronomy in New Zealand
2827:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
2664:Solar System Exploration
1130:visiting this asteroid.
322:Deutsches SOFIA Institut
274:Related media on Commons
1440:2010S&T...120d..22K
856:German Aerospace Center
787:, to be donated to the
721:On April 30, 1997, the
630:2010–September 30, 2022
306:German Aerospace Center
3081:Airborne observatories
2724:SOFIA Movie Collection
2715:SOFIA Photo Collection
2678:April 2, 2023, at the
2349:. NASA. Archived from
2234:. DNews. May 29, 2010.
2204:. NASA. Archived from
1846:"Boeing 747SP "SOFIA""
1220:"SOFIA Science Center"
1199:Far-infrared astronomy
936:'s core and heat from
923:Edwards Air Force Base
808:
737:Integrated Systems of
680:
664:
486:transition edge sensor
416:
321:
144:43.48944°S 172.53222°E
69:Alternative names
32:Sofia (disambiguation)
2694:University of Chicago
2660:SOFIA Mission Profile
869:that has almost zero
806:
697:aircraft registration
678:
658:
414:
363:SOFIA was based on a
2638:SOFIA Science Center
2555:SOFIA Science Center
2250:SOFIA Science Center
2178:on November 22, 2008
2127:on November 26, 2020
1826:. September 29, 2022
1719:on November 24, 2010
1675:Boeing 747SP Website
1616:on November 21, 2010
1046:Ames Research Center
965:Ames Research Center
466:(μm) and high-speed
425:Cassegrain reflector
401:Ames Research Center
383:observations in the
377:reflecting telescope
310:airborne observatory
191:SOFIA Science Center
149:-43.48944; 172.53222
112:(most of the year);
3106:Individual aircraft
3091:Infrared telescopes
2701:, Moonfest 2009 by
2673:DLR's SOFIA Website
2498:The Washington Post
2353:on January 25, 2019
2303:on December 8, 2015
2270:. November 13, 2021
2082:on October 12, 2006
2053:2004AdSpR..34..560C
2020:on October 14, 2007
1989:1999RvMA...12..107K
1933:1976IAUS...73...75P
1400:on January 24, 2022
1380:2002astro.ph..7417K
1339:2000SPIE.4014..276K
1260:2018JAI.....740007R
1065:atmosphere of Pluto
1038:interstellar medium
1028:; to determine the
825:Learjet Observatory
799:Project development
594:Construction number
547:General information
541:SOFIA during flight
503:mirror was cast by
421:reflector telescope
140: /
44:
2872:Boeing Dreamlifter
2579:on August 5, 2012.
2573:"News and Updates"
2561:on March 27, 2014.
2526:The New York Times
2159:on April 20, 2007.
1588:"News and Updates"
1194:Infrared astronomy
1121:Kuiper belt object
1109:Atmosphere of Mars
809:
735:L-3 Communications
681:
665:
523:The SOFIA aircraft
456:infrared astronomy
417:
381:infrared astronomy
369:wide-body aircraft
179:September 29, 2022
2981:
2980:
2966:(performance art)
1749:on June 17, 2019.
1594:on April 3, 2012.
1428:Sky and Telescope
1347:10.1117/12.389103
1095:supernova remnant
871:thermal expansion
807:SOFIA's telescope
759:Clipper Lindbergh
709:Clipper Lindbergh
701:Charles Lindbergh
676:
653:
652:
641:, Tucson, Arizona
557:Clipper Lindbergh
468:optical astronomy
290:
289:
231:
230:
16:(Redirected from
3113:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2920:Spirit of Mojave
2878:City of Canberra
2860:Notable aircraft
2846:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:. Archived from
2569:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2450:Nature Astronomy
2440:
2434:
2433:
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2402:Nature Astronomy
2392:
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2358:
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2336:
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2308:
2299:. Archived from
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2260:
2254:
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2242:
2236:
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2218:
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2213:
2208:on April 6, 2013
2197:
2188:
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2167:
2161:
2160:
2155:. Archived from
2144:
2138:
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2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:NewScientist.com
2098:
2092:
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2009:
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1982:
1980:astro-ph/9908345
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1767:. April 28, 2022
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1596:
1595:
1590:. Archived from
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1396:. Archived from
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1371:astro-ph/0207417
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1330:astro-ph/0004253
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1172:Nichelle Nichols
1093:SOFIA science —
1087:
1078:
1004:
992:
976:
957:
813:Gerard P. Kuiper
677:
539:
527:
283:edit on Wikidata
272:
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110:Palmdale Airport
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2867:747 Supertanker
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2680:Wayback Machine
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1677:. July 21, 2022
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1138:molecular water
1124:486958 Arrokoth
1119:of the distant
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906:United Airlines
883:silicon carbide
801:
793:Tucson, Arizona
715:United Airlines
667:
661:United Airlines
598:
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441:dichroic mirror
409:
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353:Tucson, Arizona
338:Galactic Center
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2632:External links
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2457:(2): 169–175.
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2047:(3): 77–115.
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1398:the original
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1229:December 25,
1227:. Retrieved
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1128:New Horizons
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1050:dwarf planet
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829:stratosphere
821:Frank J. Low
815:used NASA's
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635:Preserved at
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605:Registration
575:Manufacturer
567:Boeing 747SP
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418:
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385:stratosphere
365:Boeing 747SP
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345:Boeing 747SP
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98: /
90: /
84:Organization
36:
3036:Outer space
3024:Spaceflight
2937:Hull losses
2772:Base models
2616:. Space.com
2532:October 26,
2504:October 26,
2476:October 26,
2428:October 26,
1903:FlightAware
1830:October 30,
1823:FlightAware
1798:October 30,
1771:October 29,
1620:January 23,
1538:December 2,
1117:occultation
1061:New Zealand
1022:atmospheres
963:and SOFIA,
930:first light
891:Waco, Texas
751:focal point
739:Waco, Texas
472:wavelengths
464:micrometres
462:from 1–655
460:wavelengths
326:first light
168:Established
147: /
135:172°31′56″E
122:Coordinates
72:SOFIA
39:Observatory
3086:Boeing 747
3070:Categories
2942:In fiction
2885:Jumbo Stay
2764:Boeing 747
2709:Multimedia
2274:August 28,
2232:Seeker.com
1610:boeing.com
1563:Astrobites
1207:References
879:nanometres
848:Boeing 747
649:On display
627:In service
477:photometer
433:hyperbolic
336:, and the
215:Telescopes
196:NASA SOFIA
132:43°29′22″S
3000:Astronomy
2947:Operators
2620:April 26,
2597:April 26,
2471:218595642
2423:228954129
2357:April 26,
2330:April 26,
2268:SpaceNews
2131:August 9,
1646:747sp.com
1497:August 1,
1476:August 1,
1404:April 17,
1276:126242974
1167:Star Trek
1034:chemistry
1019:planetary
867:Schott AG
727:E-Systems
599:Line #306
505:Schott AG
489:bolometer
429:parabolic
201:DLR SOFIA
2676:Archived
2212:July 23,
2182:July 23,
2086:July 23,
2024:July 23,
1743:nasa.gov
1723:July 23,
1529:Archived
1525:nasa.gov
1492:"N747NA"
1471:"N747NA"
1178:See also
1170:actress
887:Augsburg
852:Red Book
837:infrared
579:NASA/DLR
452:fuselage
437:f-number
373:fuselage
359:Facility
304:and the
160:Altitude
106:Location
3060:Science
2986:Portals
2801:747-400
2796:747-300
2791:747-200
2779:747-100
2307:July 1,
2049:Bibcode
1985:Bibcode
1954:July 4,
1929:Bibcode
1804:Twitter
1456:. NASA.
1436:Bibcode
1376:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1113:1 Ceres
1107:in the
1036:of the
1030:physics
938:Jupiter
899:Polaris
863:Zerodur
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743:mock-up
729:(later
614:History
334:nebulae
184:Website
2930:Topics
2913:N747GE
2906:N747PA
2892:N661US
2839:VC-25
2766:family
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2326:. NASA
1995:
1950:. NASA
1648:. 2010
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1026:comets
981:F/A-18
609:N747NA
584:Owners
318:German
267:
176:Closed
3012:Stars
2956:Other
2899:N7470
2851:YAL-1
2833:SOFIA
2806:747-8
2784:747SP
2467:S2CID
2419:S2CID
1975:arXiv
1792:Tweet
1532:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1366:arXiv
1325:arXiv
1272:S2CID
1057:Earth
1053:Pluto
1042:stars
967:2008.
875:SAGEM
733:then
530:SOFIA
509:SAGEM
351:near
298:SOFIA
281:[
224:SOFIA
18:SOFIA
2703:NASA
2668:NASA
2655:NASA
2642:USRA
2622:2018
2599:2018
2534:2020
2506:2020
2478:2020
2430:2020
2382:2018
2359:2018
2332:2018
2309:2015
2296:NASA
2276:2022
2214:2008
2184:2008
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1993:ISBN
1956:2008
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1878:NASA
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646:Fate
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