1122:
1064:
93:
42:
2698:
687:
driven knee lever rotated the boom perpendicularly outwards and latched it in place. Only the use of a pair of sensors together with the rotation of the probe allowed the spacecraft to resolve the small natural magnetic field beneath the disturbing fields of the probe itself. The measurements to identify the fields produced by the craft took place on the route from Earth to Venus. The lack of magnetic cleanness was due to the reuse of the
2692:
4681:
415:
2704:
1482:
4705:
4717:
4693:
679:, and magnetic barrier in high resolution in three-dimensions, aid ASPERA-4 in the study of the interaction of the solar wind with the atmosphere of Venus, identify the boundaries between plasma regions, and carry planetary observations as well (such as the search for and characterization of Venus lightning). MAG was derived from the
1028:
mission data that was obtained can contribute not only to an in-depth understanding of how the
Venusian atmosphere is structured, but also to an understanding of the changes that led to the current greenhouse atmospheric conditions. Such an understanding may contribute to the study of climate change
686:
One measuring device was placed on the body of the craft. The identical second of the pair was placed the necessary distance away from the body by unfolding a 1 m long boom (carbon composite tube). Two redundant pyrotechnical cutters cut one loop of thin rope to free the power of metal springs. The
537:
on 9 November 2005 at 03:33:34 UTC into a parking Earth orbit and 1 h 36 min after launch put into its transfer orbit to Venus. A first trajectory correction maneuver was successfully performed on 11 November 2005. It arrived at Venus on 11 April 2006, after 153 days of journey, and fired
612:
was still being received from the vehicle, but no data was being transmitted. Mission manager
Patrick Martin expected the spacecraft would fall below 150 kilometres (93 mi) in early January 2015, with destruction occurring in late January or early February. The spacecraft's carrier signal was
652:
and the
Venusian atmosphere, determine the impact of plasma processes on the atmosphere, determine global distribution of plasma and neutral gas, study energetic neutral atoms, ions and electrons, and analyze other aspects of the near Venus environment. ASPERA-4 is a re-use of the ASPERA-3 design
862:
and 45 μm wavelength range and was designed to perform vertical optical sounding of the Venus atmosphere. It should have performed global, long-term monitoring of the three-dimensional temperature field in the lower atmosphere (cloud level up to 100 kilometers). Furthermore, it should have
596:
environment and the surface characteristics of Venus from orbit. It also made global maps of the
Venusian surface temperatures. Its nominal mission was originally planned to last for 500 Earth days (approximately two Venusian sidereal days), but the mission was extended five times: first on 28
446:(ESA). Launched in November 2005, it arrived at Venus in April 2006 and began continuously sending back science data from its polar orbit around Venus. Equipped with seven scientific instruments, the main objective of the mission was the long term observation of the
597:
February 2007 until early May 2009; then on 4 February 2009 until 31 December 2009; and then on 7 October 2009 until 31 December 2012. On 22 November 2010, the mission was extended to 2014. On 20 June 2013, the mission was extended a final time until 2015.
5914:
719:. The VMC is designed for global imaging of the planet. It operated in the visible (VIS), ultraviolet (UV), and near infrared (NIR1 and NIR2) spectral ranges, and maps surface brightness distribution searching for volcanic activity, monitoring
1000:
was a radio sounding experiment that transmitted radio waves from the spacecraft and passed them through the atmosphere or reflected them off the surface. These radio waves were received by a ground station on Earth for analysis of the
1403:
giving the initial findings. It finds evidence for past oceans. It confirms the presence of lightning on Venus and that it is more common on Venus than it is on Earth. It also reports the discovery that a huge double
521:. However, problems with the insulation from the Fregat upper stage led to a two-week launch delay to inspect and clear out the small insulation debris that migrated on the spacecraft. It was eventually launched by a
450:. The observation over such long periods of time had never been done in previous missions to Venus, and was key to a better understanding of the atmospheric dynamics. ESA concluded the mission in December 2014.
4793:
5293:
4753:
3523:
4274:
604:. Intermittent contact was reestablished on 3 December 2014, though there was no control over the spacecraft, likely due to exhaustion of propellant. On 16 December 2014, ESA announced that the
574:
entered its target orbit at apoapsis on 7 May 2006 at 13:31 UTC, when the spacecraft was 151,000,000 kilometres (94,000,000 mi) from Earth. At this point the spacecraft was running on an
3624:
734:
4121:
4299:
693:
spacecraft bus, which did not carry a magnetometer. By combining the data from two-point simultaneous measurements and using software to identify and remove interference generated by
6034:
3666:
1024:
Starting out in the early planetary system with similar sizes and chemical compositions, the histories of Venus and Earth have diverged in spectacular fashion. It is hoped that the
7919:
5111:
5465:
3747:
1841:
7494:
4746:
3204:
1531:
5955:
4412:
3614:
8082:
5704:
5650:
1871:
5322:
4047:
3420:
3184:
578:
substantially closer to the planet than during the initial orbit. The polar orbit ranged between 250 and 66,000 kilometres (160 and 41,010 mi) over Venus. The
5061:
3533:
742:
723:, studying the distribution of unknown ultraviolet absorbing phenomenon at the cloud-tops, and making other science observations. It was derived in part from the
6582:
5370:
4739:
3503:
5655:
8062:
6393:
6342:
5182:
4892:
3682:
2604:
2270:
6428:
5453:
5409:
667:
was designed to measure the strength of Venus's magnetic field and the direction of it as affected by the solar wind and Venus itself. It mapped the
5846:
5288:
5086:
5081:
3199:
3169:
1047:
from Venus orbit. In images acquired by the probe, Earth was less than one pixel in size, which mimics observations of Earth-sized planets in other
6038:
5764:
3649:
3189:
3179:
2573:
2358:
8057:
7487:
5760:
4562:
3634:
3351:
2462:
1511:
750:
6844:
5297:
5116:
3644:
4653:
4364:
3687:
1692:
741:
to pre-process image data, reducing the amount transmitted to Earth. The consortium of institutions responsible for the VMC included the
7422:
6544:
5675:
3413:
3356:
4720:
2183:
6600:
5670:
5207:
4055:
3932:
3780:
1746:
506:
spacecraft. The mission was proposed by a consortium led by D. Titov (Germany), E. Lellouch (France) and F. Taylor (United
Kingdom).
7480:
7456:
6868:
6575:
5709:
5337:
5317:
5091:
4468:
4091:
4085:
3723:
1536:
2454:
1849:
582:
was located almost above the North pole (80° North latitude), and it took 24 hours for the spacecraft to travel around the planet.
8040:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
1967:
1943:
7348:
6469:
5807:
5332:
5187:
5101:
4438:
4127:
3508:
3498:
3376:
1032:
In 2006, its research result identified the differences between Venus and Earth and started to observe routine climate changes.
8077:
6513:
5192:
4875:
4696:
4450:
3518:
549:
into a nine-day orbit of 400 by 330,000 kilometres (250 by 205,050 mi). The burn was monitored from ESA's
Control Centre,
1904:"Exploring planetary magnetic environments using magnetically unclean spacecraft: A systems approach to VEX MAG data analysis"
1782:
7769:
6399:
5732:
4685:
4527:
4406:
4400:
3619:
3406:
3214:
2597:
2519:
1875:
1121:
5966:
6459:
6229:
5822:
4709:
3252:
3111:
2403:
727:
6683:
6632:
6568:
5570:
5447:
5384:
5307:
5177:
3956:
3287:
1566:
8035:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
1639:
7796:
7446:
6950:
6816:
6760:
5390:
5247:
4290:
3277:
257:
6225:
1416:
863:
searched for minor atmospheric constituents that may be present, but had not yet been detected, analyzed atmospheric
1796:
1228:
29 March 2006: Third trajectory correction maneuver successfully performed – on target for 11 April orbit insertion.
8072:
6852:
6332:
5716:
5621:
4597:
4417:
4010:
3992:
3962:
3872:
3587:
3554:
3528:
2676:
697:
itself, it was possible to obtain results of a quality comparable to those produced by a magnetically clean craft.
518:
8067:
6830:
6693:
5696:
4582:
4220:
3886:
3728:
3513:
3361:
2613:
2590:
1506:
7534:
7461:
7150:
6720:
6539:
6267:
5904:
4542:
2967:
2901:
1589:
1501:
980:
754:
101:
80:
1614:
1234:
11 April 2006: The Venus Orbit
Insertion (VOI) is completed successfully, according to the following timeline:
983:. It analyzed all layers of the atmosphere, surface temperature and surface/atmosphere interaction phenomena.
2381:
7388:
7314:
6765:
6688:
6534:
5793:
5436:
4853:
4587:
4341:
4109:
3786:
3639:
3575:
3272:
2864:
990:
918:
746:
468:
changes: primarily in the areas of thermal control, communications and electrical power. For example, since
7907:
1063:
1005:, atmosphere and surface of Venus. It was derived from the Radio Science Investigation instrument flown on
909:
that was used for analyzing radiation in the infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. It was derived from the
7543:
7414:
7287:
7111:
4557:
3950:
3219:
3209:
1496:
1373:
23 April 2006: Apoapsis
Lowering Manoeuvre #2 performed. Orbital period is now approx 25 hours 43 minutes.
1741:
86:
7409:
7128:
6824:
6728:
6549:
5768:
5660:
4984:
4903:
4862:
4788:
4782:
4305:
3604:
3429:
3371:
3346:
3325:
3174:
3081:
2732:
2726:
2639:
2088:
1459:
3 December 2014: Intermittent contact established, spacecraft determined to likely be out of propellant.
1248:
716:
542:
443:
73:
7719:
1222:
17 February 2006: The main engine is fired successfully in a dress rehearsal for the arrival maneuver.
7451:
7355:
7208:
7067:
7050:
7038:
7026:
7014:
6995:
6788:
6363:
6273:
5778:
5517:
5260:
5034:
4886:
4643:
4347:
4191:
4073:
3841:
3823:
3774:
3597:
3592:
3087:
2434:
2324:
1915:
1007:
972:
906:
338:
7249:
6179:
6081:
4869:
4775:
2845:
2697:
2063:
1768:
8024:
7985:
7836:
7713:
7619:
7519:
7508:
7504:
7290:
7214:
7002:
6911:
6474:
6349:
6220:
6022:
4959:
4731:
4627:
4572:
4567:
4537:
4376:
4335:
4323:
4317:
4204:
4016:
3986:
3845:
3817:
3718:
3449:
1815:
1178:
737:. The camera is based on a Kodak KAI-1010 Series, 1024 x 1024 pixel interline CCD, and included an
589:
530:
502:
489:
447:
365:
254:
7923:
2311:
Montmessin, F.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Lefèvre, F.; Marcq, E.; Belyaev, D.; et al. (November 2011).
1902:
Pope, S. A.; Zhang, T. L.; Balikhin, M. A.; Hvizdos, L.; Kudela, K.; Dimmock, A. P. (April 2011).
7992:
7831:
7815:
7786:
7758:
7539:
7374:
6617:
6162:
6064:
5918:
5889:
5365:
4704:
4617:
4522:
4329:
4266:
4139:
4023:
3366:
3292:
2656:
2226:
2206:
1487:
554:
485:
7935:
5106:
517:
was open from 26 October to 23 November 2005, with the launch initially set for 26 October 4:43
41:
7753:
7573:
2139:
1714:
7266:
6893:
6838:
6768:
6749:
6736:
6378:
6027:
5635:
5355:
5301:
5252:
5131:
5124:
3998:
3896:
3879:
3857:
3135:
3024:
3019:
3014:
1516:
7939:
7902:
7856:
7662:
7564:
5212:
3389:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
2564:
7652:
7232:
6288:
5049:
4658:
4517:
4242:
3582:
3118:
3004:
2442:
2438:
2340:
2332:
2216:
2211:
1923:
1664:
1396:
19 September 2007: End of the nominal mission (500 Earth days) – Start of mission extension.
1048:
593:
7592:
2691:
7609:
7396:
7243:
5827:
5743:
5475:
5235:
5229:
4929:
4474:
4311:
3570:
3320:
3034:
2838:
2293:
2161:
1521:
1207:
7173:
2328:
1991:
1919:
1370:
20 April 2006: Apoapsis
Lowering Manoeuvre #1 performed. Orbital period is now 40 hours.
192:
1.5 × 1.8 × 1.4 m (4.9 × 5.9 × 4.6 ft)
7577:
7472:
7114:
6970:
5772:
5497:
5492:
5155:
5138:
4843:
4507:
3708:
3464:
3225:
2020:
1974:
1947:
879:
mission. However PFS failed during its deployment and no useful data was transmitted.
867:, and investigated surface to atmosphere exchange processes. The design was based on a
609:
414:
375:
92:
2494:
2425:
Taylor, Fredric W. (November 2006). "The Planet Venus and the Venus
Express Mission".
8051:
7955:
7737:
7614:
7588:
7384:
7310:
7282:
7073:
6650:
6622:
5738:
3792:
3659:
3482:
2670:
2230:
1231:
7 April 2006: Command stack for orbit insertion maneuver is loaded on the spacecraft.
672:
668:
561:
510:
2114:
2005:
7697:
7559:
7220:
6976:
6900:
6742:
6490:
6316:
6252:
6147:
6049:
5940:
5851:
5783:
4945:
3835:
3654:
3330:
2478:
1691:
Bauer, Markus; Svedhem, Håkan; Williams, Adam; Martin, Patrick (16 December 2014).
1405:
1163:
1051:. These observations were then used to develop methods for habitability studies of
868:
759:
689:
664:
460:
158:
7338:
7061:
6876:
6703:
6673:
6660:
6655:
2703:
2530:
2244:
560:
Seven further orbit control maneuvers, two with the main engine and five with the
2336:
941:
ed) that was used to observe the Sun through Venus's atmosphere in the infrared.
8014:
8010:
8006:
7893:
7873:
7646:
7305:
7272:
6810:
6592:
4592:
4512:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4149:
3866:
3703:
2663:
1966:
Markiewicz, W. J.; Titov, D.; Fiethe, B.; Behnke, T.; Szemerey, I.; et al.
1837:
1526:
1446:
864:
488:
environment is harsher. On the other hand, the more intense illumination of the
2582:
1225:
24 February 2006: Second trajectory correction maneuver successfully performed.
7997:
7965:
7887:
7678:
7657:
7583:
6988:
6906:
6125:
6112:
6002:
5995:
5861:
5833:
5510:
5503:
5481:
5403:
5172:
5055:
5025:
4978:
4971:
4939:
4607:
4258:
4250:
4226:
4197:
4177:
4159:
4145:
3968:
3054:
3049:
2802:
2446:
1928:
1903:
1477:
1219:
11 November 2005: First trajectory correction maneuver successfully performed.
1002:
859:
676:
649:
534:
493:
1842:"Out of Fuel, Venus Express Is Falling Gently to Its Death in Planet's Skies"
1422:
4 February 2009: ESA agrees to fund mission extension until 31 December 2009.
7897:
7880:
7810:
7791:
7732:
7692:
7299:
7260:
7184:
6935:
6928:
6887:
6882:
6783:
6777:
6560:
6518:
6356:
6262:
6118:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6016:
6009:
5874:
5867:
5840:
5749:
5665:
5541:
5534:
5528:
5413:
5241:
5014:
5007:
4965:
4952:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4648:
4622:
4547:
4370:
4212:
4133:
3944:
3799:
3441:
3247:
3242:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3009:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2852:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2312:
1376:
26 April 2006: Apoapsis Lowering Manoeuvre #3 is slight fix to previous ALM.
1052:
579:
2271:"Venus Express Provides First Detection of Hydroxyl in Atmosphere of Venus"
2221:
2038:
2019:
Koeck, Ch.; Kemble, S.; Gautret, L.; Renard, P.; Faye, F. (October 2001).
1469:
18 January 2015: Last detection of the spacecraft's X-band carrier signal.
1428:
23 November 2010: ESA agrees to fund the mission through 31 December 2014.
476:
as Venus, the radiant heating of the spacecraft is four times greater for
8001:
7969:
7846:
7726:
7640:
7569:
7105:
6645:
6442:
6435:
6304:
5960:
5523:
5343:
5068:
5001:
4989:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4097:
4079:
4039:
3974:
3904:
3713:
3477:
3472:
3194:
3093:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2792:
2776:
2737:
1412:
1167:
976:
855:
522:
240:
3398:
1425:
7 October 2009: ESA agrees to fund the mission through 31 December 2012.
8019:
7931:
7851:
7840:
7764:
7687:
7635:
7379:
7362:
7228:
7191:
6733:
6708:
6234:
5971:
5581:
5487:
5470:
5457:
5443:
5417:
5326:
5312:
5161:
5096:
4612:
4487:
4480:
4462:
4456:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4103:
3829:
3629:
3609:
3549:
3454:
3141:
2344:
1439:
749:
and the Institute of Computer and Communication Network Engineering at
720:
575:
546:
267:
2313:"A layer of ozone detected in the nightside upper atmosphere of Venus"
17:
7988:
7915:
7911:
7805:
7801:
7682:
7197:
7083:
7078:
6698:
6678:
6664:
6640:
6464:
6092:
6087:
5989:
5788:
5396:
5377:
5167:
5120:
5075:
4897:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4602:
4234:
4004:
3938:
3768:
3308:
2988:
2983:
2962:
2957:
2858:
2832:
2827:
2787:
1415:(OH) in the atmosphere of Venus is reported in the May 2008 issue of
526:
465:
244:
1386:
14 December 2006: First temperature map of the southern hemisphere.
7927:
7161:
7139:
6755:
5755:
5691:
5197:
4444:
4115:
4031:
3980:
3926:
2617:
1432:
1120:
1062:
1044:
735:
Optical, Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS)
439:
393:
355:
345:
62:
1715:"Venus Express preliminary investigations bring encouraging news"
1216:
9 November 2005: Launch from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 03:33:34 UTC.
7427:
5576:
5202:
4880:
4577:
4552:
4532:
1973:. Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. Archived from
1946:. Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. Archived from
738:
550:
545:
to reduce its velocity so that it could be captured by Venusian
469:
7476:
6564:
4735:
3745:
3402:
2586:
3313:
3282:
1591:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016
1390:
539:
473:
307:
230:
1190:
30 August 2005: Last major system test successfully started.
458:
The mission was proposed in 2001 to reuse the design of the
2555:
1449:
experiment. Multiple passes at 131 to 135 km altitude.
1196:
21 September 2005: FRR (Fuelling Readiness Review) Ongoing.
568:
to reach its final operational 24-hour orbit around Venus.
500:
mission also uses some spare instruments developed for the
118:
1184:
16 August 2005: First flight verification test completed.
1132:
trajectory around Venus from 1 April 2006 to 1 April 2008
648:
toms," ASPERA-4 investigated the interaction between the
1810:
1808:
1806:
2184:"The new temperature map of Venus' southern hemisphere"
1438:
1 October 2012: It is reported that a cold layer where
1411:
20 May 2008: The detection by the VIRTIS instrument of
600:
On 28 November 2014, mission control lost contact with
2479:"Interactive 3D model of the Venus Express spacecraft"
1399:
27 November 2007: A series of papers was published in
657:, but adapted for the harsher near-Venus environment.
464:
mission. However, some mission characteristics led to
1783:"Europe maintains its presence on the final frontier"
1452:
28 November 2014: Mission control loses contact with
2039:"Venus Express PFS fails to respond to a swift kick"
2026:. European Space Agency. p. 17. ESA-SCI(2001)6.
975:
that observed in the near-ultraviolet, visible, and
7978:
7948:
7865:
7824:
7779:
7746:
7706:
7671:
7628:
7602:
7552:
7527:
7328:
7094:
6960:
6949:
6920:
6867:
6802:
6719:
6631:
6610:
6599:
6527:
6504:
6483:
6452:
6421:
6386:
6377:
6297:
6287:
6245:
6213:
6206:
6197:
6171:
6155:
6146:
6073:
6057:
6048:
5982:
5948:
5939:
5897:
5888:
5815:
5806:
5684:
5643:
5634:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5562:
5555:
5427:
5281:
5274:
5221:
5042:
5033:
5024:
4852:
4767:
4636:
4498:
4427:
4357:
4289:
4066:
3915:
3810:
3761:
3754:
3696:
3675:
3563:
3542:
3491:
3463:
3440:
3339:
3301:
3265:
3235:
3162:
3155:
3128:
3103:
3074:
3067:
2997:
2976:
2910:
2874:
2768:
2718:
2711:
2649:
2631:
2624:
1206:21 October 2005: Contamination detected inside the
1074:
trajectory from 9 November 2005 to 31 December 2006
400:
392:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
329:
313:
294:
286:
281:
263:
250:
236:
217:
212:
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
154:
149:
131:
113:
100:
79:
69:
58:
1769:"Mission extensions approved for science missions"
1532:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
2359:"A curious cold layer in the atmosphere of Venus"
1383:entered its target orbit at apoapsis at 13:31 UTC
4762:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
3524:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
1442:may precipate exists in the atmosphere of Venus.
1393:agrees to fund mission extension until May 2009.
1193:5 September 2005: Electrical testing successful.
1634:
1632:
1597:(second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
1431:25 August 2011: It is reported that a layer of
875:, but modified for optimal performance for the
854:pectrometer" (PFS) should have operated in the
137:Final: 9 years, 2 months, 9 days
3534:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
1640:"Venturing into the upper atmosphere of Venus"
743:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
538:its main engine between 07:10:29 and 08:00:42
7488:
6576:
4747:
3414:
2598:
2115:"Venus Express searching for life – on Earth"
1686:
1684:
1682:
1659:
1657:
1608:
1606:
1604:
745:, the Institute of Planetary Research at the
27:European orbiter mission to Venus (2005–2015)
8:
2089:"유럽 금성탐사선 '비너스 익스프레스', 금성궤도 선회 시작 (영문기사 첨부)"
32:
2140:"Successful Venus Express main engine test"
1968:"Venus Monitoring Camera for Venus Express"
1797:"ESA science missions continue in overtime"
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
7495:
7481:
7473:
6957:
6607:
6583:
6569:
6561:
6383:
6294:
6210:
6203:
6152:
6054:
5945:
5894:
5812:
5640:
5611:
5604:
5559:
5278:
5039:
5030:
4754:
4740:
4732:
3758:
3742:
3683:European Launcher Development Organisation
3437:
3421:
3407:
3399:
3159:
3071:
2715:
2628:
2605:
2591:
2583:
2021:"Venus Express: Mission Definition Report"
1897:
1895:
1893:
1693:"Venus Express goes gently into the night"
1445:18 June—11 July 2014: Performs successful
1363:13 April 2006: First images of Venus from
1354:Period of this initial orbit is nine days.
1043:was also used to observe signs of life on
91:
31:
2220:
2142:. European Space Agency. 17 February 2006
2064:"Atmospheric Dynamics of Venus and Earth"
1927:
1667:. European Space Agency. 14 December 2012
1642:. European Space Agency. 11 November 2014
1187:22 August 2005: Integrated System Test-3.
613:last detected by ESA on 18 January 2015.
1435:exists in the upper atmosphere of Venus.
1241:
1162:completed its final phase of testing at
765:
8083:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets
2463:"Venus Express Launch Campaign Journal"
2457:. European Space Agency. 3 August 2005.
2361:. European Space Agency. 1 October 2012
1736:
1734:
1732:
1549:
1408:exists at the south pole of the planet.
1213:5 November 2005: Arrival at launch pad.
472:is approximately twice as far from the
2455:"Venus Express launch campaign starts"
2292:Carpenter, Jennifer (7 October 2011).
1512:List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
3645:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2406:. European Space Agency. 11 July 2014
2207:"European mission reports from Venus"
2186:. European Space Agency. 14 July 2009
1961:
1959:
1957:
715:amera is a wide-angle, multi-channel
7:
4692:
3688:European Space Research Organisation
3504:Space Research and Technology Centre
2294:"Venus springs ozone layer surprise"
2164:. European Space Agency. 24 May 2007
1994:. Technical University at Brunswick.
1569:. European Space Agency. 1 June 2014
917:. However, SPICAV had an additional
728:High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC)
6545:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
4716:
3357:List of artificial objects on Venus
1462:16 December 2014: ESA declares the
751:Technische Universität Braunschweig
8063:European Space Agency space probes
2579:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
2529:(4): 26–33. B56133. Archived from
2520:"The Blazing Hell Behind the Veil"
2245:"Venus offers Earth climate clues"
2037:Lakdawalla, Emily (23 July 2007).
1944:"The Venus Express mission camera"
1747:National Space Science Data Center
419:ESA Solar System insignia for the
25:
7457:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
1613:Scuka, Daniel (23 January 2015).
1537:Timeline of planetary exploration
7350:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
4715:
4703:
4691:
4680:
4679:
3509:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
2702:
2696:
2690:
1874:. Iwf.oewa.ac.at. Archived from
1480:
753:. It is not to be confused with
413:
317:January / February 2015
40:
6514:International Lunar Observatory
5325:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
2205:Hand, Eric (27 November 2007).
1615:"Venus Express: The Last Shout"
1199:12 October 2005: Mating to the
763:, of which it is an evolution.
360:63,000 km (39,000 mi)
4528:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
1177:arrived at the airport of the
103:
1:
8058:Space probes launched in 2005
6460:High Resolution Stereo Camera
3352:Observations and explorations
3253:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
2382:"Surfing an alien atmosphere"
2380:Scuka, Daniel (16 May 2014).
2006:"The light and dark of Venus"
1818:. SpaceDaily. 8 December 2014
971:pectrometer" (VIRTIS) was an
168:1,270 kg (2,800 lb)
6684:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3288:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
2570:by ESA Spacecraft Operations
2561:by the European Space Agency
2495:"Venus Express: Instruments"
2337:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.010
1417:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7447:List of Solar System probes
5391:Radiation Budget Instrument
2427:Planetary and Space Science
2404:"Venus Express rises again"
1259:Liquid Settling Phase start
683:lander's ROMAP instrument.
442:exploration mission of the
176:700 kg (1,500 lb)
8099:
5717:Infrared Space Observatory
4598:Mars sample return mission
4418:European Data Relay System
4098:Meteosat Second Generation
4011:James Webb Space Telescope
3873:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
3555:European Data Relay System
3529:Concurrent Design Facility
2968:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
2677:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
2518:Dambeck, Thorsten (2009).
2095:(in Korean). 11 April 2006
1254:Ground receive time (UTC)
592:and clouds in detail, the
492:results in more generated
8033:
7442:
4671:
4221:Meteosat Third Generation
4080:Meteosat First Generation
3741:
3729:Planetary Science Archive
3514:European Astronaut Centre
3436:
3385:
2688:
2447:10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.013
2273:. SpaceDaily. 20 May 2008
1992:"Venus Monitoring Camera"
1929:10.5194/angeo-29-639-2011
1567:"Venus Express Factsheet"
1507:List of missions to Venus
412:
408:
388:
384:
350:460 km (290 mi)
325:
321:
298:18 January 2015, 15:01:55
277:
273:
221:9 November 2005, 03:33:34
208:
204:
145:
141:
54:
39:
7462:List of space telescopes
6540:Inertial Stellar Compass
5905:Raman Laser Spectrometer
2902:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
2008:. ESA. 21 February 2008.
1785:. ESA. 22 November 2010.
1502:List of planetary probes
1036:Search for life on Earth
981:electromagnetic spectrum
755:Visual Monitoring Camera
184:93 kg (205 lb)
6535:Deep Space Atomic Clock
5794:Venus Emissivity Mapper
3640:Living Planet Programme
3499:Space Operations Centre
3273:European Venus Explorer
2497:. European Space Agency
2481:. European Space Agency
2465:. European Space Agency
2439:2006P&SS...54.1247T
2384:. European Space Agency
2162:"Venus orbit insertion"
1816:"Venus Express anomaly"
1771:. ESA. 16 October 2009.
1695:. European Space Agency
1617:. European Space Agency
1059:Timeline of the mission
747:German Aerospace Center
8078:Orbiters (space probe)
7544:Universitetsky-Tatyana
3951:Hubble Space Telescope
3519:Space Astronomy Centre
1717:. ESA. 25 October 2005
1588:Siddiqi, Asif (2018).
1497:Uncrewed space mission
1203:upper stage completed.
1166:Intespace facility in
1154:
1118:
897:haracteristics of the
346:Pericytherion altitude
7410:Peregrine Mission One
6954:(by termination date)
6729:Emirates Mars Mission
6604:(deep space missions)
6550:Plasma Wave Subsystem
5661:Multispectral Scanner
4985:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
4789:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3748:Projects and missions
3430:European Space Agency
3082:Venus Orbiter Mission
2733:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2222:10.1038/news.2007.297
2119:European Space Agency
2043:The Planetary Society
1270:VOI main engine start
1249:Spacecraft event time
1124:
1066:
905:enus" (SPICAV) is an
858:between the 0.9
608:mission had ended. A
444:European Space Agency
356:Apocytherion altitude
335:Reference system
302:2015-01-18UTC15:01:56
225:2005-11-09UTC03:33:34
150:Spacecraft properties
74:European Space Agency
7511:Orbital launches in
7452:List of lunar probes
7039:Mars Global Surveyor
6951:Completed after 2000
5518:Mars Climate Orbiter
5160:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
4348:European Robotic Arm
4192:Sentinel-5 Precursor
3266:Cancelled / concepts
2433:(13–14): 1247–1248.
1872:"IWF : VEX-MAG"
1840:(17 December 2014).
1799:. ESA. 20 June 2013.
973:imaging spectrometer
913:instrument flown on
907:imaging spectrometer
564:, were required for
7733:Intelsat Americas 8
6601:Active space probes
6475:Mars Orbiter Camera
4673:Future missions in
3719:European Space Camp
3450:Guiana Space Centre
2614:Spacecraft missions
2329:2011Icar..216...82M
1920:2011AnGeo..29..639P
1908:Annales Geophysicae
1852:on 18 December 2014
1846:National Geographic
1665:"Operational Orbit"
1179:Baikonur Cosmodrome
786:Central Wavelength
779:
590:Venusian atmosphere
531:Baikonur Cosmodrome
448:Venusian atmosphere
36:
7375:Hakuto-R Mission 1
6921:Interstellar space
6618:Parker Solar Probe
6453:Imagers/telescopes
5601:Spectrophotometers
4523:Ceres Polar Lander
4358:Telecommunications
3367:Manned Venus flyby
2657:Parker Solar Probe
2251:. 28 November 2007
1488:Spaceflight portal
1406:atmospheric vortex
1389:27 February 2007:
1155:
1119:
766:
624:: An acronym for "
555:Darmstadt, Germany
486:ionizing radiation
330:Orbital parameters
8073:Missions to Venus
8045:
8044:
7470:
7469:
7438:
7437:
6945:
6944:
6750:2001 Mars Odyssey
6558:
6557:
6495:Rosalind Franklin
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6404:Rosalind Franklin
6379:Mass spectrometer
6373:
6372:
6309:Rosalind Franklin
6283:
6282:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6142:
6141:
6050:Triaxial fluxgate
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5909:Rosalind Franklin
5884:
5883:
5808:UV-visible (UVVS)
5802:
5801:
5698:Rosalind Franklin
5636:Visible-IR (VIRS)
5630:
5629:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5551:
5550:
5270:
5269:
5082:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
4729:
4728:
4667:
4666:
4285:
4284:
4067:Earth observation
3897:Comet Interceptor
3888:Rosalind Franklin
3860:Trace Gas Orbiter
3811:Planetary science
3737:
3736:
3650:Science Programme
3396:
3395:
3302:Program overviews
3261:
3260:
3156:Proposed missions
3151:
3150:
3136:Venus Life Finder
3063:
3062:
2686:
2685:
2527:MaxPlanckResearch
1878:on 6 October 2014
1517:Space exploration
1343:
1342:
1301:occultation start
1281:periapsis passage
1210:– launch on hold.
1049:planetary systems
837:
836:
427:
426:
401:Orbital insertion
135:Planned: 2 years
16:(Redirected from
8090:
8068:Embedded systems
7720:Molniya-3K No.12
7516:
7515:
7514:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7474:
6958:
6608:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6396:(Europa Clipper)
6384:
6345:(on ExoMars TGO)
6295:
6289:Neutral particle
6211:
6204:
6153:
6055:
6041:(Europa Clipper)
5946:
5895:
5813:
5641:
5612:
5605:
5560:
5556:Ultraviolet (UV)
5279:
5275:Infrared-visible
5040:
5031:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4659:Schiaparelli EDM
4518:Calathus Mission
4342:Georges Lemaître
4300:ISS contribution
3759:
3743:
3438:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3400:
3362:List of missions
3278:Inspiration Mars
3160:
3072:
3068:Planned missions
3005:Tyazhely Sputnik
2716:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2629:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2524:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2458:
2450:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2093:Voice of America
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:on 2 April 2015.
1979:
1972:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1950:on 7 March 2008.
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1242:
1168:Toulouse, France
1153:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1020:Climate of Venus
893:nvestigation of
780:
529:rocket from the
438:) was the first
417:
305:
303:
228:
226:
213:Start of mission
132:Mission duration
127:
124:
122:
120:
105:
96:
95:
89:
44:
37:
21:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8029:
7974:
7944:
7861:
7820:
7775:
7742:
7702:
7667:
7624:
7598:
7548:
7523:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7471:
7466:
7434:
7324:
7244:LISA Pathfinder
7090:
6953:
6941:
6916:
6863:
6798:
6715:
6627:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6559:
6554:
6523:
6506:
6500:
6479:
6448:
6409:
6369:
6279:
6241:
6199:
6185:
6180:Cassini–Huygens
6167:
6138:
6082:Cassini–Huygens
6069:
6044:
5978:
5927:
5880:
5828:Mariner 6 and 7
5798:
5744:Mariner 6 and 7
5680:
5626:
5608:Long wavelength
5588:
5547:
5476:Mariner 6 and 7
5423:
5352:MESSR and VTIR
5266:
5236:Electra (radio)
5230:Cassini-Huygens
5217:
5020:
4870:Cassini–Huygens
4848:
4776:Cassini–Huygens
4763:
4760:
4730:
4725:
4663:
4632:
4500:
4494:
4475:LISA Pathfinder
4432:
4430:
4423:
4353:
4336:Albert Einstein
4324:Johannes Kepler
4281:
4062:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3806:
3750:
3733:
3692:
3671:
3559:
3538:
3487:
3465:Launch vehicles
3459:
3432:
3427:
3397:
3392:
3381:
3335:
3297:
3257:
3231:
3147:
3124:
3099:
3059:
2998:Failed launches
2993:
2972:
2906:
2870:
2846:Cassini–Huygens
2764:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2682:
2645:
2625:Active missions
2620:
2611:
2552:
2539:
2537:
2536:on 3 March 2016
2533:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2512:Further reading
2509:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1742:"Venus Express"
1740:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1522:Space telescope
1486:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1312:occultation end
1173:7 August 2005:
1158:3 August 2005:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1038:
1022:
1017:
889:ectroscopy for
789:Spectral Range
778:amera channels
619:
456:
418:
370:90 degrees
301:
299:
224:
222:
136:
117:
90:
85:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8096:
8094:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8050:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8038:Crewed flights
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8004:
7995:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7905:
7900:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7770:Raffaello MPLM
7761:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7586:
7581:
7578:Sloshsat-FLEVO
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7394:
7382:
7377:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7308:
7303:
7296:
7285:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7263:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7226:
7218:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7188:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7164:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7109:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6971:NEAR Shoemaker
6964:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6781:
6774:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6699:Tiandu 1 and 2
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6390:
6388:
6387:Interplanetary
6381:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6301:
6299:
6298:Interplanetary
6292:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6246:Interplanetary
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6175:
6173:
6172:Interplanetary
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6077:
6075:
6074:Interplanetary
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5983:Interplanetary
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5912:
5901:
5899:
5898:Interplanetary
5892:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5816:Interplanetary
5810:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5773:Europa Clipper
5758:
5753:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5685:Interplanetary
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5615:Interplanetary
5609:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5428:Interplanetary
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5350:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5225:
5223:
5222:Interplanetary
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4881:ExoMars lander
4878:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4701:
4689:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Darwin Mission
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4483:(2019–present)
4478:
4472:
4466:
4465:(2013–present)
4460:
4459:(2009–present)
4454:
4448:
4447:(2001–present)
4442:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:(2016–present)
4415:
4410:
4409:(2014–present)
4404:
4403:(2011–present)
4398:
4397:(2010–present)
4392:
4391:(2008–present)
4386:
4385:(2005–present)
4380:
4379:(2001–present)
4374:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4330:Edoardo Amaldi
4327:
4321:
4320:(2010–present)
4315:
4309:
4308:(2008–present)
4303:
4302:(1998–present)
4296:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4200:(2018–present)
4195:
4194:(2017–present)
4189:
4188:(2016–present)
4175:
4174:(2015–present)
4157:
4156:(2014–present)
4143:
4142:(2013–present)
4137:
4136:(2010–present)
4131:
4130:(2009–present)
4125:
4119:
4118:(2006–present)
4113:
4107:
4101:
4100:(2002–present)
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4076:(1988–present)
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4019:(2023–present)
4014:
4013:(2021–present)
4008:
4007:(2019–present)
4002:
4001:(2013–present)
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:(2002–present)
3972:
3971:(1999–present)
3966:
3960:
3954:
3953:(1990–present)
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:(2018–present)
3864:
3863:(2016–present)
3855:
3849:
3839:
3838:(2003–present)
3833:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:(2020–present)
3790:
3784:
3783:(1995–present)
3778:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:ESA Television
3706:
3700:
3698:
3697:Related topics
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3543:Communications
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3163:Venus missions
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3129:Descent probes
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2977:Balloon probes
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2875:Descent probes
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2551:
2550:External links
2548:
2547:
2546:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2475:
2459:
2451:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2395:
2372:
2350:
2303:
2284:
2262:
2236:
2197:
2175:
2153:
2131:
2106:
2080:
2069:. Lpi.usra.edu
2055:
2029:
2011:
1997:
1983:
1953:
1935:
1914:(4): 639–647.
1889:
1863:
1829:
1802:
1788:
1774:
1760:
1728:
1706:
1678:
1653:
1628:
1600:
1580:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1409:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1060:
1057:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
933:ccultation at
835:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
822:990 – 1030 nm
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
618:
615:
610:carrier signal
455:
452:
425:
424:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
398:
397:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
339:Cytherocentric
336:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
296:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
282:End of mission
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
252:
248:
247:
238:
234:
233:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
111:
110:
107:
98:
97:
83:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
52:
51:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8095:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7986:Progress-M 55
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7961:Venus Express
7959:
7957:
7956:Inmarsat-4 F2
7954:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7920:SSETI Express
7917:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7837:Progress-M 54
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7738:Ekspress AM-3
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7715:
7714:Progress-M 53
7712:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7620:Ekspress AM-2
7618:
7616:
7615:Inmarsat-4 F1
7613:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7590:
7589:Progress M-52
7587:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7506:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7386:
7385:Chandrayaan-3
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7317:
7312:
7311:Chandrayaan-2
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7168:Venus Express
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7074:Chandrayaan-1
7072:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6869:Minor planets
6866:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:Other planets
6801:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:Chandrayaan-2
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6623:Solar Orbiter
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6591:21st-century
6586:
6581:
6579:
6574:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:Venus Express
6323:ASPERA-4 (on
6322:
6319:
6318:
6314:ASPERA-3 (on
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:Ion detectors
6205:
6202:
6196:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6134:
6133:Venus Express
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5373:(Terra, Aqua)
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:DMSP 5D-2/F16
5085:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:Venus Express
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4854:Radio science
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4431:demonstrators
4426:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3917:Astronomy and
3914:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3852:Venus Express
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:Solar Orbiter
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:Solar physics
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:Cosmic Vision
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Pioneer Venus
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2759:Venus Express
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:Past missions
2710:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:Solar Orbiter
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2575:Venus Express
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Venus Express
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Venus Express
2554:
2553:
2549:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:mission over.
1465:
1464:Venus Express
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:Venus Express
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:Venus Express
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:Venus Express
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:eclipse start
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:Venus Express
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Venus Express
1157:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1140:Venus Express
1128:
1127:Venus Express
1125:Animation of
1123:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1082:Venus Express
1070:
1069:Venus Express
1067:Animation of
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Venus Express
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:Venus Express
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
982:
979:parts of the
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:tmosphere of
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
877:Venus Express
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:345 – 385 nm
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
814:
811:900 – 970 nm
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:503 – 523 nm
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
695:Venus Express
692:
691:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:magnetosheath
666:
662:
658:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
614:
611:
607:
606:Venus Express
603:
602:Venus Express
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:Venus Express
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:Venus Express
569:
567:
566:Venus Express
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Venus Express
512:
511:launch window
507:
505:
504:
499:
498:Venus Express
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Venus Express
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
431:Venus Express
422:
421:Venus Express
416:
411:
407:
404:11 April 2006
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
134:
130:
126:
116:
112:
108:
106:
99:
94:
88:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
48:
47:Venus Express
43:
38:
35:
34:Venus Express
30:
19:
8037:
7960:
7924:CubeSat Xi-V
7886:
7879:
7872:
7763:
7725:
7718:
7698:Foton-M No.2
7645:
7415:
7397:
7389:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7315:
7298:
7291:
7265:
7248:
7233:Schiaparelli
7231:
7221:
7213:
7207:
7190:
7183:
7174:Chang'e 5-T1
7167:
7166:
7149:
7127:
7115:
7104:
7066:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7013:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6977:Deep Space 1
6975:
6934:
6927:
6901:New Horizons
6899:
6892:
6881:
6851:
6837:
6823:
6809:
6790:Perseverance
6789:
6776:
6769:
6748:
6743:Mars Express
6741:
6665:
6593:space probes
6505:Astronomical
6494:
6491:MicrOmega-IR
6441:
6434:
6431:(on InSight)
6422:Seismometers
6403:
6362:
6348:
6336:
6325:
6324:
6317:Mars Express
6315:
6308:
6272:
6257:
6178:
6148:Helium vapor
6132:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6080:
6026:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5941:Magnetometer
5920:Perseverance
5919:
5908:
5873:
5866:
5856:
5839:
5832:
5748:
5726:
5722:
5697:
5540:
5533:
5509:
5502:
5480:
5437:Schiaparelli
5435:
5434:COMARS+ (on
5349:Kanopus-V-IK
5259:
5251:
5240:
5228:
5013:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4977:
4970:
4958:
4951:
4946:Mars Express
4944:
4902:
4885:
4868:
4861:
4781:
4774:
4708:
4697:
4684:
4674:
4583:Lunar Lander
4501:and proposed
4486:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3878:
3859:
3851:
3836:Mars Express
3798:
3676:Predecessors
3655:Horizon 2000
3372:Terraforming
3347:Colonization
3224:
3119:MBR Explorer
3110:
2863:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2775:
2758:
2757:
2725:
2662:
2638:
2574:
2568:mission page
2565:
2559:mission page
2556:
2538:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2526:
2501:14 September
2499:. Retrieved
2483:. Retrieved
2467:. Retrieved
2430:
2426:
2408:. Retrieved
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2353:
2323:(1): 82–85.
2320:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2210:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
2014:
2000:
1986:
1975:the original
1948:the original
1938:
1911:
1907:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:the original
1845:
1838:Drake, Nadia
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1791:
1777:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1745:
1719:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1669:. Retrieved
1644:. Retrieved
1619:. Retrieved
1590:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1463:
1453:
1400:
1380:
1379:7 May 2006:
1364:
1333:VOI burn end
1200:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1139:
1126:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1006:
995:
991:
986:
985:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:Mars Express
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
873:Mars Express
872:
869:spectrometer
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
783:VMC Channel
775:
771:
767:
760:Mars Express
758:
731:
725:Mars Express
724:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:Mars Express
688:
685:
680:
665:magnetometer
660:
659:
655:Mars Express
654:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
605:
601:
599:
588:studied the
585:
584:
571:
570:
565:
559:
514:
508:
501:
497:
494:photovoltaic
490:solar panels
484:. Also, the
482:Mars Express
481:
477:
461:Mars Express
459:
457:
435:
430:
429:
428:
420:
295:Last contact
181:Payload mass
159:EADS Astrium
155:Manufacturer
59:Mission type
46:
33:
29:
8015:Kosmos 2419
8011:Kosmos 2418
8007:Kosmos 2417
7993:Kosmos 2416
7894:Syracuse 3A
7874:Soyuz TMA-7
7832:Kosmos 2415
7647:Soyuz TMA-6
7540:Kosmos 2414
7535:Deep Impact
7306:Longjiang-2
7292:Opportunity
7273:Longjiang-1
7151:Deep Impact
6811:BepiColombo
6507:instruments
6484:Microscopes
5150:Meteor-M2-1
5139:Meteor-3M-1
4721:WikiProject
4593:MarcoPolo-R
4543:Don Quijote
4513:Ariane 5 ME
4477:(2015–2017)
4407:Galileo FOC
4401:Galileo IOV
4373:(1989–1993)
4312:Jules Verne
4293:spaceflight
4124:(2009–2013)
4112:(2003–2007)
4110:Double Star
4106:(2002–2012)
4094:(1995–2011)
4088:(1991–2000)
4082:(1977–1997)
3995:(2009–2013)
3989:(2009–2013)
3965:(1995–1998)
3947:(1989–1993)
3941:(1983–1986)
3935:(1978–1996)
3929:(1975–1982)
3867:BepiColombo
3854:(2005–2014)
3848:(2004–2016)
3832:(2003–2006)
3826:(1997–2005)
3820:(1985–1992)
3789:(2000–2024)
3777:(1990–2009)
3771:(1977–1987)
3704:Arianespace
3144:(2031–2032)
2664:BepiColombo
2540:23 November
2485:5 September
2388:23 November
2365:15 December
2345:2268/100136
2277:15 December
2255:29 November
2190:27 November
2124:15 December
2073:15 December
1882:15 December
1856:22 December
1822:15 December
1753:22 December
1699:22 December
1671:23 November
1646:23 November
1527:Space probe
1447:aerobraking
1323:eclipse end
1152: Venus
1105: Earth
1094: Venus
998:dio Science
951:isible and
757:mounted on
673:magnetotail
636:lasmas and
628:nalyzer of
617:Instruments
496:power. The
366:Inclination
251:Launch site
218:Launch date
200:1,100 watts
165:Launch mass
8052:Categories
7998:Meteosat 9
7966:Spaceway-2
7936:Mozhaets-5
7888:Shenzhou 6
7679:Cartosat-1
7658:Spaceway 1
7584:Himawari 6
7418:helicopter
7357:Mangalyaan
6989:Pioneer 10
6907:OSIRIS-REx
6888:MINERVA-II
6214:Near-Earth
6156:Near-Earth
6126:Pioneer 11
6058:Near-Earth
5996:Pioneer 10
5949:Near-Earth
5834:Mariner 10
5644:Near-Earth
5563:Near-Earth
5516:PMIRR (on
5504:Pioneer 10
5482:Mariner 10
5404:Sentinel-3
5282:Near-Earth
5173:Sentinel-3
5144:MTVZA-GYa
5107:Kanopus-ST
5056:Sentinel-6
5043:Near-Earth
5026:Radiometer
4876:Europa-UVS
4608:Phootprint
4588:Marco Polo
4429:Technology
4259:MetOp-SG-B
4251:MetOp-SG-A
4227:Sentinel-4
4198:ADM-Aeolus
4178:Sentinel-3
4160:Sentinel-2
4146:Sentinel-1
4074:Copernicus
3969:XMM-Newton
3787:Cluster II
3593:Copernicus
3564:Programmes
3492:Facilities
3442:Spaceports
3035:3MV-1 No.2
3025:2MV-2 No.1
3020:2MV-1 No.2
3015:2MV-1 No.1
2679:(en route)
2673:(en route)
2667:(en route)
2659:(en route)
2168:26 January
2048:2 February
1621:26 January
1544:References
1053:exoplanets
1029:on Earth.
1003:ionosphere
774:onitoring
711:onitoring
677:ionosphere
650:solar wind
535:Kazakhstan
314:Decay date
264:Contractor
189:Dimensions
7908:Beijing-1
7898:Galaxy 15
7841:RadioSkaf
7825:September
7811:Monitor-E
7792:Thaicom 4
7754:Shijian 7
7693:DirecTV-8
7574:Maqsat-B2
7416:Ingenuity
7339:Chang'e 5
7300:Beresheet
7185:MESSENGER
7062:Chang'e 1
6936:Voyager 2
6929:Voyager 1
6883:Hayabusa2
6877:Chang'e 2
6784:Mars 2020
6778:Tianwen-1
6770:Curiosity
6704:Chang'e 6
6694:Queqiao 2
6674:Chang'e 5
6661:Chang'e 4
6656:Chang'e 3
6519:MoonLIGHT
6357:Mariner 2
6337:Curiosity
6263:Mariner 2
6200:detectors
6119:MESSENGER
6098:Mariner 2
6010:Voyager 1
5868:Voyager 1
5841:MESSENGER
5750:MESSENGER
5735:(on Juno)
5723:Voyager 1
5666:SCIAMACHY
5535:Voyager 1
5498:2M No.522
5493:2M No.521
5414:Suomi NPP
5242:Mariner 2
5147:Meteor-M2
5134:, MOS-1b)
5035:Microwave
5008:Voyager 1
4966:Pioneer 7
4953:MESSENGER
4910:Mariner 2
4649:CryoSat-1
4623:STE-QUEST
4558:Eddington
4548:e.Deorbit
4499:Cancelled
4371:Olympus-1
4213:EarthCARE
4134:CryoSat-2
3983:(2006–13)
3959:(1992–93)
3945:Hipparcos
3919:cosmology
3248:Laplace-P
3243:Mercury-P
3112:Dragonfly
3040:Kosmos 27
3030:Kosmos 21
3010:Mariner 1
2853:MESSENGER
2808:Venera 11
2798:Mariner 5
2783:Mariner 2
2469:16 August
2231:129514118
1367:released.
1339:08:07:28
1318:07:55:14
1307:07:45:15
1276:07:17:14
1265:07:14:41
1116: Sun
921:known as
846:lanetary
580:periapsis
562:thrusters
290:Deorbited
87:2005-045A
81:COSPAR ID
8002:INSAT-4A
7989:Gonets-M
7979:December
7970:Telkom-2
7949:November
7847:Anik F1R
7727:Cosmos 1
7641:Apstar 6
7570:XTAR-EUR
7553:February
7129:Stardust
7106:Hayabusa
6825:Akatsuki
6646:CAPSTONE
6436:Viking 1
6355:SPS (on
6305:ADRON-RM
6291:detector
6258:ASPERA-4
6253:ASPERA-3
6198:Particle
5961:QuakeSat
5761:E-THEMIS
5524:Venera 9
5366:Meteor-2
5344:ADEOS II
5156:Nimbus 7
5102:GPM Core
5069:ADEOS II
5002:Venera 9
4990:Sakigake
4904:Magellan
4863:Akatsuki
4814:Venera 4
4783:Magellan
4710:Wikinews
4686:Category
4306:Columbus
4230:) (2024)
4040:ARRAKIHS
3993:Herschel
3975:INTEGRAL
3905:EnVision
3858:ExoMars
3714:EUMETSAT
3605:Columbus
3598:Sentinel
3478:Ariane 6
3473:Ariane 5
3283:TMK-Mavr
3195:Venera-D
3094:EnVision
3075:Orbiters
2918:Venera 7
2882:Venera 3
2793:Venera 2
2777:Venera 1
2738:Venera 9
2727:Magellan
2719:Orbiters
2640:Akatsuki
2632:Orbiters
2410:14 April
2298:BBC News
2249:BBC News
1474:See also
1413:hydroxyl
1336:08:00:42
1326:07:55:11
1315:07:48:29
1304:07:38:30
1294:07:37:46
1284:07:36:35
1273:07:10:29
1262:07:07:56
977:infrared
865:aerosols
856:infrared
819:1.01 μm
730:and the
653:used on
622:ASPERA-4
523:Soyuz-FG
423:mission
380:24 hours
287:Disposal
255:Baikonur
241:Soyuz-FG
173:Dry mass
70:Operator
49:in orbit
8020:GIOVE-A
7940:Rubin-5
7932:nCUBE-2
7903:USA-186
7881:CryoSat
7866:October
7857:USA-185
7852:USA-183
7816:FSW-3 3
7787:FSW-4 2
7765:STS-114
7688:NOAA-18
7663:USA-182
7636:USA-165
7565:USA-181
7528:January
7398:Zhurong
7390:Pragyan
7380:Luna 25
7364:InSight
7316:Pragyan
7250:Cassini
7229:ExoMars
7209:Rosetta
7192:PROCYON
7068:Ulysses
7051:Phoenix
7027:Huygens
7015:Genesis
6996:Galileo
6858:Jupiter
6845:Jupiter
6817:Mercury
6734:ExoMars
6709:ICUBE-Q
6689:Queqiao
6641:ARTEMIS
6364:Ulysses
6274:Ulysses
6235:Proba-2
6221:DEMETER
5972:Proba-2
5963:1 and 2
5915:SHERLOC
5705:MA-MISS
5582:Proba-2
5488:Mars 96
5471:Luna 13
5458:InSight
5444:Diviner
5418:NOAA-21
5402:SLSTR (
5327:NOAA-20
5318:AVNIR-2
5261:Rosetta
5213:Zond-PP
5162:Sich-1M
5137:MTVZA (
5097:Envisat
5076:Shizuku
5074:AMSR2 (
5054:AMR-C (
4893:InSight
4887:Galileo
4698:Commons
4675:italics
4644:Cluster
4628:THESEUS
4613:SOLARIS
4488:PROBA-3
4481:OPS-SAT
4463:PROBA-V
4457:PROBA-2
4445:PROBA-1
4395:HYLAS-1
4389:GIOVE-B
4383:GIOVE-A
4377:Artemis
4205:Biomass
4104:Envisat
4043:(2030s)
3842:Rosetta
3830:SMART-1
3824:Huygens
3775:Ulysses
3755:Science
3630:ExoMars
3620:GALILEO
3610:CryoSat
3571:Artemis
3550:ESTRACK
3455:Esrange
3340:Related
3321:Mariner
3142:DAVINCI
3088:VERITAS
2911:Landers
2865:Shin-en
2839:Galileo
2577:profile
2435:Bibcode
2325:Bibcode
2099:14 June
1916:Bibcode
1440:dry ice
1208:fairing
1164:Astrium
1015:Science
1008:Rosetta
967:maging
963:hermal
947:: The "
919:channel
885:: The "
850:ourier
842:: The "
830:365 nm
808:935 nm
797:513 nm
732:Rosetta
721:airglow
681:Rosetta
576:ellipse
547:gravity
503:Rosetta
454:History
396:orbiter
300: (
268:Starsem
223: (
114:Website
102:SATCAT
65:orbiter
8025:AMC-23
7991:No.1,
7916:Sina-1
7912:TopSat
7806:Reimei
7802:Kirari
7780:August
7759:Suzaku
7683:HAMSAT
7560:AMC-12
7520:2006 →
7505:← 2004
7261:MASCOT
7215:Philae
7198:IKAROS
7116:Spirit
7084:LCROSS
7079:SELENE
7003:Nozomi
6912:Psyche
6679:Danuri
6666:Yutu-2
6497:rover)
6465:HiRISE
6406:rover)
6394:MASPEX
6350:Nozomi
6311:rover)
6093:Magsat
6088:FIELDS
6035:ICEMAG
5990:FIELDS
5911:rover)
5857:SPICAV
5852:SPICAM
5789:SPICAV
5784:SPICAM
5721:IRIS (
5571:EURECA
5397:GCOM-C
5395:SGLI (
5385:EURECA
5378:JERS-1
5168:Seasat
5121:MOPITT
5067:AMSR (
5064:(AQUA)
5062:AMSR-E
4960:Nozomi
4898:Kaguya
4844:WISDOM
4809:MARSIS
4804:SHARAD
4799:SELENE
4794:REASON
4654:GEOS 1
4637:Failed
4603:ODINUS
4573:Hopper
4568:Hermes
4563:EXPERT
4491:(2024)
4471:(2015)
4453:(2007)
4441:(1998)
4367:(1978)
4365:GEOS 2
4350:(2021)
4344:(2014)
4338:(2013)
4332:(2012)
4326:(2011)
4318:Cupola
4314:(2008)
4278:(2027)
4270:(2025)
4262:(2025)
4254:(2025)
4246:(2025)
4238:(2025)
4235:ALTIUS
4216:(2024)
4208:(2024)
4059:(2035)
4051:(2035)
4048:Athena
4035:(2029)
4027:(2026)
4017:Euclid
4005:CHEOPS
3987:Planck
3957:Eureca
3939:EXOSAT
3908:(2031)
3900:(2029)
3892:(2028)
3883:(2024)
3875:(2023)
3846:Philae
3818:Giotto
3803:(2031)
3769:ISEE-2
3583:Aurora
3309:Venera
3236:Flybys
3226:Zephyr
3205:VISAGE
3138:(2025)
3121:(2028)
3115:(2028)
3104:Flybys
3096:(2031)
3090:(2031)
3084:(2028)
2984:Vega 1
2958:Vega 1
2859:IKAROS
2828:Vega 1
2788:Zond 1
2769:Flybys
2650:Flybys
2317:Icarus
2229:
2212:Nature
1573:5 July
1401:Nature
1251:(UTC)
1245:Event
1201:Fregat
1150:
1145:·
1143:
1138:
1136:
1130:'s
1114:
1109:·
1107:
1103:
1098:·
1096:
1092:
1087:·
1085:
1080:
1078:
1072:'s
945:VIRTIS
911:SPICAM
883:SPICAV
703:: The
663:: The
644:getic
594:plasma
527:Fregat
466:design
376:Period
306:
245:Fregat
237:Rocket
229:
125:/venus
18:SPICAV
7928:UWE-1
7629:April
7603:March
7593:TNS-0
7406:2024
7400:rover
7392:rover
7371:2023
7345:2022
7335:2020
7329:2020s
7318:rover
7294:rover
7283:MarCO
7279:2019
7257:2018
7240:2017
7224:rover
7204:2016
7180:2015
7162:LADEE
7158:2014
7146:2013
7140:GRAIL
7136:2012
7124:2011
7118:rover
7101:2010
7095:2010s
7058:2009
7046:2008
7034:2006
7022:2005
7010:2004
6984:2003
6967:2001
6961:2000s
6853:Juice
6831:Venus
6792:rover
6772:rover
6756:MAVEN
6668:rover
6470:LORRI
6343:FREND
6163:Swarm
6065:Swarm
5922:rover
5890:Raman
5847:NOMAD
5823:Alice
5779:Ralph
5756:MERIS
5733:JIRAM
5700:rover
5692:AKARI
5569:ORI (
5410:VIIRS
5383:ORI (
5376:OPS (
5371:MODIS
5356:MOS-1
5342:GLI (
5323:CERES
5313:AVNIR
5302:Terra
5294:ASTER
5289:AVHRR
5208:WSF-M
5198:SSMIS
5193:SSM/I
5132:MOS-1
5130:MSR (
5125:Terra
5112:MIRAS
4768:Radar
4618:SPICA
4413:EGNOS
4275:FORUM
4267:SMILE
4140:Swarm
4116:MetOp
4092:ERS-2
4086:ERS-1
4032:ARIEL
4024:PLATO
3981:CoRoT
3927:Cos-B
3890:rover
3800:Vigil
3724:GEWEX
3667:Pride
3625:ELIPS
3615:EGNOS
3377:VeSpR
3293:Vesta
3215:VOICE
3185:HOVER
3180:HAVOC
2618:Venus
2534:(PDF)
2523:(PDF)
2227:S2CID
2146:9 May
2067:(PDF)
2024:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1971:(PDF)
1721:9 May
1595:(PDF)
1433:ozone
1147:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1045:Earth
929:olar
816:NIR2
805:NIR1
770:enus
707:enus
632:pace
553:, in
480:than
440:Venus
394:Venus
197:Power
109:28901
63:Venus
7747:July
7707:June
7653:DART
7610:XM-3
7513:2005
7428:IM-1
7423:SLIM
7267:Dawn
7222:Yutu
6894:Lucy
6839:Juno
6721:Mars
6633:Moon
6528:Misc
6429:SEIS
6400:MOMA
6335:(on
6230:DSLP
6228:and
6226:TPMU
6039:PIMS
6037:and
6028:Juno
5967:SGVM
5956:GOES
5771:(on
5769:SUDA
5765:MISE
5725:and
5710:ISEM
5676:TRMM
5656:MOMS
5651:CASE
5577:LYRA
5466:IRIS
5456:(on
5446:(on
5338:ERSS
5333:ERBS
5308:AIRS
5298:MISR
5253:Juno
5203:TRMM
5188:SMOS
5183:SMMR
5178:SMAP
5117:MISR
5092:ERSS
5050:AQUA
4930:6, 7
4578:LOFT
4553:EChO
4533:CSTS
4508:AIDA
4451:YES2
4243:FLEX
4128:SMOS
4122:GOCE
4056:LISA
3999:Gaia
3880:Hera
3781:SOHO
3635:FLPP
3483:Vega
3331:Vega
3210:VISE
3200:VICI
3190:VAMP
3175:CUVE
3170:AREE
2542:2014
2503:2005
2487:2005
2471:2005
2412:2015
2390:2014
2367:2014
2279:2014
2257:2007
2192:2016
2170:2015
2148:2006
2126:2014
2101:2024
2075:2014
2050:2023
1884:2014
1858:2014
1824:2014
1755:2014
1723:2006
1701:2014
1673:2014
1648:2014
1623:2015
1575:2017
994:nus
987:VeRa
955:nfra
937:nfra
923:SOIR
794:VIS
739:FPGA
551:ESOC
543:SCET
513:for
509:The
470:Mars
258:31/6
123:.int
121:.esa
7934:),
7797:MRO
7672:May
7288:MER
7112:MER
6766:MSL
6761:MRO
6737:TGO
6611:Sun
6333:DAN
6268:SPS
6023:MAG
5862:UVS
5671:TES
5622:ISO
5454:HP3
5448:LRO
5248:MWR
4469:IXV
4439:ARD
4291:ISS
3963:ISO
3933:IUE
3588:ATV
3576:ESM
3314:3MV
3220:VOX
3055:482
3050:167
2616:to
2443:doi
2341:hdl
2333:doi
2321:216
2217:doi
1924:doi
1391:ESA
959:ed
871:on
840:PFS
827:UV
717:CCD
701:VMC
661:MAG
540:UTC
533:in
519:UTC
474:Sun
436:VEX
308:UTC
231:UTC
119:www
104:no.
8054::
8013:,
8009:,
8000:,
7968:,
7938:,
7930:,
7926:,
7918:,
7914:,
7910:,
7896:,
7804:,
7681:,
7572:,
7542:,
7387:/
7313:/
7212:/
6886:/
6113:10
6003:11
5767:,
5763:,
5529:10
5511:11
5416:,
5360:1b
5296:,
5119:,
4979:11
4972:10
4940:10
4839:16
4834:15
4829:10
4186:3B
4184:/
4182:3A
4180:/
4172:2C
4170:/
4168:2B
4166:/
4164:2A
4162:/
4154:1B
4152:/
4150:1A
4148:/
3045:96
2953:14
2948:13
2943:12
2938:11
2933:10
2823:14
2818:13
2813:12
2803:10
2753:16
2748:15
2743:10
2525:.
2441:.
2431:54
2429:.
2339:.
2331:.
2319:.
2315:.
2296:.
2247:.
2225:.
2215:.
2209:.
2117:.
2091:.
2041:.
1956:^
1922:.
1912:29
1910:.
1906:.
1892:^
1844:.
1805:^
1744:.
1731:^
1681:^
1656:^
1631:^
1603:^
1552:^
1055:.
1011:.
996:Ra
992:Ve
989::
887:SP
860:μm
675:,
671:,
640:ne
557:.
7922:(
7843:)
7839:(
7772:)
7768:(
7595:)
7591:(
7580:)
7576:(
7496:e
7489:t
7482:v
6670:)
6663:(
6584:e
6577:t
6570:v
6493:(
6443:2
6402:(
6359:)
6339:)
6329:)
6320:)
6307:(
6108:5
6103:4
6031:)
6025:(
6017:2
5924:)
5917:(
5907:(
5875:2
5775:)
5739:M
5729:)
5727:2
5573:)
5542:2
5520:)
5460:)
5450:)
5440:)
5420:)
5412:(
5406:)
5399:)
5387:)
5380:)
5346:)
5329:)
5304:)
5300:(
5256:)
5250:(
5164:)
5141:)
5127:)
5123:(
5078:)
5071:)
5058:)
5015:2
4935:9
4925:5
4920:4
4915:3
4824:9
4819:8
4755:e
4748:t
4741:v
4224:(
3844:/
3422:e
3415:t
3408:v
2989:2
2963:2
2928:9
2923:8
2897:6
2892:5
2887:4
2833:2
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2544:.
2505:.
2489:.
2473:.
2449:.
2445::
2437::
2414:.
2392:.
2369:.
2347:.
2343::
2335::
2327::
2300:.
2281:.
2259:.
2233:.
2219::
2194:.
2172:.
2150:.
2128:.
2103:.
2077:.
2052:.
1932:.
1926::
1918::
1886:.
1860:.
1826:.
1757:.
1725:.
1703:.
1675:.
1650:.
1625:.
1577:.
1456:.
1419:.
1181:.
1170:.
969:S
965:I
961:T
957:r
953:I
949:V
939:r
935:I
931:O
927:S
925:(
903:V
899:A
895:C
891:I
852:S
848:F
844:P
776:C
772:M
768:V
713:C
709:M
705:V
646:A
642:r
638:E
634:P
630:S
626:A
525:/
434:(
304:)
243:/
227:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
