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290:, feed optimization, and measurement using STEP-NC. The highlight of the meeting was the live 5-axis machining of a titanium impeller. Participants in the machining demonstration and other activities included Boeing, Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Concepts NRec, DMG, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Mitutoyo, NIST, Sandvik Coromant, Scania, Siemens, and STEP Tools.
305:
In the first half of 2010, the testing activity focused on tool wear management and machining a part in multiple setups with multiple alternate machining plans for 3, 4 and 5-axis machining. The new test part was a gear box that must be machined on all six sides. The tool wear and consequent machine
226:
STEP-NC is not the first attempt at providing better quality information to a CNC. The EIA 494 Basic
Control Language (BCL) defined a control language that was portable and had toolpaths independent of machine geometry, but did not contain any of the other product model information found in STEP-NC.
313:
In 2012, the testing focused on machine tool accuracy calculations, culminating in a demonstration in June at the KTH production engineering labs in
Stockholm. The test case milled a forged blank for a Crown Wheel Gear on an older Mazak VQC 20. Accuracy data from the machine was combined with tool
270:
In 2005 the OMAC STEP-NC Working Group hosted an AP238 testing forum in
Orlando to demonstrate 5-axis parts machined using AP238 CC1 machine independent toolpaths. Four CAD/CAM systems produced AP238 machining programs for milling a 5-axis test part (an NAS 979 circle/diamond/square with an inverted
349:
Work continues within the ISO standard committees to extend STEP-NC to new technologies and to incorporate refinements discovered during use. Process models for new technologies are usually produced by the ISO TC184/SC1/WG7 committee. Models for Wire & Sink EDM and contour cutting of wood or
278:
On March 10–12, 2008, the STEP Manufacturing team (ISO TC184 SC4 WG3 T24) met in
Sandviken and Stockholm, Sweden to demonstrate use of STEP-NC for feed and speed optimization, high-speed machining, tolerance-driven tool compensation and traceability. The participants in the demonstrations included
210:
STEP-NC can exchange the explicit toolpath descriptions in use today, and add part, stock, and fixture geometry, a description of the tools, geometric dimensions and tolerances, and PDM information. A STEP-NC file is difficult to edit by hand because it contains geometry descriptions but for large
353:
Work on extending and integrating STEP-NC with the manufacturing enterprise takes place in the ISO TC184/SC4/WG3/T24 STEP Manufacturing Team. This group also works on extensions and refinements discovered during testing. A series of traceability extensions have been proposed for linking STEP-NC
317:
In 2014, CAM data exchange using STEP-NC was shown at IMTS 2014 with daily machining demonstrations hosted by Okuma. A base machining process for a mold part was created by Boeing and then sent to
Sandvik and ISCAR for optimization, producing a STEP-NC description containing all three process
293:
These participants and others continue to hold STEP-NC international implementation and testing events on a roughly six-month cycle. The demonstrations in 2009 focused on machining a Mold part at multiple sites from the same AP238 data including one part machined on a FANUC-developed STEP-NC
258:
Model Driven
Intelligent Control of Manufacturing project, led by STEP Tools, Inc. with an industrial review board (IRB) consisting of Fortune 500 companies, CAD and CAM software developers, machine tool manufacturers, job shops and industry experts. STEP-NC AP238 was published in 2007.
136:
STEP-NC can communicate a complete machining process description to a machine tool control or between manufacturing software applications. The information handled by STEP-NC can be divided into the following general categories. The standard handles technology-specific parameters for
271:
NAS 979 cone test in the center). Each run on a pair of CNCs configured for completely different machine geometries (AB tool tilt vs. BC table tilt). In addition, Boeing cut parts on a variety of machines at their Tulsa facility and a machine at NIST in
Gaithersburg.
76:
information can also be added to enable quality measurement on the control, and CAM-independent volume removal features may be added to facilitate regeneration and modification of the toolpaths before or during machining for closed loop manufacturing.
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The
National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP) has also hosted work to implement a prototype that connects a shipyard design system to a plate cutting using STEP-NC. This work involved extending STEP-NC to steel plate cutting and marking using
274:
In June 2006, a live 5-axis STEP-NC machining demonstration was hosted by Airbus at the
Université Paul Sabatier Laboratoire de Génie mécanique in Toulouse. Further machining and measurement demonstrations were conducted in Ibusuki Japan in 2007.
97:
STEP-NC allows more information about the machining process to be sent to the machine control and adds new information about the product being machined. This "Smart Data for Smart
Machining" enables applications such as the following:
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Sokolov, A.; Richard, J.; Nguyen, V. K.; Stroud, I.; Maeder, W.; Xirouchakis, P. (September 2006). "Algorithms and an extended STEP-NC-compliant data model for wire electro discharge machining based on 3D representations".
93:
Input to a CNC in the ISO 6983/RS274D G-code control language is often machine-specific and limited to axis motion commands. The machine tool is given little or no information about the desired result of the machining.
246:
in Japan, Heidenhain in Switzerland, and the Pohang University of Science and Technology in Korea. Models for the control of CNC milling and turning machines were published in 2005, and draft models exist for
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A second edition of AP238 was published in 2020, followed by a third edition in 2022 for model-based integrated manufacturing, with geometry, tolerance, and kinematics improvements first introduced by AP242.
231:
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Industrial automation systems and integration - Product data representation and exchange - Part 238: Application protocol: Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers
310:. In the second half of 2010, the testing forum applied STEP-NC to set up compensation with on-machine measurement of part and fixture datums using a FaroArm portable measurement device.
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Industrial automation systems and integration -- Physical device control -- Data model for computerized numerical controllers -- Part 1: Overview and fundamental principles
1522:
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Industrial automation systems and integration -- Product data representation and exchange -- Part 42: Integrated generic resource: Geometric and topological representation
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Industrial automation systems and integration -- Physical device control -- Data model for computerized numerical controllers -- Part 10: Part 10: General process data
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Industrial automation systems and integration -- Physical device control -- Data model for computerized numerical controllers -- Part 11: Process data for turning
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Industrial automation systems and integration -- Physical device control -- Data model for computerized numerical controllers -- Part 11: Process data for milling
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A STEP-NC program can use the full range of geometric constructs from the STEP standard to communicate device-independent toolpaths to the CNC. It can provide
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Industrial automation systems and integration - Product data representation and exchange - Part 238: Application protocol: Model based integrated manufacturing
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Industrial automation systems and integration - Product data representation and exchange - Part 238: Application protocol: Model based integrated manufacturing
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On October 1–2, 2008, the STEP Manufacturing team met at the Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, in Hartford, Connecticut to demonstrate
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Hardwick, M.; Loffredo, D. (September 2007). "Challenges and Choices in the Specification and Implementation of the STEP-NC AP-238 Standard".
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to the CNC so workpieces, stock, fixtures and cutting tool shapes can be visualized and analyzed in the context of the toolpaths. STEP
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1071:"International STEP-NC Demonstration of Feed Optimization, High-Speed Machining, Tolerance-Driven Tool Compensation, and Traceability"
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model for integration into the wider enterprise. The combined result has been standardized as ISO 10303-238 (also known as AP238).
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1131:"International STEP-NC Demonstration, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, June 2010"
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options. All machining was done in titanium and a range of CAM software was used, with all results captured as STEP-NC.
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engagement information from the STEP-NC to predict the deflections, which were tested against actual machining results.
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control. At a meeting in Seattle the parts were then measured for accuracy using a CMM probe and a laser scanner.
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Simplified Inspection, with linked tolerances, on-machine probes and inspection workplans tied to part tolerances.
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Xu, X; Klemm, P; Proctor, F; Suh., S. H. (September 2006). "STEP Compliant Process Planning and Manufacturing".
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At IMTS 2018, a team consisting of Airbus, Boeing, DMG MORI, Hyundai WIA, Renishaw, and Mitutoyo demonstrated
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Suh, S. H.; Cho, J. H.; Hong, H. D. (January 2002). "On the architecture of intelligent STEP-compliant CNC".
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32-Bit Binary CL (BCL) and 7-Bit ASCII CL (ACL) Exchange Input Format for Numerically Controlled Machines
254:
Integration of the CNC model into STEP to produce ISO 10303-238 was done in the United States, under the
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Garrido Campos, J.; Hardwick, M. (2006). "A Traceability Information Model for CNC Manufacturing".
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1091:"International STEP-NC Demonstration of Closed-Loop Machining, Feed Optimization, and Measurement"
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Visual process, to show toolpaths in context of the machine and workpiece, and eliminate drawings.
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On-Machine Simulation, to check for gouges, machine interference and other undesired behavior.
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Hardwick, M.; Loffredo, D. (September 2006). "Lessons Learned Implementing STEP-NC AP-238".
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and IMS STEP-NC projects begun in 1999. These were led by Siemens with contributions from
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1151:"International STEP-NC Demonstration, Boeing Renton Plant, Renton, WA, October 12-13 2010"
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1191:"Okuma / Boeing STEP-NC presentation TRAM2014 describing the CAM Exchange demonstration"
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machining programs with sensor feedback and machine state information during execution.
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Feed and Speed Optimization, using tolerances, cross section information, sensor data.
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Hardwick, M.; Loffredo, D. (March 2007). "STEP-NC: Smart Data for Smart Machining".
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Venkatesh, S.; Odendahl, D.; Michaloski, J.; Proctor, F.; Kramer, T. (2007-02-01).
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Airbus/Univ. Bordeaux, Boeing, Eurostep, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, NIST,
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The core of STEP-NC is the ISO 14649 model for CNC control developed by European
23:
STEP-NC interface on a CNC, showing product shape and color-coded tolerance state
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machine tool status and Quality Information Format (QIF) metrology results.
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Toolpath descriptions that are portable and independent of machine geometry.
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Associativity so feedback can be sent from manufacturing back to design.
61:(CNC) process data to a product description of the part being machined.
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50:
1171:"STEP-NC Machining Accuracy Demonstration, Stockholm, June 14, 2012"
564:
3647:
1448:
Video: STEP-NC tolerance-driven tool compensation demo (2008-03-12)
4194:
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3165:
3140:
3135:
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2145:
1990:
1603:
1244:"Machining Demonstration Shows the Digital-Twin Concept in Action"
340:
296:
261:
243:
127:
84:
18:
1380:"Archives of the STEP Manufacturing Team (ISO TC184/SC4/WG3/T24)"
3841:
3704:
3697:
3363:
3308:
2908:
2519:
1222:
Advanced Manufacturing: Aerospace and Defense Manufacturing 2015
306:
loads were predicted from the STEP-NC data and verified using a
2082:
1504:
1466:
1462:
325:
manufacturing by combining STEP-NC model and process data with
145:, and extensions for other technologies under development (see
4328:
4018:
3070:
211:
programs the file size can be smaller because STEP-NC uses a
822:
Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering
1421:"Step-NC Application for Steel Production in Shipbuilding"
1346:
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
967:
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
869:
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
526:
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
561:
Proceedings of the Intl. Conf. on Smart Machining Systems
1311:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
1273:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
755:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
714:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
673:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
467:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
429:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
388:. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
38:
standards with the machining model in ISO 14649, adding
1111:"International STEP-NC Demonstration, Renton, WA 2009"
847:
1443:
Video: STEP-NC impeller machining demo (2008-10-01)
4311:
4037:
3189:
2138:
1968:
1895:
1762:
1652:
1584:
1539:
1002:"Boeing, NIST help to take STEP-NC to new heights"
501:"Enabling Manufacturing's Future Without Limits"
301:STEP-NC machining on an Okuma CNC at IMTS 2014.
1051:"STEP-NC Machining and Measurement in Ibusuki"
2094:
1516:
1478:
1458:A toolkit for ISO 14649 Parts 10, 11, and 111
8:
1328:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1290:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1031:"International STEP-NC Testing in Toulouse"
805:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
772:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
744:
742:
731:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
703:
701:
690:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
662:
660:
484:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
446:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
405:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2101:
2087:
2079:
1523:
1509:
1501:
1485:
1471:
1463:
283:, Scania, STEP Tools, and Univ. of Vigo.
904:"Validation Report for ISO/IS 10303-238"
198:Operations and cutting tools for turning
195:Operations and cutting tools for milling
192:Technology-Specific Process Description
1218:"Optimize Process for Best Performance"
418:
416:
374:
1321:
1283:
927:
916:
798:
765:
724:
683:
565:Intl. Conf. on Smart Machining Systems
477:
439:
398:
7:
848:"Intelligent Manufacturing Systems"
42:data for inspection, and the STEP
34:control language that extends the
14:
946:"STEP-NC Industrial Review Board"
793:Electronic Industries Association
132:Overview of STEP-NC process model
40:geometric dimension and tolerance
4392:
4391:
146:
49:STEP-NC was designed to replace
1216:Lorincz, Jim (September 2015).
1012:from the original on 2012-10-21
350:stone are under investigation.
89:Impeller machined using STEP-NC
1782:Electrical discharge machining
1571:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
645:"Boeing/Fanuc Tolerance Study"
1:
68:operational descriptions and
59:computer numerical controlled
16:Machine tool control language
787:ANSI/EIA-494-B-1992 (1992).
175:General Process Description
170:Measures and Part Properties
1629:List of drill and tap sizes
1242:Albert, Mark (2019-04-01).
611:Woods, Susan (April 2006).
580:"All Together Now: STEP-NC"
578:Kennedy, Bill (July 2007).
499:Callen, John (2002-05-01).
201:Operations and devices for
53:with a modern, associative
4449:
4423:Computer-aided engineering
1945:Magnetic switchable device
906:. N2098. ISO TC184/SC4 WG3
902:Loffredo, D (2006-07-14).
4387:
2120:
2023:
1787:Electrochemical machining
1500:
1407:10.1016/j.cad.2006.01.011
1358:10.1080/09511920600634903
979:10.1080/09511920600627170
881:10.1080/09511920110056541
567:. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
538:10.1080/09511920600669776
167:Dimensions and Tolerances
1006:Tooling & Production
620:Cutting Tool Engineering
587:Cutting Tool Engineering
242:in Germany, Komatsu and
218:instead of ASCII codes.
1867:Rotary transfer machine
1852:Photochemical machining
1792:Electron-beam machining
1754:Tool and cutter grinder
240:University of Stuttgart
55:communications protocol
51:ISO 6983/RS274D G-codes
926:Cite journal requires
423:ISO 10303-238 (2007).
346:
345:STEP-NC plasma cutting
302:
267:
236:RWTH Aachen University
163:Manufacturing Features
133:
90:
24:
4418:Industrial automation
2063:Tools and terminology
1395:Computer-Aided Design
749:ISO 14649-12 (2005).
708:ISO 14649-11 (2004).
667:ISO 14649-10 (2004).
461:ISO 10303-42 (2003).
344:
300:
288:closed-loop machining
265:
251:and contour cutting.
131:
88:
22:
1981:Machining vibrations
1887:Ultrasonic machining
1305:ISO 10303-238:2022.
1267:ISO 10303-238:2020.
791:. Washington, D.C.:
382:ISO 14649-1 (2003).
153:Product Description
2001:Tool and die making
1689:Cylindrical grinder
1248:Modern Machine Shop
505:Modern Machine Shop
266:STEP-NC Crown Wheel
156:Workpiece, PDM and
2114:by standard number
1669:Abrasive machining
347:
303:
268:
134:
91:
25:
4405:
4404:
2128:ISO romanizations
2076:
2075:
2019:
2018:
834:10.1115/1.2768090
70:STEP CAD geometry
4440:
4395:
4394:
2115:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
1986:Speeds and feeds
1739:Sharpening stone
1714:Grinding machine
1709:Grinding dresser
1576:Stewart platform
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1453:What is STEP-NC?
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1319:
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1316:
1302:
1296:
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1289:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1264:
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1255:
1254:
1239:
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1213:
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1203:
1187:
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1178:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1147:
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1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
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1107:
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1100:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
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1067:
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1047:
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1037:
1027:
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1020:
1018:
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962:
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942:
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914:
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899:
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844:
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837:
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796:
784:
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771:
763:
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760:
746:
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730:
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689:
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664:
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584:
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458:
452:
451:
445:
437:
435:
434:
420:
411:
410:
404:
396:
394:
393:
379:
281:Sandvik Coromant
158:Product Geometry
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4383:
4307:
4033:
3185:
2134:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2077:
2072:
2015:
1964:
1891:
1758:
1749:Surface grinder
1684:Coated abrasive
1655:
1648:
1619:Drill bit sizes
1614:Drill bit shank
1589:
1580:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1496:
1491:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
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1392:
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1387:
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1373:
1342:
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1337:
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1299:
1282:
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1265:
1261:
1252:
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1236:
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1210:
1201:
1199:
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1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
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1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
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1144:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
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1108:
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1095:
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1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
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1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
999:
998:
994:
964:
963:
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948:
944:
943:
939:
925:
915:
909:
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896:
866:
865:
861:
852:
850:
846:
845:
841:
819:
818:
814:
797:
786:
785:
781:
764:
758:
756:
748:
747:
740:
723:
717:
715:
707:
706:
699:
682:
676:
674:
666:
665:
658:
649:
647:
643:
642:
638:
629:
627:
615:
610:
609:
605:
596:
594:
582:
577:
576:
572:
558:
557:
553:
523:
522:
518:
509:
507:
498:
497:
493:
476:
470:
468:
460:
459:
455:
438:
432:
430:
422:
421:
414:
397:
391:
389:
381:
380:
376:
372:
339:
224:
126:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4446:
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4425:
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4409:
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4232:
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4217:
4212:
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4112:
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4097:
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4021:
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3991:
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3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3244:
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3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
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3187:
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3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
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3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
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3036:
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3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
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2976:
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2961:
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2896:
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2871:
2866:
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2836:
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2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Milling cutter
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Grinding wheel
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:Computer-aided
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1437:External links
1435:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1401:(5): 540–551.
1385:
1371:
1352:(6): 603–613.
1335:
1297:
1259:
1234:
1208:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1102:
1082:
1062:
1042:
1022:
992:
973:(6): 523–532.
957:
937:
928:|journal=
894:
875:(2): 168–177.
859:
839:
828:(3): 283–291.
812:
779:
738:
697:
656:
636:
603:
570:
551:
532:(6): 491–494.
516:
491:
453:
412:
373:
371:
368:
364:plasma torches
338:
335:
223:
220:
208:
207:
206:
205:
199:
196:
190:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
173:
172:
171:
168:
165:
160:
125:
122:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
82:
79:
57:that connects
36:ISO 10303 STEP
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4445:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:Machine tools
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
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3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
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3733:
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3728:
3726:
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3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
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3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
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3564:
3562:
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3557:
3554:
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3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
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3489:
3487:
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3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3450:
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3410:
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3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
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3387:
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3380:
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3360:
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3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
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2132:IEC standards
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1976:Cutting fluid
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1940:Machine taper
1938:
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1925:Indexing head
1923:
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1897:Machine tools
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1744:Spark testing
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1699:Flick grinder
1697:
1695:
1694:Diamond plate
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Bench grinder
1677:
1675:
1674:Angle grinder
1672:
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1534:and computing
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621:
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613:"Stepin' Out"
607:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4250:27000 series
3627:
3276:
1955:Rotary table
1935:Lathe center
1822:Machine tool
1654:Grinding and
1494:Metalworking
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1313:. Retrieved
1307:
1300:
1275:. Retrieved
1269:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
970:
966:
960:
949:. Retrieved
940:
919:cite journal
908:. Retrieved
897:
872:
868:
862:
851:. Retrieved
842:
825:
821:
815:
788:
782:
757:. Retrieved
751:
716:. Retrieved
710:
675:. Retrieved
669:
648:. Retrieved
639:
628:. Retrieved
623:
619:
606:
595:. Retrieved
590:
586:
573:
560:
554:
529:
525:
519:
508:. Retrieved
504:
494:
469:. Retrieved
463:
456:
431:. Retrieved
425:
390:. Retrieved
384:
377:
356:
352:
348:
331:
323:Digital Twin
320:
316:
312:
304:
292:
285:
277:
273:
269:
253:
229:
225:
209:
135:
124:Capabilities
96:
92:
63:
48:
32:machine tool
27:
26:
4038:20000–29999
3190:10000–19999
2033:Fabrication
1969:Terminology
1905:Angle plate
1832:Metal lathe
1724:Jig grinder
1634:Tap and die
1543:engineering
337:Future work
308:dynamometer
147:Future work
4412:Categories
3817:16949 (TS)
3414:11941 (TR)
2112:standards
2053:Metallurgy
1847:Pantograph
1639:Tap wrench
1426:2018-03-07
1315:2022-10-11
1277:2022-10-11
1253:2019-04-03
1228:2015-11-17
1202:2015-03-20
1176:2015-03-20
1156:2011-03-23
1136:2010-03-25
1116:2010-03-25
1096:2008-10-27
1076:2008-10-27
1056:2008-10-27
1036:2008-10-27
1016:2010-10-12
951:2008-10-28
910:2008-10-28
853:2008-10-27
759:2008-10-27
718:2008-10-27
677:2008-10-27
650:2008-10-27
630:2008-10-27
597:2008-10-27
510:2008-10-28
471:2008-10-27
433:2008-10-27
392:2008-10-27
370:References
216:XML format
213:compressed
203:inspection
181:Executable
81:Motivation
4433:ISO 10303
3772:15926 WIP
3136:9592/9593
3061:9000/9001
2949:8805/8806
2048:Machining
2043:Jewellery
2011:Workpiece
2006:Tramp oil
1996:Tolerance
1827:Machining
1817:Jig borer
1802:Engraving
1777:Broaching
1764:Machining
1644:Threading
1609:Drill bit
1591:threading
1532:Machining
1324:cite book
1286:cite book
889:205627568
801:cite book
768:cite book
727:cite book
686:cite book
480:cite book
442:cite book
401:cite book
327:MTConnect
184:Operation
4397:Category
2122:List of
2058:Smithing
1797:End mill
1704:Grinding
1664:Abrasive
1624:Drilling
1599:Die head
1586:Drilling
1366:43244191
1010:Archived
987:22722585
546:40205026
256:NIST ATP
238:and the
187:Toolpath
74:GD&T
4298:29199-2
4170:23094-2
4165:23094-1
4155:23090-3
4024:19794-5
4019:19775-1
3807:16612-2
3797:16355-1
3486:13406-2
3444:12234-2
3212:10118-3
2068:Welding
2038:Forming
2028:Casting
1960:Wiggler
1950:Mandrel
1920:Fixture
1882:Turning
1877:Skiving
1837:Milling
1812:Hobbing
1734:Sanding
1729:Lapping
1656:lapping
1196:YouTube
222:History
178:Project
143:turning
139:milling
28:STEP-NC
4312:30000+
3151:9797-1
2959:8820-5
2904:8501-1
2460:1073-2
2455:1073-1
2139:1–9999
1915:Collet
1872:Shaper
1862:Reamer
1857:Planer
1807:Facing
1772:Boring
1566:G-code
1364:
985:
887:
544:
360:lasers
232:ESPRIT
4379:80000
4374:56000
4369:55000
4364:50001
4359:45001
4354:42010
4349:40500
4344:39075
4339:38500
4334:37001
4329:32000
4324:31000
4319:30170
4303:29500
4293:29148
4289:29110
4285:28000
4280:27729
4275:27006
4270:27005
4265:27002
4260:27001
4255:27000
4245:26324
4240:26300
4235:26262
4230:26000
4225:25964
4220:25178
4215:24728
4210:24707
4205:24617
4200:24613
4195:24517
4190:23941
4185:23360
4180:23271
4175:23270
4160:23092
4150:23009
4145:23008
4140:23003
4135:23000
4130:22537
4125:22395
4120:22301
4115:22300
4110:22275
4105:22000
4100:21827
4095:21500
4090:21122
4085:21047
4080:21001
4075:21000
4070:20830
4065:20802
4060:20400
4055:20121
4050:20022
4045:20000
4029:19831
4014:19770
4009:19757
4004:19752
3999:19600
3994:19510
3989:19509
3984:19508
3979:19507
3974:19506
3969:19505
3964:19503
3959:19502
3954:19501
3949:19500
3944:19439
3939:19407
3934:19136
3929:19125
3924:19115
3919:19114
3902:19092
3897:19011
3892:19005
3887:18916
3882:18629
3877:18245
3872:18181
3867:18014
3862:18004
3857:17799
3852:17506
3847:17442
3842:17369
3837:17203
3832:17100
3827:17025
3822:17024
3812:16750
3802:16485
3792:16262
3787:16023
3782:15938
3777:15930
3767:15926
3762:15924
3757:15919
3752:15897
3747:15707
3735:15706
3730:15693
3725:15686
3720:15511
3715:15504
3710:15438
3705:15445
3688:15444
3683:15408
3678:15398
3673:15291
3668:15288
3663:15189
3658:15022
3653:14971
3648:14882
3643:14764
3638:14698
3633:14651
3628:14649
3623:14644
3618:14617
3566:14496
3561:14443
3556:14396
3551:14289
3546:14224
3541:14031
3536:14000
3531:13818
3526:13816
3521:13616
3516:13584
3511:13568
3506:13567
3501:13490
3496:13485
3491:13450
3481:13399
3476:13250
3471:13216
3454:13211
3449:12620
3439:12207
3434:12182
3429:12052
3424:12006
3419:11992
3409:11941
3399:11940
3394:11898
3389:11889
3384:11801
3379:11785
3374:11784
3369:11783
3364:11544
3359:11404
3354:11179
3349:11172
3344:11170
3339:11073
3334:10967
3329:10962
3324:10957
3319:10861
3314:10746
3309:10664
3304:10646
3299:10628
3294:10589
3289:10585
3284:10383
3252:10303
3247:10279
3242:10218
3237:10206
3232:10179
3227:10165
3222:10161
3217:10160
3207:10116
3202:10007
3197:10006
1991:Swarf
1910:Chuck
1604:Drill
1362:S2CID
1224:. SME
983:S2CID
885:S2CID
616:(PDF)
583:(PDF)
542:S2CID
244:FANUC
30:is a
3277:-238
3181:9995
3176:9985
3171:9984
3166:9945
3161:9899
3156:9897
3146:9660
3141:9594
3131:9564
3126:9529
3121:9506
3116:9496
3111:9407
3106:9362
3101:9314
3096:9293
3091:9241
3086:9227
3081:9141
3076:9126
3071:9075
3066:9036
3056:8879
3009:-8-I
2964:8859
2954:8807
2944:8691
2939:8652
2934:8651
2929:8632
2924:8613
2919:8601
2914:8583
2909:8571
2899:8373
2894:8217
2889:8178
2884:8093
2879:8000
2874:7942
2869:7816
2864:7813
2859:7812
2854:7811
2849:7810
2844:7736
2839:7637
2827:7498
2822:7200
2817:7185
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