380:
467:
635:
were resistant to his reformist ideas. Recognizing the risks associated with a
Northern region that remained resistant to change and isolated from broader progressive trends, Zungur gradually grew disillusioned with the prospects of reform within the existing system. In 1954, amid his increasing disillusionment, Zungur made the decision to disassociate himself from the NPC and aligned himself with the more progressive NEPU, led by Aminu Kano. Before the
34:
221:. He is generally regarded as the father of 'radical politics' in Northern Nigeria. Zungur's political writings criticising the colonial government of Northern Nigeria, especially the emirate system, helped in laying the foundation for the principle of self-determination in Nigeria. His literary and political endeavors influenced a number of the leaders of the independence movement in Northern Nigeria, notably
699:
faced severe restrictions. The publication of such works could lead to legal consequences for both the poet and the publisher, resulting in a stifling environment for the dissemination of dissenting views. As a result, many of Zungur's poems were not published. After his death in early 1958, attempts
634:
Zungur initially aimed to initiate reforms within the party, driven by his belief that the emirate system could be reformed. However, as the years between 1951 and 1954 unfolded, his optimism waned. He encountered significant resistance from both the emirs and the political figures within the NPC who
617:
A religious or social cleavage must be recognized in politics, but it is unsafe to make it the foundation of a superstructure and to give a separatist turn to the search of security and power. Corporate life cannot be built on the basis of differences. The art of creative politics consists in opening
611:
had transitioned into a political party. As part of this announcement, individuals who held civil service positions, including
General President Dikko, were advised to resign from their NPC offices. Additionally, Ahmadu Bello and Tafawa Balewa, joined the NPC as members. Zungur remained in the party,
662:
Aminu Kano and Zungur referred to their political campaign as a jihad against the emirate authorities. Zungur specifically entitled his memorandums as "Jihadi 131", referring to the 131 seats NEPU was contesting in the election. Their jihad was to be against the "un-islamic feudalism" of the emirate
790:
I have tried not to write this letter. I have tried to absorb myself in my condition of chronic ill-health. I have tried to put the thoughts of the destiny of
Northern Nigeria behind me and tend to my own immediate personal affairs. And I cannot. I go to bed with these thoughts; I get up with them.
598:
Evidence of a split between NEPU and the NPC looked likely, however, this division did not fully materialize until later, in late 1951, following the primary voting phase for the first parliamentary election. The conservative candidates supported by the emirs underperformed against NEPU candidates,
566:
The
Congress discussed matters that concerned the well being of Northerners but was "a good deal" less radical than NEPA which was destroyed by the government due to its radical nature. In August 1950, a faction of more radical members within the Congress decided to establish a new political party,
549:
They held meetings where they discussed issues regarding the region. One of such meetings included a discussion they held regarding the wording of the proposed constitution. Zungur was particularly interested in this discussion which was said he "dominated". It lasted from 4 p.m. to 4 a.m. the next
768:
and the emergence of educated elites who sought to take on leadership roles. By referencing the transition in India, Zungur aimed to spark a conversation about the potential need for reform of governance within
Northern Nigeria, particularly the emirate system. His poem questioned the relevance of
772:
Zungur's perspective on the emirate system underwent a significant transformation during the years between 1951 and 1954. His initial hope that the emirs could be reformed to better align with modern political ideals and the changing landscape of
Nigeria was quickly soured as his efforts to bring
375:
and some
Northern elites formed the Bauchi General Improvement Union (BGIU), one of the first political organisations in Northern Nigeria and the Bauchi Discussion Circle (BDC). The BGIU and BDC were avenues for Zungur to express his radical views, opposed to the Emir's autocracy and the British
582:
The NPC, partly due to the activities of NEPU, captured the attention of the
Northern Nigerian political space, especially some powerful Emirs and administrative officers. As the NPC gained prominence, discussions emerged about the need for a political party that would reflect more conservative
358:
newspaper. The association was a platform which Zungur used to agitate for social reforms and to educate and enlighten the people of
Northern Nigeria on political issues. He also founded the Northern Provinces General Improvement Union (NPGIU) during the time. He was later stricken with a lung
781:
Sa'adu Zungur passed away on 28 January 1958 due to his lung disorder. Despite being less active in the public eye due to his health, Zungur remained deeply involved in political matters behind the scenes. His illness heavily restricted his activities but his worry of the "destiny of
Northern
700:
were made by the North Regional Literature Agency (NORLA) to compile all his poems but struggled to locate them. A plea was published on the 19 December issue of Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo by the director of NORLA requesting for these poems, promising a reward. After his death in early 1958, the
251:
Despite his prolonged battle with a lung disorder, which spanned nearly two decades, Zungur remained active in the fight for Nigeria's independence and its societal reform. His dedication and contributions earned him recognition as a prominent figure in the struggle for social justice and
340:. During this time, Zungur was said to have "influenced Aminu's thinking profoundly." By 1941, Zungur had assumed the position of head of the School of Pharmacy in Zaria. In the following year, he founded the Northern Nigeria Youth Movement (NNYM), which eventually evolved into the
730:
The selection of its gutter elite is being made neither on the basis of intelligence nor capacity, but simply by denial on the decent citizen's outlook. Members of the ruling minority have the readiness of desperadoes to gamble, with nothing to lose but everything to gain.
236:, which later played an important role in shaping the region's political landscape and later influenced the establishment of subsequent political parties and movements. At various times in the late 1940s and 1950s, he was active in other prominent political parties like the
550:
morning with a two-hour recess. Another was regarding the eligibility of women for membership into the Congress. The members were equally divided on this matter and, as the Adviser on Muslim Law, Zungur was called upon to provide his insights. He drew upon the writings of
393:. An incident involving him and a European mechanical inspector named John Orgle exemplified this confrontational approach. Orgle had been fond of harassing the female Hausa natives by bringing out his penis in an attempt to court them, leading Zungur to call him a
595:, contemplated forming their own political party with a conservative outlook. The more moderate leaders of NPC feared the party's efforts to become the leading party in the North was futile if they are continued to be associated with radical ideas.
316:(now College of Health Science and Technology) as punishment. During his time in Kano, Zungur initially trained as a Class Sanitary Inspector. However, shortly after beginning this training, he was promoted to the role of a Teacher within a month.
599:
leading to a sense of dissatisfaction among the conservative factions. In response to these developments, discussions were initiated between key Northern politicians, notably the Sardauna and Balewa, and leaders within the NPC, including
934:
Kirk-Greene, A. (2001). "Sa'adu Zungur: An anthology of the social and political writings of a Nigerian nationalist, by A. M. Yakubu. Kaduna: Nigerian Defence Academy Press, 1999. xiv + 453pp. Naira 1600 paperback. ISBN 978-32929-0-0".
769:
the existing monarchical system in the face of evolving political dynamics. Zungur's work encouraged the Emirs to engage with the changing socio-political landscape and consider the prospects of embracing a more republican approach.
443:. Zungur accepted the invitation and assumed the role of the Bauchi Province Correspondent for the newspaper. Around this time, he led the first public mass demonstration in Northern Nigeria which was a response to the itinerary of
579:, with Aminu Kano later joining the party. NEPU's objective was to operate within the broader political landscape, while maintaining an ideological alignment with its precursor, Zungur's Northern Elements Progressive Association.
773:
about reform met with resistance from the emirs, which left him disillusioned with the possibility of meaningful change within the existing system. His view on the emirate system shifted from reform to complete destruction.
687:
of Northern Nigeria, served as a medium for education and critique. Zungur's poetic compositions were directed towards various aspects of society, the colonial administration, and particularly the authority of the emirate.
279:
Muhammadu Bello. He grew up in a household that placed strong emphasis on religious teachings. He commenced his Islamic education at a young age and progressed to studying more advanced aspects of Islam, such as
412:
He regularly espoused "a secular national state based on "progressive" principles" while utilizing metaphors adapted from his religious heritage. During his time teaching in the 1940s, Zungur was a proponent of
1613:
558:
and an advocate for women's education, to advocate for the inclusion of women in matters of importance and emphasizing the importance of their participation in various aspects of societal affairs.
1663:
791:
They are there when I experience ghastly attacks of my neurotic conditions. The same thoughts are there when I say my prayers, or sit to converse with a friend or to read a local daily.
312:. Zungur desired to study Chemistry and Biology at Yaba but was refused. This lead him to discontinue his studies at the college and in 1935, was posted to School of Hygiene in
1643:
328:
where he continued to teach. In the same year he established the Hausa Youth Keep Fit Class, a class for youth around Zaria on physical fitness. While in Zaria, he met
583:
values. Some regarded the NPC, with its perceived radical associations, as unsuitable. Within this context, leaders in the North, including prominent politicians like
530:. The primary objective of this organization was to promote the development and advancement of the Northern region. Some of the other founding members included
487:
237:
130:
715:
401:). In response, Orgle pulled out a revolver and shot at Zungur, narrowly missing him. Zungur took legal action against Orgle, and he was subsequently fined
1598:
752:("The North: Republic or Monarchy?"), was composed in 1950 just after his break with the NCNC. The poem drew inspiration from the events following the
177:
636:
459:
and Abubakar Zukogi, founded the Fam'iyyar Al'umman Najeriya ta Arewa or the Northern Elements Progressive Association (NEPA) which later became
1588:
1551:
1353:
1311:
1273:
1237:
1210:
1133:
1042:
820:
683:, Zungur was a poet who utilized his literary skills to engage in political discourse. His poems, primarily written in the widely understood
336:. Their connection evolved into a deep friendship, marked by frequent discussions about political matters and concerns that were relevant to
1593:
568:
460:
293:. In 1920, he was enrolled in Bauchi Provincial School, and in 1929, he furthered his education at Katsina Higher College (now known as
245:
233:
114:
379:
1628:
1583:
1158:
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Although Zungur never recovered his health fully, he entered nationalist party politics at an early stage and was a member of the
1603:
1633:
1658:
1623:
888:
710:, the director of NORLA requested these poems, offering a reward in return. The compilation was eventually published called
1227:
704:(NORLA) attempted to compile his poems but had difficulties locating them. In a plea published in the December 19 issue of
643:
The next three years will surely see the Northern region cut off completely from the rest of Nigeria, under the aegis of a
608:
519:
241:
136:
58:
1493:
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1976). Paden, John N.; Feinstein, Alan; Kano, Aminu; Abdulkadir, Dandatti; Zungur, Sa'adu (eds.).
308:
as the first government sponsored Northerner to study outside of the North. He also became the first Northerner to study
1653:
1175:
701:
359:
disorder (possibly tuberculosis) which led to take a break from teaching and to return to his home in Bauchi to rest.
847:"Nigeria's Uncelebrated Hero, Poet, Progressive Politician, Intellectual and Nationalist: Ahmad Mahmud Sa'adu Zungur"
506:. He, however, later abandoned the NCNC due to its "apparent insensitivity to the problems of reform in the North."
447:'s tour, which excluded Bauchi perhaps of the activities of Zungur's BGIU. He was later promoted to the position of
760:. Zungur's poem called upon the Emirs of Northern Nigeria to confront the challenges posed by the emerging era of
691:
However, due to the sensitive nature of his content, many of his radical political poems were heavily censored in
289:
Despite his religious upbringing, his father also encouraged him to pursue a western education, a rarity in 1920s
1648:
1618:
628:
unpublished notes in English preparatory to the formulation of the NEPU Political Memorandom of 1956, pp. 8, 11
1058:
1085:"Activities of Islamic Civic Associations in the Northwest of Nigeria: With Particular Reference to Kano State"
692:
337:
290:
218:
1638:
782:
Nigeria" kept him motivated to continue his activism. Before his death, he wrote to the District Officer of
341:
253:
909:
592:
444:
368:
1393:
1608:
753:
440:
451:
correspondent and eventually assumed the role of Chief Correspondent for the Northern Provinces in the
466:
1578:
1573:
448:
182:
172:
765:
706:
398:
354:
252:
self-governance. He passed away in 1958, just two years before Nigeria achieved independence. The
232:
Zungur also founded a number of political organisations, including the Zaria Friendly Society and
1522:
1439:
1420:""The Way of the World": The Interplay of Meaning and Form in the Interpretation of a Hausa Poem"
1104:
952:
435:
1547:
1514:
1431:
1349:
1307:
1269:
1233:
1206:
1154:
1129:
1096:
1038:
884:
816:
994:
1506:
944:
588:
555:
390:
389:
Zungur's radical stance often put him at odds with the colonial authorities, especially the
167:
1327:
1301:
551:
499:
479:
1510:
417:
and Egyptian patterns of Islamic reform but he later abandoned his affiliation with the
757:
696:
684:
676:
600:
531:
491:
471:
430:
402:
333:
294:
276:
1343:
1263:
1200:
1123:
33:
1567:
956:
846:
761:
604:
535:
456:
349:
1032:
810:
672:
584:
572:
539:
418:
301:
272:
55:
1541:
1469:
1369:
948:
618:
new avenues of cooperation and integrating the differences into a new synthesis
494:. He held this post till 1951 and was as General Secretary that he travelled to
490:
In 1948 he was elected as General Secretary by the NCNC under the presidency of
739:
680:
543:
372:
329:
313:
222:
1518:
1435:
1100:
718:. His poems are still being taught in secondary schools in northern Nigeria.
297:), which was one of the pioneering college institutions in Northern Nigeria.
655:
652:
644:
414:
206:
1495:"Zamanin Siyasa: Political Culture and Personalities in Modern Hausaland"
1229:
Guns and Society in Colonial Nigeria: Firearms, Culture, and Public Order
309:
226:
210:
87:
1108:
1084:
1443:
1419:
1059:"Bauchi gov't names state university after Sa'adu Zungur - Daily Trust"
809:
Enwerem, Iheanyi M.; Institut français de recherche en Afrique (1995).
648:
503:
268:
214:
51:
1526:
1494:
812:
A dangerous awakening : the politicization of religion in Nigeria
1265:
Nigerian political parties : power in an emergent African nation
783:
527:
523:
495:
475:
76:
439:
newspaper, which was dedicated to advocating for independence from
409:
magistrate court and redeployed elsewhere, serving no prison time.
571:(NEPU). Founding members of NEPU included notable figures such as
465:
325:
305:
1125:
African revolutionary; the life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano
1543:
Africa's Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self
695:. Particularly, works that directly criticized the emirs or the
282:
1176:"WHO IS MALLAM SA'ADU ZUNGUR AND WHY HE SHOULD BE IMMORTALIZED"
1037:. Berkeley, University of California Press. pp. 274–277.
756:
in 1947, which resulted in the dissolution of monarchy in the
406:
256:(formerly Bauchi State University, Gadau) is named after him.
522:(NPC), and attended in its 26 June 1949 inaugural meeting at
607:. On October 1, 1951, it was officially announced that the
883:. United Kingdom: Africa Books Limited. pp. 796–797.
738:
In a letter to the Bauchi Discussion Circle, presented by
1614:
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons politicians
1153:. United Kingdom: The Scare Crow press, Inc. p. 56.
324:
In 1939, Zungur was transferred to School of Hygiene in
1348:. Lagos ; London : Nelson. 1976. p. 46.
300:
At the age of 20, he enrolled in the newly established
881:
Makers Of Modern Africa: Profile in History (2nd ed.)
488:
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC).
498:with Azikiwe as the NCNC protest delegation to the
158:
121:
110:
93:
83:
65:
40:
21:
1398:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
914:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
1394:"Nigerian written literature since 1914 - Part 1"
526:. At this meeting, he was elected the Adviser on
1268:. New York : NOK Publishers International.
612:retianing his position of Adviser on Muslim Law.
213:and nationalist who played an important role in
1664:Northern Elements Progressive Union politicians
1370:""Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo, Issue 880, 19 Dec 1958""
728:
615:
352:, a prominent writer who was the editor of the
1232:. Indiana University Press. pp. 147–148.
433:extended an invitation to Zungur to join his
238:National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
131:National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
8:
455:in 1947. Later that year, Zungur, alongside
999:Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation
510:Founding of the Northern People's Congress
32:
18:
1456:
1306:. Africana Pub. Corp. 1972. p. 62.
514:Zungur was among the founding members of
234:Northern Elements Progressive Association
378:
801:
1644:Northern People's Congress politicians
1034:Religion and political culture in Kano
910:"Sa'adu Zungur: A catalyst for change"
367:While at Bauchi, Zungur together with
1288:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
988:
986:
671:Much like his contemporaries such as
518:or Northern Nigerian Congress, later
502:to demand for self determination for
7:
1511:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096778
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1022:
1020:
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1016:
1014:
984:
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980:
978:
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972:
970:
968:
966:
904:
902:
900:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
716:Northern Nigerian Publishing Company
651:built on the remains of the present
562:Formation of NEPU and split from NPC
1303:Introduction to Nigerian literature
1149:Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009).
764:. He highlighted the shift towards
569:Northern Elements Progressive Union
461:Northern Elements Progressive Union
246:Northern Elements Progressive Union
115:Northern Elements Progressive Union
1329:Introduction to African Literature
815:. Ibadan : IFRA. p. 33.
14:
1599:20th-century Nigerian politicians
1205:. London, C. Hurst. p. 332.
425:Political activities with Azikiwe
1151:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria
748:One of his most renowned works,
714:It was later republished by the
702:North Regional Literature Agency
1424:Research in African Literatures
1226:Aderinto, Saheed (2018-01-06).
215:Nigeria's independence movement
205:(1914 – 28 January 1958) was a
271:, Bauchi province (modern-day
1:
1374:Endangered Archives Programme
1345:The living culture of Nigeria
1083:Gwarzo, Tahir Haliru (2003).
59:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
1589:People from colonial Nigeria
1546:. Indiana University Press.
1202:My odyssey: an autobiography
1680:
1594:Yaba Higher College alumni
1262:Sklar, Richard L. (1983).
750:Arewa Jumhuniya ko Mulkiya
723:Arewa Jumhuniya ko Mulkiya
609:Northern People's Congress
520:Northern People's Congress
242:Northern People's Congress
137:Northern People's Congress
16:Nigerian poet and activist
949:10.1093/afraf/100.399.333
291:colonial Northern Nigeria
195:
191:
154:
146:
45:Ahmed Mahmud Sa'ad Zungur
31:
1629:Nigerian revolutionaries
1584:People from Bauchi State
1470:"Democracy Not Monarchy"
1418:Furniss, Graham (1984).
1199:Azikiwe, Nnamdi (1970).
1122:Feinstein, Alan (1973).
509:
445:Governor John Macpherson
286:(Islamic jurispudence).
260:Early life and education
254:Sa’adu Zungur University
1604:Nigerian schoolteachers
1031:Paden, John N. (1973).
995:"SA'ADU, Mallam Zungur"
879:Uwechue, Ralph (1991).
516:Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa
1634:Hausa-language writers
1540:Barber, Karin (2006).
793:
733:
712:Wakokin Sa'adu Zungur.
660:
620:
593:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
483:
470:Sa'ad Zungur (L) with
386:
376:indirect rule system.
369:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
342:Zaria Friendly Society
1659:Nigerian nationalists
1624:Barewa College alumni
993:Adeolu (2017-03-14).
788:
758:former British colony
754:independence of India
697:British colonial rule
641:
567:which they named the
554:, the founder of the
469:
441:British colonial rule
382:
209:revolutionary, poet,
1174:admin (2021-02-18).
332:who was studying at
267:was born in 1914 in
183:Nigerian nationalism
1654:Nigerian socialists
1332:. 1967. p. 38.
736:Sa'adu Zungur,
707:Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo
403:five pound sterling
399:red-billed hornbill
355:Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo
302:Yaba Higher College
1180:Baushe Daily Times
1065:. 10 February 2021
649:fascist government
589:Sardauna of Sokoto
540:Yusuf Maitama Sule
484:
453:West African Pilot
436:West African Pilot
387:
173:Islamic secularism
1553:978-0-253-34729-9
1355:978-0-17-544201-0
1313:978-0-8419-0111-7
1275:978-0-88357-100-2
1239:978-0-253-03162-4
1212:978-0-900966-26-2
1135:978-0-8129-0321-8
1044:978-0-520-01738-2
822:978-978-2015-34-1
766:partisan politics
478:to meet with the
346:Taron Masu Zunuta
199:
198:
149:Philosophy career
73:(aged 43–44)
1671:
1649:Nigerian jurists
1619:Nigerian Muslims
1558:
1557:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1505:(301): 532–535.
1490:
1484:
1483:
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1466:
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1005:
990:
961:
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943:(399): 333–335.
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906:
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876:
861:
860:
858:
857:
842:
827:
826:
806:
744:
743:
693:Northern Nigeria
630:
629:
625:
556:Sokoto Caliphate
492:Dr Nnamdi Azikwe
463:(NEPU) in 1950.
391:Native Authority
338:Northern Nigeria
219:Northern Nigeria
217:particularly in
168:Radical politics
72:
69:January 28, 1958
36:
19:
1679:
1678:
1674:
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1554:
1539:
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1499:African Affairs
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1128:. Quadrangle.
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1120:
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1089:Africa Spectrum
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937:African Affairs
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779:
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669:
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552:Usman dan Fodio
512:
500:Colonial Office
480:Colonial Office
449:North-East Zone
427:
365:
322:
262:
187:
161:
147:
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123:
122:Other political
111:Political party
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79:
74:
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61:
56:Bauchi Province
49:
47:
46:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1677:
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1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Nigerian poets
1636:
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1609:Hausa people
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1473:
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1400:. 2017-03-05
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916:. 2020-02-09
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851:ResearchGate
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273:Bauchi state
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124:affiliations
71:(1958-01-28)
1579:1958 deaths
1574:1914 births
656:autocracies
587:, the then
384:A Chilakowa
94:Occupations
84:Nationality
1568:Categories
1479:2023-08-18
1404:2023-12-30
1379:2023-12-30
1185:2023-08-19
1069:2023-08-18
1004:2023-08-18
920:2021-01-28
890:0903274183
856:2021-01-28
796:References
740:Aminu Kano
681:Aminu Kano
645:theocratic
639:, he said:
544:Aminu Kano
528:Muslim Law
373:Aminu Kano
330:Aminu Kano
275:) to then
223:Aminu Kano
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1436:0034-5210
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663:system.
429:In 1946,
415:Ahmadiyya
395:Chilakowa
344:(ZFS) or
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667:Writings
363:Politics
310:Pharmacy
244:and the
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207:Nigerian
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504:Nigeria
474:(R) in
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133:(NCNC)
117:(NEPU)
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1523:JSTOR
1440:JSTOR
1105:JSTOR
953:S2CID
777:Death
405:by a
326:Zaria
306:Lagos
139:(NPC)
1548:ISBN
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