1477:
1840:
1720:
2142:
1345:
2308:
1616:
2349:
2113:
1973:
1732:
2376:
2205:
2154:
2096:
2056:
2015:
1961:
1778:
1357:
1569:
1815:
1696:
1581:
1557:
1914:
480:
2296:
1604:
1445:
1880:
1657:
2337:
2320:
2044:
1708:
1640:
1428:
2273:
2003:
1902:
1852:
1674:
1533:
1516:
233:
operate these devices in a steady state mode. The very idea of steady state operation presents a series of physics and technology challenges. For example, the excellent plasma performance which was accomplished earlier, was with the surrounding material wall acting as a good 'pump' of particles, a fact which may not be true in steady state.
232:
Subsequently, excellent control got established on tokamak plasma performance by controlling the plasma-wall interaction processes at the plasma boundary so the plasma duration was limited primarily by the `transformer pulse length'. However, for relevance to future power reactors it is essential to
200:
about India's claim to join ITER. A team from ITER, France visited the SST-1 mission control housed in
Institute for Plasma Research to see the advances Indian scientists had made. Finally on 6 December 2005, India was officially accepted as a full partner of the ITER project. To improve and modify
224:
Traditionally the tokamaks have operated with a `transformer' action- with plasma acting as a secondary, thus having the vital `self-generated' magnetic field on top of the `externally generated' (toroidal and equilibrium) fields. This is a pretty good scheme in which creation, current-drive and
240:
type, otherwise the power dissipation in conventional (resistive) types can reach uneconomical levels. They have to be specially designed to remain superconducting in spite of their proximity to the other `warm' objects (like vacuum vessel etc.). The heat and particle exhaust must be handled in
427:
is working towards making of a full-fledged fusion reactor capable of producing electricity. Many new features like D-T plasma, Test
Blanket Module, Biological shielding and an improved divertor will be incorporated in SST-2. SST-2 will also be built in the Indian state of
414:
Almost all of the diagnostic devices installed on SST-1 are indigenous and are designed and developed by
Diagnostics Group of Institute for Plasma Research. This group is the only group working on plasma diagnostics and related technologies in Indian Subcontinent.
225:
heating are neatly integrated and remained a choice of the fusion community for many years until the stage came to heat the plasma to multi-keV temperatures. Heating was then accomplished separately by radio frequency (RF) waves and/or energetic
204:
It was fully commissioned in 2013. And by 2015, produces repeatable plasma discharges up to ~ 500 ms with plasma currents in excess of 75000 A at a central field of 1.5 T. "SST-1 is also the only tokamak in the world with
392:
SST-1 will feature many new plasma diagnostic devices, many of which are being used for the first time in fusion research in India. Some of the novel plasma diagnostics devices incorporated in SST-1 are:
236:
So one has to try and accomplish an equally good performance in presence of a possibly `saturated' wall. Secondly, a host of engineering and technical considerations spring up. The magnets must be
2799:
162:
with the major objective being steady state operation of an advanced configuration ('D' Shaped) plasma. It has been designed as a medium-sized tokamak with superconducting magnets.
2997:
1792:
2402:
184:
The first talks about SST Mission started in 1994. The technical details and mechanical drawings of the system were finalized in 2001. The machine was fabricated by 2005.
423:
The next stage of SST mission, the SST-2 fusion reactor, dubbed as 'DEMO' among Indian scientific circles has already been conceived. A group of eminent scientists from
2444:
2948:
1437:
2943:
2556:
2533:
2498:
2489:
1486:
2834:
648:
201:
some of the components, the SST-1 machine was subsequently disassembled. The improved version of the machine was completely assembled by
January 2012.
2897:
1542:
2839:
1349:
1807:
1746:
684:
209:
operating in two-phase helium instead of supercritical helium in a cryo-stable manner, thereby demonstrating reduced cold helium consumption. "
2105:
2065:
1420:
839:
714:
1481:
765:
173:. The SST-1 mission has been chaired by Indian plasma physicists Prof. Y.C. Saxena, Dr. Chenna Reddy, and is headed by Dr. Subrata Pradhan.
2437:
680:
2902:
1724:
1393:
245:
plasma configuration has to be maintained through efficient feedback control avoiding plasma disruptions over long discharge durations.
2912:
1210:
2882:
2829:
887:
2866:
1741:
1167:
188:-Boyce Pvt. Ltd. played a crucial role in fabrication of the SST-1 coils. The assembly of SST-1 convinced senior members of the
2430:
2407:
2249:
1383:
662:
548:
2907:
2887:
2778:
2768:
2753:
2541:
1797:
2844:
2809:
2748:
2738:
2646:
1736:
1644:
795:
465:
424:
147:
2922:
2783:
2773:
2224:
1071:
623:
2961:
2763:
2758:
2178:
2100:
2070:
1410:
1403:
1290:
1195:
1182:
1063:
566:
445:
151:
56:
2917:
2743:
2234:
1782:
1649:
1388:
1279:
1255:
882:
877:
832:
453:
2697:
2605:
2472:
2158:
2007:
1321:
925:
791:
2163:
2075:
1977:
1683:
1172:
1928:
1019:
2616:
2385:
2131:
2060:
2019:
1787:
1159:
1044:
975:
2938:
2453:
1946:
1326:
1093:
1039:
1024:
509:
242:
226:
213:
206:
735:
607:
2467:
1982:
1678:
1398:
1260:
1243:
825:
1449:
761:
2966:
2804:
1992:
1861:
1608:
1103:
1034:
987:
935:
461:
189:
2971:
2587:
2578:
1802:
1625:
1265:
535:
Proceedings of the
Thirtieth National Symposium on Plasma Science and Technology: Book of Abstracts
2621:
1884:
1585:
1366:
1098:
2324:
1923:
688:
165:
The SST-1 project helped India become capable of conceptualizing and making a fully functional
2992:
2824:
2637:
1149:
1130:
997:
897:
892:
642:
503:
530:
2312:
2048:
1889:
1520:
1378:
1200:
1076:
945:
930:
493:
143:
2229:
2033:
1894:
1620:
1561:
1371:
1081:
1029:
915:
611:
449:
237:
176:
Next stage of the SST-1 mission, the SST-2, dubbed as 'DEMO', has already been initiated.
2819:
2665:
2146:
1712:
1630:
1454:
964:
920:
872:
864:
441:
398:
166:
84:
817:
2986:
2814:
2657:
2380:
2214:
2168:
1661:
1432:
1361:
1190:
982:
910:
485:
432:. The land acquisition and other basic formalities have been completed for the same.
666:
2353:
2341:
2244:
1965:
1012:
1002:
848:
185:
27:
196:
program . On 17 August 2005, PM Sayeed, then India's power minister informed the
2254:
2219:
2209:
1856:
1760:
1120:
1108:
1086:
498:
241:
steady state with specialized tiles and active cooling. The advanced, so-called
197:
170:
42:
2860:
2239:
475:
627:
2854:
2521:
2511:
2277:
1918:
1415:
1135:
1054:
1049:
992:
479:
407:
574:
2595:
2564:
2422:
2329:
1223:
2892:
2849:
2546:
2117:
1688:
1301:
1140:
1125:
1113:
940:
590:
429:
159:
32:
169:
device. The SST-1 System is housed in
Institute for Plasma Research,
2692:
1700:
1666:
1508:
799:
1547:
2684:
2516:
2506:
2300:
1906:
1844:
1819:
1573:
1537:
1503:
1498:
1248:
1218:
457:
155:
46:
116:
1491:
1316:
1007:
193:
2426:
821:
739:
604:
769:
710:
192:
to approve the requests of Indian physicists to join the
2800:
Atomic
Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
549:"India keen to join ITER project - The Economic Times"
212:
As of Dec 2015 it is having upgrades including to the
2931:
2875:
2792:
2731:
2706:
2683:
2645:
2636:
2604:
2586:
2577:
2555:
2532:
2497:
2488:
2481:
2460:
2403:
International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility
2366:
2286:
2263:
2195:
2188:
2177:
2130:
2086:
2032:
1991:
1945:
1870:
1828:
1768:
1759:
1594:
1465:
1335:
1309:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1236:
1209:
1181:
1158:
1062:
974:
963:
954:
863:
856:
111:
106:
98:
93:
83:
75:
67:
62:
52:
38:
26:
21:
711:"National Ignition Facility & Photon Science"
2898:Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT)
2840:Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
2913:Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL)
2893:Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (BHAVINI)
150:(IPR), an autonomous research institute under
2438:
833:
8:
531:"Progress on design of SST-2 fusion reactor"
16:
2998:Atomic and nuclear energy research in India
2949:India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement
2944:India's three stage nuclear power programme
2835:Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
600:
598:
2642:
2583:
2494:
2485:
2445:
2431:
2423:
2192:
2185:
1951:
1765:
1306:
1297:
1286:
971:
960:
860:
840:
826:
818:
586:
584:
252:
2867:Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)
521:
146:confinement experimental device in the
715:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
647:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
640:
346:Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH)
207:superconducting toroidal field magnets
15:
2888:Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
738:. HiPER Project. 2009. Archived from
7:
2810:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
685:Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik
567:"ITER - India : ITER-India ==="
158:. It belongs to a new generation of
140:Steady State Superconducting Tokamak
22:Steady State Superconducting Tokamak
2845:Institute for Plasma Research (IPR)
2490:Three-stage nuclear power programme
14:
2883:Atomic Energy Commission of India
2830:High Altitude Research Laboratory
354:Lower hybrid current drive (LHCD)
2713:Compact High Temperature Reactor
2374:
2347:
2335:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2271:
2203:
2152:
2140:
2111:
2094:
2054:
2042:
2013:
2001:
1971:
1959:
1912:
1900:
1878:
1850:
1838:
1813:
1776:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1672:
1655:
1638:
1614:
1602:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1531:
1514:
1475:
1443:
1426:
1355:
1343:
478:
71:1.1 m (3 ft 7 in)
2408:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
506:, EU organisation managing ITER
410:for imaging Divertor radiations
2908:Homi Bhabha National Institute
687:. 3 April 2009. Archived from
1:
796:Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak
425:Institute for Plasma Research
148:Institute for Plasma Research
2923:Uranium Corporation of India
2482:Nuclear reactor technologies
1072:Field-reversed configuration
591:Int'l Tokamak research:SST-1
404:Gas Puff Imaging Diagnostics
362:Neutral beam injection (NBI)
2903:Department of Atomic Energy
388:Plasma diagnostics on SST-1
152:Department of Atomic Energy
57:Department of Atomic Energy
3016:
2918:Indian Rare Earths Limited
2716:High-flux Research Reactor
665:. iter.org. Archived from
2957:
2698:Fast Breeder Test Reactor
2606:Nuclear marine propulsion
2473:Tummalapalle uranium mine
2398:
1954:
926:Fusion energy gain factor
605:SST-1 General Information
464:(precursor to ITER), and
216:to allow longer pulses.
214:plasma facing components
89:3 T (30,000 G)
79:0.2 m (7.9 in)
63:Technical specifications
851:, processes and devices
529:Srinivasan, R. (2015).
2939:Energy policy of India
2769:Rajasthan (Rawatbhata)
2588:Electricity generation
2454:Nuclear power in India
798:. 2010. Archived from
768:. 2009. Archived from
510:Nuclear power in India
227:neutral beam injection
2468:Jaduguda uranium mine
436:Other fusion reactors
381:Double-null divertor
2805:Nuclear Fuel Complex
2793:Research and testing
2732:Nuclear Power Plants
2579:Light Water Reactors
988:Triple-alpha process
936:Magnetohydrodynamics
888:List of technologies
243:double null divertor
190:Indian Civil Service
167:fusion based reactor
99:Year(s) of operation
2779:Jaitapur (Proposed)
2739:Gorakhpur (Haryana)
2557:Stage III - Thorium
2066:Lockheed Martin CFR
1020:Proton–proton chain
883:List of experiments
802:on 13 February 2010
18:
2962:Electricity sector
2863:(Operation Shakti)
2784:Kovvada (Proposed)
2759:Madras (Kalpakkam)
1099:Dense plasma focus
610:2016-01-19 at the
571:www.iter-india.org
553:The Times Of India
370:Discharge Duration
249:Tokamak parameters
2980:
2979:
2825:Heavy Water Board
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2638:Research reactors
2632:
2631:
2573:
2572:
2461:Uranium resources
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2394:
2393:
2362:
2361:
2313:Asterix IV (PALS)
2126:
2125:
2028:
2027:
1941:
1940:
1755:
1754:
1274:
1273:
1232:
1231:
1191:Bubble (acoustic)
1173:Magnetized target
1150:Toroidal solenoid
906:
905:
681:"Wendelstein 7-X"
555:. 17 August 2005.
504:Fusion for Energy
440:Other designs of
385:
384:
133:
132:
3005:
2857:(Smiling Buddha)
2643:
2584:
2495:
2486:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2186:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2132:Magneto-inertial
2116:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1890:Wendelstein 7-AS
1883:
1882:
1881:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1384:Electric Tokamak
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1168:Magnetized liner
1160:Magneto-inertial
1077:Levitated dipole
972:
961:
931:Lawson criterion
861:
842:
835:
828:
819:
812:
811:
809:
807:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
677:
671:
670:
659:
653:
652:
646:
638:
636:
635:
626:. Archived from
620:
614:
602:
593:
588:
579:
578:
573:. Archived from
563:
557:
556:
545:
539:
538:
526:
494:ADITYA (tokamak)
488:
483:
482:
270:Plasma current,
256:Toroidal field,
253:
129:
126:
124:
122:
120:
118:
19:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2953:
2927:
2871:
2788:
2719:
2702:
2679:
2628:
2600:
2569:
2551:
2528:
2477:
2456:
2451:
2421:
2412:
2390:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2259:
2204:
2202:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1937:
1926:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:Wendelstein 7-X
1879:
1877:
1866:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1777:
1775:
1751:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1425:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1228:
1205:
1177:
1154:
1082:Magnetic mirror
1058:
1045:Silicon-burning
1030:Lithium burning
967:
956:
950:
916:Nuclear reactor
902:
852:
846:
816:
815:
805:
803:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
772:on 23 July 2009
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
742:on 3 March 2011
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
679:
678:
674:
661:
660:
656:
639:
633:
631:
624:"Archived copy"
622:
621:
617:
612:Wayback Machine
603:
596:
589:
582:
565:
564:
560:
547:
546:
542:
528:
527:
523:
518:
484:
477:
474:
450:Wendelstein 7-X
438:
421:
390:
335:Triangularity,
290:
276:
262:
251:
238:superconducting
222:
182:
115:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Dhruva reactor
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:Stage II - FBR
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2499:Stage I - PHWR
2492:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2149:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2103:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1909:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1669:
1664:
1652:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1523:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1440:
1435:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:Muon-catalyzed
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:Colliding beam
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Reversed field
1101:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:Oxygen-burning
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Carbon-burning
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
978:
969:
958:
952:
951:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
921:Atomic nucleus
918:
913:
907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:Burning plasma
869:
867:
865:Nuclear fusion
858:
854:
853:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
822:
814:
813:
783:
753:
727:
702:
691:on 21 May 2009
672:
669:on 2009-05-20.
654:
615:
594:
580:
577:on 2009-03-07.
558:
540:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
501:
496:
490:
489:
473:
470:
442:fusion reactor
437:
434:
420:
417:
412:
411:
405:
402:
399:Langmuir probe
397:Fast Scanning
389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
332:
331:
328:
321:
320:
317:
309:Aspect ratio,
306:
305:
302:
298:Minor radius,
295:
294:
291:
288:
284:Major radius,
281:
280:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
260:
250:
247:
221:
218:
181:
178:
131:
130:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
85:Magnetic field
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
40:
36:
35:
30:
24:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:Organisations
2874:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:CIRUS reactor
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:Fusion Engine
2167:
2165:
2164:FRX-L – FRCHX
2162:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:ASDEX Upgrade
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Alcator C-Mod
1353:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:International
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Metal lattice
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:Electrostatic
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Alpha process
981:
979:
977:
976:Gravitational
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
953:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
911:Nuclear power
909:
908:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
868:
866:
862:
859:
855:
850:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
820:
801:
797:
793:
787:
784:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
741:
737:
731:
728:
716:
712:
706:
703:
690:
686:
682:
676:
673:
668:
664:
663:"Beyond ITER"
658:
655:
650:
644:
630:on 2012-02-13
629:
625:
619:
616:
613:
609:
606:
601:
599:
595:
592:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
562:
559:
554:
550:
544:
541:
536:
532:
525:
522:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:energy portal
481:
476:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
433:
431:
426:
418:
416:
409:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
394:
387:
380:
378:Configuration
377:
376:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
344:
340:
338:
334:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:
303:
301:
297:
296:
292:
287:
283:
282:
278:
273:
269:
268:
264:
259:
255:
254:
248:
246:
244:
239:
234:
230:
228:
219:
217:
215:
210:
208:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
128:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
31:
29:
25:
20:
2932:Other topics
1966:Perhapsatron
1525:
1266:Pyroelectric
1196:Laser-driven
1035:Neon-burning
1003:Helium flash
849:Fusion power
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
730:
718:. Retrieved
705:
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
675:
667:the original
657:
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
618:
575:the original
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
524:
439:
422:
413:
391:
336:
325:
324:Elongation,
314:
310:
299:
285:
271:
257:
235:
231:
223:
211:
203:
183:
175:
164:
139:
135:
134:
102:2005–present
76:Minor radius
68:Major radius
2967:Solar power
2676:PURNIMA-III
2181:confinement
1927: [
1857:Heliotron J
1761:Stellarator
1629: [
1546: [
1453: [
1293:confinement
1282:experiments
1237:Other forms
1121:Stellarator
1087:Bumpy torus
965:Confinement
857:Core topics
499:Megaproject
341:<=0.8
198:Rajya Sabha
171:Gandhinagar
53:Affiliation
43:Gandhinagar
28:Device type
2987:Categories
2972:Wind power
2861:Pokhran-II
2754:Kudankulam
2673:PURNIMA-II
1201:Ion-driven
955:Processes,
898:Aneutronic
893:Commercial
806:1 February
762:"EFDA-JET"
634:2012-01-14
516:References
220:Objectives
2855:Pokhran-I
2670:PURNIMA-I
2522:IPHWR-700
2517:IPHWR-540
2512:IPHWR-220
2386:Z machine
2367:Non-laser
2278:GEKKO XII
2230:Long path
1924:Uragan-3M
1919:Uragan-2M
1416:Riggatron
1136:Spheromak
1131:Spherical
1055:S-process
1050:R-process
993:CNO cycle
408:Bolometer
330:<=1.9
2993:Tokamaks
2749:Kakrapar
2707:Proposed
2596:IPWR-900
2565:AHWR-300
2330:LULI2000
2196:Americas
2179:Inertial
1769:Americas
1336:Americas
1291:Magnetic
1280:Devices,
1224:Polywell
1183:Inertial
1064:Magnetic
1013:remnants
878:Timeline
643:cite web
608:Archived
472:See also
279:0.22 MA
160:tokamaks
39:Location
2850:Pokhran
2774:Tarapur
2662:ZERLINA
2622:CLWR-B2
2617:CLWR-B1
2547:FBR-600
2215:Cyclops
2147:SPECTOR
2118:Trisops
1978:Sceptre
1831:Oceania
1803:Model C
1689:IGNITOR
1621:COMPASS
1468:Oceania
1450:Novillo
1411:Pegasus
1302:Tokamak
1141:Dynomak
1126:Tokamak
957:methods
941:Neutron
736:"HiPER"
430:Gujarat
373:1000 s
229:(NBI).
180:History
142:) is a
112:Website
94:History
33:Tokamak
2764:Narora
2693:KAMINI
2666:Dhruva
2654:APSARA
2354:Vulcan
2287:Europe
2061:Astron
2034:Mirror
1871:Europe
1737:MAST-U
1701:ISTTOK
1667:TEXTOR
1595:Europe
1521:ADITYA
1509:SUNIST
1379:DIII-D
1350:STOR-M
946:Plasma
792:"MAST"
776:29 May
746:29 May
720:29 May
695:29 May
401:system
304:0.2 m
293:1.1 m
186:Godrej
144:plasma
2744:Kaiga
2685:IGCAR
2658:CIRUS
2613:CLWR
2507:IPHWR
2381:PACER
2342:ISKRA
2301:HiPER
2255:Shiva
2250:OMEGA
2220:Janus
2210:Argus
2189:Laser
2159:Linus
2087:Other
1947:Pinch
1931:]
1907:TJ-II
1845:H-1NF
1829:Asia,
1820:SCR-1
1793:HIDRA
1742:START
1633:]
1626:GOLEM
1574:KSTAR
1562:GLAST
1550:]
1543:QUEST
1538:JT-60
1526:SST-1
1504:HL-2M
1499:HL-2A
1482:CFETR
1466:Asia,
1457:]
1438:TCABR
1372:SPARC
1327:PROTO
1249:Migma
1219:Fusor
1109:Theta
1094:Pinch
998:Fusor
458:HiPER
419:SST-2
365:1 MW
357:1 MW
349:1 MW
156:India
136:SST-1
125:/node
107:Links
47:India
17:SST-1
2647:BARC
2542:PFBR
2264:Asia
2245:Nova
2240:Nike
2225:LIFE
2106:PFRC
2071:MFTF
1983:ZETA
1885:WEGA
1808:NCSX
1747:STEP
1713:T-15
1650:WEST
1586:TT-1
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1487:EAST
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1394:NSTX
1322:DEMO
1317:ITER
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1008:Nova
968:type
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778:2009
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748:2009
722:2009
697:2009
649:link
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319:5.5
265:3 T
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138:(or
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121:.gov
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2235:NIF
2101:LDX
2076:TMX
2049:GDT
2020:MST
2008:RFX
1993:RFP
1862:LHD
1798:HSX
1788:CTH
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1399:PLT
1389:LTX
1367:ARC
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123:.in
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1929:uk
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261:θ
258:B
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