52:
26:
1895:
1878:
1890:
1870:
795:
173:
180:
187:
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766:
left
Amsterdam on a scheduled sailing to Buenos Aires. She carried only 80 passengers. At 0200 hrs on 16 March she anchored about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) from the North Hinder Lightship, and about 50 nautical miles (93 km) off the Dutch coast, to await dawn and avoid misidentification or
640:
broke out in August 1914, she was returning from South
America with £500,000 in gold destined for banks in London, much of which for the German Bank of London. She was also carrying about 150 German reservists in steerage and a cargo of grain destined for Germany. After she called at
890:
began a coordinated campaign to spread rumors of an impending
British invasion of the Netherlands. One author calls the German plan a "propaganda coup". The rumors caused some panic in the streets, and the Dutch government declared a four-day emergency from 30 March to 2 April.
447:
or a
British torpedo had sunk her, or even a German torpedo that had been astray by itself for ten days. The Dutch public was outraged at both the sinking and the German disinformation campaign. KHL's compensation claim against
586:
was among the most luxurious passenger ships of her era. Her electrical equipment ranged from laundry equipment and ventilation fans to cigar lighters. Her name was spelt out in electric lights, suspended between her two
910:
In 1924 two sets of salvors contested the salvage rights to the wreck, each wishing to try to recover £2 million of gold coins that she was reputed to be carrying. An
English court resolved the dispute, and its decision
901:
s original cost. Rejected by the Dutch, the two countries agreed to have the issue arbitrated after the end of the war. The dispute was finally settled in 1922, when KHL was awarded compensation equivalent to £830,000.
466:
operator tried to recover the gold, without success. However, the decision by an
English court on a legal dispute between two rival salvors wishing to attempt the salvage remains a leading part of the
770:
At about 0230 hrs her lookouts sighted a stream of bubbles rapidly approaching her starboard side. There was an explosion, and she quickly began to sink. Three ships answered her distress signals:
878:
was sunk. The shot missed its mark. But the naughty undisciplined little torpedo went cruising around in the sea on its own hook for ten days waiting for a chance to kill somebody. Then the
1944:
519:
was 560 ft (170 m) and her registered length was 540.4 ft (164.7 m). Her beam was 65.8 ft (20.1 m) and her depth was 35.3 ft (10.8 m). Her
817:
war between
British and German newspapers broke out, with Germany trying to blame Britain, and Britain rebutting the accusation. Both sides had in mind the serious violation of
829:. The British reported that a German torpedo had sunk her. German newspapers replied that if a torpedo had sunk the ship, it had to have been British. A drifting lifeboat from
1954:
1644:
740:
1934:
927:, spent three years and £100,000 trying to access the gold, but abandoned the attempt after concluding that it was too dangerous for divers to recover it.
859:
882:
came along and the wandering-Willy torpedo promptly, obstinately, ran into the ship and sank her. This was the explanation. Germany was not to blame.
833:
was found, examined, and found to have bronze torpedo fragments embedded in it. Germany was the only country that used bronze in its torpedoes.
1949:
1669:
1504:
1447:
886:
The Dutch public was furious at what it believed a hostile German act. To help divert the public anger against his country, German diplomat
1924:
1889:
1885:
1637:
1584:
1477:
1898:
1894:
1659:
1939:
1630:
874:
This certain U-boat had fired this particular torpedo at a
British war-vessel somewhere in the North Sea ten days before the
1125:
1308:
1288:
1268:
1230:
1881:
1877:
1873:
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intended for
Germany — which included four packages of rubber, and seven containers of wool — had been found among
483:
413:
109:
78:
1730:
728:
712:
506:
was built as yard number 455, launched on 15 November 1913, and completed on 11 March 1914. She cost £300,000.
1593:
836:
Presented with evidence that it was torpedo no. 2033 which had been assigned to the small, coastal submarine
1252:
920:
887:
894:
Despite denials and rumor-spreading, Germany nevertheless offered compensation in the amount of £300,000,
724:
579:, exceeding the speed required by the contract to build her, and could cruise at 16 knots (30 km/h).
524:
230:
1929:
1751:
1522:
1525:(1922). "Report of the International Commission of Inquiry in the Loss of the Dutch Steamer Tubantia".
1839:
1826:
1705:
924:
654:
633:
528:
234:
99:
1170:
1919:
1850:
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1414:
1210:
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claimed that the
British authorities had seized all the mail and parcels from South America aboard
646:
614:
553:, each driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine. Together her twin engines were rated at 1,725
417:
314:
25:
1622:
1784:
1566:
1550:
1235:
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536:
532:
340:
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Lost Treasure Ships of the Northern Seas: A Guide and Gazetteer to 2000 Years of Shipwreck
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449:
1766:
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1008:
990:
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669:
665:
516:
471:
463:
251:
1913:
1570:
723:. The US expressed concern that the British had seized items from two Dutch ships in
701:
673:
543:. Her holds had capacity for 357,000 cu ft (10,100 m) of baled cargo.
440:
972:
642:
606:
459:
157:
676:
disembarked the German reservists, and the gold was confiscated and taken ashore.
854:
had fired that specific torpedo at a British warship on 6 March, ten days before
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637:
487:
436:
401:
382:
219:
57:
1161:
919:
as to when a salvor takes possession of a sunken shipwreck. The winning party,
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1325:
1323:
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432:
308:
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1487:
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German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
995:
German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
977:
German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
782:. Between them the rescued all 80 passengers and all 294 crew members from
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1740:
1554:
958:
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113:
179:
1679:
716:
424:
1538:
186:
165:
1497:
The Netherlands and World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy and Survival
793:
680:
was released then from Plymouth and allowed to resume her voyage.
693:
1626:
1413:. Vol. II.–Steamers, Sailing Vessels, and Owners. London:
1190:
870:
in 1917, called this explanation "amazing" and derided it:
1380:
1340:
1338:
1329:
786:. She was the largest neutral vessel sunk during the war.
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
416:(KHL) fleet. They were also the first KHL ships to have
1123:"New Dutch liner for South American service is ready".
1472:(Avalon ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
957:
was the only extant U-boat numbered 13 in March 1916;
435:
in 1916. She was the largest neutral ship sunk in the
1585:
Photograph of Tubantia, Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd
1144:
502:
was launched in May 1913 and completed that October.
1807:
1658:
462:when she was sunk. Between 1924 and 1927 a British
1431:The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony
1307:
1287:
1267:
1160:
969:had been lost in 1914 and 1915, respectively.See:
943:Sources almost invariably report the submarine as
1203:
1201:
1199:
842:, German authorities presented a forged log from
821:. German newspapers first claimed that a British
1653:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in March 1916
1225:
1223:
1221:
872:
1945:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
1638:
1495:van Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P (2001).
1118:
1116:
727:service between the Netherlands and the US –
609:were PVDL. Her navigation equipment included
8:
539:, 236 second class, 135 third class and 854
352:357,000 cu ft (10,100 m) bale
16:Dutch ocean liner that a U-boat sank in 1916
535:. She had berths for 1,477 passengers: 252
412:were the largest and swiftest ships in the
1645:
1631:
1623:
1250:"South American gold arrives in England".
915:P 78, remains the leading authority under
343:, 236 × 2nd class, 135 × 3rd class, 854 ×
1527:The American Journal of International Law
632:worked KHL's route between Amsterdam and
458:was reputed to be carrying £2 million in
1392:
1368:
1344:
1107:
850:at the time of the attack. They claimed
767:attack. She was completely illuminated.
443:variously tried to claim that a British
1955:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
1433:. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd.
1081:Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank
1049:Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank
1036:
936:
256:540.4 ft (164.7 m) registered
1356:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
30:Postcard representing the sister ships
20:
1309:"British send note on mail detention"
1208:"British capture $ 2,500,000 prize".
704:, but the report did not say whether
48:
7:
696:while en route from Buenos Aires to
1935:Passenger ships of the Netherlands
14:
1191:The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914
418:quadruple-expansion steam engines
408:in 1914. She and her sister ship
1893:
1888:
1876:
1868:
1231:"3,600 refugees home on 2 ships"
185:
178:
171:
164:
50:
24:
1381:van Tuyll van Serooskerken 2001
1330:van Tuyll van Serooskerken 2001
1417:of Shipping. 1914 – via
1296:. 29 December 1915. p. 3.
668:aboard her, and escorted into
575:knots (32.4 km/h) on her
206:Sunk by torpedo, 16 March 1916
1:
1950:Steamships of the Netherlands
1316:. 27 January 1916. p. 2.
1276:. 18 October 1914. p. 4.
1126:The Christian Science Monitor
846:that showed her nowhere near
700:. Aid had been summoned from
414:Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd
79:Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd
1587:, National Museums Liverpool
1427:The Marconi Press Agency Ltd
1410:Lloyd's Register of Shipping
1239:. 18 August 1914. p. 5.
692:ran aground on the coast of
688:reported that on 17 October
452:was not settled until 1922.
1470:The Works of Henry Van Dyke
1256:. 8 August 1914. p. 4.
1214:. 8 August 1914. p. 1.
860:Minister to the Netherlands
613:, and she was equipped for
315:quadruple-expansion engines
1971:
1925:Maritime incidents in 1916
1129:. 2 April 1914. p. 2.
484:Alexander Stephen and Sons
274:35.3 ft (10.8 m)
266:65.8 ft (20.1 m)
1863:
1289:"British seize more mail"
250:560 ft (170 m)
210:
43:
23:
1438:Pickford, Nigel (2006).
806:decrying the sinking of
743:replied by stating that
1253:The Wall Street Journal
921:Royal Naval Air Service
326:16 knots (30 km/h)
211:General characteristics
1940:Ships built in Glasgow
1523:Wilson, George Grafton
1269:"Dutch steamer ashore"
884:
810:
1007:Helgason, Guðmundur.
989:Helgason, Guðmundur.
971:Helgason, Guðmundur.
797:
711:In December 1915 the
404:that was launched in
1671:Príncipe de Asturias
1077:"Tubantia – ID 6719"
1009:"WWI U-boats: UC 13"
991:"WWI U-boats: UB 13"
925:Sydney Vincent Sippe
888:Richard von Kühlmann
713:Overseas News Agency
611:submarine signalling
373:submarine signalling
110:A Stephen & Sons
1605: /
1442:. London: Chatham.
1359:, pp. 432–433.
1211:The Washington Post
973:"WWI U-boats: U 13"
615:wireless telegraphy
1314:The New York Times
1294:The New York Times
1274:The New York Times
1236:The New York Times
1171:Miramar Ship Index
1045:"Gelria – ID 2426"
868:Fighting for Peace
811:
685:The New York Times
582:One author claims
400:was a Dutch-owned
369:processing systems
1905:
1904:
1506:978-90-04-12243-7
1499:. Leiden: Brill.
1449:978-1-86176-250-4
858:was sunk. The US
804:editorial cartoon
762:On 15 March 1916
523:were 13,911
482:In 1913 and 1914
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1609:51.817°N 2.833°E
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819:Dutch neutrality
800:Piet van der Hem
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574:
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486:built a pair of
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85:Port of registry
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730:Nieuw Amsterdam
638:First World War
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561:. She achieved
531:and 9,215
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490:at its yard in
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1579:External links
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1533:(3): 432–433.
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741:Foreign Office
739:. The British
666:boarding party
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472:marine salvage
464:salvage diving
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866:, writing in
865:
861:
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853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
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798:Dutch artist
796:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
757:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
725:transatlantic
722:
718:
714:
709:
708:was damaged.
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
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675:
674:Royal Marines
671:
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527:, 8,561
526:
522:
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477:
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469:
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273:
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255:
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237:, 9,215
236:
233:, 8,561
232:
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147:11 March 1914
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38:
34:
27:
22:
19:
1930:Ocean liners
1907:
1852:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1817:
1796:
1785:
1775:
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1352:
1313:
1302:
1293:
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1273:
1262:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1209:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1163:
1155:
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1124:
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1080:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
998:. Retrieved
994:
980:. Retrieved
976:
965:
959:
953:
948:
944:
939:
913:The Tubantia
912:
909:
895:
893:
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689:
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661:
656:
634:Buenos Aires
629:
628:
607:code letters
598:
593:
583:
581:
546:
545:
509:
508:
503:
499:
488:sister ships
481:
455:
454:
428:
422:
409:
396:
394:
393:
386:
367:Sensors and
349:
336:
229:13,911
158:code letters
100:Buenos Aires
98:Amsterdam –
68:
36:
32:
18:
1752:Minneapolis
1612: /
1357:Wilson 1922
917:English law
636:. When the
537:first class
498:, for KHL.
402:ocean liner
383:sister ship
337:passengers:
220:Ocean liner
128:Yard number
58:Netherlands
1920:1913 ships
1914:Categories
1899:April 1916
1660:Shipwrecks
1166:(5603846)"
1150:, TSU–TUM.
1031:References
815:propaganda
780:La Campine
745:contraband
651:Royal Navy
596:registered
577:sea trials
557:or 11,000
302:Propulsion
1851:HMS
1842:Undaunted
1840:HMS
1829:Cleopatra
1827:HMS
1795:HMS
1774:SMS
1767:SMS
1694:HMS
1687:HMS
1680:HMS
1571:146986647
1547:0002-9300
945:U-boat 13
790:Aftermath
698:Rotterdam
672:. There,
657:Highflyer
655:HMS
621:was PET.
619:call sign
603:Amsterdam
549:had twin
492:Linthouse
433:North Sea
341:1st class
294:, 11,000
194:call sign
144:Completed
89:Amsterdam
1853:Laverock
1849:25 Mar:
1825:24 Mar:
1786:Portugal
1783:30 Mar:
1759:26 Mar:
1749:23 Mar:
1739:22 Mar:
1732:Renaudin
1729:18 Mar:
1716:Tubantia
1713:16 Mar:
1703:12 Mar:
1689:Coquette
1515:48081143
1468:(1921).
1458:67375472
1429:(1914).
1176:13 March
1164:Tubantia
1018:16 March
1000:16 March
982:16 March
923:veteran
896:Tubantia
880:Tubantia
876:Tubantia
856:Tubantia
848:Tubantia
831:Tubantia
827:Tubantia
808:Tubantia
784:Tubantia
776:Krakatau
764:Tubantia
754:s mail.
749:Tubantia
721:Tubantia
706:Tubantia
690:Tubantia
678:Tubantia
670:Plymouth
664:, put a
662:Tubantia
660:stopped
653:cruiser
630:Tubantia
599:Tubantia
584:Tubantia
547:Tubantia
541:steerage
521:tonnages
510:Tubantia
504:Tubantia
478:Building
468:case law
456:Tubantia
429:Tubantia
406:Scotland
397:Tubantia
345:steerage
331:Capacity
136:Launched
123:£300,000
69:Tubantia
37:Tubantia
1818:Noordam
1815:3 Mar:
1678:7 Mar:
1668:5 Mar:
1597:51°49′N
1563:1480149
1555:2188183
1488:9473678
736:Rijndam
589:funnels
570:⁄
496:Glasgow
450:Germany
441:Germany
431:in the
252:overall
226:Tonnage
114:Glasgow
106:Builder
44:History
1835:Sussex
1762:Tabora
1706:Seyyar
1600:2°50′E
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1513:
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1486:
1476:
1456:
1446:
1086:21 May
1054:21 May
778:, and
717:Berlin
649:, the
625:Career
617:. Her
605:. Her
551:screws
500:Gelria
460:specie
425:U-boat
410:Gelria
387:Gelria
350:cargo:
339:252 ×
309:screws
290:1,725
245:Length
33:Gelria
1722:UC-12
1696:TB 11
1567:S2CID
1551:JSTOR
966:UC-13
954:UB-13
931:Notes
899:'
852:UB-13
844:UB-13
839:UB-13
772:Breda
752:'
702:Dover
647:Spain
513:'
427:sank
379:Notes
323:Speed
279:Decks
271:Depth
95:Route
75:Owner
1882:1917
1874:1916
1866:1915
1776:G194
1742:U-68
1559:OCLC
1543:ISSN
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
1454:OCLC
1444:ISBN
1178:2009
1148:1914
1088:2023
1056:2023
1020:2009
1002:2009
984:2009
963:and
960:U-13
949:U-13
823:mine
758:Loss
733:and
694:Kent
643:Vigo
594:KHL
445:mine
359:Crew
313:2 ×
307:2 ×
263:Beam
216:Type
203:Fate
160:PVDL
120:Cost
65:Name
35:and
1797:E24
1769:S22
1535:doi
947:or
802:'s
715:in
601:at
559:ihp
555:NHP
533:DWT
529:NRT
525:GRT
470:of
395:SS
362:194
296:ihp
292:NHP
239:DWT
235:NRT
231:GRT
196:PET
131:455
1916::
1838:,
1832:;
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1765:,
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1682:E5
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